The kernel,K, of a homomorphism f: K == {g in G:f(g)=e'} K is a normal subgroup of G. proof: forall g,g1,g2 in G: * f(e)f(g)=f(eg) = f(g) => e in K * f(g^)f(g)=f(g^g) = f(e) = e' * g1,g2 in K => g1g2 in K * associativity satisfied Proof of normality: * f(g^Kg)=f(g^)f(K)f(g)=f(g)^ e' f(g) = e'