Jeff,
 In order for California to "shut its doors" it must open its 
interconnections with the rest of the west and become a Texas-like electrical 
island.  This they cannot do.  California has a substantial investment in 
units located in Nevada, Arizona, New Mexico and Utah.  The lights would go 
out in California if they opened the ties.  In the 1970's there was a hue and 
cry over loop flow, with California claiming that it was being injured by 
others, particularly by the interior systems trading practices, however they 
never considered opening the ties, because the benefits of interconnection 
were so large that the "cost" of loop flow was far exceeded by the value of 
regional trade, i.e., they are economically interdependent.

 If such a foolish thing were done and California full "closed its doors" by 
opening its ties, cost would go up in the Northwest, in California and all 
the rest of the Western System.  There are "gains for trade" which accrue to 
all parties from interconnection.  The trade is more complicated than just 
summer/winter peaks (seasonal load diversity) there is also seasonal resource 
diversity (Spring run off effects) and finally there opportunity to 
capitalize on storage vs base load thermal operations.  I will address the 
last point first to illustrate the complexity of the trading patterns.

 The interior west (Montana, Wyoming, Utah, Arizona and New Mexico) has large 
amount of base load coal plants.  As load drops off in those areas, the 
energy flows to the coast to back off peaking plants and to back off hydro.  
The reduction of hydro production allows night time reservoir refill which 
can be used to meet peak load in the Northwest and California.  This can be 
seen in the attached file, which contains a set of plots for hourly flow on 
the Pacific DC Intertie Jun97, Dec 97, Jun 98, Dec 98, Jun 99, Dec 99, 
Jun00.  In these plots the clear day/night exchange of energy can be seen, 
especially in the Jun00 plot when sales are being made to California in the 
day and to the Northwest at night.  This day to night storage exchange 
benefits lowers costs for everyone.

 On top of this daily/weekly cycle, there is the seasonal shift in load 
diversity you noted.  For the Northwest, its peak load occurs when energy 
production is the lowest -- during the winter.  As a stand alone system, the 
Pacific Northwest (i.e., the Columbia Drainage area) is energy constrained.  
The hydro in that area does not produce enough energy to meet annual needs.  
There is plenty of generating capacity to meet any peak, but not enough to 
total water flow.  Energy imports from Wyoming and Montana (e.g. Colstrip and 
Bridger) are required to allow the Pacific Northwest to meet its annual 
energy requirement.  With these energy inputs from the coal fields, the 
seasonal water budget can be arranged to get the most value out of the hydro 
system, although fish, navigation, irrigation, etc. impose an increasing 
number of constraints.  Energy imports from in the winter from the South help 
to meet this energy balance during the winter so water can be reserved until 
the snow pack is better know in early Spring.  Some of the sales to the 
Northwest from California during the winter are a result of displacement from 
Desert Southwest energy moving through California and then up the Interties 
to the Northwest.  

 Finally, the Spring run off/fish flush when production on the river is at a 
maximum and load in the Northwest is down.  The sale of these surpluses paid 
for the Pacific Intertie lines and remain important to the entire system.  
Much system maintenance of base load units has been historically been planned 
to take advantage of this factor.  Again both California and the Northwest 
benefit from this trade.  

 In all cases, the parties would be worse off if the ties were open and 
everyone was on their own.  The Northwest may be capacity long, but it is 
typically energy short, even in flush hydro years.  The winter energy imports 
from the South hold Northwest costs down just as spring run off sales to the 
South lower energy costs in California.  California cannot craft a solo 
solution that ignores the rest of the West.  It is probably hard to decide 
who would be worst off if California "closed its doors".  It is only clear 
that total cost would rise in both California and the rest of the West from 
which it divorced itself.

 I hope this rambling response comes at the question you raise.

Steve




	Jeff Dasovich@ENRON
	Sent by: Jeff Dasovich@ENRON
	02/28/2001 11:35 AM
		
		 To: James D Steffes/NA/Enron@Enron
		 cc: Alan Comnes/PDX/ECT@ECT, Mary Hain/HOU/ECT@ECT, Steve 
Walton/HOU/ECT@ECT, Susan J Mara/NA/Enron@ENRON, Richard 
Shapiro/NA/Enron@Enron, Paul Kaufman/PDX/ECT@ECT
		 Subject: Re: Cost of Protectionism

To Jim's last point.  I understand that the good 'ol utility system was often 
operated with little regard for basic economic principles, but there's 
something in this that seems very odd and difficult to assess, and it seems 
to always be tied to this notion that "California is a net importer, even in 
the winter."  I'm going to start with the economics and then let folks 
describe why it seemingly doesn't apply in Western electricity markets.

Just about every theory of economics and trade would lead to one conclusion:  
If California closes it's doors the other Western states will pay higher 
prices for power and/or face increased threats to reliability.  I'm 
struggling to try to determine why these basic principles aren't applicable 
to Western power markets.  I understand that the PNW is a very complex place 
and that the reasons could be embedded in the arcane structure that has 
developed over the years.

To keep it simple (though not necessarily accurate), I've confined the 
analysis to a world in which only the PNW and California exist.

The basic situation: The PNW peaks in the winter; California peaks in the 
summer.

Let's take two scenarios:

1)  The West, less California, is so awash in electricity that even in its 
peak--the Winter--it still has power to send to California, i.e., it has so 
overbuilt it's system that it has persistent surpluses to sell to California.

Irrespective, there have (to my limited knowledge) always been sales from CA 
to the PNW during the winter, when the PNW is peaking.
The only conclusion that one can make, assuming that the PNW is awash in 
electricity, is that the PNW takes the power in California because it makes 
economic sense to do so. That is, during the winter peaking months, it must 
be cheaper on the margin for the PNW to buy from California rather than 
produce itself.  Otherwise, it's difficult to understand why it would buy 
from California during this month, particularly if they're long.  As such, at 
a minimum, the PNW's electric bill will necessarily increase if California 
closes its doors.

2) Neither the PNW , nor California, has indigenous capacity to meet peaking 
load.  Therefore, the PNW must buy California's power during its peaking 
summer period, and California must buy power during it's summer peaking 
period.  In this case, not only will the PNW's bill go up if California 
closes its doors, the lights are likely to go because they'll be short power.

I realize that this is a simplistic model, and that there could be other 
legitimate economic factors driving the flows out of California to the PNW 
(e.g., transmission costs).  And again, I also realize that economics may not 
have traditionally been a driver in the industry.  But I thought it might be 
useful to get a common framework in place as a starting point for the 
question that Jim asks.

With that, I'll pose the question (understanding the simplicity of the model 
set forth above):  Given that California sends power north--even if the PNW 
is long---how can California closing it doors not increase the PNW's cost of 
power?

Best,
Jeff



	James D Steffes
	02/28/2001 08:05 AM
		
		 To: Alan Comnes/PDX/ECT@ECT
		 cc: Jeff Dasovich/NA/Enron@Enron, Mary Hain/HOU/ECT@ECT, Steve 
Walton/HOU/ECT@ECT, Susan J Mara/NA/Enron@Enron
		 Subject: Re: Cost of Protectionism

It seems to me that this information leads one to conclude that the value of 
an open transmission network is that California does not have to build 5,000 
MW of power plant (4,500 MW max input + 10%) in state.  In other words, if 
California were to disconnect from the grid, someone would have to build 
additional power plants in-state.

The cost to California consumers is therefore the annual carrying cost of 10 
500 MW plants (made even more expensive after California expropriates the 
current fleet of merchant generation).

From the perspective of the remainder of the West, the question still remains 
- if California does go it alone, what is the economic impact?  Other than 
legal arguments about Interstate Commerce, why should the Federal Government 
want to continue to pursue open acess?  This is the hard question that we 
need to answer.  

Jim






	Alan Comnes@ECT
	02/27/2001 09:40 PM
		 
		 To: James D Steffes/NA/Enron@Enron, Jeff Dasovich/NA/Enron@Enron
		 cc: Susan J Mara/NA/Enron@ENRON, Steve Walton/HOU/ECT@ECT, Mary 
Hain/HOU/ECT@ECT
		 Subject: Cost of Protectionism

Jim, Jeff:

Jim asked me in a voice mail what would be the cost to California of moving 
from the current (evolving) system of open access to a "protectionist" 
environment where access to the grid would be determined by a political body 
responding to populist pressures.

Here are some things to consider.  We can talk more and I welcome Sue Mara or 
Steve Walton's input:

California is a net importer so any restraint of trade would risk the state 
being able to meet its own demand.  See attached slides that show PNW-CA 
trade.  Even in the winter, power on a net basis flows south.

Limiting open access would primarily act to hold in-state generators hostage.
 this will kill incentives for new investment

If the ISO's proposal for market power mitigation are any guide of where a 
protectionist ISO would go:
 in-state generators would be required to sell forward or lose their market 
based rate certificates
 load serving entities would be required to contract forward for load and a 
reserve margin.  
  This is costly: it will lead to centralized planning solutions to 
reliability rather than more efficient market     outcomes
 Artifical notions of "just and reasonable" rates (on top of unreasonable 
reserve requirements) would lead to severe   reliability problems.  (In other 
words, if Steve Peace has his way, the imports into the state will drop 
off     signficanly)

There is no reason the state would be more effective at expanding the grid 
(e.g., Path 15) than the current system.  (Although, admittedly the current 
system has flaws.  The CAISO was set up with little thought to transmission 
expansion planning.  Other RTOs are not repeating this mistake.).