Noah Smith's papers by topic

• Empirical Risk Minimization for Probabilistic Grammars: Sample Complexity and Hardness of Learning. Shay B. Cohen and Noah A. Smith. Computational Linguistics, 2011.
• Unsupervised Bilingual POS Tagging with Markov Random Fields. Desai Chen, Chris Dyer, Shay B. Cohen, and Noah A. Smith. In Proceedings of the EMNLP Workshop on Unsupervised Learning in NLP, Edinburgh, UK, July 2011.
• Unsupervised Structure Prediction with Non-Parallel Multilingual Guidance. Shay B. Cohen, Dipanjan Das, and Noah A. Smith. In Proceedings of the Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, Edinburgh, UK, July 2011.
• Empirical Risk Minimization with Approximations of Probabilistic Grammars. Shay B. Cohen and Noah A. Smith. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 23, Vancouver, BC, December 2010. Also available: appendix.
• Covariance in Unsupervised Learning of Probabilistic Grammars. Shay B. Cohen and Noah A. Smith. Journal of Machine Learning Research 11:3017–3051, November 2010.
• Viterbi Training for PCFGs: Hardness Results and Competitiveness of Uniform Initialization. Shay B. Cohen and Noah A. Smith. In Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, pages 1502–1511, Uppsala, Sweden, July 2010.
• Variational Inference for Adaptor Grammars. Shay B. Cohen, David M. Blei, and Noah A. Smith. In Proceedings of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics Human Language Technologies Conference, Los Angeles, CA, June 2010.
• Variational Inference for Grammar Induction with Prior Knowledge. Shay B. Cohen and Noah A. Smith. In Proceedings of the Joint Conference of the Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing, companion volume, pages 1–4, Singapore, August 2009.
• Shared Logistic Normal Distributions for Soft Parameter Tying in Unsupervised Grammar Induction. Shay B. Cohen and Noah A. Smith. In Proceedings of the North American Association for Computational Linguistics Human Language Technologies Conference, pages 74–82, Boulder, CO, May/June 2009.
• Logistic Normal Priors for Unsupervised Probabilistic Grammar Induction. Shay B. Cohen, Kevin Gimpel, and Noah A. Smith. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 21, pages 321–328, Vancouver, BC, December 2008.
• The Shared Logistic Normal Distribution for Grammar Induction. Shay B. Cohen and Noah A. Smith. In Proceedings of the NIPS Workshop on Speech and Language: Unsupervised Latent-Variable Models, Whistler, BC, December 2008.
• Weighted and Probabilistic Context-Free Grammars Are Equally Expressive. Noah A. Smith and Mark Johnson. Computational Linguistics 33(4):477–491, December 2007.
• Probabilistic Models of Nonprojective Dependency Trees. David A. Smith and Noah A. Smith. In Proceedings of the Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning, pages 132–140, Prague, Czech Republic, June 2007.
• Computationally Efficient M-Estimation of Log-Linear Structure Models. Noah A. Smith, Douglas L. Vail, and John D. Lafferty. In Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, pages 752–759, Prague, Czech Republic, June 2007. Also available: talk slides.
• Novel Estimation Methods for Unsupervised Discovery of Latent Structure in Natural Language Text. Noah A. Smith. Ph.D. thesis, Department of Computer Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, October 2006.
• Annealing Structural Bias in Multilingual Weighted Grammar Induction. Noah A. Smith and Jason Eisner. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Computational Linguistics and Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, pages 569–576, Sydney, Australia, July 2006.
• Guiding Unsupervised Grammar Induction Using Contrastive Estimation. Noah A. Smith and Jason Eisner. In Proceedings of the IJCAI Workshop on Grammatical Inference Applications, pages 73–82, Edinburgh, UK, July 2005.
• Contrastive Estimation: Training Log-Linear Models on Unlabeled Data. Noah A. Smith and Jason Eisner. In Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, pages 354–362, Ann Arbor, MI, June 2005.
• Annealing Techniques for Unsupervised Statistical Language Learning. Noah A. Smith and Jason Eisner. In Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, pages 487–494, Barcelona, Spain, July 2004.

• Computational Text Analysis for Social Science: Model Complexity and Assumptions. Brendan O'Connor, David Bamman, and Noah A. Smith. In Proceedings of the NIPS Workshop on Comptuational Social Science and the Wisdom of Crowds, Sierra Nevada, Spain, December 2011.
• Predicting Responses and Discovering Social Factors in Scientific Literature. Dani Yogatama, Michael Heilman, Brendan O'Connor, Chris Dyer , Bryan R. Routledge, and Noah A. Smith. T.R. CMU-LTI-11-015, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, September 2011.
• Predicting a Scientific Community's Response to an Article. Dani Yogatama, Michael Heilman, Brendan O'Connor, Chris Dyer, Bryan R. Routledge, and Noah A. Smith. In Proceedings of the Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, Edinburgh, UK, July 2011.
• Discovering Sociolinguistic Associations with Structured Sparsity. Jacob Eisenstein, Noah A. Smith, and Eric P. Xing. In Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Portland, OR, June 2011.
• Author Age Prediction from Text using Linear Regression. Dong Nguyen, Noah A. Smith, and Carolyn P. Rosé. In Proceedings of the ACL Workshop on Language Technology for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, and Humanities, Portland, OR, June 2011.
• Discovering Demographic Language Variation. Brendan O'Connor, Jacob Eisenstein, Eric P. Xing, and Noah A. Smith. In Proceedings of the NIPS Workshop on Machine Learning for Social Computing, Whistler, BC, December 2010.
• A Latent Variable Model for Geographic Lexical Variation. Jacob Eisenstein, Brendan O'Connor, Noah A. Smith, and Eric P. Xing. In Proceedings of the Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, Cambridge, MA, October 2010.
• Movie Reviews and Revenues: An Experiment in Text Regression. Mahesh Joshi, Dipanjan Das, Kevin Gimpel, and Noah A. Smith. In Proceedings of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics Human Language Technologies Conference, Los Angeles, CA, June 2010.
• Shedding (a Thousand Points of) Light on Biased Language. Tae Yano, Philip Resnik, and Noah A. Smith. In Proceedings of the NAACL-HLT Workshop on Creating Speech and Language Data With Mechanical Turk, Los Angeles, CA, June 2010.
• From Tweets to Polls: Linking Text Sentiment to Public Opinion Time Series. Brendan O'Connor, Ramnath Balasubramanyan, Bryan R. Routledge, and Noah A. Smith. In Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Weblogs and Social Media, pages 122–129, Washington, DC, May 2010.
• What's Worthy of Comment? Content and Comment Volume in Political Blogs. Tae Yano and Noah A. Smith. In Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Weblogs and Social Media, Washington, DC, May 2010.
• Predicting Risk from Financial Reports with Regression. Shimon Kogan, Dimitry Levin, Bryan R. Routledge, Jacob S. Sagi, and Noah A. Smith. In Proceedings of the North American Association for Computational Linguistics Human Language Technologies Conference, pages 272–280, Boulder, CO, May/June 2009. Also available: talk slides.
• Predicting Response to Political Blog Posts with Topic Models. Tae Yano, William W. Cohen, and Noah A. Smith. In Proceedings of the North American Association for Computational Linguistics Human Language Technologies Conference, pages 477–485, Boulder, CO, May/June 2009.
• From Episodes to Sagas: Understanding the News by Identifying Temporally Related Story Sequences. Ramnath Balasubramanyan, Frank Lin, William W. Cohen, Matthew Hurst, and Noah A. Smith. In Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Weblogs and Social Media, San Jose, CA, May 2009.
• Relative Keyboard Input System. Daniel R. Rashid and Noah A. Smith. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces, pages 397–400, Canary Islands, Spain, January 2008.

• Recall-Oriented Learning for Named Entity Recognition in Wikipedia. Behrang Mohit, Nathan Schneider, Rishav Bhowmick, Kemal Oflazer, and Noah A. Smith. T.R. CMU-LTI-11-012, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, August 2011.
• Structured Databases of Named Entities from Bayesian Nonparametrics. Jacob Eisenstein, Tae Yano, William W. Cohen, Noah A. Smith, and Eric P. Xing. In Proceedings of the EMNLP Workshop on Unsupervised Learning in NLP, Edinburgh, UK, July 2011. Also available: talk slides.
• Dual Decomposition with Many Overlapping Components. André F. T. Martins, Noah A. Smith, Pedro M. Q. Aguiar, and Mário A. T. Figueiredo. In Proceedings of the Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, Edinburgh, UK, July 2011.
• Semi-Supervised Frame-Semantic Parsing for Unknown Predicates. Dipanjan Das and Noah A. Smith. In Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Portland, OR, June 2011.
• Part-of-Speech Tagging for Twitter: Annotation, Features, and Experiments. Kevin Gimpel, Nathan Schneider, Brendan O'Connor, Dipanjan Das, Daniel Mills, Jacob Eisenstein, Michael Heilman, Dani Yogatama, Jeffrey Flanigan, and Noah A. Smith. In Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, companion volume, Portland, OR, June 2011.
• Linguistic Structure Prediction. Noah A. Smith. Morgan and Claypool, May 2011.
• Products of Weighted Logic Programs. Shay B. Cohen, Robert J. Simmons, and Noah A. Smith. Theory and Practice of Logic Programming 11(2–3):263–296, January 2011.
• Favor Short Dependencies: Parsing with Soft and Hard Constraints on Dependency Length. Jason Eisner and Noah A. Smith. In ed. Harry Bunt, Paola Merlo, and Joakim Nivre, Trends in Parsing Technology: Dependency Parsing, Domain Adaptation, and Deep Parsing, Text, Speech, and Language Technology 43, chapter 8, pages 121–150, 2011, Springer.
• Turbo Parsers: Dependency Parsing by Approximate Variational Inference. André F. T. Martins, Noah A. Smith, Eric P. Xing, Pedro M. Q. Aguiar, and Mário A. T. Figueiredo. In Proceedings of the Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, Cambridge, MA, October 2010.
• SEMAFOR: Frame Argument Resolution with Log-Linear Models. Desai Chen, Nathan Schneider, Dipanjan Das, and Noah A. Smith. In Proceedings of the International (ACL) Workshop on Semantic Evaluations, Uppsala, Sweden, July 2010.
• Distributed Asynchronous Online Learning for Natural Language Processing. Kevin Gimpel, Dipanjan Das, and Noah A. Smith. In Proceedings of the Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning, Uppsala, Sweden, July 2010.
• Visualizing Topical Quotations Over Time to Understand News Discourse. Nathan Schneider, Rebecca Hwa, Philip Gianfortoni, Dipanjan Das, Michael Heilman, Alan W. Black, Frederick L. Crabbe, and Noah A. Smith. T.R. CMU-LTI-10-013, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, July 2010.
• Probabilistic Frame-Semantic Parsing. Dipanjan Das, Nathan Schneider, Desai Chen, and Noah A. Smith. In Proceedings of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics Human Language Technologies Conference, Los Angeles, CA, June 2010. Also available: extended technical report.
• Tree Edit Models for Recognizing Textual Entailments, Paraphrases, and Answers to Questions. Michael Heilman and Noah A. Smith. In Proceedings of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics Human Language Technologies Conference, Los Angeles, CA, June 2010. Also available: appendix.
• Paraphrase Identification as Probabilistic Quasi-Synchronous Recognition. Dipanjan Das and Noah A. Smith. In Proceedings of the Joint Conference of the Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing, pages 468–476, Singapore, August 2009.
• Concise Integer Linear Programming Formulations for Dependency Parsing. André F. T. Martins, Noah A. Smith, and Eric P. Xing. In Proceedings of the Joint Conference of the Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing, pages 342–350, Singapore, August 2009.
• Cube Summing, Approximate Inference with Non-Local Features, and Dynamic Programming without Semirings. Kevin Gimpel and Noah A. Smith. In Proceedings of the Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, pages 157–166, Athens, Greece, March/April 2009.
• Dynamic Programming Algorithms as Products of Weighted Logic Programs. Shay B. Cohen, Robert J. Simmons, and Noah A. Smith. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Logic Programming, Udine, Italy, December 2008. Also available: extended technical report.
• Stacking Dependency Parsers. André F. T. Martins, Dipanjan Das, Noah A. Smith, and Eric P. Xing. In Proceedings of the Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, pages 157–166, Waikiki, HI, October 2008.
• Review of Computational Approaches to Morphology and Syntax by Brian Roark and Richard Sproat. Noah A. Smith. Computational Linguistics 34(3):453–457, September 2008.
• Competitive Grammar Writing. Jason Eisner and Noah A. Smith. In Proceedings of the ACL Workshop on Issues in Teaching Computational Linguistics, pages 97–105, Columbus, OH, June 2008.
• SOUR CREAM: Toward Semantic Processing of Recipes. Dan Tasse and Noah A. Smith. T.R. CMU-LTI-08-005, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, May 2008.
• Joint Morphological and Syntactic Disambiguation. Shay B. Cohen and Noah A. Smith. In Proceedings of the Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning, pages 208–217, Prague, Czech Republic, June 2007.
• Vine Parsing and Minimum Risk Reranking for Speed and Precision. Markus Dreyer, David A. Smith, and Noah A. Smith. In Proceedings of the Conference on Natural Language Learning, pages 201–205, New York, NY, June 2006.
• Compiling Comp Ling: Practical Weighted Dynamic Programming and the Dyna Language. Jason Eisner, Eric Goldlust, and Noah A. Smith. In Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference and Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, pages 281–290, Vancouver, BC, October 2005.
• Context-Based Morphological Disambiguation with Random Fields. Noah A. Smith, David A. Smith, and Roy W. Tromble. In Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference and Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, pages 475–482, Vancouver, BC, October 2005.
• Parsing with Soft and Hard Constraints on Dependency Length. Jason Eisner and Noah A. Smith. In Proceedings of the International Workshop on Parsing Technologies, pages 30–41, Vancouver, BC, October 2005.
• Dyna: A Declarative Language for Implementing Dynamic Programs. Jason Eisner, Eric Goldlust, and Noah A. Smith. In Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, companion volume, pages 218–221, Barcelona, Spain, July 2004.
• Bilingual Parsing with Factored Estimation: Using English to Parse Korean. David A. Smith and Noah A. Smith. In Proceedings of the Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, pages 49–56, Barcelona, Spain, July 2004.

• Good Question! Statistical Ranking for Question Generation. Michael Heilman and Noah A. Smith. In Proceedings of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics Human Language Technologies Conference, Los Angeles, CA, June 2010. Also available: extended technical report.
• Rating Computer-Generated Questions with Mechanical Turk. Michael Heilman and Noah A. Smith. In Proceedings of the NAACL-HLT Workshop on Creating Speech and Language Data With Mechanical Turk, Los Angeles, CA, June 2010.
• Extracting Simplified Statements for Factual Question Generation. Michael Heilman and Noah A. Smith. In Proceedings of the AIED Workshop on Question Generation, Pittsburgh, PA, June 2010.
• Leveraging Structural Relations for Fluent Compressions at Multiple Compression Rates. Sourish Chaudhuri, Naman K. Gupta, Noah A. Smith, and Carolyn P. Rosé. In Proceedings of the Joint Conference of the Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing, companion volume, pages 101–104, Singapore, August 2009.
• Ranking Automatically Generated Questions as a Shared Task. Michael Heilman and Noah A. Smith. In Proceedings of the AIED Workshop on Question Generation, Brighton, UK, July 2009.
• Summarization with a Joint Model for Sentence Extraction and Compression. André F. T. Martins and Noah A. Smith. In Proceedings of the NAACL-HLT Workshop on Integer Linear Programming for Natural Language Processing, Boulder, CO, June 2009.
• Question Generation as a Competitive Undergraduate Course Project. Noah A. Smith, Michael Heilman, and Rebecca Hwa. In Proceedings of the NSF Workshop on the Question Generation Shared Task and Evaluation Challenge, Arlington, VA, September 2008.
• What is the Jeopardy Model? A Quasi-Synchronous Grammar for QA. Mengqiu Wang, Noah A. Smith, and Teruko Mitamura. In Proceedings of the Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning, pages 22–32, Prague, Czech Republic, June 2007.

• The CMU-ARK German-English Translation System. Chris Dyer, Kevin Gimpel, Jonathan H. Clark, and Noah A. Smith. In Proceedings of the EMNLP Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation, Edinburgh, UK, July 2011.
• Quasi-Synchronous Phrase Dependency Grammars for Machine Translation. Kevin Gimpel and Noah A. Smith. In Proceedings of the Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, Edinburgh, UK, July 2011.
• Generative Models of Monolingual and Bilingual Gappy Patterns. Kevin Gimpel and Noah A. Smith. In Proceedings of the EMNLP Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation, Edinburgh, UK, July 2011.
• Better Hypothesis Testing for Statistical Machine Translation: Controlling for Optimizer Instability. Jonathan H. Clark, Chris Dyer, Alon Lavie, and Noah A. Smith. In Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, companion volume, Portland, OR, June 2011.
• Unsupervised Word Alignment with Arbitrary Features. Chris Dyer, Jonathan H. Clark, Alon Lavie, and Noah A. Smith. In Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Portland, OR, June 2011.
• Nonparametric Word Segmentation for Machine Translation. ThuyLinh Nguyen, Stephan Vogel, and Noah A. Smith. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Beijing, China, August 2010.
• Feature-Rich Translation by Quasi-Synchronous Lattice Parsing. Kevin Gimpel and Noah A. Smith. In Proceedings of the Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, pages 219–228, Singapore, August 2009.
• Preference Grammars: Softening Syntactic Constraints to Improve Statistical Machine Translation. Ashish Venugopal, Andreas Zollmann, Noah A. Smith, and Stephan Vogel. In Proceedings of the North American Association for Computational Linguistics Human Language Technologies Conference, pages 236–244, Boulder, CO, May/June 2009.
• Wider Pipelines: N-Best Alignments and Parses in MT Training. Ashish Venugopal, Andreas Zollmann, Noah A. Smith, and Stephan Vogel. In Proceedings of the Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas, Waikiki, HI, October 2008.
• Rich Source-Side Context for Statistical Machine Translation. Kevin Gimpel and Noah A. Smith. In Proceedings of the ACL Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation, pages 9–17, Columbus, OH, June 2008.
• The Web as a Parallel Corpus. Philip Resnik and Noah A. Smith. Computational Linguistics 29(3):349–380, September 2003.
• From Words to Corpora: Recognizing Translation. Noah A. Smith. In Proceedings of the Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, pages 95–102, Philadelphia, PA, July 2002.
• Detection of Translational Equivalence. Noah A. Smith. T.R. Technical report 4253, Department of Computer Science, University of Maryland College Park, College Park, MD, May 2001.
• Cairo: An Alignment Visualization Tool. Noah A. Smith and Michael E. Jahr. In Proceedings of the Language Resources and Evaluation Conference, pages 549–552, Athens, Greece, May/June 2000.
• Statistical Machine Translation. Yaser Al-Onaizan, Jan Curin, Michael Jahr, Kevin Knight, John Lafferty, I. Dan Melamed, Noah A. Smith, Franz-Josef Och, David Purdy, and David Yarowsky. T.R. CLSP Research Notes 42, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 1999.

• Structured Sparsity in Structured Prediction. André F. T. Martins, Noah A. Smith, Pedro M. Q. Aguiar, and Mário A. T. Figueiredo. In Proceedings of the Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, Edinburgh, UK, July 2011.
• An Augmented Lagrangian Approach to Constrained MAP Inference. André F. T. Martins, Pedro M. Q. Aguiar, Mário A. T. Figueiredo, Noah A. Smith, and Eric P. Xing. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Machine Learning, Bellevue, WA, June/July 2011.
• Online Learning of Structured Predictors with Multiple Kernels. André F. T. Martins, Noah A. Smith, Eric P. Xing, Pedro M. Q. Aguiar, and Mário A. T. Figueiredo. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Statistics, Fort Lauderdale, FL, April 2011.
• Online Multiple Kernel Learning for Structured Prediction. André F. T. Martins, Noah A. Smith, Eric P. Xing, Pedro M. Q. Aguiar, and Mário A. T. Figueiredo. In Proceedings of the NIPS Workshop on New Directions in Multiple Kernel Learning, Whistler, BC, December 2010.
• Augmenting Dual Decomposition for MAP Inference. André F. T. Martins, Noah A. Smith, Eric P. Xing, Pedro M. Q. Aguiar, and Mário A. T. Figueiredo. In Proceedings of the International Workshop on Optimization for Machine Learning, Whistler, BC, December 2010.
• Softmax-Margin CRFs: Training Log-Linear Models with Cost Functions. Kevin Gimpel and Noah A. Smith. In Proceedings of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics Human Language Technologies Conference, Los Angeles, CA, June 2010. Also available: extended technical report.
• Aggressive Online Learning of Structured Classifiers. André F. T. Martins, Kevin Gimpel, Noah A. Smith, Eric P. Xing, Pedro M. Q. Aguiar, and Mário A. T. Figueiredo. T.R. CMU-ML-10-109, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, June 2010.
• Polyhedral Outer Approximations with Application to Natural Language Parsing. André F. T. Martins, Noah A. Smith, and Eric P. Xing. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Machine Learning, pages 713–720, Montréal, Québec, June 2009.
• Nonextensive Information Theoretic Kernels on Measures. André F. T. Martins, Noah A. Smith, Eric P. Xing, Mário A. T. Figueiredo, and Pedro M. Q. Aguiar. Journal of Machine Learning Research 10:935–975, April 2009.
• Nonextensive Entropic Kernels. André F. T. Martins, Mário A. T. Figueiredo, Pedro M. Q. Aguiar, Noah A. Smith, and Eric P. Xing. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Machine Learning, pages {640–647, Helsinki, Finland, July 2008.

• An Adjective Analysis. Noah A. Smith. Manuscript, Johns Hopkins University, January 2002.
• Ellipsis Happens, and Deletion is How. Noah A. Smith. In ed. Andrea Gualmini, Soo-Min Hong, and Mitsue Motomura, University of Maryland Working Papers in Linguistics, pages 176–191, 2001, Department of Linguistics, University of Maryland.