FairSense: Long-Term Fairness Analysis of ML-Enabled Systems

kaestner@cs.cmu.edu (Y. She, S. Biswas, C. Kästner, E. Kang)
Thu, 11 Dec 2025 09:54:38 GMT

Yining She, Sumon Biswas, Christian Kästner, and Eunsuk Kang. FairSense: Long-Term Fairness Analysis of ML-Enabled Systems. In Proceedings of the 47th International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE), pages 782--794, April 2025.

Algorithmic fairness of machine learning (ML) models has raised significant concern in the recent years. Many testing, verification, and bias mitigation techniques have been proposed to identify and reduce fairness issues in ML models. The existing methods are model-centric and designed to detect fairness issues under static settings. However, many ML-enabled systems operate in a dynamic environment where the predictive decisions made by the system impact the environment, which in turn affects future decision-making. Such a self-reinforcing feedback loop can cause fairness violations in the long term, even if the immediate outcomes are fair. In this paper, we propose a simulation-based framework called FairSense to detect and analyze long-term unfairness in ML-enabled systems. In particular, the framework targets systems with an ML model that is trained over tabular data using supervised learning. Given a fairness requirement, FairSense performs Monte-Carlo simulation to enumerate evolution traces for each system configuration. Then, FairSense performs sensitivity analysis on the space of system parameters to understand the impact of configuration decisions on long-term fairness of the system. We demonstrate FairSense's potential utility through three real-world case studies: Loan lending, opioids risk scoring, and predictive policing.