Event class: war, british, german, germany, government, french, france, military, britain, peace

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de-normalize

Events with high posterior probability

Joan Pujol Garcia In 1940, during the early days of World War II, Pujol decided that he must make a contribution'' for the good of humanity'' (and to oppose the Franco regime) by helping Britain -- which, with its Empire, was Germany's only adversary at the time.
Heinrich HimmlerIn 1938, as part of his preparations for war, Hitler ended the German alliance with China, and entered into an agreement with the more modern Japan.
Count Ottokar von CzerninAt a conference between Germany and Austria-Hungary on 17 -- 18 March 1917 on the goals of the war, he suggested inter alia the cession of territory of the Central Powers to arrange a fast peace with the Entente.
William Robertson (British Army officer)Robertson accused the ministers (8 December 1916) of `` attaching as much importance to a few scallywags in Arabia as I imagine they did to the German attack on Ypres two years ago'', but for the first time ministers contemplated overruling him.
August von WerderOn the 15th, 16th and 17th of January 1871, Werder with greatly inferior forces succeeded in holding his own on the Battle of the Lisaine against all Bourbaki's efforts to reach Belfort, a victory which aroused great enthusiasm in southern Germany.
Ralph Barnes (journalist)After the German invasion of Poland, and the German invasion of France and the Low Countries, Barnes concluded that Germany would next attack the Soviet Union, despite the 1939 Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact.
Benito MussoliniBorrowing the idea first developed by Enrico Corradini before 1914 of the natural conflict between'' plutocratic'' nations like Britain and'' proletarian'' nations like Italy, Mussolini claimed that Italy's principle problem was that it was'' plutocratic'' countries like Britain that were blocking Italy from achieving the necessary spazio vitale that would let the Italian economy grow.
Alexander II of Russia In response to the overwhelming defeat (1856) suffered by Russia in the Crimean War, and to an awareness of military advances implemented in other European countries, the Russian government reorganized the army and navy and re-armed them.
Joseph PoindexterIn the immediate aftermath of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, Poindexter placed the territory under martial law and allowed the U. S. military to form a military government.
Georges BonnetIn April 1939, Daladier told the Romanian foreign minister Grigore Gafencu'' he was going to get rid of Bonnet quite shortly'', and on 6 May, Daladier stated to Bullit he had a great deal of''... mistrust of Bonnet and said that he might replace him in the immediate future''.
Walter Schellenberg During early 1945, Schellenberg encouraged Himmler to overthrow Hitler in order to negotiate a separate peace with the Western Allies, using as an excuse Hitler's poor health ; however, Himmler never took action toward doing it.
Aylmer Hunter-WestonHaig -- who had recently rejected Rawlinson's initial proposal to concentrate on capturing the German First Line on the first day of the offensive, before bringing guns forward and attacking the Second Line several days later - was critical that Hunter-Weston `` was only going to take the enemy first system to begin with, and proceed slowly stage by stage'' which would give the Germans a chance to bring up reserves, like the French at Verdun (Haig Diary 7 and 8 April 1916) He urged Hunter-Weston that his men should push on as far as possible without consolidating, as far as artillery cover allowed (Haig Diary 10 May 1916).
Vasil RadoslavovHis government remained in office until June 1918, when the more moderate Aleksandar Malinov was recalled in the hope of brokering a favourable peace deal, with Radoslavov blamed for the failure of Bulgaria to gain full control of Northern Dobruja in the Treaty of Bucharest (the region being placed under joint Bulgarian, German and Austrian administration).
Franklin D. RooseveltRoosevelt said in 1939 that France and Britain were America's'' first line of defence'' and needed American aid, but because of widespread isolationist sentiment, he reiterated the U. S. itself would not go to war.
Horace Smith-DorrienThe Official Historian Brigadier Edmonds later alleged that French had removed Smith-Dorrien as he was senior to Haig and stood in the way of Haig becoming Commander-in-Chief, and that Wilson had put the idea in French's mind, but this may be doubtful as their antipathy went back a long way and French was later (December 1915) replaced by Douglas Haig as Commander-in-Chief of the BEF against his will.
Joachim von RibbentropIn October 1941 Ribbentrop ordered General Ott to start applying pressure on the Japanese to attack the Americans as soon as possible.
William Robertson (British Army officer)Terraine, quoting Violet Bonham-Carter, argued that by the second half of 1917 the distrust between Robertson and Lloyd George was such that he felt that, if he did not stand solid with Haig, Lloyd George would lose the war by transferring resources to other fronts.
Georgy ZhukovGlantz quoted A. V. Isaev about Operation Mars : Also, according to Vladimir Chernov and Galina Yaroslavovna, Glantz and other Western historians paid too much attention to Zhukov and forgot the fact that he did not participate in this offensive, as since the late August 1942 he had already stopped commanding the Western Front and went to Stalingrad area to guide the Soviet forces there.
Erich RaederAs part of the reorganization of the military command structure following the Blomberg -- Fritsch Affair in early 1938, it was declared that the service chiefs, namely OKW chief Wilhelm Keitel, Army commander Walter von Brauchitsch, Luftwaffe commander Hermann Göring and Raeder were to have the same status as Cabinet ministers and as such, they all started to receive publicly the same pay as a Cabinet member and privately payments from Konto 5 slush fund.
Werner von BlombergIn 1932, Blomberg served as part of the German delegation to the World Disarmament Conference in Geneva where, during his time as the German chief military delegate, he not only continued his pro-Nazi remarks to the press, but used his status as Germany's chief military delegate to communicate his views to Paul von Hindenburg, whose position as president made him Supreme Commander in Chief.
Narciso CamperoIt was thus that the 66-year old General Campero took control of his country's fate in early 1880 at the most critical juncture in its history, it having essentially lost the War of the Pacific, surrendered its entire access to the Pacific to Chile, and abandoned its ally Peru to fight the rest of the war alone.
Robert Erskine ChildersGerman Influence on British Cavalry (1911) Although the traditional view appears absurd with hindsight (see, for example) it was reestablished as Roberts retired and French and his protégé Major-General Haig rose to the top of the army.
Victor Emmanuel III of ItalyThe League of Nations decried Italy's participation in this war and the Italian claim on Ethiopia's conquest was disputed by some members of the international community (namely the United States and the Soviet Union) but accepted by Great Britain and France in 1938.
Hubert GoughGough was, in Philpott's view'' probably the most discussed and vilified British Western Front general (after Haig at least)... intelligent, quick witted and charming, a popular man in the army, both confident and courageous'' although not popular with subordinates, and was'' still learning his trade'' in July 1916.
John French, 1st Earl of YpresIn `` 1914'' French later claimed that he had told Kitchener that although he valued his advice he would not tolerate any interference in his executive authority so long as he remained in command, and that they'' finally came to an amicable understanding''.
Cheng HengApart from giving press conferences, Cheng Heng was also called on to receive visiting foreign politicians : William Shawcross relates an incident during Spiro Agnew's July 1970 visit to Phnom Penh, in which the Acting Head of State was forced to contend with United States Secret Service personnel training their guns on him while he was attempting to welcome Agnew to the Royal Palace.
Leo Chiozza MoneyShortly before the Italian invasion of Abyssinia in 1935, he corresponded with Churchill, praising him, among other things, for the measured tone of a speech in which Churchill had maintained that the quarrel with Italy was not one with Britain, but with the League of Nations.
Kristian LaakeOn 8 April 1940, after the British had announced that they had laid three naval mine fields along the Norwegian coast to force German shipping out of neutral Norwegian waters, Laake and the general staff contacted minister Ljungberg and suggested mobilizing the Norwegian Army.
Ernesto Zedillo Once Subcomandante Marcos was identified as Rafael Guillén, on 9 February 1995, in an counterproductive, turn of events, the President Ernesto Zedillo took a series of decisions that completely broke with the strategy and action plan previously defined and the agreements he authorized his Secretary of Interior Lic Esteban Moctezuma to compromise with Marcos just 3 days before in Guadalupe Tepeyac.
Harry Hopkins On May 10, 1940, after a long night and day of discussing the German invasion of the Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg that had ended the so-called'' Phony War'', Roosevelt urged a tired Hopkins to stay for dinner, and then the night, in a second-floor White House bedroom.
William Robertson (British Army officer)He rejected a purely defensive posture in the west, as even defending would still result in heavy casualties, but was sceptical of Haig's wish to renew the Ypres Offensive in Spring 1918, and argued that Britain should build up her strength on the Western Front and then decide on the scale of her 1918 offensives.
Gheorghe Gheorghiu-DejThis trade pattern followed Gheorghiu-Dej's economic plan, which he made clear to Great Britain and France in 1960, when he sent his head of foreign intelligence to Paris and London in order to clarify Romania's desire to interact with the West and disregard Comecon orders.
Arthur Zimmermann In March 1917, with the imminent collapse of the Russian front, Zimmermann took steps to promote Peace in the East with the Russians, a proposal that was of immense importance to Germany at the time.
James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of DalhousieWhile, however, Dalhousie was content with a mutual engagement with the Afghan chief, binding each party to respect the territories of the other, he saw that a larger measure of interference was needed in Baluchistan, and with the Khan of Kalat he authorized Major Jacob to negotiate a treaty of subordinate co-operation on 14 May 1854.
Cecil RhodesIn 1895, believing he could use his influence to overthrow the Boer government, Rhodes supported the infamous Jameson Raid, an attack on the Transvaal with the tacit approval of Secretary of State for the Colonies Joseph Chamberlain.
Franklin D. RooseveltIn March 1917, after Germany initiated its submarine warfare campaign, Roosevelt asked Wilson for permission, which was denied, to fit the naval fleet out for war.
Archibald MurrayAt the General Staff Conference in January 1914 he rejected proposals to adopt what he saw as a stereotyped French fire-and-movement doctrine.
Aylmer Hunter-WestonThis may be because Hunter-Weston and Gouraud were both soon invalided out of the peninsula or because the Allies had never intended Gallipoli to be about trench warfare and so were not interested in learning tactical land warfare lessons from it or because the development of artillery tactics throughout the war was not a clear-cut process, as is shown by the fact that similar tactics almost worked at Neuve Chapelle in March 1915 but were then not used for over a year afterwards.
William Robertson (British Army officer)Except for this one `` very secret'' memorandum (sent to ministers 22 February 1917) Robertson tried to keep all his discussions of plans against the Turks verbal.
Tanaka GiichiIn 1906, Tanaka helped draft a defense plan which was so highly regarded by the Imperial Japanese Army General Staff and General Yamagata Aritomo that it was adopted by as basic policy until World War I.
Siegfried KnemeyerIn 1943, alarmed that Allied advances in aviation technology threatened to tip the balance of the war against Germany, Hermann Göring convened a conference at Carinhall among his senior leadership.
Erich Raeder In October 1928, Raeder was cross-examined by a Reichstag committee investigating secret rearmament and violations of the Treaty of Versailles.
Isoroku YamamotoThroughout 1938, many young army and naval officers began to speak publicly against Yamamoto and certain other Japanese admirals such as Mitsumasa Yonai and Shigeyoshi Inoue for their strong opposition towards a Tripartite pact with Nazi Germany for reportedly being against'' Japan's natural interests.''
Camillo Benso, Count of CavourCavour, who hoped that the allies would support Piedmont's expansion in Italy, agreed as soon as his colleagues' support would allow, and entered the war on January 10, 1855.
Malcolm MacDonaldIn May 1938 Chamberlain moved him back to the Colonial Office -- a move now seen as a promotion due to the increased prominence of the position given the situation in the British Mandate of Palestine.
John Buchanan (settler)While he was acting for the absent Johnston, the Makololo asked Buchanan for British assistance, and in his role as Vice-Consul, he accused Portugal of ignoring British interests in this area and formally declared the Makokolo to be under a British protection on 21 September 1889, although this was contrary to his instructions to do no more than prevent local rulers accepting protection from another state.
Hubert GoughSir Charles Bonham-Carter, head of GHQ Training in 1917 -- 18, argued that Gough'' had greater qualities than any of the other Army Commanders'' and had had the potential to be a great general, but was let down by a poor staff, and was too impatient to realise that infantry attacks needed'' time to prepare''.
Winston ChurchillOn 26 December 1941, Churchill addressed a joint meeting of the US Congress, asking of Germany and Japan,'' What kind of people do they think we are ?''
Carl Friedrich GoerdelerUnder Goerdeler's terms, Germany would retain all the areas of Poland that had been part of Germany prior to 1918, Austria, and the Sudetenland with independence being restored to Poland and Czechoslovakia with general disarmament, the restoration of global free trade and the ending of protectionism as the other major goals for the new regime.
Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener William Birdwood | Birdwood at Anzac, November 1915 In January 1915 Field Marshal Sir John French, the commander of the British Expeditionary Force, with the concurrence of other senior commanders (e. g. General Sir Douglas Haig), wanted the New Armies incorporated into existing divisions as battalions rather than sent out as entire divisions.
Douglas Haig, 1st Earl HaigHaig had long thought French petty, jealous, unbalanced (`` like a bottle of soda water... incapable of thinking... and coming to a reasoned decision''), overly quick to meddle in party politics and easily manipulated by Henry Wilson, and was increasingly irritated by French's changes of orders and mercurial changes of mood as to the length of the war, which French now expected to last into 1916.
Joachim von RibbentropIn May 1939, as part of his efforts to bully Turkey into joining the Axis, Ribbentrop had arranged for the cancellation of the delivery of 60 heavy howitzers from the Škoda Works, which the Turks had paid for in advance.
Georges BonnetAs a result, the French Premier Léon Blum effectively exiled Bonnet in January 1937 by appointing him Ambassador to the United States, even though Bonnet did not speak English.
Ludwig BeckHowever, Beck argued that Germany was not strong enough to fight the general war that would result from an attack on Czechoslovakia in 1938, and urged Hitler to avoid a'' premature war''.
Charles BedauxThe archival records show that Bedaux maintained a close relationship with the German military intelligence service, the Abwehr, and that he was even designated in October 1941 by the sabotage branch of the Abwehr (Abwehr II) to command a large-scale covert mission to Persia (Iran) that he himself had contrived to capture the Abadan oil refinery and protect it from Allied bombardment prior to a planned German military invasion of Iraq and Persia.
Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl KitchenerHe wired French (16 May 1915) that he would send no more reinforcements to France until he was clear the German line could be broken, but sent two divisions at the end of May to please Joffre, not because he thought a breakthrough possible.
Heinrich GattineauIn September 1932 Gattineau, along with Heinrich Bütefisch, had held a meeting with Hitler at which they discussed the issue of producing synthetic oil, something Hitler felt crucial to end German energy dependence and to ensure his plans for secret rearmament would remain secret were he to be elected.
Frederick AshworthIn February 1945, Ashworth was sent to Guam to deliver a letter to Fleet Admiral Chester Nimitz from Fleet Admiral Ernest King ordering him to provide whatever support the Manhattan Project required.
Robert Durie OsbornAt the same time, Osborn was always a zealous advocate of the rights of the native India ns, and his retirement from the army was largely due to his dissatisfaction with the policy of Lord Lytton, which, in his opinion, outraged native sentiment and needlessly provoked the Afghan war of 1879.
Georges BonnetAs Count Welczeck noted in May 1939 :'' Bonnet was... a man who would go to the utmost limits to avoid a European war up to the last moment.
Carl Friedrich GoerdelerIn June 1938, General Beck often consulted with Goerdeler over the question of whether or not he should resign as Chief of the General Staff as a way of stopping Fall Grün.
Kurt StudentIn January 1941, he is known to have proposed a similar operation in Northern Ireland along the same lines of Plan Kathleen, at the time Göring told him that his focus should be on the airborne conquest of Gibraltar via Operation Felix.
Georges BonnetIn Bonnet's opinion, the French-Czechoslovakian treaty of 1924, which committed France to come to the aid of CzechoSlovakia in the event of a German invasion, was a millstone that could lead France into a disastrous war with Germany.
Eug?ne RicklinThen, the war finishing, while he saw that the full autonomy granted by the Germans was coming too late (1918), he launched the idea of the Nationalrat (National Council) to try to save the Alsatian political assets by means of a negotiation with the French.
Friedrich OlbrichtAfterwards, as a captain, he was taken into the Reichswehr by which time had been reduced in size under the terms of the Treaty of Versailles in 1919.
Georges BonnetAs Halifax reported to the British Cabinet, Bonnet'' wanted His Majesty's Government to put as much pressure as possible on Dr. Beneš to reach a settlement with the Sudeten-Deutsch in order to save France from the cruel dilemma between dishonouring her agreement -LSB- the Franco-Czechoslovak alliance of 1924 -RSB- or becoming involved in war''.
Henry L. Stimson Following the outbreak of World War I in 1914, he was a strong supporter of Britain and France, but also supported the nation's neutrality policy.
Marie-Monique RobinThe paper claimed that no agreement had been signed between France and Argentina or other Latin American countries, although Robin had found the document at the Quai d'Orsay When Minister of Foreign Affairs Dominique de Villepin traveled to Chile in February 2004, he said that no cooperation between France and the military regimes had occurred.
Edmund Allenby, 1st Viscount AllenbyIn early October 1917 Robertson asked Allenby to state his extra troop requirements to advance from the Gaza - Beersheba line (30 miles wide) to the Jaffa - Jerusalem line (50 miles wide), urging him to take no chances in estimating the threat of a German-reinforced threat.
Mubarak Al-Sabah See Anglo-Kuwaiti Agreement of 1899 The long Ottoman indecisiveness in naming Mubarak kaymakam, as well as feelings of vulnerability helped pave the way for Mubarak to pursue British ties.
Joachim von RibbentropIn 1935, Sir Eric Phipps, the British Ambassador to Germany, complained to London about Ribbentrop's British associates in the Anglo-German Fellowship, that they created'' false German hopes as in regards to British friendship and caused a reaction against it in England, where public opinion is very naturally hostile to the Nazi regime and its methods''.
Nitobe Inaz?He held critical views on increasing militarism in Japan in the early 1930s, and was devastated by Japan's withdrawal from the League of Nations in 1933 over the Manchurian Crisis and the Lytton Report.
Giuseppe Genco Russo Persecution by the fascist authorities proved a blessing in disguise when the regime of Mussolini was toppled and Allied Military invaded Sicily in July 1943 (Operation Husky).
Berthe PetitIn 1919, Berthe was able to return to Belgium ; in the same year she received a prophecy of future conflict with nations increasingly divided.
Joseph VuilleminOn 12 June 1940, at a meeting of the Anglo French Supreme War Council at Briare, it was reported that a bombing raid by the RAF against Italy the previous day had been thwarted by General Vuillemin, who had ordered lorries to be driven onto the airfield as the bombers were preparing for take-off.
Walter Bedell SmithIn May 1954, Smith traveled to Europe in an attempt to convince the British to participate in an intervention to avert French defeat in the Battle of Dien Bien Phu.
Paul KagameFrance maintained this military presence throughout the war, engaging Kagame's RPF forces again in February 1993 during the offensive that doubled RPF territory.
James LamondIn a debate in the House of Commons in July 1980, the World Peace Council was criticised by Conservative Foreign Office minister Peter Blaker as a'' disguised instrument of Soviet policy'', a charge that Lamond rejected (although he later accepted that much of its funding did indeed come from the Soviet Union).
Theodor HerzlAfter the failure of that scheme, which took him to Cairo, he received, through L. J. Greenberg, an offer (August 1903) from the British government to facilitate a large Jewish settlement, with autonomous government and under British suzerainty, in British East Africa.
Ragnar SkanckeIn one instance of refusal to cooperate fully with the German authorities, Skancke delayed acting on an order from Reichskommissar Terboven issued on 5 July 1941 that all Norwegian church bell s were to be sent to Germany for smelting and use in the war industry.
Georges BonnetOn 2 June 1939, when the Soviet government offered up its definition of what constituted'' aggression'', upon which the intended alliance was come into play, Bonnet sided with the Soviets against the British, who felt that the Soviet definition of'' aggression'', especially'' indirect aggression'' was too loose a definition and phrased in such a manner as to imply the Soviet right of inference in the internal affairs of nations of Eastern Europe.
Ion AntonescuIn parallel, Romania's relationship with the United Kingdom (at the time the only major adversary of Nazi Germany) aggravated into conflict : on February 10, 1941, British Premier Winston Churchill recalled His Majesty's Ambassador Reginald Hoare, and approved the blockade of Romanian ships in British-controlled ports.
Andr? MauroisHe was encouraged and assisted in seeking this post by Marshal Philippe Pétain, and he made a point of acknowledging with thanks his debt to Pétain in his 1941 autobiography,'' Call no man happy'' -- though by the time of writing their paths had sharply diverged, Pétain having become Head of State of Vichy France.
Christian X of Denmark(In any event, whatever independence Denmark had been able to maintain during the first years of the occupation ended abruptly with the German putsch in August 1943.)
William Robertson (British Army officer)In 1917 Robertson supported the continuation of the Third Ypres Offensive, at odds with Lloyd George's view that Britain's war effort ought to be focused on the other theatres until the arrival of sufficient US troops on the Western Front.
David I. WalshIn 1941, when the administration used the Greer incident, an exchange of fire between a German submarine and an American destroyer, to authorize American forces to'' shoot on sight,'' Walsh held hearings of the Naval Affairs Committee to demonstrate that the administration was misrepresenting the facts of the encounter to support its case for American military action against Germany.
William Robertson (British Army officer)By 1917 Robertson was more keen on the idea of the Germans standing and fighting where they would suffer at the hands of strong British artillery.
Carl Friedrich GoerdelerOn August 27, 1939 Goerdeler told the British diplomat Gladwyn Jebb to continue to make a firm diplomatic stand for Poland as the best way of bringing down the Nazi regime.
Friedrich von HollmannNevertheless, when the Kaiser demanded that the navy take territory on the Shandong peninsula in September 1895, he demurred because of the uncertain reaction of Japan, Britain and Russia.
Abdul Aziz MirzaOn January 14, 2010, Admiral Mirza gives credence to the recent French investigative report that talked of almost $ 49 million kickbacks in the Agosta-submarine deal allegedly received by now - President Asif Ali Zardari, former Chief of Naval Staff Admiral (deposed) Mansurul Haq and some of the Naval officers, disclosing that the then Benazir government had urged the Pakistan Navy to go for the French subs.
Rudolf HessIn Hess, Hitler and Churchill (2013), Peter Padfield claims that Hess was delivering a proposed peace treaty drawn up by Hitler under which Britain would retain her independence, Empire, and armed forces, and Germany would withdraw from Western Europe.
Preston TuckerThe Germans invaded Holland in the spring of 1940, before Tucker could complete the deal, and the Dutch government lost interest, so he completed the prototypes and opted to try to sell the vehicle to the U. S. government.
Arthur Wilson (Royal Navy officer)He was recalled by Winston Churchill in 1914 at the start of World War I to provide advice on strategy.
Bagha JatinOn reaching Odisha, in April, 1915, Jatin sent one of his close associates, Naren Bhattacharya (future M. N. Roy) to Batavia, following instructions from Chatto, in order to make a deal with the German authorities concerning financial aid and the supply of arms.
Wilhelm KeitelKeitel accepted Hitler's directive for Operation'' Citadel'' in 1943, despite strong opposition from several field officers who argued that neither the troops nor the new tanks on which Hitler staked his hopes for victory were ready.
Eric Campbell GeddesDuring his tenure the British mercantile fleet suffered greatly from German submarine warfare, and in 1918 he informed the House of Commons that the output from British shipbuilding years would have to be nearly doubled before the monthly sinking figures were made good.
James G. BlaineArthur and Frelinghuysen undid much of Blaine's work, cancelling the call for a Pan-American conference and stopping the effort to end the War of the Pacific, but they did continue the drive for tariff reductions, signing a reciprocity treaty with Mexico in 1882.
Jean MonnetIn 1914, young Monnet was allowed to meet French Premier René Viviani on this issue and he managed to convince the French government to agree with him, in principle.
Thomas Franklin Fairfax MillardIn response to the February 1919 proposal by Japan to insert a racial equality statement in the charter for the League of Nations, Millard saw the proposal principally as having a propaganda value for the Japanese and believed that the United States had nothing to fear from it as it was merely' a placation of Japan and Asiatic peoples', -LSB- and -RSB-'' considered the Japanese proposal as being too vaguely worded to have any effective threat value.''
Yan XishanWhile he was in exile in Dalian in 1930, Yan became aware of Japanese plans to invade Manchuria, and feigned collaboration with the Japanese in order to pressure Chiang Kai-shek into allowing Yan to return to Shanxi before warning Chiang of Japan's intent.