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Trail: Internationalization
Lesson: Working with Text

## Byte Encodings and Strings

> If a byte array contains non-Unicode text, you can convert the text to Unicode with one of the `String` constructor methods. Conversely, you can convert a `String` object into a byte array of non-Unicode characters with the `String.getBytes` method. When invoking either of these methods, you specify the encoding identifier as one of the parameters.

> The example that follows converts characters between UTF-8 and Unicode. UTF-8 is a transmission format for Unicode that is safe for UNIX file systems. The full source code for the example is in the file `StringConverter.java`.

> The `StringConverter` program starts by creating a `String` containing Unicode characters:

> >     String original = new String("A" + "\u00ea" + "\u00f1" +
> >     			     "\u00fc" + "C");

> When printed, the `String` named `original` appears as:

> >     AêñüC

> To convert the `String` object to UTF-8, invoke the `getBytes` method and specify the appropriate encoding identifier as a parameter. The `getBytes` method returns an array of bytes in UTF-8 format. To create a `String` object from an array of non-Unicode bytes, invoke the `String` constructor with the encoding parameter. The code that makes these calls is enclosed in a `try` block, in case the specified encoding is unsupported:

> >     try {
> >         byte[] utf8Bytes = original.getBytes("UTF8");
> >         byte[] defaultBytes = original.getBytes();

> >         String roundTrip = new String(utf8Bytes, "UTF8");
> >         System.out.println("roundTrip = " + roundTrip);
> >         System.out.println();
> >         printBytes(utf8Bytes, "utf8Bytes");
> >         System.out.println();
> >         printBytes(defaultBytes, "defaultBytes");
> >     } catch (UnsupportedEncodingException e) {
> >         e.printStackTrace();
> >     }

> The `StringConverter` program prints out the values in the `utf8Bytes` and `defaultBytes` arrays to demonstrate an important point: The length of the converted text might not be the same as the length of the source text. Some Unicode characters translate into single bytes, others into pairs or triplets of bytes.

> The `printBytes` method displays the byte arrays by invoking the `byteToHex` method, which is defined in the source file, `UnicodeFormatter.java`. Here is the `printBytes` method:

> >     public static void printBytes(byte[] array, String name) {
> >         for (int k = 0; k < array.length; k++) {
> >     	System.out.println(name + "[" + k + "] = " + "0x" +
> >     			   UnicodeFormatter.byteToHex(array[k]));
> >         }
> >     }

> The output of the `printBytes` method follows. Note that only the first and last bytes, the A and C characters, are the same in both arrays:

> >     utf8Bytes[0] = 0x41
> >     utf8Bytes[1] = 0xc3
> >     utf8Bytes[2] = 0xaa
> >     utf8Bytes[3] = 0xc3
> >     utf8Bytes[4] = 0xb1
> >     utf8Bytes[5] = 0xc3
> >     utf8Bytes[6] = 0xbc
> >     utf8Bytes[7] = 0x43
> >     defaultBytes[0] = 0x41
> >     defaultBytes[1] = 0xea
> >     defaultBytes[2] = 0xf1
> >     defaultBytes[3] = 0xfc
> >     defaultBytes[4] = 0x43

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