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Trail: Creating a GUI with JFC/Swing
Lesson: Laying Out Components Within a Container

## How to Use GridBagLayout: The Example Explained

> Here, again, is the applet that shows a `GridBagLayout` in action.

> This is a picture of the applet's GUI. To run the applet, click the picture. The applet will appear in a new browser window.

> The following code creates the `GridBagLayout` and the components it manages. You can find the entire source file in `GridBagWindow.java`. The program runs either within an applet (with the help of `AppletButton`) or as an application.

> >     JButton button;
> >     Container contentPane = getContentPane();
> >     GridBagLayout gridbag = new GridBagLayout();
> >     GridBagConstraints c = new GridBagConstraints();
> >     contentPane.setLayout(gridbag);
> >     c.fill = GridBagConstraints.HORIZONTAL;

> >     button = new JButton("Button 1");
> >     c.weightx = 0.5;
> >     c.gridx = 0;
> >     c.gridy = 0;
> >     gridbag.setConstraints(button, c);
> >     contentPane.add(button);

> >     button = new JButton("2");
> >     c.gridx = 1;
> >     c.gridy = 0;
> >     gridbag.setConstraints(button, c);
> >     contentPane.add(button);

> >     button = new JButton("Button 3");
> >     c.gridx = 2;
> >     c.gridy = 0;
> >     gridbag.setConstraints(button, c);
> >     contentPane.add(button);

> >     button = new JButton("Long-Named Button 4");
> >     c.ipady = 40;      //make this component tall
> >     c.weightx = 0.0;
> >     c.gridwidth = 3;
> >     c.gridx = 0;
> >     c.gridy = 1;
> >     gridbag.setConstraints(button, c);
> >     contentPane.add(button);

> >     button = new JButton("Button 5");
> >     c.ipady = 0;       //reset to default
> >     c.weighty = 1.0;   //request any extra vertical space
> >     c.anchor = GridBagConstraints.SOUTH; //bottom of space
> >     c.insets = new Insets(10,0,0,0);  //top padding
> >     c.gridx = 1;       //aligned with button 2
> >     c.gridwidth = 2;   //2 columns wide
> >     c.gridy = 2;       //third row
> >     gridbag.setConstraints(button, c);
> >     contentPane.add(button);

> This example uses one `GridBagConstraints` instance for all the components the `GridBagLayout` manages. Just before each component is added to the container, the code sets (or resets to default values) the appropriate instance variables in the `GridBagConstraints` object. It then uses the `setConstraints` method to record all the constraint values for that component.

> For example, to make button 4 be extra tall, the example has this code:

> >     c.ipady = 40;

> And before setting the constraints of the next component, the code resets the value of `ipady` to the default:

> >     c.ipady = 0;

> For clarity, here's a table that shows all the constraints for each component the `GridBagLayout` handles. Values that aren't the default are marked in bold font. Values that are different from those in the previous table entry are marked in italic font.

> Component | Constraints
> --- | ---
> All components |
>     ipadx = 0
>     fill = GridBagConstraints.HORIZONTAL
> Button 1 |
>     ipady = 0
>     weightx = 0.5
>     weighty = 0.0
>     gridwidth = 1
>     anchor = GridBagConstraints.CENTER
>     insets = new Insets(0,0,0,0)
>     gridx = 0
>     gridy = 0
> Button 2 |
>     weightx = 0.5
>     gridx = 1
>     gridy = 0
> Button 3 |
>     weightx = 0.5
>     gridx = 2
>     gridy = 0
> Button 4 |
>     ipady = 40
>     weightx = 0.0
>     gridwidth = 3
>     gridx = 0
>     gridy = 1
> Button 5 |
>     ipady = 0
>     weightx = 0.0
>     weighty = 1.0
>     anchor = GridBagConstraints.SOUTH
>     insets = new Insets(10,0,0,0)
>     gridwidth = 2
>     gridx = 1
>     gridy = 2

> All the components in this container are as wide as possible, given the cells that they occupy. The program accomplishes this by setting the `GridBagConstraints` `fill` instance variable to `GridBagConstraints.HORIZONTAL`, leaving it at that setting for all the components. If the program didn't specify the fill, the buttons would be at their natural width, like this:

> This program has two components that span multiple columns (buttons 4 and 5). To make button 4 tall, we added internal padding (`ipady`) to it. To put space between buttons 4 and 5, we used insets to add a minimum of 10 pixels above button 5, and we made button 5 hug the south edge of its cell.

> When you enlarge the window the program brings up, the columns grow proportionately. This is because each component in the first row, where each component is one column wide, has `weightx = 1.0`. The actual value of these components' `weightx` is unimportant. What matters is that all the components, and consequently, all the columns, have an equal weight that is greater than 0. If no component managed by the `GridBagLayout` had `weightx` set, then when the components' container was made wider, the components would stay clumped together in the center of the container, like this:

> Note that if you enlarge the window, the last row is the only one that gets taller. This is because only button 5 has `weighty` greater than zero.

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