@STRING{pdp1= "Parallel Distributed Processing: {E}xplorations in the Microstructure of Cognition. Vol. I: Foundations."} @STRING{pdp2= "Parallel Distributed Processing: {E}xplorations in the Microstructure of Cognition. Vol. II: Psychological and Biological Models"} @STRING{assp= "IEEE Transactions on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing"} @STRING{ieeeassp = "{IEEE} Trans. on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing"} @STRING{TASSP= "IEEE Transactions on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing"} @STRING{sp= "IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing"} @STRING{TSP = "IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing"} @STRING{icassp= "Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing"} @STRING{pami= "IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence"} @STRING{toit= "IEEE Transactions on Information Theory"} @STRING{jasa= "Journal of the Acoustical Society of America"} @STRING{JASA = "Journal of the Acoustical Society of America"} @STRING{itae= "IEEE Transactions on Audio and Electroacoustics"} @STRING{cued= "Cambridge University Engineering Department"} @STRING{icnn= "Proceedings of the IEEE First Annual International Conference on Neural Networks"} @STRING{ijcnn= "Proceedings of the International Joint Conference on Neural Networks"} @STRING{nips= "Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems"} @STRING{nips5= "Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 5"} @STRING{atr= "ATR Interpreting Telephony Research Laboratories"} @STRING{natacad="Proceedings of the National Academy of Science U.S.A."} @STRING{smc= "IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics"} @STRING{ieeetc = "IEEE Trans. on Computers"} @STRING{ieeese = "{IEEE} Trans. on Software Engineering"} @STRING{ieeecom = "{IEEE} Trans. on Communications"} @STRING{ieeenn= "IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks"} @STRING{ieeepami = "{IEEE} Trans. on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence"} @STRING{bio= "Biological Cybernetics"} @STRING{aip= "American Institute of Physics"} @STRING{csl= "Computer Speech and Language"} @STRING{CSL = "Computer Speech and Language"} @STRING{icslp= "Proceedings of the International Conference on Spoken Language Processing"} @STRING{eurospeech="Proceedings of the European Conference on Speech Technology"} @STRING{darpa92="Proceedings of the {DARPA} Artificial Neural Network Speech Technology Meeting"} @STRING{icassp= "Proc. 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Personal communication}, YEAR = {1989} } @ARTICLE{BottouSoulie90, AUTHOR = {L. Bottou and F.G. Soulie and P. Blaanchet,and J.S. Lienard}, JOURNAL = {Neural Networks}, PAGES = {453-465}, TITLE = {Speaker-Independant Isonalted Digit Recognition: Multilayer Perceptrons vs. Time Warping}, VOLUME = {3}, YEAR = {1990} } @TECHREPORT{Bounds85, AUTHOR = {D. G. Bounds}, INSTITUTION = {Royal Signals \& Radar Establishment}, MONTH = jun, TITLE = {{B}oltzmann machines and artificial intelligence}, YEAR = {1985} } @TECHREPORT{BourlardKamp87, AUTHOR = {H. Bourlard and Y. Kamp}, INSTITUTION = {Philips Research Laboratory, Brussels}, MONTH = nov, NUMBER = {M217}, TITLE = {Auto-Association by Multilayer Perceptrons and Singular-Value Decomposition}, TYPE = {Manuscript}, YEAR = {1987} } @ARTICLE{BourlardMorgan92, AUTHOR = {H. Bourlard and N. Morgan and S. 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Brennan}, JOURNAL = {??}, TITLE = {Broad Class Network Generation Using a Combination of Rules and Statistics for Speaker I\ ndependent Continuous Speech}, YEAR = {1988} } @TECHREPORT{ChongFallside88, AUTHOR = {M. W. H. Chong and F. Fallside}, INSTITUTION = cued, NUMBER = {CUED/F-INFENG/TR.8}, TITLE = {A Parallel Implementation of a Neural Network for Speech Recognition}, YEAR = {1988} } @TECHREPORT{ChongFallside89, AUTHOR = {M. W. H. Chong and F. Fallside and T. P. Marsland and R. W. Prager}, INSTITUTION = cued, NUMBER = {in preparation}, TITLE = {Parallel Processing for Interactive Speech Recognition}, YEAR = {1989} } @ARTICLE{ChongFallside91, AUTHOR = {M. Chong and F. Fallside and T. Marsland and R. Prager}, JOURNAL = {Concurrency: Practice and experience}, MONTH = jun, NUMBER = {3}, PAGES = {145-157}, TITLE = {`Blade Runner': a real-time speech recogniser}, VOLUME = {3}, YEAR = {1991} } @INPROCEEDINGS{ChoUn86, AUTHOR = {H.J. Cho and C.K. Un}, BOOKTITLE = pieee, MONTH = apr, NUMBER = {4}, PAGES = {614-616}, TITLE = {On reducing computational complexity in connected digit recognition by the frame labelling method}, VOLUME = {74}, YEAR = {1986} } @INPROCEEDINGS{ChowDunham87, AUTHOR = {Y. L. Chow and M. O. Dunham and O. A. Kimball and M. A. Krasner and G. F. Kubala and J. Makhoul and P. J. Price and S. Roucos and R. M. Schwartz}, BOOKTITLE = icassp, PAGES = {89-92}, TITLE = {{BYBLOS}: {T}he {BBN} Continuous Speech Recognition System}, YEAR = {1987} } @ARTICLE{ChungLee92, AUTHOR = {Y. M. Chung and S. U. Lee}, JOURNAL = {speech}, KEY = {coding}, MONTH = mar, NUMBER = {1}, PAGES = {51-70}, TITLE = {A comparison of two speech coders for digital mobile radio applications}, VOLUME = {11}, YEAR = {1992} } @INCOLLECTION{Church87, AUTHOR = {K.W. Church}, ADDRESS = {Cambridge, MA}, BOOKTITLE = {Spoken Word Recognition}, CHAPTER = {3}, EDITOR = {U.H. Frauenfelder and L.K. Tyler}, NOTE = {The book is a reprint of {\em Cognition\/} vol. 25.}, PAGES = {53--69}, PUBLISHER = {The MIT Press}, TITLE = {Phonological Parsing and Lexical Retrieval}, YEAR = {1987} } @ARTICLE{Ciarcia84, AUTHOR = {S.A. Ciarcia}, JOURNAL = {Byte}, MONTH = nov, PAGES = {111-124}, TITLE = {The lis'ner 1000}, YEAR = {1984} } @INPROCEEDINGS{CimarustiIves82, AUTHOR = {D. Cimarusti and R. B. Ives}, ADDRESS = {Paris, France}, BOOKTITLE = {Proceedings IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing 82}, TITLE = {Development of an automatic identification system of spoken languages: Phas e 1}, YEAR = {May 1982} } @ARTICLE{ClaasenMeclenbrauker85, AUTHOR = {T. A. C. M. Claasen and W. F. G. Meclenbrauker}, JOURNAL = {IEEE Communications Magazine}, NUMBER = {11}, PAGES = {8-19}, TITLE = {Adaptive Techniques for Signal Processing in Communications}, VOLUME = {23}, YEAR = {Nov., 1985} } @ARTICLE{ClementsBraida82, AUTHOR = {M. A. Clements and L. D. Braida and N. I. 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Janssen}, BOOKTITLE = ieeeassp, TITLE = {Speaker-Independent Name Retrieval from Spellings using a Database of 50,000 Names}, YEAR = {1991} } @INPROCEEDINGS{ColeHammerstrom89, AUTHOR = {R. A. Cole and D. Hammerstrom and T. Leen and M. Gopalakrishnan and J. Inouye and E. Means and Y. Muthusamy and T. Rooker and M. Rudnick}, ADDRESS = {Portland, OR}, BOOKTITLE = {Proceedings of the Nortcon/89 Electron Show and Convention}, TITLE = {Speech Recognition, VLSI \& Neural Networks}, YEAR = {1989} } @TECHREPORT{ColeHirschman92, AUTHOR = {R. A. Cole and L. Hirschman et al.}, ADDRESS = {Oregon Graduate Institute}, INSTITUTION = {Center for Spoken Language Understanding}, NUMBER = {CS/E 92-014}, TITLE = {Workshop on Spoken Language Understanding}, YEAR = {1992} } @INPROCEEDINGS{ColeHou88, AUTHOR = {R. A. Cole and L. Hou}, BOOKTITLE = ieeeassp, TITLE = {Segmentation and broad classification of continuous speech}, YEAR = {April, 1988} } @INPROCEEDINGS{ColeInouye89, AUTHOR = {R. A. Cole and J. W. T. Inouye and Y. K. Muthusamy and M. Gopalakrishnan}, BOOKTITLE = {Proceedings IEEE Pacific Rim Conference on Communications, Computers, and Signal Processing}, TITLE = {Language Identification With Neural Networks: A Feasibility Study}, YEAR = {June 1989} } @INCOLLECTION{ColeJakimik79, AUTHOR = {R.A. Cole and J. Jakimik}, ADDRESS = {New York}, BOOKTITLE = {Strategies of Information Processing}, EDITOR = {G. Underwood}, PUBLISHER = {Academic Press}, TITLE = {Understanding speech: How words are heard}, YEAR = {1979} } @INCOLLECTION{ColeJakimik80, AUTHOR = {R.A. Cole and J. Jakimik}, ADDRESS = {Hillsdale, N.J.}, BOOKTITLE = {Perception and Production of Fluent Speech}, EDITOR = {R.A. Cole}, PUBLISHER = {Lawrence Erlbaum}, TITLE = {A Model of Speech Perception}, YEAR = {1980} } @TECHREPORT{ColeMuthasamy90, AUTHOR = {Ronald Cole and Yeshwant Muthusamy and Mark Fanty}, INSTITUTION = {Oregon Graduate Institution}, NUMBER = {CS/E 90-004}, TITLE = {The {ISOLET} spoken letter database}, YEAR = {1990} } @INPROCEEDINGS{ColeRoginski91, AUTHOR = {Ronald Cole and Krist Roginski and Mark Fanty}, BOOKTITLE = eurospeech, MONTH = sep, TITLE = {English Alpahbet Recognition with Telephone Speech}, YEAR = {1991} } @INCOLLECTION{ColeRoginski92, AUTHOR = {R. A. Cole and K. Roginski and M. Fanty}, BOOKTITLE = nips, PAGES = {199-206}, PUBLISHER = {San Mateo, CA: Morgan Kaufmann}, TITLE = {English Alphabet Recognition with Telephone Speech}, YEAR = {to appear, 1992} } @INPROCEEDINGS{ColeRoginski92a, AUTHOR = {R. Cole and K. Roginski and M. Fanty}, BOOKTITLE = {Proceedings of the International Conference on Spoken Language Processing}, TITLE = {A Telephone Speech Database of Spelled and Spoken Names}, YEAR = {1992} } @INCOLLECTION{ColeRudnicky80a, AUTHOR = {R. A. Cole and A. I. Rudnicky and V. W. Zue and D. R. Reddy}, BOOKTITLE = {Perception and Production of Fluent Speech}, EDITOR = {R. A. Cole}, PUBLISHER = {Lawrence Erlbaum Associates}, TITLE = {Speech as Patterns on Paper}, YEAR = {1980} } @INCOLLECTION{ColeStern86, AUTHOR = {R. Cole and R.M. Stern and M.J. Lasry}, ADDRESS = {Hillsdale, N.J.}, BOOKTITLE = {Invariance and Variability in Speech Processes}, CHAPTER = {15}, EDITOR = {J.S. Perkell and D.H. Klatt}, PAGES = {325--342}, PUBLISHER = {Lawrence Erlbaum}, TITLE = {Performing Fine Phonetic Distinctions: Templates versus Features}, YEAR = {1986} } @MISC{ConnollyEdmonds86, AUTHOR = {J. H. Connolly and E. A. Edmonds and J. J. Guzy and S. R. Johnson and A. Wo\ odcock}, JOURNAL = {Int. J. 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Dalsgaard}, JOURNAL = {Computer Speech and Language}, KEY = {features}, PAGES = {303-329}, TITLE = {Phoneme label alignment using acoustic-phonetic features and Gaussian probability density functions}, VOLUME = {6}, YEAR = {1992} } @INPROCEEDINGS{DalsgaardAndersen92, AUTHOR = {P. Dalsgaard and O. Andersen}, BOOKTITLE = icslp, KEY = {mono-phonemes}, MONTH = oct, PAGES = {547-550}, TITLE = {Identification of mono- and poly-phonemes using acoustic-phonetic features derived by a self-organizing neural network}, YEAR = {1992} } @MASTERSTHESIS{Daly87, AUTHOR = {N. Daly}, SCHOOL = {Massachusetts Institute of Technology}, TITLE = {Recognition of Words from their Spellings: {I}ntegration of Multiple Knowledge Sources}, YEAR = {May, 1987} } @ARTICLE{DarpaSep92*, key = "Darpa", MONTH = jan, TITLE = darpa92, YEAR = {1993}, editors = "Barabara Yoon and Dave Pallett", publishers = "Morgan Kauffman" } @ARTICLE{DarwinCulling90, AUTHOR = {C.J. Darwin and J.F. 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Mermelstein}, JOURNAL = ieeeassp, MONTH = feb, NUMBER = {2}, PAGES = {265-271}, TITLE = {Modeling acoustic transitions in speech by state-interpolation {Hidden Markov Models}}, VOLUME = {40}, YEAR = {1992} } @BOOK{Dennett84, AUTHOR = {D. C. Dennett}, ADDRESS = {Oxford}, PUBLISHER = {The Clarendon Press}, TITLE = {Elbow Room: The varieties of free will worth wanting}, YEAR = {1984} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Derouault87, AUTHOR = {A.-M. Derouault}, BOOKTITLE = icassp, PAGES = {360-63}, TITLE = {Context-Dependent Phonetic {M}arkov Models for Large Vocabulary Speech Recognition}, YEAR = {1987} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Deterding87, AUTHOR = {D. H. Deterding}, ADDRESS = {Tallinn, Estonia}, BOOKTITLE = {Proc. XIth Intl. Congr. of Phonetic Sciences}, PAGES = {93-96}, TITLE = {Use of the {ERB} Scale in Peripheral Auditory Processing for Vowel Identification}, YEAR = {1987} } @PHDTHESIS{Deterding88, AUTHOR = {D. H. 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Evans}, MONTH = oct, NUMBER = {22}, TITLE = {Speaker adaptive vector quantisation of {LPC} parameters of speech}, VOLUME = {24}, YEAR = {1988}, NOTES = {journal el} } @ARTICLE{LeeRabiner89, AUTHOR = {C.H. Lee and L. R. Rabiner}, JOURNAL = ieeeassp, MONTH = nov, NUMBER = {11}, PAGES = {1649-1658}, TITLE = {A frame-synchronous network search algorithm for connected word recognition}, VOLUME = {37}, YEAR = {1989} } @ARTICLE{LeeRabiner90, AUTHOR = {C.H. Lee and L. R. Rabiner and R. Pieraccini and J.G, Wilpon}, JOURNAL = {Computer Speech and Language}, NUMBER = {4}, PAGES = {127-165}, TITLE = {Acoustic Modeling for Large Vocabulary Speech Recognition}, YEAR = {1990} } @INCOLLECTION{Leeuwenberg78, AUTHOR = {E. L. J. Leeuwenberg}, ADDRESS = {Chichester, UK}, BOOKTITLE = {Formal Theories of Visual Perception}, EDITOR = {E. L. J. Leeuwenberg and H. F. J. M. Buffort}, PAGES = {277-298}, PUBLISHER = {Wiley}, TITLE = {Quantification of certain visual pattern properties: {S}alience, transparency, similarity}, YEAR = {1978} } @ARTICLE{LefevreHiller92, AUTHOR = {J.-P. Lefevre and S. M. Hiller and E. Rooney and J. Laver and M.-G. Di Benedetto}, JOURNAL = {speech}, KEY = {pronunciation}, MONTH = mar, NUMBER = {1}, PAGES = {31-44}, TITLE = {Macro and micro features for automated pronunciation improvement in the SPELL system}, VOLUME = {11}, YEAR = {1992} } @UNPUBLISHED{LeightonConrath91, AUTHOR = {R. R. Leighton and B. C. Conrath}, NOTE = {Neuroprose}, TITLE = {The Autoregressive Backpropagation Algorithm}, YEAR = {1991} } @INPROCEEDINGS{LennigSharp92, AUTHOR = {M. Lennig and D. Sharp and P. Kenny and V. Gupta and K. Precoda}, BOOKTITLE = icslp, PAGES = {93--96}, TITLE = {Flexible Vocabulary Recognition of Speech}, YEAR = {1992} } @INPROCEEDINGS{LeobLyon87, AUTHOR = {E. P. Loeb and R. F. Lyon}, BOOKTITLE = icassp, PAGES = {1131-34}, TITLE = {Experiments in Isolated Digit Recognition with a Cochlear Model}, YEAR = {1987} } @TECHREPORT{Leonard80, AUTHOR = {R. G. Leonard}, INSTITUTION = {Air Force Rome Air Development Center}, NUMBER = {RADC-TR-80-83}, TITLE = {Language Recognition Test and Evaluation}, YEAR = {March 1980} } @ARTICLE{Leonard84, AUTHOR = {R.G. Leonard}, JOURNAL = icassp, PAGES = {42.11.1-42.11.4}, TITLE = {A Database for Speaker-Independant Digit Recognition}, YEAR = {1984} } @TECHREPORT{LeonardDoddington74, AUTHOR = {R. G. Leonard and G. R. Doddington}, INSTITUTION = {Air Force Rome Air Development Center}, NUMBER = {RADC-TR-74-200}, TITLE = {Automatic language identification}, YEAR = {August 1974} } @TECHREPORT{LeonardDoddington75, AUTHOR = {R. G. Leonard and G. R. Doddington}, INSTITUTION = {Air Force Rome Air Development Center}, NUMBER = {RADC-TR-75-264}, TITLE = {Automatic language identification}, YEAR = {October 1975} } @TECHREPORT{LeonardDoddington78, AUTHOR = {R. G. Leonard and G. R. Doddington}, INSTITUTION = {Air Force Rome Air Development Center}, NUMBER = {RADC-TR-78-5}, TITLE = {Automatic language discrimination}, YEAR = {January 1978} } @UNPUBLISHED{Leong87, AUTHOR = {H. M. Leong}, NOTE = {Research Institute for Advanced Computer Science, NASA Ames Research Center 230-5, Moffett Field, CA, USA}, TITLE = {Optimization with Artificial Neural Network Systems: {A} Mapping Principle and a Comparison to Gradient Based Methods} } @ARTICLE{LesserFennell75, AUTHOR = {V.R. Lesser and R.D. Fennell and L.D. Elman and D.R. Reddy}, JOURNAL = TASSP, PAGES = {11--24}, TITLE = {Organization of the {Hearsay-II} Speech Understanding System}, VOLUME = {23}, YEAR = {1975} } @PHDTHESIS{leung89, AUTHOR = {H. C. Leung}, SCHOOL = {Massachusetts Institute of Technology}, TITLE = {The Use of Artificial Neural Networks for Phonetic Recognition}, YEAR = {1989}, ANNOTE = {He used back prop nets to classify English phonemes cut from continuous speech. The phonemes are from Timit. The signal representation is an auditory model of Seneff consisting of synchrony envelopes and mean rate response. The representation is adjusted for pitch; the coefficients are normalized so that their sum, per frame, is 0. Input was averaged spectrum from vowel thirds, plus context specifying the phoneme on the left and right. Performance was 60 percent.} } @INPROCEEDINGS{LeungHetherington91, AUTHOR = {H. C. Leung and I. L. Hetherington and Victor W. Zue}, BOOKTITLE = {Proceedings of the 2nd European Conference on Speech Communication and Technology}, MONTH = sep, NOTE = {summit}, TITLE = {Speech Recognition Using Stochastic Explicit-segment Modeling}, YEAR = {1991} } @INPROCEEDINGS{LeungHetherington92, AUTHOR = {H. Leung and L. Hetherington and V. Zue}, BOOKTITLE = icassp, PAGES = {613-616}, TITLE = {Speech recognition using stochastic segment neural network}, VOLUME = {1}, YEAR = {1992} } @INPROCEEDINGS{LeungZue88, AUTHOR = {H.C. Leung and V.W. Zue}, BOOKTITLE = icassp, JOURNAL = {icassp}, PAGES = {422-425}, TITLE = {Some Phonetic Recognition Experiments Using Neural Nets}, YEAR = {1988} } @ARTICLE{Levin93, AUTHOR = {E. Levin}, JOURNAL = ieeenn, NUMBER = {1}, PAGES = {109-116}, TITLE = {Hidden Control Neural Architecture Modeling of Nonlinear Time Varying Systems and Its Applications}, VOLUME = {4}, YEAR = {1993} } @MISC{Levin??*, AUTHOR = {E. Levin}, TITLE = {Modeling time varying systems using hidden control neural architecture} } @INPROCEEDINGS{LevinPieraccini91, AUTHOR = {E. Levin and R. Pieraccini and E. Bocchieri}, BOOKTITLE = nips, TITLE = {Time-warping network: A hybrid framework for speech recognition}, YEAR = {1991} } @ARTICLE{Levinson79, AUTHOR = {S. Levinson and L. Rabiner and A. Rosenberg and J. Wilpon}, JOURNAL = ieeeassp, MONTH = apr, NUMBER = {2}, TITLE = {Interactive clustering techniques for selecting speaker-independent reference templates for isolated word recognition}, VOLUME = {ASSP-27}, YEAR = {1979} } @ARTICLE{Levinson83, AUTHOR = {S. Levinson}, JOURNAL = {assp}, MONTH = dec, NUMBER = {6}, PAGES = {1549-15555}, TITLE = {Some Experiments with a Linguistic Processor for Contiuous Speech Recognition}, VOLUME = {31}, YEAR = {1983} } @INCOLLECTION{Levinson85, AUTHOR = {S. E. Levinson}, ADDRESS = {London}, BOOKTITLE = {Computer Speech Processing}, CHAPTER = {9}, EDITOR = {W. A. Woods and F. Fallside}, PUBLISHER = {Prentice Hall International}, TITLE = {A unified theory of composite pattern analysis for automatic speech recognition}, YEAR = {1985} } @ARTICLE{Levinson86, AUTHOR = {S. E. Levinson}, JOURNAL = csl, MONTH = mar, NUMBER = {1}, PAGES = {29-45}, TITLE = {Continuously Variable Duration Hidden {M}arkov Models for Automatic Speech Recognition}, VOLUME = {1}, YEAR = {1986} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Levinson87, AUTHOR = {S. E. Levinson}, BOOKTITLE = icassp, PAGES = {93-96}, TITLE = {Continuous Speech Recognition by Means of Acoustic/Phonetic Classification Obtained from a Hidden {M}arkov Model}, YEAR = {1987} } @INPROCEEDINGS{LevinsonLiberman89, AUTHOR = {S. E. Levinson and M. Y. Liberman and A. Ljolje and L. G. Miller}, BOOKTITLE = icassp, PAGES = {441-444}, TITLE = {Speaker Independent Phonetic Transcription of Fluent Speech for Large Vocabulary Speech Recognition}, YEAR = {1989} } @INPROCEEDINGS{LevinsonLjolje79, AUTHOR = {S.E. Levinson and A. Ljolje and L. G. Miller and S. E. Levinson and L. R. Rabiner and A. E. Rosenberg and J. G. Wilpon}, BOOKTITLE = icassp, JOURNAL = {Proceedings of ICASSPIEEE Transactions on ASSP}, NUMBER = {2}, PAGES = {93-96134-141}, TITLE = {Continuous speech recognition from a phonetic transcriptionInteractive Clustering Techniques for Selecting Speaker-Independent Reference Templates for Isolated Word Recognition}, VOLUME = {27}, YEAR = {Apr., 1979} } @ARTICLE{LevinsonRabiner79, AUTHOR = {S. E. Levinson and L. R. Rabiner and A. E. Rosenberg and J. G. Wilpon}, JOURNAL = ieeeassp, NUMBER = {4}, PAGES = {336-349}, TITLE = {Speaker-Independent Recognition of Isolated Words Using Clustering Techniques}, VOLUME = {27}, YEAR = {Aug., 1979} } @ARTICLE{LevinsonRabiner83, AUTHOR = {S. E. Levinson and L. R. Rabiner and M. M. Sondhi}, JOURNAL = {The Bell System Technical Journal}, MONTH = apr, NUMBER = {4}, PAGES = {1035-1074}, TITLE = {An Introduction to the Application of the Theory of Probabilistic Functions of a {M}arkov Process to Automatic Speech Recognition}, VOLUME = {62}, YEAR = {1983} } @ARTICLE{LevinsonRabiner83a, AUTHOR = {S. E. Levinson and L. R. Rabiner and M. M. Sondhi}, ADDRESS = {Boston}, JOURNAL = icassp, PAGES = {1049-1052}, TITLE = {Speaker-Independent Isolated Digit Recognition Using Hidden Markov Models}, YEAR = {1983} } @ARTICLE{LevinsonRoe89, AUTHOR = {S.E. Levinson and D.B. Roe}, JOURNAL = {IEEE Communications Magazine}, MONTH = nov, NUMBER = {11}, PAGES = {28-34}, TITLE = {A Perspective on Speech Recognition}, VOLUME = {27}, YEAR = {1989} } @ARTICLE{LevinsonShipley80, AUTHOR = {S. E. Levinson and K. L. Shipley}, JOURNAL = {Bell System Technical Journal}, PAGES = {119-137}, TITLE = {A conversational mode airline information and reservation system using speech input and output}, VOLUME = {59}, YEAR = {1980} } @ARTICLE{Levitt73, AUTHOR = {H. Levitt}, JOURNAL = itae, MONTH = jun, NUMBER = {3}, PAGES = {269-273}, TITLE = {Speech Processing Aids for the Deaf: {A}n Overview}, VOLUME = {21}, YEAR = {1973} } @ARTICLE{Liberman70, AUTHOR = {A.M. Liberman}, JOURNAL = {Cognitive Psychology}, PAGES = {301--323}, TITLE = {The grammars of language and speech}, VOLUME = {1}, YEAR = {1970} } @ARTICLE{LibermanCooper67, AUTHOR = {A. M. Liberman and F. S. Cooper and D. P. Shankweiler and M. Studdert-Kennedy}, JOURNAL = {Psychological Review}, PAGES = {431-461}, TITLE = {Perception of the speech code}, VOLUME = {74}, YEAR = {1967} } @INCOLLECTION{LibermanCooper72, AUTHOR = {A. M. Liberman and F. S. Cooper and D. P. Shankweiler and M. Studdert-Kennedy}, ADDRESS = {New York}, BOOKTITLE = {Human Communication: A Unified View}, EDITOR = {David, Jr., E. E. and P. B. Denes}, PUBLISHER = {McGraw-Hill}, TITLE = {Perception of the Speech Code}, YEAR = {1972} } @INPROCEEDINGS{LiEdwards80, AUTHOR = {K.P. Li and T. J. Edwards}, ADDRESS = {Denver, CO}, BOOKTITLE = ieeeassp, TITLE = {Statistical models for automatic language identification}, YEAR = {April 1980} } @ARTICLE{LienardSoong84, AUTHOR = {J.-S. Lienard and F. K. Soong}, JOURNAL = icassp, PAGES = {17.3.1-17.3.4}, TITLE = {On the Use of Transient Information in Speech Recognition}, YEAR = {1984} } @ARTICLE{LindeBuzo80, AUTHOR = {Y. Linde and A. Buzo and R.M. Gray}, JOURNAL = ieeecom, MONTH = jan, NUMBER = {1}, PAGES = {84--95}, TITLE = {An algorithm for vector quantizer design}, VOLUME = {COM-28}, YEAR = {1980} } @INPROCEEDINGS{LindenKindermann89, AUTHOR = {A. Linden and J Kindermann}, ADDRESS = {Washington}, BOOKTITLE = ijcnn, PAGES = {425-430}, TITLE = {Inversion of Multilayer Nets}, VOLUME = {II}, YEAR = {1989} } @BOOK{LindsayNorman77, AUTHOR = {P. H. Lindsay and D. A. Norman}, ADDRESS = {Orlando, Florida}, EDITION = {second}, PUBLISHER = {Academic Press, Inc.}, TITLE = {Human Information Processing: An Introduction to Psychology}, YEAR = {1977} } @ARTICLE{Linsker86-all, AUTHOR = {R. Linsker}, JOURNAL = natacad, MONTH = {October/November}, PAGES = {7508-7512; 8390-8394; 8779-8783}, TITLE = {From Basic Network Principles to Neural Architecture}, VOLUME = {83}, YEAR = {1986} } @ARTICLE{Linsker86-columns, AUTHOR = {R. Linsker}, JOURNAL = natacad, MONTH = nov, PAGES = {8779-8793}, TITLE = {From basic network principles to neural architecture: {E}mergence of orientation columns}, VOLUME = {83}, YEAR = {1986} } @ARTICLE{Linsker86-orientation, AUTHOR = {R. Linsker}, JOURNAL = natacad, MONTH = nov, PAGES = {8390-8394}, TITLE = {From basic network principles to neural architecture: {E}mergence of orientation-selective cells}, VOLUME = {83}, YEAR = {1986} } @ARTICLE{Linsker86-spatial, AUTHOR = {R. Linsker}, JOURNAL = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Science U.S.A.}, MONTH = oct, PAGES = {7508-7512}, TITLE = {From basic network principles to neural architecture: {E}mergence of spatial-opponent cells}, VOLUME = {83}, YEAR = {1986} } @ARTICLE{Linsker88-computer, AUTHOR = {R. Linsker}, JOURNAL = {IEEE Computer}, MONTH = mar, NUMBER = {3}, PAGES = {105-117}, TITLE = {Self-Organization in a Perceptual Network}, VOLUME = {21}, YEAR = {1988} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Linsker88-nips, AUTHOR = {R. Linsker}, BOOKTITLE = nips, EDITOR = {Dana Z. Anderson}, PUBLISHER = aip, TITLE = {Towards an Organizing Principle for a Layered Perceptual Network}, YEAR = {1988} } @ARTICLE{Lippman88, AUTHOR = {R. P. Lippmann}, JOURNAL = icassp, PAGES = {1-5}, TITLE = {Neural Nets for Computing}, YEAR = {1988} } @ARTICLE{Lippman89, AUTHOR = {R.P. Lippman}, JOURNAL = {Neural Computation}, NUMBER = {1}, PAGES = {1-38}, TITLE = {Review of Neural Networks for Speech Recognition}, YEAR = {1989} } @ARTICLE{LippmanMartin88, AUTHOR = {R. P. Lippmann and E. A. Martin}, JOURNAL = icassp, PAGES = {48-51}, TITLE = {Discriminant Clustering Using an HMM Isolated-Word Recognizer}, YEAR = {1988} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Lippmann86, AUTHOR = {R. P. Lippmann}, ADDRESS = {Chatham, MA.}, BOOKTITLE = {Digital Signal Processing Workshop}, MONTH = oct, TITLE = {A Comparison of Neural Net Models Useful for Pattern Classification}, YEAR = {1986} } @ARTICLE{Lippmann87, AUTHOR = {R. P. Lippmann}, JOURNAL = {IEEE ASSP Magazine}, MONTH = apr, NUMBER = {2}, PAGES = {4-22}, TITLE = {An Introduction to Computing with Neural Nets}, VOLUME = {4}, YEAR = {1987} } @ARTICLE{Lippmann89, AUTHOR = {R. P. Lippmann}, JOURNAL = {Neural Computation}, NUMBER = {1}, PAGES = {1-38}, TITLE = {Review of Neural Networks for Speech Recognition}, VOLUME = {1}, YEAR = {1989} } @INPROCEEDINGS{LippmannGold87, AUTHOR = {R. P. Lippmann and B. Gold}, ADDRESS = {San Diego}, BOOKTITLE = icnn, MONTH = jun, PAGES = {IV:417-425}, TITLE = {Neural-Net Classifiers Useful for Speech Recognition}, YEAR = {1987} } @INCOLLECTION{LippmannHuang88, AUTHOR = {R. P. Lippmann and W. Y. Huang}, BOOKTITLE = nips, EDITOR = {Dana Z. Anderson}, PUBLISHER = aip, TITLE = {A Framework for Speech Recognition using Neural Networks}, YEAR = {1988} } @ARTICLE{LisboaPerantonis91, AUTHOR = {P.J.G. Lisboa and S. J. Perantonis}, JOURNAL = {Network}, PAGES = {119-124}, TITLE = {Complete solution of the local minima in the XOR problem}, VOLUME = {2}, YEAR = {1991} } @BOOK{LittleRubin87, AUTHOR = {R. J. A. Little and D. B. Rubin}, PUBLISHER = {John Wiley and Sons}, TITLE = {Statistical Analysis with Missing Data}, YEAR = {1987} } @ARTICLE{LiuChiou91, AUTHOR = {L. Liu and D. Chiou and H. Wang}, JOURNAL = {Pattern Recognition}, NUMBER = {8}, PAGES = {717--722}, TITLE = {A speech recognition method based on feature distributions}, VOLUME = {24}, YEAR = {1991} } @INPROCEEDINGS{LivezeyMuntz89, AUTHOR = {B.K. Livezey and R.R. Muntz}, BOOKTITLE = {PARLE 89, Parallel Architectures and Languages Europe}, PAGES = {374--388}, TITLE = {{ASPEN} --- A stream processing environment}, VOLUME = {2}, YEAR = {1989} } @TECHREPORT{Ljolje91, AUTHOR = {A. Ljolje}, INSTITUTION = {A~T~\&~T Bell Laboratories}, NUMBER = {TM-11222-910829-12}, TITLE = {New Developments in Phone Recognition using an Ergodic Hidden {M}arkov Model}, TYPE = {Technical memorandum}, YEAR = {1991} } @BOOK{Lobacz84, AUTHOR = {P. Lobacz}, ADDRESS = {Hamburg}, PUBLISHER = {Helmut Buske Verlag}, TITLE = {Processing and Decoding the Signal in Speech Perception}, YEAR = {1984} } @ARTICLE{LockwoodBoudy92, AUTHOR = {P. Lockwood and J. Boudy}, JOURNAL = {speech}, KEY = {recognition}, MONTH = jun, NUMBER = {2-3}, PAGES = {215-228}, TITLE = {Experiments with a Nonlinear Spectral Subtractor (NSS), Hidden Morkov Models and the projection, for robust speech recognition in cars}, VOLUME = {11}, YEAR = {1992} } @INCOLLECTION{LowerreReddy80, AUTHOR = {B.T. Lowerre and R. Reddy}, ADDRESS = {Englewood Cliffs, N.J.}, BOOKTITLE = {Trends in Speech Recognition}, CHAPTER = {15}, EDITOR = {W.A. Lea}, PUBLISHER = {Prentice-Hall}, TITLE = {The {HARPY} Speech Understanding System}, YEAR = {1980} } @ARTICLE{Lubensky87, AUTHOR = {D. Lubensky}, JOURNAL = icassp, PAGES = {817-820}, TITLE = {Continuous Digit Recognition Using Coarse Phonetic Segmentation}, YEAR = {1987} } @ARTICLE{Lubensky88, AUTHOR = {D. Lubensky}, JOURNAL = icassp, PAGES = {418-421}, TITLE = {Learning Spectral-Temporal Dependencies Using Connectionist Networks}, YEAR = {1988} } @ARTICLE{LucassenMercer84, AUTHOR = {J. M. Lucassen and R. L. Mercer}, JOURNAL = icassp, PAGES = {42.5.1-42.5.4}, TITLE = {An Information Theoretic Approach to the Automatic Determination of Phonemic Baseforms}, YEAR = {1984} } @TECHREPORT{Luce86, AUTHOR = {D. Luce}, INSTITUTION = {Speech Research Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Indiana University}, NUMBER = {6}, TITLE = {Neighborhoods of Words in the Mental Lexicon}, YEAR = {1986} } @MASTERSTHESIS{Lucke89, AUTHOR = {H. Lucke}, ADDRESS = {Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 1PZ, UK}, MONTH = aug, SCHOOL = cued, TITLE = {Compositional Representation: A representation of linguistic data for neural network recognizers}, YEAR = {1989} } @INPROCEEDINGS{LuckeFallside90, AUTHOR = {H. Lucke and F. Fallside}, ADDRESS = {Kobe, Japan}, BOOKTITLE = icslp, MONTH = nov, PAGES = {1377-1380}, TITLE = {Application of the Compositional Representation to to Lexical Access using Neural Networks}, YEAR = {1990} } @ARTICLE{Luzzati87, AUTHOR = {D. Luzzati}, JOURNAL = {Computer Speech and Language}, PAGES = {159-177}, TITLE = {ALORS: a skimming parser for spontaneous speech processing}, YEAR = {1987} } @ARTICLE{LynchGlinski87, AUTHOR = {J. F. Lynch, Jr. and S. C. Glinski and R. Thorkildsen}, JOURNAL = {AT\&T Technical Memorandum}, TITLE = {Introduction to a Real-Time Connected Speech Recognition System}, YEAR = {Oct., 1987} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Lyon82, AUTHOR = {R. F. Lyon}, BOOKTITLE = {Proceedings IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing}, TITLE = {A Computational Model of Filtering, Detection, and Compression in the Cochlea}, YEAR = {1982} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Lyon83, AUTHOR = {Richard F. Lyon}, BOOKTITLE = icassp, PAGES = {1148-1151}, TITLE = {A Computational Model of Binaural Localization and Separation}, YEAR = {1983} } @INPROCEEDINGS{LyonDyer86, AUTHOR = {R. F. Lyon and L. Dyer}, BOOKTITLE = icassp, PAGES = {1975-1978}, TITLE = {Experiments with a Computational Model of the Cochlea}, YEAR = {1986} } @ARTICLE{LyonMead88, AUTHOR = {R. F. Lyon and C. Mead}, JOURNAL = assp, MONTH = jul, NUMBER = {7}, PAGES = {1119-1134}, TITLE = {An Analog Electronic Cochlea}, VOLUME = {36}, YEAR = {1988} } @TECHREPORT{Macdonald88, AUTHOR = {B. A. MacDonald}, INSTITUTION = {Department of Computer Science, University of Calgary, Canada}, MONTH = jan, NUMBER = {88/290/02}, TITLE = {Connecting to the Past}, TYPE = {Research Report}, YEAR = {1988} } @TECHREPORT{Mackay87, AUTHOR = {D. J. C. MacKay}, INSTITUTION = {Research Initiative in Pattern Recognition, RSRE, Malvern}, NUMBER = {RIPRREP/1000/14/87}, TITLE = {A Method of Increasing the Contextual Input to Adaptive Pattern Recognition Systems}, YEAR = {1987} } @ARTICLE{Mackay91, AUTHOR = {D. J. C. MacKay}, JOURNAL = {Neural Computation}, TITLE = {A Practical Bayesian Framework for Backprop Networks}, YEAR = {1991} } @TECHREPORT{Maclennan91, AUTHOR = {B. MacLennan}, INSTITUTION = {Computer Science Department, University of Tennessee, Knoxville}, MONTH = nov, NUMBER = {CS-91-147}, TITLE = {Characteristics of Connectionist Knowlede Representation}, YEAR = {1991} } @ARTICLE{MaKamp93, AUTHOR = {C. Ma and Y. Kamp and L. F. Willems}, JOURNAL = {speech}, KEY = {linear prediction}, MONTH = mar, NUMBER = {1}, PAGES = {69-82}, TITLE = {Robust signal selection for linear prediction analysis of voiced speech}, VOLUME = {12}, YEAR = {1993} } @ARTICLE{Makhoul75, AUTHOR = {J. Makhoul}, JOURNAL = {Proceedings of the {IEEE}}, PAGES = {561-580}, TITLE = {Linear prediction: A tutorial review}, VOLUME = {63}, YEAR = {1975} } @ARTICLE{Makhoul85, AUTHOR = {J. Makhoul}, JOURNAL = pieee, MONTH = apr, NUMBER = {4}, PAGES = {561-580}, TITLE = {Linear prediction: A tutorial review}, VOLUME = {63}, YEAR = {1985} } @ARTICLE{Makhoul85a, AUTHOR = {J. Makhoul}, JOURNAL = pieee, MONTH = nov, NUMBER = {11}, PAGES = {1551-1588}, TITLE = {Vector quantization in speech coding}, VOLUME = {3}, YEAR = {1985} } @INCOLLECTION{Makhoul91, AUTHOR = {J. Makhoul}, ADDRESS = {Piscataway, NJ}, BOOKTITLE = {Neural Networks for Signal Processing - Proceedings of the IEEE workshop}, PAGES = {173-187}, PUBLISHER = {IEEE}, TITLE = {Pattern Recognition Properties of Neural Networks}, YEAR = {1991}, editors = "B. H. Juang and S. Y. Kung and C. A. Kamm" } @INCOLLECTION{MakhoulSchwartz86, AUTHOR = {J. Makhoul and R. Schwartz}, ADDRESS = {Hillsdale, N.J.}, BOOKTITLE = {Invariance and Variability in Speech Processes}, EDITOR = {J.S. Perkell and D.H. Klatt}, PAGES = {344--345}, PUBLISHER = {Lawrence Erlbaum}, TITLE = {Ignorance Modeling}, YEAR = {1986} } @ARTICLE{MalahFlanagan81, AUTHOR = {D. Malah and J. L. Flanagan}, JOURNAL = {Bell System Technical Journal}, NUMBER = {9}, PAGES = {2107-2155}, TITLE = {Frequency Scaling of Speech Signals by Transform Techniques}, VOLUME = {60}, YEAR = {Nov., 1981} } @ARTICLE{MaloneFischer88, AUTHOR = {K. T. Malone and T. R. Fischer}, JOURNAL = ieeeassp, NUMBER = {6}, PAGES = {862-870}, TITLE = {Contour-Gain Vector Quantization}, VOLUME = {36}, YEAR = {Jun., 1988} } @ARTICLE{Malsburg73, AUTHOR = {C. von der Malsburg}, JOURNAL = {Kybernetik}, PAGES = {85-100}, TITLE = {Self-Organization of Orientation Sensitive Cells in the Striate Cortex}, VOLUME = {14}, YEAR = {1973} } @ARTICLE{MalsburgCowan82, AUTHOR = {C. von der Malsburg and J. D. Cowan}, JOURNAL = bio, PAGES = {49-56}, TITLE = {Outline of a theory for the ontogenesis of iso-orientation domains in the visual cortex.}, VOLUME = {45}, YEAR = {1982} } @ARTICLE{Manas87, AUTHOR = {J.A. Ma\~{n}as}, JOURNAL = {Communications of the ACM}, NUMBER = {7}, PAGES = {612--616}, TITLE = {Word division in {S}panish}, VOLUME = {30}, YEAR = {1987} } @INPROCEEDINGS{ManoMoriya90, AUTHOR = {K. Mano and T. Moriya}, BOOKTITLE = icassp, TITLE = {4.8~kb/s delayed decision {CELP} coder using tree coding}, YEAR = {1990} } @ARTICLE{Marcus85, AUTHOR = {S. M. Marcus}, JOURNAL = {Bibliotheca Phonetica}, NUMBER = {12}, PAGES = {36-52}, TITLE = {Associative models and the time course of speech}, YEAR = {1985} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Mariani89, AUTHOR = {J. Mariani}, BOOKTITLE = icassp, PAGES = {429-440}, TITLE = {Recent advances in speech processing}, YEAR = {1989} } @ARTICLE{MarkelDavis79, AUTHOR = {J.D. Markel and S.B. Davis}, JOURNAL = ieeeassp, MONTH = feb, PAGES = {74-82}, TITLE = {Text-Independent Speaker Recognition from a large Linguistically Unconstrained Time-Spaced Data Base}, VOLUME = {27}, YEAR = {1979} } @BOOK{MarkelGray76, AUTHOR = {J.D. Markel and A.H. Gray, Jr.}, ADDRESS = {New York}, PUBLISHER = {Springer-Verlag}, TITLE = {Linear Prediction of Speech}, YEAR = {1976} } @ARTICLE{Marr69, AUTHOR = {D. Marr}, JOURNAL = {Journal of Physiology}, PAGES = {437-470}, TITLE = {A theory of cerebellar cortex}, VOLUME = {202}, YEAR = {1969} } @ARTICLE{Marr70, AUTHOR = {D. Marr}, JOURNAL = {Proceedings of the Royal Society}, PAGES = {161-234}, TITLE = {A theory for cerebral neocortex}, VOLUME = {B-176}, YEAR = {1970} } @ARTICLE{Marr71, AUTHOR = {D. Marr}, JOURNAL = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society}, PAGES = {23-81}, TITLE = {Simple memory: a theory for archicortex}, VOLUME = {B-262}, YEAR = {1971} } @BOOK{Marr82, AUTHOR = {D. Marr}, ADDRESS = {San Francisco}, PUBLISHER = {W. H. 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Powell}, INSTITUTION = {Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, University of Cambridge}, NUMBER = {DAMTP 1985/NA12}, TITLE = {Radial Basis Functions for Multivariable Interpolation: A Review}, TYPE = {Report}, YEAR = {1985} } @PHDTHESIS{Prager87, AUTHOR = {R. W. Prager}, SCHOOL = cued, TITLE = {Parallel Processing Networks for Automatic Speech Recognition}, YEAR = {1987} } @ARTICLE{PragerFallside87, AUTHOR = {R. W. Prager and F. Fallside}, JOURNAL = csl, PUBLISHER = {Academic Press}, TITLE = {A comparison of the {B}oltzmann machine and the back propagation network as recognisers of static speech patterns}, YEAR = {1987} } @TECHREPORT{PragerFallside88, AUTHOR = {R. W. Prager and F. Fallside}, INSTITUTION = cued, NUMBER = {CUED/F-INFENG/TR.6}, TITLE = {The Modified Kanerva Model for Automatic Speech Recognition}, YEAR = {1988} } @ARTICLE{PragerHarrison86-csl, AUTHOR = {R. W. Prager and T. D. Harrison and F. Fallside}, JOURNAL = csl, NUMBER = {1}, PAGES = {3-27}, PUBLISHER = {Academic Press}, TITLE = {{B}oltzmann machines for speech recognition}, VOLUME = {1}, YEAR = {1986} } @TECHREPORT{PragerHarrison86-tr, AUTHOR = {R. W. Prager and T. D. Harrison and F. Fallside}, INSTITUTION = cued, NUMBER = {CUED/F-CAMS/TR.260}, TITLE = {Boltzman Machines for Speech Recognition}, YEAR = {1986} } @ARTICLE{Prazdny85, AUTHOR = {K. Prazdny}, JOURNAL = bio, PAGES = {187-194}, TITLE = {Studies of Some New Phenomena of Motion Perception}, VOLUME = {52}, YEAR = {1985} } @BOOK{PressFlannery88, AUTHOR = {W. H. Press and B. P. Flannery and S. A. Teukolsky and W. T. Vetterling}, ADDRESS = {Cambridge, England}, PUBLISHER = {Cambridge University Press}, TITLE = {Numerical Recipies in C: {T}he art of Scientific Programming}, YEAR = {1988} } @INPROCEEDINGS{PriceFisher88, AUTHOR = {P.Price and W. M. Fisher and J. Bernstein and D. S. Pallett}, BOOKTITLE = icassp, PAGES = {651-654}, TITLE = {The {DARPA} 1000-Word {R}esource {M}anagement Database for Continuous Speech Recognition}, YEAR = {1988} } @ARTICLE{PrincipeVries93, AUTHOR = {J. C. Principe and B. de Vries and P. G. de Olivieira}, JOURNAL = sp, MONTH = feb, NUMBER = {2}, PAGES = {649-656}, TITLE = {The {G}amma Filter -- {A} New Class of Adaptive {IIR} Filters with Restricted Feedback}, VOLUME = {41}, YEAR = {1993} } @ARTICLE{PsaltisFarhat85, AUTHOR = {D. Psaltis and N. Farhat}, JOURNAL = {Optics Letters}, MONTH = feb, NUMBER = {2}, PAGES = {98-100}, TITLE = {Optical Information Processing Based on an Associative-Memory Model of Neural Nets with Thresholding and Feedback}, VOLUME = {10}, YEAR = {1985} } @INPROCEEDINGS{PsaltisFarhat85-hop, AUTHOR = {D. Psaltis and N. Farhat}, ADDRESS = {Indine Village, Nevada, USA}, BOOKTITLE = {Proc.~Optical Society of America}, MONTH = mar, TITLE = {Optical computing and the Hopfield model}, YEAR = {1985} } @BOOK{PullumLadusaw86, AUTHOR = {G. K. Pullum and W. A. Ladusaw}, ADDRESS = {Chicago}, PUBLISHER = {University of Chicago Press}, TITLE = {Phonetic Symbol Guide}, YEAR = {1986} } @INCOLLECTION{Pylyshyn86, AUTHOR = {Z. W. Pylyshyn}, ADDRESS = {London}, BOOKTITLE = {Pattern Recognition by Humans and Machines: Volume 1: Speech Perception}, EDITOR = {E. C. Schwab and H. C. Nusbaum}, PAGES = {187-294}, PUBLISHER = {Academic Press}, TITLE = {Cognitive science and the study of cognition and language}, YEAR = {1986} } @ARTICLE{QianSejnowski88, AUTHOR = {N. Qian and T. J. Sejnowski}, JOURNAL = {Journal of Molecular Biology}, KEY = {Neural Nets}, PAGES = {865-884}, TITLE = {Predicting the Secondary Structure of Glubular Proteins Using Neural Ne twork Models}, YEAR = {1988} } @INCOLLECTION{Quillian68, AUTHOR = {M.R. Quillian}, ADDRESS = {Cambridge, MA}, BOOKTITLE = {Semantic Information Processing}, CHAPTER = {4}, EDITOR = {M. Minsky}, PAGES = {216--270}, PUBLISHER = {The MIT Press}, TITLE = {Semantic Memory}, YEAR = {1968} } @ARTICLE{Rabiner78, AUTHOR = {L. R. Rabiner}, JOURNAL = assp, PAGES = {34-42}, TITLE = {On creating reference templates for speaker independent recognition of isolated words.}, VOLUME = {26}, YEAR = {1978} } @ARTICLE{Rabiner84, AUTHOR = {L. R. Rabiner}, JOURNAL = {AT\&T Bell Laboratories Technical Journal}, NUMBER = {9}, PAGES = {1981-1995}, TITLE = {On the Application of Energy Contours to the Recognition of Connected Word Sequences}, VOLUME = {63}, YEAR = {Nov., 1984} } @INBOOK{Rabiner88, AUTHOR = {L. R. Rabiner}, CHAPTER = {6.1}, EDITOR = {Kai-fu Lee, Alex Waibel}, PAGES = {267-295}, PUBLISHER = {Morgan Kaufmann}, TITLE = {A Tutorial on HMM and selected Applications in Speech Recognition} } @ARTICLE{Rabiner89, AUTHOR = {La. R. Rabiner}, JOURNAL = pieee, PAGES = {257-286}, TITLE = {A Tutorial on Hidden {M}arkov Models and Selected Applications in Speech Recognition}, VOLUME = {77}, YEAR = {1989}, numer = "2" } @ARTICLE{RabinerBergh82, AUTHOR = {L. R. Rabiner and A. Bergh and J. G. Wilpon}, JOURNAL = {Bell System Technical Journal}, NUMBER = {6}, PAGES = {981-1001}, TITLE = {An Improved Training Procedure for Connected-Digit Recognition}, VOLUME = {61}, YEAR = {Jul.-Aug.,1982} } @ARTICLE{RabinerCheng76, AUTHOR = {L. R. Rabiner and M. Cheng and A. E Rosenberg and C. A. McGonegal}, JOURNAL = assp, TITLE = {A Comparative Study of Several Pitch Detection Algorithms}, YEAR = {1976}, notes = {compare pitch} } @ARTICLE{RabinerJuang85, AUTHOR = {L. R. Rabiner and B. H. Juang and S. E. Levinson and M. M. Sondhi}, JOURNAL = {A{T\&T} Technical Journal}, MONTH = {July/August}, NUMBER = {6}, PAGES = {1211-1234}, TITLE = {Recognition of Isolated Digits Using Hidden {M}arkov Models with Continuous Mixture Densities}, VOLUME = {64}, YEAR = {1985} } @ARTICLE{RabinerJuang85a, AUTHOR = {L. R. Rabiner and B.-H. Juang and S.E. Levinson and M.M. Sondhi}, JOURNAL = {AT\&T Technical Journal}, MONTH = jul, NUMBER = {6}, PAGES = {1251-1270}, TITLE = {Some properties of continuous hidden Markov model representations}, VOLUME = {64}, YEAR = {1985} } @ARTICLE{RabinerJuang86, AUTHOR = {L. R. Rabiner and B. H. Juang}, JOURNAL = {IEEE ASSP Magazine}, MONTH = jan, PAGES = {4-16}, TITLE = {An Introduction to Hidden {M}arkov Models}, YEAR = {1986} } @BOOK{RabinerJuang93, AUTHOR = {L. Rabiner and B.-H. Juang}, NOTE = {General Intro : ISBN 0-13-015157-2}, PUBLISHER = {Englewood Cliffs NJ: PTR Prentice Hall (Signal Processing Series)}, TITLE = {Fundamentals of Speech Recognition}, YEAR = {1993} } @ARTICLE{RabinerLevinson79, AUTHOR = {L. Rabiner and S. Levinson and A. Rosenberg and J. Wilpon}, JOURNAL = ieeeassp, MONTH = aug, NUMBER = {4}, PAGES = {336-49}, TITLE = {Speaker-independent recognition of isolated words using clustering techniques}, VOLUME = {ASSP-27}, YEAR = {1979} } @ARTICLE{RabinerLevinson83, AUTHOR = {L. R. Rabiner and S. E. Levinson and M. M. Sondhi}, JOURNAL = {The Bell System Technical Journal}, MONTH = apr, NUMBER = {4}, PAGES = {1075-1105}, TITLE = {On the Application of Vector Quantization and Hidden {M}arkov Models to Speaker-Independent, Isolated Word Recognition}, VOLUME = {62}, YEAR = {1983} } @ARTICLE{RabinerLevinson85, AUTHOR = {L. R. Rabiner and S. E. Levinson}, JOURNAL = ieeeassp, NUMBER = {3}, PAGES = {561-573}, TITLE = {A Speaker-Independent, Syntax-Directed, Connectedd Word Recognition System Based on Hidden Markov Models and Level Building}, VOLUME = {33}, YEAR = {Jun., 1985} } @ARTICLE{RabinerRosenberg78, AUTHOR = {Lawrence R. Rabiner and Aaron E. Rosenberg and Stephen E. Levinson}, JOURNAL = ieeeassp, NUMBER = {6}, PAGES = {575-582}, TITLE = {Considerations in Dynamic Time Warping Algorithms for Discrete Word Recognition}, VOLUME = {26}, YEAR = {Dec., 1978} } @INPROCEEDINGS{RabinerRosenberg80, AUTHOR = {L.R. Rabiner and A.E. Rosenberg and S.E. Levinson}, BOOKTITLE = ieeeassp, PAGES = {337-388}, TITLE = {Considerations in dynamic time-warping for discrete word recognition}, VOLUME = {ASSP-28}, YEAR = {1980} } @ARTICLE{RabinerRosenberg82, AUTHOR = {L. R. Rabiner and A. E. Rosenberg and J. G. Wilpon and W. J. Keilin}, JOURNAL = {Bell System Technical Journal}, NUMBER = {10}, PAGES = {2989-3005}, TITLE = {Isolated Word Recognition for Large Vocabularies}, VOLUME = {61}, YEAR = {Dec., 1982} } @BOOK{RabinerSchafer78, AUTHOR = {L. R. Rabiner and R. W. Schafer}, ADDRESS = {Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey}, PUBLISHER = {Prentice Hall}, TITLE = {Digital Processing of Speech Signals}, YEAR = {1978} } @ARTICLE{RabinerSchmidt, AUTHOR = {L. R. Rabiner and C. E. Schmidt}, JOURNAL = ieeeassp, NUMBER = {4}, PAGES = {377-388}, TITLE = {Application of Dynamic Time Warping to Connected Digit Recognition}, VOLUME = {28}, YEAR = {Aug., 1980} } @ARTICLE{RabinerSchmidt80, AUTHOR = {L.R. Rabiner and C.E. Schmidt}, JOURNAL = ieeeassp, PAGES = {337-388}, TITLE = {Appliccation of dynamic time-warping to connected-digit recognition}, VOLUME = {ASSP-28}, YEAR = {1980} } @MISC{RabinerSondhi84, AUTHOR = {L. R. Rabiner and M. M. Sondhi and S. E. Levinson}, JOURNAL = {Proceedings of ICASSP}, PAGES = {17.1.1-17.1.4}, TITLE = {A Vector Quantizer Incorporating Both LPC Shape and Energy}, YEAR = {1984} } @ARTICLE{RabinerWilpon79, AUTHOR = {L. R. Rabiner and J. G. Wilpon}, JOURNAL = {J. Acoust. Soc. Am.}, NUMBER = {3}, PAGES = {663-673}, TITLE = {Considerations in applying clustering techniques to speaker independent word recognition}, VOLUME = {66}, YEAR = {Sep., 1979} } @ARTICLE{RabinerWilpon83, AUTHOR = {L. Rabiner and J. Wilpon and D. Kahn}, JOURNAL = assp, MONTH = jun, NUMBER = {3}, PAGES = {713-725}, TITLE = {Demisyllable-Based Isolated Word Recognition System}, VOLUME = {31}, YEAR = {1983} } @ARTICLE{RabinerWilpon87, AUTHOR = {L. R. Rabiner and J. G. Wilpon and B. H. Juang}, JOURNAL = icassp, PAGES = {101-104}, TITLE = {A Performance Evaluation of a Connected Digit Recognizer}, YEAR = {1987} } @INPROCEEDINGS{RabinerWilpon88, AUTHOR = {L.R. Rabiner and J.G. Wilpon and F.K. Soong}, BOOKTITLE = icassp, PAGES = {119-122}, TITLE = {High performance connected digit recognition, using hidden Markov models}, YEAR = {1988} } @INPROCEEDINGS{RabinerWolpon89, AUTHOR = {L.R. Rabiner and J.G. Wilpon and F.K. Soong}, JOURNAL = ieeeassp, MONTH = aug, NUMBER = {8}, PAGES = {1214-1225}, TITLE = {High performance digit recognition using hidden Markov models}, VOLUME = {37}, YEAR = {1989} } @ARTICLE{RameshWilpon92, AUTHOR = {P. Ramesh and J. G. Wilpon and M. a. McGee, D. B. Toe, C. H. Lee and L. R. Rabiner}, JOURNAL = {speech}, KEY = {recognition}, MONTH = jun, NUMBER = {2-3}, PAGES = {229-236}, TITLE = {Speaker independent recognition of spontaneously spoken connected digits}, VOLUME = {11}, YEAR = {1992} } @ARTICLE{RaoYegnanarayana91, AUTHOR = {G.V.R. Rao and B. Yegnanarayana}, JOURNAL = CSL, PAGES = {379--392}, TITLE = {Word boundary hypothesization in {H}indi speech}, VOLUME = {5}, YEAR = {1991} } @UNPUBLISHED{RaynerLynch88, AUTHOR = {P. J. W. Rayner and M. R. Lynch}, NOTE = cued, TITLE = {A New Connectionist Model Based on a Non-Linear Adaptive Filter}, YEAR = {1988} } @ARTICLE{Reddy76, AUTHOR = {D.R. Reddy}, JOURNAL = pieee, NUMBER = {4}, PAGES = {501--531}, TITLE = {Speech recognition by machine: a review}, VOLUME = {64}, YEAR = {1976} } @INCOLLECTION{Reddy80, AUTHOR = {D.R. Reddy}, ADDRESS = {Hillsdale, N.J.}, BOOKTITLE = {Perception and Production of Fluent Speech}, EDITOR = {R.A. Cole}, PUBLISHER = {Lawrence Erlbaum}, TITLE = {Machine Models of Speech Perception}, YEAR = {1980} } @INCOLLECTION{ReddyErman74, AUTHOR = {D.R. Reddy and L.D. Erman}, ADDRESS = {New York}, BOOKTITLE = {Speech Recognition: Invited Papers Presented at the 1974 {IEEE} Symposium}, EDITOR = {D.R. Reddy}, PAGES = {457--479}, PUBLISHER = {Academic Press}, TITLE = {Tutorial on System Organization for Speech Understanding}, YEAR = {1974} } @ARTICLE{ReddyErman76, AUTHOR = {D.R. Reddy and L.D. Erman and R.D. Fennell and R.B. Neely}, JOURNAL = ieeetc, NUMBER = {4}, PAGES = {422--431}, TITLE = {The {H}earsay-{I} speech understanding system: an example of the recognition process}, VOLUME = {25}, YEAR = {1976} } @INPROCEEDINGS{RenalsMorgan91, AUTHOR = {S. Renals and N. Morgan and H. Bourlard}, ADDRESS = {Princeton, NJ}, BOOKTITLE = {Proceedings of the IEEE Workshop on Neural Networks for Signal Processing}, MONTH = oct, TITLE = {Probability Estimation by Feed-Forward Netowrks in Continuous Speech Recognition}, YEAR = {1991} } @TECHREPORT{RenalsMorgan92, AUTHOR = {S. Renals and N. Morgan}, INSTITUTION = {International Computer Science Institute}, NUMBER = {TR-92-081}, TITLE = {Connectionist Probability Estimation in {HMM} Speech Recognition}, YEAR = {1992} } @INPROCEEDINGS{RenalsMorgan92a, AUTHOR = {S. Renals and N. Morgan and M. Cohen and H. Franco}, BOOKTITLE = icassp, PAGES = {601-604}, TITLE = {Connectionist Probability Estimation in the {D}ecipher Speech Recognition System}, VOLUME = {I}, YEAR = {1992} } @ARTICLE{RenalsMorgan93, AUTHOR = {S. Renals and N. Morgan and H. Bourlard and M. Cohen and H. Franco}, JOURNAL = {IEEE Transactions Speech and Audio Processing}, NOTE = {Submitted}, TITLE = {Connectionist Probability Estimators in {HMM} Speech Recognition}, YEAR = {1993} } @INPROCEEDINGS{RenalsRohwer89-ijcnn, AUTHOR = {S. Renals and R. Rohwer}, ADDRESS = {Washington}, BOOKTITLE = ijcnn, TITLE = {Phoneme Classification Experiments Using Radial Basis Functions}, YEAR = {1989} } @INPROCEEDINGS{RenalsTerry87, AUTHOR = {S. Renals and M. Terry}, ADDRESS = {Edinburgh}, BOOKTITLE = eurospeech, EDITOR = {J. Laver and M. A. Jack}, MONTH = sep, PUBLISHER = {CEP Consultants Ltd}, TITLE = {Automatic Speech Recognition using Peripheral Auditory Modelling and a {PDP} Approach to Classification}, YEAR = {1987} } @ARTICLE{Richard91, AUTHOR = {M. D. Richard}, JOURNAL = {Neural Computation}, KEY = {probability}, PAGES = {461-483}, TITLE = {Neural Network Classifiers Estimate Bayesian a posteriori Probabilities}, VOLUME = {3}, YEAR = {1991} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Rigol90, AUTHOR = {G. Rigol}, BOOKTITLE = icassp, KEY = {fenone}, TITLE = {Baseform adaptation for large vocabulary HMM based speech recognition systems}, YEAR = {1990} } @ARTICLE{Rigoll92, AUTHOR = {G. Rigoll}, JOURNAL = {International Journal of Quantum Chemistry}, PAGES = {741--750}, TITLE = {Advances in automatic speech recognition by combining information theory and neural network algorithms}, VOLUME = {42}, YEAR = {1992} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Riley91, AUTHOR = {M. D. Riley}, BOOKTITLE = icassp, PAGES = {737-740}, TITLE = {A Statistical Model fir Generating Pronunciation Networks}, VOLUME = {1}, YEAR = {1991} } @MASTERSTHESIS{Robinson86, AUTHOR = {A. J. Robinson}, ADDRESS = {Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 1PZ, UK}, MONTH = aug, SCHOOL = cued, TITLE = {Speech Recognition with Associative Networks}, YEAR = {1986} } @TECHREPORT{Robinson89-ntt, AUTHOR = {T.Robinson}, INSTITUTION = {NTT Basic Research Laboratories}, TITLE = {Experiments in the Non-Linear Predictive Coding of Speech}, TYPE = {Internal Report}, YEAR = {1989} } @PHDTHESIS{Robinson89-phd, AUTHOR = {A. J. Robinson}, MONTH = feb, SCHOOL = cued, TITLE = {Dynamic Error Propagation Networks}, YEAR = {1989} } @UNPUBLISHED{Robinson91-acts, AUTHOR = {T. Robinson}, TITLE = {Experiments with the APU Auditory model at CUED}, YEAR = {1991} } @TECHREPORT{Robinson91-tr, AUTHOR = {Tony Robinson}, INSTITUTION = cued, MONTH = sep, NUMBER = {CUED/F-INFENG/TR.82}, TITLE = {Several Improvements to a Recurrent Error Propagation Network Phone Recognition System}, YEAR = {1991} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Robinson91-vsw, AUTHOR = {T. Robinson}, ADDRESS = {London}, BOOKTITLE = {Proceedings of Voice Systems Worldwide}, MONTH = jun, TITLE = {Recognition of Continuous Speech using Recurrent Error Propagation Networks}, YEAR = {1991} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Robinson92-cnnss, AUTHOR = {T. Robinson}, ADDRESS = {Cambridge Programme for Industry, Cambridge University}, BOOKTITLE = {Proceedings of the Cambridge Neural Network Summer School}, MONTH = sep, TITLE = {Practical Network Design and Implementation}, YEAR = {1992} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Robinson92-darpa, AUTHOR = {T. Robinson}, BOOKTITLE = darpa92, MONTH = sep, TITLE = {Recurrent Nets for Phone Probability Estimation}, YEAR = {1992} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Robinson92-esca-paper, AUTHOR = {T. Robinson}, BOOKTITLE = {Proceedings of the {ESCA} workshop: Comparing Speech Signal Representations}, MONTH = apr, PAGES = {361-368}, TITLE = {The State Space and ``Ideal Input'' Representations of Recurrent Networks}, YEAR = {1992} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Robinson92-esca-tutorial, AUTHOR = {T. Robinson}, BOOKTITLE = {Proceedings of the {ESCA} workshop: Comparing Speech Signal Representations}, MONTH = apr, TITLE = {Artificial Neural Networks: {T}he Mole-Grips of the Speech Scientist}, YEAR = {1992} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Robinson92-icassp, AUTHOR = {T. Robinson}, BOOKTITLE = icassp, PAGES = {617-620}, TITLE = {A Real-Time Recurrent Error Propagation Network Word Recognition System}, VOLUME = {I}, YEAR = {1992} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Robinson93-ieeenn, AUTHOR = {T. Robinson}, BOOKTITLE = ieeenn, MONTH = nov, NOTE = {Submitted}, TITLE = {The Application of Recurrent Nets to Phone Probability Estimation}, YEAR = {1993} } @INPROCEEDINGS{RobinsonAlmeida93, AUTHOR = {T. Robinson and L. Almeida and J.-M. Boite and H. Bourlard and F. Fallside and M. Hochberg and D. Kershaw and P. Kohn and Y. Konig and S. Renals and M. Saerens and J. P. Neto and N. Morgan and C. Wooters}, BOOKTITLE = eurospeech, TITLE = {A Neural Network Based, Speaker Independent, Large Vocabulary, Continuous Speech Recognition System: {T}he {WERNICKE} Project}, YEAR = {1993} } @TECHREPORT{RobinsonFallside87-tr, AUTHOR = {A. J. Robinson and F. Fallside}, INSTITUTION = cued, NUMBER = {CUED/F-INFENG/TR.1}, TITLE = {The Utility Driven Dynamic Error Propagation Network}, YEAR = {1987} } @INPROCEEDINGS{RobinsonFallside88-neuro, AUTHOR = {A. J. Robinson and F. Fallside}, ADDRESS = {Paris}, BOOKTITLE = {Proceeding of nEuro'88}, MONTH = jun, TITLE = {A Dynamic Connectionist Model for Phoneme Recognition}, YEAR = {1988} } @INPROCEEDINGS{RobinsonFallside88-nips, AUTHOR = {A. J. Robinson and F. Fallside}, BOOKTITLE = nips, EDITOR = {Dana Z. Anderson}, PUBLISHER = aip, TITLE = {Static and Dynamic Error Propagation Networks with Application to Speech Coding}, YEAR = {1988} } @TECHREPORT{RobinsonFallside88-tr, AUTHOR = {A. J. Robinson and F. Fallside}, INSTITUTION = cued, NUMBER = {CUED/F-INFENG/TR.14}, TITLE = {A Dynamic Connectionist Model for Phoneme Recognition: {P}reliminary Results}, YEAR = {1988} } @INPROCEEDINGS{RobinsonFallside89-eaccss, AUTHOR = {T. Robinson and F. Fallside}, BOOKTITLE = {Eleventh Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society}, PAGES = {836-843}, TITLE = {Dynamic Reinforcement Driven Error Propagation Networks with Application to Game Playing}, YEAR = {1989} } @INCOLLECTION{RobinsonFallside89-neuro-book, AUTHOR = {A. J. Robinson and F. Fallside}, ADDRESS = {Paris}, BOOKTITLE = {Neural Networks from Models to Applications: {P}roceedings of nEuro'88}, PAGES = {541-550}, PUBLISHER = {I.D.S.E.T.}, TITLE = {A Dynamic Connectionist Model for Phoneme Recognition}, YEAR = {1989}, editors = "L Personnaz and G Dreyfus" } @INPROCEEDINGS{RobinsonFallside90-sst, AUTHOR = {T.. Robinson and F. Fallside}, ADDRESS = {Melbourne}, BOOKTITLE = {Third Australian International Conference on Speech Science and Technology}, MONTH = nov, TITLE = {Word Recognition from the {DARPA} Resource Management Database with the {C}ambridge Recurrent Error Propagation Network Speech Recognition System}, YEAR = {1990} } @TECHREPORT{RobinsonFallside90-tr, AUTHOR = {T. Robinson and F. Fallside}, INSTITUTION = cued, MONTH = mar, NUMBER = {CUED/F-INFENG/TR.42}, TITLE = {Phoneme recognition from the {TIMIT} database using Recurrent Error Propagation Networks}, YEAR = {1990} } @ARTICLE{RobinsonFallside91-csl, AUTHOR = {T. Robinson and F. Fallside}, JOURNAL = csl, MONTH = jul, NUMBER = {3}, PAGES = {259-274}, TITLE = {A Recurrent Error Propagation Network Speech Recognition System}, VOLUME = {5}, YEAR = {1991} } @INPROCEEDINGS{RobinsonHoldsworth90, AUTHOR = {T. Robinson and J. Holdsworth and R. Patterson and F. Fallside}, ADDRESS = {Kobe, Japan}, BOOKTITLE = icslp, MONTH = nov, TITLE = {A Comparison of Preprocessors for the {C}ambridge Recurrent Error Propagation Network Speech Recognition System}, YEAR = {1990} } @TECHREPORT{RobinsonNiranjan88-tr, AUTHOR = {A. J. Robinson and M. Niranjan and F. Fallside}, INSTITUTION = cued, NUMBER = {CUED/F-INFENG/TR.25}, TITLE = {Generalising the Nodes of the Error Propagation Network}, YEAR = {1988} } @ARTICLE{RoeMoreno92, AUTHOR = {D. Roe and P. Moreno}, JOURNAL = {Speech Communication}, TITLE = {A spoken language translator for restricted-domain context-free languages}, YEAR = {1992} } @INPROCEEDINGS{RogersOldham87, AUTHOR = {C. H. Rogers and W. J. B. Oldham}, ADDRESS = {San Diego}, BOOKTITLE = icnn, MONTH = jun, PAGES = {IV:435-442}, TITLE = {Isolated Word Recognition with an Artificial Neural Network}, YEAR = {1987} } @MASTERSTHESIS{Roginski91, AUTHOR = {K. Roginski}, MONTH = nov, SCHOOL = {Oregon Graduate Institute of Science and Technology}, TITLE = {A Neural Network Phonetic Classifier for Telephone Speech}, YEAR = {1991} } @UNPUBLISHED{Rohwer88, AUTHOR = {R. Rohwer}, MONTH = nov, NOTE = {Submitted to {\it Neural Computation}}, TITLE = {Instant Solutions for Perceptron-like Nets}, YEAR = {1988} } @INPROCEEDINGS{RohwerForrest87, AUTHOR = {R. Rohwer and B. Forrest}, ADDRESS = {San Diego}, BOOKTITLE = icnn, MONTH = jun, PAGES = {II:701-710}, TITLE = {Training Time-Dependence in Neural Networks}, YEAR = {1987} } @INPROCEEDINGS{RohwerRenals88, AUTHOR = {R. Rohwer and S. Renals}, ADDRESS = {Paris}, BOOKTITLE = {Proceedings of nEuro'88}, MONTH = jun, TITLE = {Training Recurrent Networks}, YEAR = {1988} } @INCOLLECTION{RonnbergNilsson82, AUTHOR = {J. Ronnberg and L.-G. Nilsson}, ADDRESS = {Amsterdam}, BOOKTITLE = {The Representation of Speech in the Peripheral Auditory System}, EDITOR = {R. Carlson and B. Granstrom}, PUBLISHER = {Elsevier Biomedical}, TITLE = {Representation of auditory information based on a functionalist perspective}, YEAR = {1982} } @ARTICLE{Rosenberg83, AUTHOR = {A. E. Rosenberg}, ADDRESS = {Boston}, JOURNAL = icassp, PAGES = {1057-1060}, TITLE = {Probabilistic Model for the Performance of Speech Recognition Systems}, YEAR = {1983} } @ARTICLE{Rosenberg85, AUTHOR = {A. E. Rosenberg}, JOURNAL = icassp, PAGES = {870-873}, TITLE = {Recognition Error Measurements from Parameterized Distance Distributions}, YEAR = {1985} } @INPROCEEDINGS{RosenbergDelong92, AUTHOR = {A.E. Rosenberg and J. DeLong and C.-H. Lee and B.-H. Juang and F.K. 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