SF Chron, 7/4: Federal price limits backfire
Sac Bee, 7/3: Out-of-state generators pull plug over uncertainty on price 
controls
LA Times, 7/3:  Power sales halted by new pricing curbs
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Federal price limits backfire 
Some generators withhold power rather than abide by rate caps 
David Lazarus, Chronicle Staff Writer
Wednesday, July 4, 2001 
,2001 San Francisco Chronicle 
URL: 
http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/2001/07/04/M
N186091.DTL 
Officials in California and Nevada, after months of lobbying for federal 
regulators to cap Western power prices, warned yesterday that the newly 
imposed limits have had the unintended consequence of increasing a threat of 
blackouts in the two states. 
The warnings were issued as California came within minutes of rolling 
blackouts yesterday afternoon, and one day after the first-ever rolling 
blackouts in Las Vegas forced energy-hungry casinos to shut off fountains and 
reduce air conditioning. 
The two states are asking the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission to take a 
closer look at the so-called price mitigation plan and come up with revisions 
that would deter power companies from withholding electricity during 
shortages. 
"We need some clarity to this order," said Oscar Hidalgo, a spokesman for the 
California Department of Water Resources, which is spending billions of 
dollars to keep the state's lights on. 
"Generators need to be held accountable," he said. 
The crux of the problem is that price limits kick in during shortages, yet 
power companies say these caps force them to sell power at below-market rates 
during periods of high demand. 
Some companies have responded by holding back power rather than face the 
expense of shipping electricity from state to state. Each mile that 
electricity must be transmitted adds to the overall cost. 
"No one's going to pay for transmission if the cost is near the caps," said 
Gary Ackerman, executive director of the Western Power Trading Forum, an 
energy-industry association in Menlo Park. 
Ackerman said several companies in his organization decided that there was no 
economic advantage to offering power in regional markets when price controls 
are in effect. 
"This means individual regions like California or Las Vegas could end up not 
having enough," Ackerman said. "It increases the threat of blackouts." 
BLACKOUT ALERT CANCELED
California authorities issued a blackout alert at 1:45 p.m. yesterday when 
power reserves dipped to dangerously low levels. They canceled the alert 
about an hour later, after finding additional supplies. 
"Everyone in the West is fighting for megawatts," said Stephanie McCorkle, a 
spokeswoman for the California Independent System Operator, which oversees 
the state's power network. 
The Golden State's latest brush with lights-out conditions came a day after 
Nevada experienced its own rolling blackouts for the first time, prompting 
heavy power users such as the MGM Grand and Caesars Palace to dim their 
lights. 
Don Soderberg, chairman of the Nevada Public Utilities Commission, said that 
the sudden power emergency took state authorities by surprise and that they 
are investigating to see what role the federal price limits may have had in 
exacerbating Monday's shortage. 
"We're looking very closely at this," he said. "There seems to be a potential 
for unintended consequences." 
Specifically, Soderberg said Nevada is focusing on operators of older, less- 
efficient plants who would find profit margins shrinking, if not vanishing, 
under capped prices. 
"We're going to see how the caps might have played into this," he said. 
The federal ceiling in 10 Western states, excluding California, is about $92 
per megawatt hour. In California, a 10 percent surcharge is added because of 
the state's credit risk, bringing the price to just over $101. 
Ackerman at the Western Power Trading Forum said regional price controls have 
extended California's power crisis to neighboring states. 
"California sneezed and the rest of the region caught the virus," he said. 
'LAWYERS LOOKING FOR LOOPHOLES' 
California and Nevada officials, however, said that they still have faith 
that price limits can stabilize Western electricity markets but that federal 
regulators may have to tweak the system so that power companies cannot 
withhold output. 
"The generators have banks of lawyers looking for loopholes (in the plan)," 
said Hidalgo at the Department of Water Resources. 
Unfortunately, it may take some time for the regulators to revisit an issue 
that they took up only with the greatest reluctance. For months, federal 
regulators refused to impose price controls, preferring instead to let supply 
and demand determine costs. 
Hidalgo said that when it appeared that power companies were throttling back 
on output Monday, California officials immediately dialed the hot line number 
provided by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission in case of emergencies. 
"No one answered," he said. "They were closed." 
State officials tried again yesterday, and this time were told that the 
commission would look into the matter. They were not given a time frame for 
when the commission might come up with a response. 
E-mail David Lazarus at dlazarus@sfchronicle.com. 
,2001 San Francisco Chronicle ? Page?A - 1 





Out-of-state generators pull plug over uncertainty on price controls
By Dale Kasler
Bee Staff Writer
(Published July 3, 2001) 
Confused by the federal government's new controls on electricity prices, 
generators withheld so much power from California on Monday that the state 
was nearly plunged into rolling blackouts, state officials said. 
The confusion began when the state's electric grid operators declared a Stage 
1 power alert in the early afternoon, triggering the price caps for the first 
time since they went into effect June 21. 
Out-of-state generators pulled about 1,500 megawatts of electricity off the 
table at midafternoon, enough to power about 1.1 million homes, because of 
uncertainty about how much they could charge under the new Federal Energy 
Regulatory Commission pricing system, said Oscar Hidalgo, spokesperson for 
the state Department of Water Resources. The department buys electricity for 
the state's financially distressed utilities. 
"They didn't understand what they were going to be paid; there was confusion 
over the FERC order," Hidalgo said. "We saw 1,500 megawatts disappear." 
The problem was exacerbated by a heat wave across the West, which forced 
California to compete with other states for scarce electricity, he said. 
Rolling blackouts hit southern Nevada. 
Most California officials credit the FERC system, which is based on a 
variable price cap, with reining in what had been a runaway wholesale power 
market. But power generators have complained that the price caps, by limiting 
profits, could discourage the production of critically needed electricity. 
And as Monday's episode suggested, even the uncertainty about where the cap 
will fall could lead to unexpected shortages. 
"That's the risk that you run (with price controls)," said Arthur O'Donnell, 
editor of the newsletter California Energy Markets. "People want any kind of 
certainty at all." 
Hidalgo said the state avoided blackouts only because of last-minute imports 
from the Bonne'ville Power Administration, the federal agency that markets 
government-produced hydroelectric power in the Pacific Northwest. The state 
went into a Stage 2 power alert, the next-to-last level before blackouts are 
ordered. The alert was canceled in late afternoon. 
The blackouts would have been the first in California since May 8. 
FERC imposed a round-the-clock ceiling on power throughout the West. The 
price fluctuates and is tied to the production costs of the least-efficient 
plant operating in California during a "power alert" declared by the 
Independent System Operator, which runs the state's power-transmission grid. 
When there's no alert, prices can't exceed 85 percent of the cap that was 
established during the latest alert. 
Until Monday, the maximum price held steady at about $101 a megawatt-hour in 
California. But when the ISO declared a Stage 1 power alert in early 
afternoon, signifying that reserve supplies had dwindled to less than 7 
percent of demand, confusion set in, Hidalgo and others said. 
Because of a steep drop in the price of natural gas, which fuels many 
California power plants, suppliers knew the cap would fall. But no one knew 
by how much until the price was posted by the ISO. 
The ceiling for California fell to about $77 at 3 p.m. but was back up to $98 
in two hours, according to the ISO. Those prices include the 10 percent 
premium that sellers can charge California because FERC said there's a credit 
risk in selling to the state. 
O'Donnell said it's likely suppliers will pull back from the market every 
time the ISO declares a power alert. 
In-state generators have to operate their plants if summoned by the ISO. But 
out-of-state suppliers can withhold supplies, and on Monday it was the 
out-of-staters that were pulling back, Hidalgo said. 

The Bee's Dale Kasler can be reached at (916) 321-1066 or dkasler@sacbee.com. 





Power Sales Halted by New Pricing Curbs 
Electricity: Confused suppliers, unsure what they will be paid, refuse to 
sell to state, which asks FERC for a ruling but doesn't get it. 

By NANCY VOGEL, Times Staff Writer 

?????SACRAMENTO--Confusion over new federal price restrictions prompted 
several electricity sellers to back away from sales to California on Monday 
afternoon, pushing the state closer to blackouts, energy officials said.
?????The state lost sales that would have provided enough electricity to 
supply more than 1 million homes, said Ray Hart, deputy director of the 
California Department of Water Resources, which has been buying much of the 
state's electricity since January.
?????At least five companies producing or marketing power "are telling us 
that since they don't know what they're going to get paid, they're not going 
to take the risk, and so they're not going to sell the energy," Hart said.
?????The electricity sales fell through after power consumption soared in 
summer heat and grid operators were forced to declare a Stage 1 emergency, 
meaning reserves had dipped below 7%. It was the first such emergency since 
May 31.
?????Under a June 19 order by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission 
intended to bring down wholesale electricity markets across the West, a power 
emergency in California triggers the setting of a new price limit that 
applies to power plant owners from Washington to Arizona. 
?????The new price is supposed to be based upon whatever it costs to run the 
most inefficient, expensive power plant selling electricity to California 
grid operators during the first full hour of a Stage 1 emergency.
?????But much uncertainty remains about exactly how and when the new price is 
supposed to be established under the commission's order, and that apparently 
drove away sellers, Hart said.
?????Shortly after the state issued the Stage 1 alert at 1:30 p.m., putting 
the old price limit of $90 per megawatt-hour in question, companies that had 
committed to provide the state electricity hour by hour Monday afternoon 
backed out, Hart said. The companies include TransAlta Energy Marketing of 
Oregon, Constellation Power of Baltimore and Sempra Energy Trading, a unit of 
the San Diego-based energy conglomerate.
?????Forced to dip even deeper into the state's power reserves and declare a 
Stage 2 emergency, water agency officials called the federal energy 
commission's hotline for clarification about what the new price should be and 
when it should take effect. They got no answer.
?????Hart said commission officials reached at home promised to try to 
clarify their order today. One outstanding question is what obligations power 
suppliers have to deliver electricity to California in an emergency.
?????Both buyers and sellers in the market agree that the new price, when it 
is set, will probably be lower than $90 per megawatt-hour because the price 
of natural gas, the main fuel in California power plants, has dropped lately.
?????Temperatures soared several degrees higher Monday than grid operators 
had anticipated. But they said they expected to avoid rolling blackouts in 
part because the Bonneville Power Administration in Portland, Ore., had 
agreed to provide several hundred megawatts of Pacific Northwest hydropower 
each hour in exchange for a return of electricity from California later this 
summer.
?????"Bonneville is giving us emergency power to get us through," Hart said. 

Copyright 2001 Los Angeles Times