This table allows me to see the differences between the tissues and explains why they are different. It tells what each tissue is made up of and helps identify each.[Why tag this text]
I do not understand how such poisonous substances could be trapped in the body in general. What would keep them there?[Why tag this text]
Differences between the two forms of osseous tissue (compact bone and spongy bone) in more detail[Why tag this text]
Does the light from tanning beds also turn this steroid into vitamin D?[Why I tagged this]
What would happen if someone's motile cilia didn't have a power stroke or recovery stroke? How would this affect digestion, fertility, etc.?[Why tag this text]
For some people will this vary? I know that some people in most joints and muscles are more flexible, how is this determined? [Why tag this]
is this why when milk gets old it gets chunky?[Why tag this text]
Are there certain diseases that will inhibit your ability to make LDL receptors or is this exclusively hereditary and/or you are just born with a fixed amount?[Why tag this text]
This allows for better balance and makes it easy to walk for long periods of time. [Why tag this]
Evolution is important because it allows us to understand how change has occured throughout human existence. clearly humans have evolved over time and we can see parallels to other animals. comparisons can be made between humans and primates and in they way they have evolved.[Why I tagged this]
this is intersting to me and i want to learn more about it.[Why tag this text]
Interesting and would like to look deeper into what elevations in blood level mean which problems with the body. Interesting to actaully be doing that to diagnose people.[Why tag this text]When this cartilage wears out, how badly is this for the body? Does it happen often?[Why tag this]
Zygomatic Bones:Cheekbones[Why tag this]
I found the action of an enzyme to be very interesting. It amazes me how complex the body is. It can take a substance such as sucrose and break it down and then reprocude a completely new substance such as glucose and fructose. [Why tag this text]
There are also start and stop codons. The Stop codons are UAG, AUG, and UGA. The start codons consist of GUG, UUG, and UAA.[Why tag this text]
Question 4: This behavior would raise the boiling point of water above that of a nonpolar liquid because the polar covalent bonds that are created and must be broken for water to boil.[Why tag this text]
This is really interesting to me I have never seen a Tendons before and I have always thought that its a combination of many fibers and they are very thin that we may not see them.[Why tag this text]
The atoms are bonded together sharing electrons and keeping 8 electons in there valence shells.[General-Do not use]
I had no idea or heard about the longitudinal layer and how it contracts and makes the organs shorter and thicker. Is that even possible? Seems unrealistic, but thats why I am in this class because to learn these new things. I also had no idea that the smooth muscle controlled a person blood pressure, blood flow and also the control of the emptying of the bladder and rectum. [Why tag this text]There are classes of muscle fibers, and they vary in their ability to perform tasks. Slow oxidative: Relatively abundant mitochondria, myoglobin adn capillaries, making them red. Well-adapted for aerobic respiration. Don't fatigue easily. But, they hydrolyze ATP slowly. Fast Glycolytic: Well-adapted for quick responses. rich in enzymes. Quickly fatigued. [Why I tagged this]
What makes the frog's gastrocnemius easy to study and observe?[Why I Tagged This]
Its intimidating that such an immense condition can arise from the simplest antagonists[Gangrene]What are examples of these?[Why tag this]I know that in Volleyball there is a lot of this, not good for this unnatural rotation of the shoulder.[Why Tag This]Metabolic Pathways:A chain of reactions with each step being catalyzed by a diferent enzyme. [Why tag this text]
what about those who are double jointed?[Why tag this]
I understand that the insertion is the end that moves while the origin remains stationary, but what is the best way to identify these two factors after different movements? Is there any method that you could demonstrate in lecture to help us identify these elements?[Why tag this]
This is what I am experiences now, it was good to get a little more information on the treatment and different ways it is caused.[Why tag this]
How many monomers would it take to be considered a polymer?[Why tag this text]
An entire segment of the [Why tag this]
How does this differ from original scanning of cells?[Why tag this text]
Figure 9.25 is important from this section because it shows the two jints that form the elbow hinges.[Why tag this]
Psychology is one of my bigest interests, and this is the same way that a neuron fires, by the neurotransmitters binding to receptor sites on the dendrites. This shows me a deeper understanding of the process because it is the same principle.[Why tag this text]
When we look under microscopes at tissues in lab, I imagine that the tissues could very likely look completely different, not only because of different magnification settings. Depending upon where the tissue is in the body, I think it could be arranged differently. And keep in mind from the previous section that how thin the tissue is cut, the way the tissue is cut, and what color dye is used will affect what is seen by our eyes. I feel like the transverse, saggital, and frontal cuts on the larger scale of the overall human body, can also be applied on this microscopic scale. [Why tag this text]
Now I know what's responsible for smile lines. Thank you, modiolus :)[Why Tag This]
interesting fact about what make sup the weight of our bones/ bodyweight some what.[Why tag this text]
Bones can grow in length through ossification of the epiphyseal plates or growth plates.[Why I tagged this]
How does the Achilles tendon heal after being torn? If a bone breaks, it is set with a cast. Are tendons different?[Why Tag This]I didn't know that you couldn't just use the same term [Why Tag This]why is it referred to these locations?[Why tag this]Question 1: Albumin ConcentrationThe fluid on the side of the albumin would increase or be at a higher level. This would help to keep a constant concentration on both sides A and B.[Why tag this text]
combinations and sequences of amino acids[Why tag this text]
The anterior muscles that act on the pectoral girlde are pectoralis minor and serratus anterior. The pectoralis minor arise from the heads of ribs 3 to 5, they also are in contact with the coracoid proccess of the scapula. The serratus anterior arises from nearly all of the ribs, they wrap laterally around the chest, pass across the back and between the rib cage and scapula. The trapezius muscles stabilizes the scapula and shoulder during arm movements. The levator scapulae elevates the scapula, they flex the neck laterally. The rhomboideus minor retracts the scapula and braces the shoulder, along with the rhomboideus major. The latissimus dorsi adducts and medially roates the humerus, extends shoulder joint. They are plenty of other muscles listed as well. [Why Tag This]
Calcitriol raises blood calcium concentration in three ways. 1) Increases calcium absorption within the small intestine2) Increases calcium resorption from skeleton 3) poorly aids in reabsorption of calcium ions in the kidneys[Why I tagged this]
Is this the muscle that twitches when you are sleep deprived?[Why Tag This]
Carbon is well suited to serve as a structural foundation due to its number of valence electrons. Apparently that number pairs well with a number of other elements including other carbon atoms to form molecules necessary for bodily function. I feel i have a vague understanding of this but the material in this section is still very difficult to make sense of.[Why tag this text]
Important to know the three main polysaccharides- glycogen, starch, and cellulose[Why tag this text]
Gap Junctions are used a lot for communication but unlike tight junctions they do allow some small things to pass into and from the cytoplasm of the cells.[General-Do not use]Facial Bones: 14 bones, shape the face, support cavities and provide attachment for muscles. Maxillae: Largest facial bones, make the upper jaw.Palate forms teh roof of the mouth/floor of nasal cacity. It separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity.[Why tag this]
This is helpful to know when studying the names of enzymes. This system of naming is also similar to the naming of medical terms described in Chapter 1, where there is a patten and logic to the naming.[Why tag this text]
The diaphragm has passageways of the esophagus which allows airflow. When it contracts it flattens and allows air intake and when it relaxes it rises, expelling air. It is located between the thoracic and abdominal cavities.[Why tag this]
this is a good way to remember the function of the quadriceps.[Why Tag This]
Do people who have Diabedes also have a deficiency in osteocalcin?[Why I tagged this]This must be why babies can't hold their giant heads up.[Why tag this]Latent Period: A delay between the onset of the stimulus and the onset of the twitch. This is the time needed for the frist three parts of muscle contraction. [Why I Tagged This]ATP: All muscle contractions depend on ATP. ATP can be synthesized aerobically and anaerobically. When exercising we use both methods depending upon what we are doing. Immediate energy: We use myoglobin to supply oxygen. This is done by the muscle borrowing phosphate groups to make ATP. Myokinase transfers the P to ADP. Creatine Kinase: Takes the P. Short-Term Energy: Use anaerobic fermentation. Muscles obtain glucose from the blood.Long-Term energy: Aerobic respiration, due to respiratory and cardio systems delivering oxygen. [Why I tagged this]Question 4: The proteins are made by ribosomes on the rough ER and are then packaged into transport vesicles and arrive at the golgi complex. The golgi complex will modify the protein's structure and then secrete the proteins.[Why tag this text]Muscular Strenght and Conditioning:Muscular strenght depends on many factors;Muscle size-Fascicle Arrangement: Pennate msucles are stronger, then parallel, then circular.Size of Active Motor Units: large units=strongerMultiple Motor Unit Summation: more motor units activated, more powerful. Temporal Summation: Greater the frequency of stimulation, the greater the contraction.Length-Tension relationship: Optimum length=more forceful contractions[Why I tagged this]
Is this method being used still? Is it dangerous?[Why I tagged this]White fat more common. Usally cells look empty and collapsed like chicken wire. [Why tag this text]I understand that not everybody is different, but you would think that the number of bones in adults would pretty consistent. What are some of the reasons that the numbers vary? [Why tag this]so based on there location in the spine is what they are referred to?[Why tag this]
It's funny because it is really hard to eat something when I am out of breath, or doing something physical. Not only am I out of breath but I actually cannot tast the food I am eating.[Why tag this]Is there a way to manipulate this to cause these individuals with achondroplastic dwarfism to grow at least a small amount? I know that a dominant mutant allele causes this but is there a way to insert stem cells early in development to make perichondrium to produce more chondrocytes which could then be used later for bone elongation? Is there a way to cause more interstitial growth?[Why I tagged this]
Epithelium tissue is a thin layer of tissue that has the top layer exposed to the environment. I find this very interesting because I had always thought tissue was in our bodies, I never realized it was exposed. Also, epithelium tissue has many more functions than I had originally thought.[Why tag this text]
Is the heme moiety what gives hemoglobin its name then, and is hemoglobin what carries oxygen through the blood, or is it red blood cells?[Why tag this text]
After high school, I attened a community college for teo years, before transferring to UW-Madison to complete my first undergraduate degree. It was in community college that I began to learn about the nervous system in a Psychology class. I am utterly fascinated with the brain, it functions and capabilities, even this brief review of of Nervous Tissue was very exciting. I look forward to learning more about this system in the future.[Why tag this text]
Why do the bones mold around the blood vessels?[Why tag this]Gene is basically the [Why tag this text]
this is caused [Why tag this text]
How can we remember the names?[Why tag this]description of extension[Why tag this]description of flexion[Why tag this]is this very common?[Why I tagged this]
Its crazy there are that many. I now feel lucky at the amount we have to know about[Why tag this text]
Can you give more examples of where these reactions occur in the human body?[Why tag this text]
I have heard about muscular dystrophy but have never understood what exactly happens to the individual affected by this disorder. Is there anyway to treat it?[Why I taged this]
There are 206 bones in the human skeletal system and this is a great table showing where the bones are and how many there are.[Why tag this]Whoa. How often does this happen that these glands are ACCIDENTALLY removed during surgery? Are they so small that this happens often?![Why I tagged this]
What happens if it is not detected early? Can it still be fixed? Will the person be able to walk as an adult or will they always have a limp?[Why tag this]
Feeling the muscle move alows you to understand the point of origin along with the movements that it allows you to make.[Why tag this]IF they look similar how do we differentiate triangular muscles and multipennate muscles?[Why tag this]
The great Troy McClure might be remembered from the fundraisers [Why tag this]Figure 10.10 is an important figure because it shows the muscles that take part in the mandible and the chewing movements. [Why Tag This]This is so recent! Its hard to believe that scientists have managed so much in the past few decades.[Why tag this text]thats good so then the patient can decide which is best for them[Why tag this]
A synovial joint can be freely movable or have limited mobility. They are the most structurally complex type of joint. The facing surfaces of the two bones are covered with articular cartilage, and these surfaces are separated by the joint cavity, containing synovial fluid. A connective tissue called joint capsule encloses the cavity and retains the fluid.[Why tag this]
Our bodies are made up of 70% water. Since water is two-parts hydrogen, it would make sense that this would be true.[Why tag this text]This is an interesting fact that a microgravity environment can cause issues with bones and muscles.[Why I tagged this]
Does this muscle then help hold the others in place? and prevent such things as tears?[Why Tag This]
I thought I understood what this meant but then this made me get confused[Why I Tagged This]Question 9: Sodium Potassium pumps.The Sodium Potassium pump simultaneously binds 3 and releases them to the ECF and binds two K+ and relsease these into the cell. Some purposes include maintaining K+ concentration higher and the Na+ concentration lower wiithin the cell as apposed to the ECF.[Why tag this text]
It would be interesting to learn about how the thumb is the most important finger and why is it that it is so dentrimental to the hand? Why can't a humans hand not really function without it?[Why tag this]
This is good news to all the teenagers who go sunntanning and use the sun tanning beds! but they still shouldn't do it! I am not going to lie... I have used a sun tanning bed 2 times before, but I am not going to use them anymore! Especially becasue I have fare skin![Why tag this]
Ionic bonds can easily break becasue they are weak & covalent bonds are stronger because they form by sharing electrons.[Why tag this text]The amount of oxygen needs to adequately meet the amount of energy being used in order for the oxygen supply to resist depletion as well as possible. Although this oxygen is naturally depleted from exercise and respiration, it is important to give the muscles a resting state in order to build up oxygen supply and stray away from muscle fatigue.[Why I tagged this]When we get tired after exercise, is it because the majority of the motor units are recovering?[Why I tagged this]
Since muscles are apart of of heat production, does the ability to produce the energy involved to make this process occur?[Why I tagged this]
Muscles are responsible for many important functions that maintain life. They provide movement for the skeletal system, they also help circulate blood. They produce 85 percent of the bodies heat. They also conrol glucose levels and when people don't work out or with age, they are at a higher risk for type 2 diabetes.[Why tag this]These must be very high on the strongest muscle chart.[Why tag this]Keep in mind the whole time while reading this section[Why tag this text]Skin has two layers:stratified squamos [epidermis]deep connective tusse[dermis]Hypodermis=connective layer, not part of skin[Why tag this text]
weather the muscle lays on the inside of the arm or the outside of the arm[Why Tag This]Interesting that it fills back in with new bone[Why tag this]Some bones that would forn by this process: the frontal, parietal, and occipital bones of the skull.[Why I tagged this]
cutting of a structure that is perpendicular [Why tag this text]
Does this help us with heat and the touch of things?[Why Tag This]This table gives a very good understanding of both passive and active transportation methods. It is important to know the difference between passive and active transportation is that active uses energy while passive does not. This table also helps define each type of both.[Why tag this text]
bones can be thick like the femur and hard to break or think and fragile like the ethmoid bone[Why tag this]
I thought paper were trees?[Why tag this text]why is this so?[Why tag this]
These are three of the most basic form of reactions in chemistry. You learn these in your first semester of chemistry and it is easy to see why. Even though they are the basic forms, large and complex structures can come up from them.[Why tag this text]this is interesting. I didn't realize how fast cells needed to divide[Why tag this text]Similar to growth plates on bones is there any period in the adult life when appositional growth ceases? Are there any diseases associated with appositional growth? [Why I tagged this]
A gland is a cell or organ that secretes substances for use elsewhere in the body or for elimination as waste. Glands are composed predominantly of epithelial tissues. Endocrine and Exocrine Glands originate as invaginations of a surface epithelium. Endocrine glands lose contact with the surface and have no ducts and unicellular glands are secretory cells found in an epithelium that is predominantly nonsecretory. [Why tag this text]
I highlighted this because I never knew a cell was the smallest unit of life.[Why tag this text]In bone resorption, osteoclasts break down and release their minerals, resulting in a transfer of calcium from bone fluid to the blood. Is this what makes bones grow and become stronger/healthier? Calcium helps by reducing the risk of breaking in the bones, so if these minerals weren't released properly, would bones suffer in growth?[Why I tagged this]so in other words it is the flat waterproof cells in the thick layer of the skin[Why tag this text]this seemed interesting to me and i think this is something i would like to learn more of.[Why tag this text]If a toddler does little crawling or is slow to develop, does that mean the individual may have problems walking if this curve does not develop?[Why tag this]A pairs with U for RNA versus T in DNA[Why tag this text]what i will need to know after reading this section[Why tag this text]
How does the structure of an organism relate back to the cells, is it in relation to if they are missing cells that the organism will not be fully devoloped (neural cells)?[General]The foot is classified generally the same way as our hands, this proves to be just as helpful for memorization[Why tag this]Codon: 3-base sequence in mRNA. Base triplet: sequence of 3 DNA nucleotides that stands for 1 amino acid.[Why tag this text]
I find it interesting that an organ so deep can buffer againse pH levels, but it makes sense since this is the place where blood is made.[Why I tagged this]
Sutures, or static joints, bonds the 22 or more bones of our skull.[Why tag this]
What is the function of fossa?[Why tag this]
Another terrifying picture! Ahh..[Why Tag This]
Why do we have to know the ground substance of bone tissue?[Why I tagged this]Is this why the nose gets runny when a person cries?[Why tag this]Effects of Integumentary System on other systems:Skeletal: Bone growth depends on calcium, skin helps?Muscular: Calcium againNervous: Calcium againEndocrine:Calcium for triggerCirculatory: Skin is major blood resevoir, constriction/dilation of blood vessels helps make sure blood goes where it needs to go. Keeps blood volume in check by fluid retention. Helps regulate body temp.Lymphatic/Immune System: Dendritic cells alert immune systemRespiratory: Block some airborne debris from being inhaled. Calcium is required for secretion of respiratory Urinary System: skin exretes salt and wastes in cells [Why tag this]I had not understood what a ligand was until I had a question on my mini-exam pertaining to it. A ligand gated ion channel helps to pass specific ions through this channel as a response from the chemical messenger binding.[why I Tagged this]
Before reading this, I wasn't aware that intravenous fluids needed to be isontonic to make sure cells were equilibrium with them.[Why tag this text]
I learned in my CNA class that people who are in hospital beds for a long period of time and underneath the covers can get their leg stuck in plantar flexion. How does this happen? What makes it get stuck?[Why Tag This]
I tagged this because I think that this will be one of the most difficult sections for me because I don't understand how lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates differ and what they do in the body differs. I do know that they are produced into different sources but I thought the energy they create was all the same. [Why tag this text]
i found it helpful[Why tag this text]Mr. Petto,There is no question for 9.3, I tired reloading salon and also signing in and out and no question appears.Thanks,Kaitlynn Houghton[Why tag this]
Minerals are an important nutrient that we need to inatke to survive and carry out daily functions and processes. You receive minerals by eating plants that absorb them from the earth and by eating meat from animals, which graze on plants.[Why tag this text]so is this kinda like a protective thing for the muscles?[Why tag this]
How are these now known to be produced in almost but not all tissues? Especially if they were originally from prostate glands.[Why tag this text]
the axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton[Why tag this]
What physiological changes occur and what drugs? [Why tag this text]Why does it appear to be deeper than what it looks on a dried skeleton?[Why tag this]
I work on a Transplant Floor and I found it interesting that the glycocalyx determines whether or not if an organ is tranferable or not. [Why tag this text]What is protecting the DNA during the separating phase? If it wasn't being protected wouldn' t it be damaged very easily?[Why tag this text]
My brother tore his MCL in football. He had to go to four different specialists because they all told us something different. [Why tag this]
It is very interesting to finally read something like this because my dad has had multiple back surgeries and every time some one asks about his back he states what he had fused. Also, when he goes to the doctors office they talkabout it and it is nice to know exactly where the fusion is in his spine. [Why tag this]Important [Why tag this text]Do we know which amino acids are the most important and why they are?[Why tag this text]Rules of being a solution: solute particles are under 1 nm in size (solute and solvent not able to be distinguished), usually transparent, will pass through permeable membranes, and does not seperate even when solution is allowed to stand. [Why tag this text]Makes sense as the squamous cells they we're studing in lab are flat and verticle.[Why tag this]
These figures give descriptions of the muscles of the hip. In each table, the muscles are listed with their functions and origin/insertion points. This helps in differentiating between the different muscles.[Why Tag This]The spinal nerve roots are completely encapsulated in and protected by the bone of the vertebrae, which leads me to believe it would be incredibly painful or they would be hard to heal if damaged in any way.[Why tag this]My brother fractured his nasal bone playing baseball. [Why tag this]This is a very controversial topic that differs from person to person. No matter what one may conclude it is wrong to kill something that is living. [Why I tagged this]The iliac fossa looks like an elephant ear![Why tag this]functions and names of the bones[Why tag this]Reasons why skin color may change from your giving genetic listings[Why tag this text]
How much variability occurs?[Why I tagged this]Aerobic Respiration: When oxygen is available, pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide and water. Generates 36 ATP.[Why tag this text]Its interesting that the arm proper is from the shoulder to elbow, but the leg proper is from the knee to the ankle.[Why tag this]
What chemical reaction needs to occur for the plasma membrane to be replaced that was sheded off. This also reminds me of how other lines or your skin and tissue are removed or scraped off over time. It's interesting to see that inside and outside of the body.[Why tag this text]Can the limbs continue growing due to the epiphyseal plate not closing?[Why I tagged this]When someone is extremely flexible does that mean thats they continued to overstretch these elastic filaments? Is there a point when mucles become overly streched and become unhealthy?[Why I taged this]My cousins were two (they are twins) of the first test tube babies. My aunt and uncle went through the whole process and there were extra fertlized eggs/embryo's. I think they were destroyed though. Which is the same as taking a life anyways, isn't it?[Why tag this text]
I never knew not everyone had the same amount of bones or that certain bones varied between people. [Why tag this]
The fact that the epidermis doesnt have blood vessels makes sense since it is so cclose to the surface of the skin but I didn't know it had few nerve endings as well[Why tag this text]The main differences between DNA and RNA are the lenght of the nucleotide, and the bases. DNA uses thymine, whereas RNA uses uracil.[Why tag this text]I thought this was important because it tells us the genus of some of the very first bipedal primates[Why I tagged this]Amino Acids/Peptides/Proteins.A protein is a polymer of amino acids. Amino acids are based on a carbon atom with an amino and a carboxyl group attached to it. Proteins are amphilic, meaning they have both hydrophobic and hydrophilic tendencies. A peptide is a molecule with two or more amino acids joined by a peptide bond [an amino acid stuck to a carboxyl group].Protein Structure:The structure of proteins is important to the roles they play and proteins can be destroyed by messing up their structure. Their primary structure is ho the amino acids are joined by peptide bonds, their secondary structure is an alpha [coiled] or beta [folded] sheet, formed by hydrogen bonding between the negative C=O group and positive N-H group. Their tertiary structure is the folding and coiling cause by interactions among/between radical groups and water [hydrophobic try and get away, hydrophilic try to get closer]. Their quaternary structure is the association of 2 or more polypeptide chains with each other. An important property of protein is its ability to change conformation. Denaturation=badProtein Functions:Structure: Keratin [hair, nails, skin], collagenCommunication: Hormones/cell-to-cell signals are proteins and their receptorsMembrane Transport: Proteins can form channels, can be carriersCatalysis: Enzymes are catalystsRecognition: Glycoproteins are used to recognize what comes in and out. Antibodies. Movement:Motor proteinsCell Adhesion: Proteins bind cell together. [Why tag this text]It is very interesting to see the structural hierarchy that composes a muscle fiber. It is amazing that the muscular system breaks down from fibers into myofibrils, myofilaments, and striations that create banding. It is very important to gain an understanding of the complexity of these systems and understand their components on the cellular level. [Why I taged this]
Why are some peoples arch bigger than others?[Why Tag This]so the dead skin cells are composed of protein?[Why tag this text]I don't know what a broken hip looks why, but it is typical in the elderly. Is this because the muscles and tendons have worn down and cannot keep the appendages sturdy?[Why Tag This]I was not aware that Golgi vesicles could become both lysosomes and secretory vesicles. [Why tag this text]An example of form benefitting the function of DNA would be the hydrogen bonds between the nucleotides. Since hydrogen bonds require little energy to break, DNA can do it easily when it needs to replicate. [Why tag this text]
What determines the number of microtubules in the axoneme12?[Why tag this text]Myofilaments: Long protein cords that fill most of the muscle cells. Each myofibril is a bundle of proteins called myofilaments. Thick Filaments: Made up of hundred of myosin filaments. Thin Filaments: composed of fibrous actin. Elastic filaments: Made up of titin. Prevent overstretching, contributes to elastic recoil.Myosin and Actin are contractile proteins, because they shorten the muscle fiber. Tropomyosin and Troponin are called regulatory proteins cuz they act like a switch to determine when the fiber can/cannot contract.Accessory proteins are associated with the thick and thin filaments. They anchor the myofilaments, Regulate their length, and keep them aligned. [Why I taged this]I'm not quite sure why the water level in side B would fall[Why tag this text]
Basic start to the section.[Why I tagged this]This surprised me because I had an uncomplicated fracture that only took 6 weeks to heal, Is there a reason that bones heal faster for some people? Or is it just the location of the injury? Mine was the meta carpals of my 5th through 3rd finger.[Why I tagged this]
I would assume, then, that smooth muscles also play a vital role in vasoconstriction and vasodialation when regualting homeostatic body temperatures. [Why tag this text]This is saying that we need fat in order to help our bodies structure.[Why tag this text]So what do the muscels need the compartments for?[Why Tag This]This is new information for me, I had no idea this was how they differentiated between the different blood types, it would be interesting to distinguish similarities and differences between blood types[Why tag this text]
I recently had an MRI on my shoulder. It was fun to go back to the pictures and try to determine what parts I could identify.[Why tag this]these all relate to each other[Why tag this text]
Red blood cells are the only cells (that I know of) that do not contain a nucleus or any organelles for that matter. Is there an explanation for them to lack these? How do they survive without them?[Why tag this text]Would different amounts of pheomelanin account for different shades of blond hair? What about those people who have natural highlights of multitonal hair colors?[Why tag this]Can you differentiate between 'spongy bone' 'marrow' and 'diploe'. Are these three different terms for the same anatomical forms?[Why I tagged this]These discs are, like the discs between vertebrae, mildly comparable to shock absorbers. As I read on, the comparisons between the human body and well functioning machine are fascinating. (As a sidebar then, and depending on te tissue of course, the abundance [ i.e.]Most likely because these are the sites most succeptable to foreign entry of a bacteria.[Why tag this text]Once one has an understanding of the basic meanings of the individual roots of anatomical terminology, the ability to dissect the words in question into smaller understandable pieces of information make the word easier to understand. This is closely related to the reductionistic view of human anatomy and physiology-- breaking the bigger picture into individual, smaller, easy to understand, pieces of information. [Why I tagged this]
What's the difference between a process and a protuberance? The definitions seem to be saying the same thing.[Why tag this]
I am confused: There is collagen that stabalizes the muscle, but there are elastic filaments that are stabalizing the filaments. Could we do a campare and contrast on these two?[Why I taged this]what happens when the knee is already naturally hyperextended?[Why tag this]
A great example of structural ismores where they have the same chemical structure but they contain different properties.[Why tag this text]
Is this with the help of stem cells?[Why I tagged this]
This is a weird question, but does the bone structure make a person have a bigger rear or is it a difference in the size of a person's muscles?[Why Tag This]
This is why ergonomists are needed to make the work place more comfortable. They invent items that do not put strian on parts of the body that are used everyday at work.[Why Tag This]as you get older the shape of your spine changes[Why tag this]I think it's amazing how we have developed such technology to advance it seeing something so small. Because of this, we have been able to solve so many mysteries.[Why tag this text]Is it true that these cells are dead?[Why tag this]what the process of bone deposition in zone 5 creates[Why I tagged this]What gives this advantages and disadvantages ?[Why tag this]Homeostasis relates to physiology because it is a function of the human body. This fuction allows the body to keep a balanced temperature at all times, in cold and hot environments. When it's hot the body releases some temperature through sweat or perspiration although when it's cold the body acts as in insulator and traps the heat. [Why I tagged this]they have changed rotator cuff surgeries so many times over the years because they keep finding better ways to hold the support. As well as they have noticed that harsher surgeries around the rotator cuff muscles actually end up strnegthening the muscles too much and are prone to more injuries post suregry[Why Tag This]This was very interesting to me because the action described in the top section from how I understood it reminded me of a millipede. Then when I read further down into the next section they used my same exact thoughts of how I pictured the motion of the actin heads. This proves that I had the right idea in my mind from the start, I just thought it interesting that they used the same animal that I had in mind.[why I Tagged this]As I was reading about the Sodium-Potassium pump, I was sure I'd heard of it before in another class. I already felt like I had an understanding of it, but couldn't figure out why. I did learn about it last year in Psych 254 in terms of nerve excitation. I highly recommend that class if you're at all interested in how the nervous system functions.[Why tag this text]
I never heard of treating fractures with electrical stimulation, before. This is a first. [Why I tagged this]Where does this take place?[Why tag this text]
jfgjgjgjgjgj[Why tag this]Fontanels: soft spots that help babies skulls fit thought pelvic outelt. [Why tag this]I wonder if this is why they say workingout too much is bad for you? If you workout can't you hurt your body? Does this have anything to do with that? I can relate because my best friend works out everyday and gets very sore when he is done. Sometimes it's twice a day. [Why I tagged this]
e for eye, behind the lacrimal bone (l for lense that goes in front of the eye!)[Why tag this]Is this common in people? how common or uncommon? [Why tag this]This all interests me because I always considered the sinuses to be the only main cavity or canal that things went through within the skull.[Why tag this]
So the cells that don't grow automatically die because they are of no use?[Why tag this text]tissues are like guitar strings: they need to be taught to respond correctly to stimuli (plucking of the string vs. the pulse of blood)[Why tag this text]So is that why we feel it more when larger muscles cramp? [Why I tagged this]
When undesirable muscle movements occur, like when a marathon runner looses bowel control, is it due to the lack of ATP to continue contraction?[Why tag this]
Why is it if the Achilles tendon is severed you can't walk, but if the tendon in the wrist is severed you can still use your hand?[Why tag this]
It is good that the text gives a discription of what you would see in the actual histology of these tissue. This is important because at times the figure in the book is more animated than the actual slide. [Why tag this text]When a nerve or muscle is stimulated does it have to come from an outside of the body stimuli? This really has me questioning, what is they body doing when its having uncontrolled movements like twitching?[Why I tagged this]
Are these the holes in the bone slides that we used in lab?[Why tag this]how does that work exactly? do they test the skin?[Why tag this]
I thought this was interesting because I usually forget that bone is a connective tissue but as it is affected by a connective tssue disorder makes it more apparent.[Why tag this text]
I remember these terms by [ or outside. In between is ""Meso""]Diffusion of protiens and minerals needed for healthy skin.[Why tag this text]As kid I had constant ear and sinus infections, and when I hear recordings of my own voice now it sounds muffled and indistinct. Could the characteristics of these childhood illnesses have carried over into my adult life?[Why tag this]why exactly is this?[Why I tagged this]So if we didn't have muscles, we wouldn't be able to move?[Why Tag This]
What is the parathyroid hormone? and why does the body make it if it cause the healing process to take longer?[Why I tagged this]Intramembranous ossification produces the flat bones of the skull and most of the clavicle, sometimes called dermal bones. Endrocondral ossification is a process in which the bone is preceded by a hyaline cartilage 'model' that becomes replaced by osseous tissue. Most bones in the body develop this way.[Why I tagged this]so these surfaces don't contain dead cells?[Why tag this text]Example of how this literal translation works.[Why I tagged this]
Being a fitness professional, it is always a nice reminder on WHY we NEED bodyfat. This annotation is a prime example and one that I use all the time when working with my clients.[Why tag this text]
I think it's interesting how the tissues of some of our body parts change if we don't use it as much. In this example of the nostril changing from epithelium to stratified squamous makes me wonder about my own nostril. In the past couple weeks, I haven't been able to breathe through my nostrils correctly/efficiently and this makes me wonder if my tissues have changed also. This kind of worries me. [Why tag this text]is this affected if someone only has one kidney?[Why I tagged this]This tableis useful for studying the anatomical features of bone such as ridgeds, cracks and manty more identifying details. [Why tag this]2 years is along time to wait, i wold have gotten so annoyed[Why tag this text]So is a twitch considered any contraction of the muscle, whether intentional or not? [Why I Tagged This]Those infomercials that show these crazy neck exerciser claim that they can eliminate double chin, can that really work?[Why Tag This]With new research we are coming up with new ways and researching more, learning about cells and tissues and making it possible to eventually growing other parts of the body for people that may be missing those [Why tag this text]more fluid phospholipids means a more flexible membrane.[Why tag this text]Dystrophin is interesting because it is such an important protien. How do we acquire more of this protein? In those protein shakes I would assume there would be a lot of this.[Why I taged this]Question: Do we need to know all of these?[Why Tag This]These wil be important to know later, when we're studying how muscles and ligaments are attached to bones and the passages through which the nerves and blood vessels fit.[Why tag this]Is this the way that blood capillaries kwwp themselves clean? So if there is an overload of unhealthy things in the blood capillaries then it's easy to see how it get more difficult for the salts/fats/gross stuff to exit the capillaries.[Why tag this text]histology[Why tag this text]I like this description a lot. It again gives me something i can visualize which helps me understand the concept. THe idea of a key fitting into a lock is something I understand without even thinking about it and it makes a difficult concept much easier to understand.[Why tag this text]
After breaking my patella and being bed-ridden for several weeks, I was amazed once I started walking again at how many muscles on the anterior side of my lower leg became sore. As an athlete, I had previously never experienced any pain and soreness quite like it.[Why Tag This]
some other tissues that are not a liquid substance are also spread or rubbed across slides as an easier way to study them under a microscope[Why tag this text]Skeletal Muscle only contracts when it is stimulated by a nerve. [Why I tagged this]
Cells of Fibroconnective tissue.Fibroblasts produce the fibers and ground substance that form the matrix of the tissueMacrophages wander through connective tissue and destroy bactera and dying cellsLeukocytes WBC are found in blood and destroy and repel bacteriaPlasma cells synthesize antibodiesMast cells prhibit clotting and enlarge vessels to promote blood flowAdipose is fat[Why tag this text]
Could this be a factor in why seemingly healthy individuals, with no other risk factors, have cardiac problems?[Why tag this text]When I was younger, there were times when I'd turn my head and a sharp pain would course through my neck and part of my head. I would also lose sight for a few seconds. It was such a sudden, intense pain and I hated it and always wondered what it was. I thought it might of been nerves near my vertebral column getting tangled or stressed from turning my head. But as I grew older, it went away. [Why tag this]People talk about being double jointed. Does this mean that their resistance after the effort is applied does not exist?[Why tag this]it seems that the shoulder joint has the largest range of motion. In stoke victims or those with shoulder surgeries, range of movment is greatly limited so reaching above the head is no longer possible. In our activities of daily living, we do not realize how much we need this joint to fully function. Getting dressed in the morning requires the ability to lift a shirt over your head, and making a meal might require reaching upon a shelf. Supination is the most powerful movement, which is difficult for patient's with arthritis. Opening a jar or turning a handle become painful. How do the muscles change in response to inflamed joints and less use of the supination movement?[Why tag this]Sodium Potassium Pump:ACTIVE TRANSPORT! 3 NA on the inside and 2 K on teh outside, they get pumped back and forth to keep the K concentration higher and the NA concentration lower. The Sodium Potassium Pump:Used to maintain a steep NA concentration gradient that can be used for energyIt regulates cell volume by making sure there is no osmotic swelling. It maintains membrane potentialIt produces heat. [Why tag this text]
There are lots of people who say that they do not like the sound of their voice. Like myself, I almost enjoy the sound of my voice when I am [Why tag this]Trying to find a way to make it easy to not get the names mixed up for the fossas.[Why tag this]Do nerve fibers assist in this wave of excitation? There are so many different types of fibers with specific roles, and in order for a signal, electrical charge, or message to be transferred elsewhere in the body, it typically has to do with nervou tissue, fibers, etc.[Why I tagged this]Question 4: Rough ER and Smooth ERThe difference betweent the rough and smooth er is that the rough er contains ribosomes adn the smooth er doesn't. The rough er produces proteins and cellular membranes and the smooth er produces lipids, dextoxification and stores calcuim.[Why tag this text]its just crazy to think that so many things are being developed by testing [Why tag this]
The occipital bone is named this because it corresponds to the occipital lobe which is where abilitly of vision is stored in the brain.[Why tag this]
Are the parts replacing the joint specially personalized for the patients or are they generic pieces?[Why tag this]Muscles provide us with support and the ability to move, but also other key functions in our bodies. The section headings that I chose to highlight are the other functions that muscles have. [Why tag this]Three main features of the lateral angle of the scapula [Why tag this]I don't understand why the weights of glucose are different.[Why tag this text]When I was young I couldn't hang on anything without both of my elbows dislocating. I eventually grew out of it when I was about 6 years old. Was there a tendon or some ther structure in my elbow joint that was not fully developed yet?[Why tag this]Free radicals are produced by some normal metabolic reactions of the body. The damages caused by free radicals consist of forms of cancer and myocardial infarction, and the death of heart tissue.[Why tag this text]Oxidation and Reduction: All chemical rxs are called metabolism, which can be catabolism[ decomp] or anabolism -energy storing reactins like syntehesis]. Catabolic reactions are exergonic, as they release energy by decomposing. Anabolic reactions are endergonic, because they need an intial energy boost [provided by exergonic reactions]. [Why tag this text]
I didn't know that the make up of mucus is of carbohydrate called glycoprotein. This is interesting that a carb protects us from infection and from the stomach enzymes.[Why tag this text]It's amazing how bones learn to mold together to fit eachother in the direct motino they are supposed to move in. The fossa's fit perfectly and comfortably with a limited amount of movement.[Why tag this]how does botox tighten up the face and make a person look younger? why does a person with botox have limited facial expressions?[Why Tag This]
Exocytosis is important because without it, cells would not be able to effectively elimate wastes, or worn out cells, causing an over abdundance of unequally composed particles.[Why tag this text]Question 5: A polypedtide is a chain of peptides. Proteins are chains of polypeptides that are 50 amino acids or more. However, shorter chains can make up other compounds such as ACTH hormone.[Why tag this text]
I never knew that the itegumentary system affects literally al other systems of the body. The skin is our largest organ, however, so I suppose it makes sense that it has an extensive impact.[Why tag this]
If you are leaning in the same position on a table some people can become [Double Jointed]
This is a main part of what contributes to making osteoclasts [Why I tagged this]
It is so refreshing and encouraging to see and hear of people with a defect and still manage to have a great life. Abraham Lincoln had a speculation of having Marfan Syndrome and some star athletes like Flo Hyman also was diagnosed with Marfan Syndrome. I also play volleyball, so to read this is very inspiring. I wonder how he was affected with Marfan Syndrome?[Why tag this text]Polymerization: joining of monomers to form a polymer. Acheived through dehydration synthesis[Why tag this text]ventral layer 2 - location[Why Tag This]
The the inside and outside of cells have different charges. These charges are a result of which ions are able to stay within the cell and which are located outside the cell, and their respective charges. This means the osmosis and diffusion are related to passive and active transport.[Why tag this text]There have been scholarly articles done on the episodes of sympathetic pregnancy, also known as Couvade syndrome (Birth.com). In the past they blamed most of these episodes on psychological reasons, infertility issues..etc. Although, now research has actually demonstrated that their is an actual biological shift in males hormones levels that coincide with actually being pregnant (birth.com) Is it possible for the hormone prolactin to be stimulated in a male...?[Why tag this text]
i know alot of people in lecture do yoga, and they always talk about spine alignent in yoga class. can you talk about how it really helps? or does it??[Why tag this]
Important to remember living bone has cells, and they are just destroyed in methods involved in histological study[Why I tagged this]
Cell junctions are one of the aspects of this part of the chapter that I need to understand, and these are the three main functions of the junction cells. They are so vital in our bodies, and keep us from choking because they decrease the build up in our esophagus.[Why tag this text]Fatigue and Endurance:Muscle fatigue results in loss of contractility. Thought to result from:Potassium Accumulation: To much K lowers the membrane potential and makes the cell less excitableADP/P Accumulation: The more ADP and P, the slower the ATP is produced, making the muscle unable to contractLactic Acid Accumulation: Lactic acid accumulates and lowers the pH of the cell, impairing calcium ions. Long Term:Fuel Depletion: Loss of glycogen and blood glucose makes it harder to make ATPElectrolyte loss: Alter the ion balance, reducing excitabilityCentral Fatigue: Central nervous system produces less signal outpul to the skeletal muscles. [Why I tagged this]How does a cell survive without any organells or DNA? [Why tag this text]I'm so glad this chapter went over supination and pronation of the feet. I have been trying to deal with an injury for a while and my physical therapist said I like to pronate. I did not entirely understand everything that it entailed originally I thought it was just eversion but now I have a better grasp on what I'm doing and therefore I can work more efficently on fixing it :)[Why tag this]This description paired with a diagram photo stood out to me because it made the photo understandable. When first looking at the diagram i could not tell a difference between a, b , and c. After reading I found out which mixtures were transparent, opaque, and what dissolved into what.[Why tag this text]The spelling of an anatomical term makes a great deal of difference. Something as simple as a single letter change could entirely alter the body part being discussed. Examples of this can be found in later paragraphs. [Why I tagged this]Are the positions of these foraminas constant throughout the population, or can they change? If so, is on position better than the other?[Why tag this]
this explains how tendons and ligaments and muscle origins have such a strong theshold.[General_Do Not Use]
This is interesting because I now know what the process is behind our bodies production and use of vitamin d, and how important it is.[Why I tagged this]so since endothelial cells help make insulin, does that mean someone with diabettes is lacking or has no endothelial cells?[Why tag this text]
How is it possible that bones fuse?[why tag this text?]In pushing a stalled car the pectoralis minor muscle, in paddling a canoe the serratus anterior muscle, in squaring the shoulders the rhombiodeus minor muscle, in lifting the shoulder and lowering the shoulder to carry a heavy object or lift a suitcase the levator scapulae muscle.[Why Tag This]I would like these carbohydrates explained in a simpler way and maybe given some examples. [Why tag this text]so this is how it is treated? what if the treatments don't work?[Why tag this]what causes it exactly?[Why tag this]
In the paragraph above talking about how anatomy is not all uniform I was thinking about my kindergarden [Why I tagged this]
But wouldn't removing amino acids hurt the enzyme?[Why tag this text]
The reason why I tag this, is that this is history i didn't know about. It's Interesting to find out Marie Curie received a Nobel prize for her work. And also that she was the first female in France to get a PH.D.[Why tag this text]So incredible to think the amazing things that maybe possible from the research of stem cells[Why tag this text]When people are lactose intolerant what do they lack in their bodies that causes them to be unable to digest lactose?[Why tag this text]My prior degree is a BA in English from the University of Wisconsin, Madison, and I have also studied the French language for roughly seven years. That being said, I really enjoy the languages and learning vocabulary (to an extent, of course), particularly the English language. That is one of the components of this class that I am really excited about - learning to work more with the English language and it's latin roots. Keeping all of this in mind, I really enjoyed learning this word![Why tag this text]Another way to end a word, except it relates to a non core reason.[Why I tagged this]
I tagged this because I find this to be extremely interesting and after having performed several different dissections on other animals and viewing cadavers (etc) you can actually see this... [Why I tagged this]
A codon correlates to the protein it makes and each protein has approximately 3 codons that could produce it, and just a mismatch in one letter could produce a different protein which terminate cell division or cause cancer.[Why tag this text]
The tissues and organs tht make up the skeletal system are bones, cartilage, tendons and ligaments. Bones protect and support the other organs in the body, cartilage is a connective tissue that is composed of cells and found throughout the body, tendons are a skeletal organ that provides strength as it connects muscles to bones and ligaments are organs that connect bone-to-bone in the skeletal system.[Why I tagged this]This is an incredible drawing, the detail is amazing.[Why I tagged this]so even though all muscles are composed of the same thing they each have different cross sections based on location?[Why tag this]what will happened if the glands release PTH when blood calcium is not low [Why I tagged this]Wow, this is really interesting stuff. I had really underestimated the skin and its importance. I had no idea the extent to which other organ systems were dependent on it nor the extent to which vitamin D was utilized by our bodies. [Why tag this]
so if they are larger in obese people, do they have the ability to return to normal size after losing weight, or is this we obese people have to get the excess skin removed after weight loss?[Why tag this text]What would be an example of denaturation in the human body? What proteins in the human body are prone to denaturation due to change in temperature or pH?[Why tag this text]
This is interesting because I never think about this type of thing when I'm eating. [Why tag this]Negative feedback is 'the process in which the body senses a change and activates mechanisms that negate or reverse it. An example of this is our body maintaining a stable internal enviornment through the analysis of blood temperature. They are then able to react through vasodilation, whose processes 'cool' the body, and vasoconstriction, whose processes 'warm' the body. Negative feedback is especially important in maintaining homeostasis. All though water acts as a stable base and buffer for many external factors, our internal temperatures unless maintained would become casualities to unforgiving outside enviornmental forces. Without the constant probing of temperature stabilizing nerve cells in the brain and the use of vasodilation and vasoconstriction, our bodies couldn't maintain proper internal tempertures; this would gravely affect basic metabolic functions within our cells.[Why I tagged this]
I was shocked by the fact of how much hydrogen our body encompuses in lipids. That being 18x more then the amount of oxygen, and why are lipids in such need of hydrogen?[Why tag this text]How come? Shouldnt it be the opposite. Maybe because of women child bearing.[Why tag this text]These must be very high on the strongest muscle chart.[Why tag this]
the process of breaking down things and making them smaller to digest and consume[Why tag this text]We can use electrons even though no one's ever seen them. Imagine what we could do if we construct a better microscope with even better resolution. We could discover even more microscopic things, learn how they function, and use them for technological purposes as well. It's a cycle it seems like. In order to further technology, we need to make more discoveries.[Why tag this text]Like a potatoe chip, you want salt (sodium) on the outside and potatoe (potassium) on the inside [Why tag this text]Question 3: A Tubular gland is when the duct and the secretory portion are the small in diameter. An example of a tubular gland is the Wber's Gland in the tongue. Acinar gland is where the secretory cells form a dilated sac. An example of a acinar gland is the sebaceous gland.[Why tag this text]
I am having some trouble completely grasping how to recoginize the singular, plural, and adjetival forms of medical terms. Of course, some are obvious as stated in the books (ie. ovary and ovaries). Table 1.2 in the text is helpful but I still had to do a lot of guessing on the Ch.1 quiz. Are there any futher tips on how to recognize the froms or does it just come with increased exposure to medical terminology? [Why I tagged this]Are the collagen fibers stronger than the muscles in the sense that they are able to withstand more contracting and extending?[Why I tagged this]
one[Why tag this text]It is amazing that the human body can withstand extreme temperatures for an extended time period. [Why I tagged this]Introduction of theories to understanding the human body.[Why I tagged this]this is the joint used to raise your arm up, which is used in everyday life and injury would be unfortunate [Why tag this]lets us know what is to be learned in section, and what is needed to know for the quiz[Why tag this]
I do not excel at spelling but considering breaking words in separate parts do help with my spelling and understanding of words. For example, logy means study of so knowing this points you in a right direction.[Why I tagged this]I didn't know that enzyme molecules, were the source for the cells to have life.[Why tag this text]five bones that articulate with the temporal bone[Why tag this]The decomposition reaction category.[General-Do not use]
I wonder which one would heal faster. a stress fracture or a phathological fracture?[Why I tagged this]I always thought that you created more adipose cells as your size increased, it's interesting to find out that you don't gain fat cells, that they just get larger in size.[Why tag this text]Aristotle's arguement regarding complex anatomical structures being comprised of smaller components relates to our current view of human structure. Example of this in descending order of complexity: organism > organ system > organ > tissue > cells > organelle > macromolecule > molecule > atom. (p. 13 Figure 1.7)[Why I tagged this]Doctors once diagnosed disease by tasting the urine of the patient. Diabetes mellitus is characterized by sweet urine. Diabetes insipidus is charaterized by flavorless urine.[Why tag this text]i kind of get it but an not too good with chemistry, can you give a simpler example? Like the one you did with the atoms?[Why tag this text]This makes sense especially because the thoracic cavity is the most important as well as the curvature of this cavity. This is where all the respiratory action happens.[Why tag this]anatomical features of the skeleton[Why tag this]
This is very interesting to me. Since the dermis is the deeper layer of skin, I do not always immediately remember that although it is a deeper layer, it still makes up the Epithetial tissue and is exposed to the environment. I am more so intrigued by the fact that these friction ridges make up our fingerprints. Cells are constantly dying and being replaced, yet our fingerprint remains the same throughout our whole life. How is this possible? [Why tag this text]My father is a dentist, he does a lot of implants at his office. Many times he has to refer patients to oral surgery for different reasons. One of those reasons is some older females take bone replacement/aids like Boniva, these drugs are supposed to aid in helping regrow older, brittle bones and help with osteoporosis, although they oppositely affect the jaw bone where these drugs actually break down the jaw bone and can make it nearly impossible or incredibly dangerous to try and insert an implant. Why do these drugs oppositely effect only the jaw bone area??[Why tag this]Question 3: The octet rule is illustrated by the sharing of electrons through the double bonds formed between the carbon atom and the 2 oxygen atoms. Each oxygen shares 4 electrons and has 4 nonshared electrons to add up to a total of 8 electrons. The carbon atom shares 4 electrons with each oxygen atom for a total of 8 electrons.[Why tag this text]never learned this- it was always polysaccharides if there were 3 or more[Why tag this text]arent most sprains the easiest to heal though?[Why tag this]Van der Waals forces are really weak breif attractions between neutral atoms[Why tag this text]I can't help but relate this to military recruiting-as more men and women are recruited to serve in the armed forces, the stronger the military becomes. So it is the same with more motor units being recruited to create more varying muscle contractions. [Why I Tagged This]Rules of being a colloid: particles range from 1-100nm, cloudy usually, cant pass through selectively permeable membranes, remains mixed though when mixutre stands. [Why tag this text]
Since there is no such thing as a stupid question, I would like to raise a question about the vertebral column. With important blood vessels and nerves running through the foramina in the vertebrae, if the forks of the verterbrae break and damage the foramina, can a person become paralyzed or suffer from severe permanent damage? I know the blood vessels and nerves are damaged directly, damage is done, however, does the foramina play a role in this as well?[Why tag this]
I find this interesting because in swimming the sprinters focus on developing fast-twitch muscles more than slow twitch muscles because our races last as little as 20 seconds.[Why I tagged this]
Nonpolar and Polar Covalent Bonds[General-Do not use]I never realized the importance of phospate in humans. I knew it was needed for plants, but not us.[Why I tagged this]From this picture I can see why certain places in the world have turned to cannibalism in times of need. [Why tag this]What is their job? To just float around?[Why tag this text]It will be helpful if the book gave examples of atoms that have +2 or +3 oxidation states[It will be helpful if the book gave examples of atoms that have +2 or +3 oxidation states]When you are suspected to have a sinus infection, this is the place where doctors usually tap (right beneath your eyes) to see if you have pain or pressure. [Why tag this]
i enjoyed reading this. [Why tag this text]
My daughter was born with a huge port-wine stain that covers her upper chest and left arm. She has had three lacer surgeries to remove it but they have not been very succesful. I was a little dissapointed to learn that they remain for life. I know the book said that birthmarks are usually caused by benign tumors of the blood capilaries, but I would like to know why and how this tumors develop and if heredity has to do something with birthmarks?[Why tag this text]
heavy molecules (proteins) move slower and take longer to move through membranes[General-Do not use]Neuromuscular Junction:Point where a nerve fiber meets its target cell is called a synapse. In muscles it's called the neuromuscular junction. At each synapse the nerve fiber ends in a bulb shaped synaptic knob. The knob has vesicles callled synaptic vessels which are filled with ACh and they release it into the cleft.Basal Lamina separates the muscle fiber and schwann cell from connective tissue. [Why I tagged this]I didn't know that myosin and actin were responsible for the coloring of muscle. I always wondered what caused the differences between the dark and light bands. [Why I taged this]Are most of our spongy bones located in areas that are able to bend and move?[Why tag this]
It surprises me that the lining of the small intestine would be a single layer of cells since those cells would be expose to acid from the stomach even though mucous is excreted by them. That must be some high-powered mucous. [Why tag this text]So this proves that calcium isn't only important for your bones but your muscles as well. Is it true that the more milk we drink the stronger we are? I can relate because my cousin dosen't drink milk and he is very small. But I wonder if that is the real reason.[why I Tagged this]After denaturation, the protein will become inactive and will not be able to carry out any of it's designated tasks like enzyme activities. The protein ends up rupturing and it will also result in the cell dying.[Why tag this text]
Aristotle's philosophy is relevant to our current thinking about human structure because his philosophy was taught by many medical professors of the time and was handed down through the generations. Some of the most well-known medical scholars of the times, like Ibn Sina, studied Galen and Aristotle's work.[Why I tagged this]The plantaris is a weak synergist of the triceps and is absent from many people.[Why Tag This]This picture is easy to understand! [Why tag this]Would the X and Y chormosomes distinguish the thickness of chamber?[Why tag this]This is interesting to me because I dislocated my shoulder and now am limited in rotation but am able to abduct, adduct, elevate, depress, protract, retract, circumduct, supinate, and pronate.[Why tag this]Dr. Petto,There is no respond question for 10.5 as well.-Kaitlynn houghton[Why Tag This]Could it ever terminate before the radial tuberosity[Why tag this]
This image is very good for studying off of to learn the different parts. Also when I'm reading I like to refer back to this image to put the bone or body part function to the picture of where it actually is.[Why tag this]
very odd that we are all human but different ethnicities can have different outcomes of the same disease such as osteoporosis. How come African American women have denser bones than white women?Why that is very strange that young female runners dancer and gymnasts are mostly common to get osteoporosis. when you hear that world the first thing comes to mind ar elderly people. [Why I tagged this]So when your blood pressure reaches its highest peak that's when it ruptures?[Why tag this text]It is essential for healthy blood, bones, and other cells to strive and progress through thier lifecycles[Why I tagged this]
This picture is quite interesting. Depicting the work of Vesalius and his dissections, it is showing the precise work he did with his dissections. It looks like even during this time period, he was working towards perfection of the human anatomy. The metaphor presented in the photo is that a human cadaver is thinking while also holding onto a skull, which is interesting. Another key aspect in the photo is the hyoid bone that is sitting on the table. This is the bone present under the neck by the thyroid cartilage and it is attached by surrounding muscles. [why i tagged this]intrinsic muscles help support; ***remember that they are similar in name and location in comparison to the hands[Why Tag This]
I chose this because I thought it is interesting that in order for the cells to grow and divide normally they have to support each other. The connection is called cell junctions. I cannot believe that they resist stress. It is a very essential function as well. [Why tag this text]This cartilage allows expansion of the chest so people can breath. [Why tag this]Good chart to remember for later. This sums up the points about mixtures and how to distinguish between them. possible test questions?[Why tag this text]It takes more energy for a muscle to relax than to contract. If calcium is not pumped back into the pouches of the cells, the muscle will stay contracted due to the low energy and therefore, the cell's inability to perform it's duties to relax.[Why I Tagged This]
I thought it was interesting when they described how paper burns. I've seen paper burn at bonfires and it's cool to know exactly what is happening to the paper and what is causing it to burn. [Why tag this text]That is interesting i thought that the ribs connected directly to the vertebrae without the superior articular facet or inferior facet.[Why tag this]These are good examples of solutes. Giving examples are helpful for learning and enhances the knowledge of the readers since its using examples the readers can understand or relate to.[Why tag this text]What would be double jointed thumbs? What sort of movement would one call that?[Why tag this]so this is what kills and works against toxings that come through the skin?[Why tag this text]i think this is interesting and somethign i would want to learn more of. do particles bind together on the plasma membrane?[Why tag this text]Helpful way to remember the feature[Why tag this]I believe that one of my cousins had this condition. [Why tag this text]I find this interesting because I know exactly what this feels like. I lift weights and eccentric contraction is often more difficult than concentric contraction. I've also seen more people get hurt during an eccentric contraction. I guess this is due to the fact that the muscles are contracting in the opposite direction that the weight is moving.[Why I Tagged This]Muscle Fiber components:Form follows function. Plasma Membrane:C alled the sarcolemmaCytoplasm: Called the sarcoplasm, mainly filled up by myofibrils, which are protein filaments.There is also lot of glycogen, which is a starchlike carb that provices energy. There is also myglobin, which stores oxygen.Nuclei: Found in the sarcolemma, many of them, they are flattened or sausage shaped. Each myoblast [stem cells] contributes one nucleus. Myoblasts can also remain as satellite cells, which multiply when muscle in injured.Mitochodria: Packed into the spaces between myfibrils.Endoplasmic Reticulum: Called the sarcoplasmic reticulum i the muscle. Forms a network around each myofibril. [Why I taged this]Knowing the bones of the body is important when learning about the human body because the skeletal system is what supports our body, protects our organs, and allows us to move. [Why tag this]Posterior Compartment of Leg: Act on the ankel and foot.Anterior Compartment of the Leg: Flex the ankle and prevent toes from scuffing the ground. Posterior: [Superficial]=Achilles tendon, Plantaris. Deep=Acts on knee?Lateral: Plantar Flex and Evert the foot[Why Tag This]
shows how [Why I tagged this]i would like to learn more why they only go from a high conectration to a low concentration. what happens if it were to be opposite[Why tag this text]My mom had surgery on C6 and the compression of the vertebrae would cause tingling in her arm. Is it because the blood supply was limited in her neck and caused it to affect her arm as well?[Why tag this]Lacrimal Bones: Form the wall of each orbit towards the nose.[Why tag this]what happens to the body when PTH is being over secreted?[Why I tagged this]What does this mean if people do slump? Does this correlate with bad posture? [Why tag this]Dr. Petto,There is no respond question again for 10.3[Why tag this]
Sometimes a clinical diagnosis is clear, just by looking at the physical apprearance. For example, Scoliosis. [Why I tagged this]This would be good to know for our lab section.[why I Tagged this]
This is the first tme I know this, I did not know that xiphoid can cause a stroke to a person which is very dangerous and lead to death or coma sometimes.[Why tag this]This is really interesting. I like how the different aspects of the surgery are described, and how the body heals itsself after the surgery is completed. I really like all the sections of the book where he does this, and its helpful for me to apply what I'm learning to other parts of my life.[Why tag this]
The ligament fills back in but is there any permanent damage to that patellar ligament? That takes a while to heal as well. [Why tag this
What makes a damaged ACL such a serious injury?[Why tag thisI am very familiar with torn acl's i used to play soccer and it was a common injury. My teammate tore hers 2 times in 2 seasons and the healing process is exactly as it says here. Nine months to heal, physical therapy, crutches, surgery.[Why tag thisI know many people who have torn their ACL's and had to undergo surgery. The tears in some of the individuals were worse than those in that of another, but although the injuries differ, they require proper attention and time to heal. I also think the surgery itself and its ability to be repaired is fascinating. It is interesting that eventually, blood vessels and collagen fibers develop due to the grafted ligament, strengthening and healing the knee. [Why tag thisA brief synopsis of ACL surgery. I did not know that they transplated a graft from the knee/hamstring for this.[Why tag this
I know many people who have injured their ACLs, and had this sugery, but have ended up reinjuring their ACL. Could there be a better surgery that would prevent reinjury? Would stem cells be beneficial in this case?[Why tag this
I tagged this because I know a lot of people that have torn their ACL and find it really interesting that this is the method orthopedic surgeons frequently use while repairing such an injury. [Why tag thisThis is an amazing advancement in the surgical repair of damaged ACLs. Before the arthroscopy, surgeons had to damage much more tissue in the process of repair. The less tissue damage, the faster a patient can have normal functioning again. The grafted ligament is just accepted as the replacement for the ACL which is another example of the plasticity of the human body. It adapts to continue to function. [Why tag thisthis also took place in my surgery but it feel that good[Why tag thisBonnie Watson
Sarah Cherkinian
Elizabeth
Emily
Amie Emrys
Jourdan Richardson
Caitlin
Amanda Baxter
Lauren Anthe
Fibroblasts.10 These are large, fusiform cells that often show slender, wispy branches. They produce the fibers and ground substance that form the matrix of the tissue. Macrophages.11 These are large phagocytic cells that wander through the connective tissues, where they engulf and destroy bacteria, other foreign particles, and dead or dying cells of our own body. They also activate the immune system when they sense foreign matter called antigens. They arise from certain white blood cells called monocytes or from the same stem cells that produce monocytes. Leukocytes,12 or white blood cells (WBCs). WBCs travel briefly in the bloodstream, then crawl out through the walls of small blood vessels and spend most of their time in the connective tissues. The two most common types are neutrophils, which wander about attacking bacteria, and lymphocytes, which react against bacteria, toxins, and other foreign agents. Lymphocytes often form dense patches in the mucous membranes.
Fibroblasts.10 These are large, fusiform cells that often show slender, wispy branches. They produce the fibers and ground substance that form the matrix of the tissue. Macrophages.11 These are large phagocytic cells that wander through the connective tissues, where they engulf and destroy bacteria, other foreign particles, and dead or dying cells of our own body. They also activate the immune system when they sense foreign matter called antigens. They arise from certain white blood cells called monocytes or from the same stem cells that produce monocytes. Leukocytes,12 or white blood cells (WBCs). WBCs travel briefly in the bloodstream, then crawl out through the walls of small blood vessels and spend most of their time in the connective tissues. The two most common types are neutrophils, which wander about attacking bacteria, and lymphocytes, which react against bacteria, toxins, and other foreign agents. Lymphocytes often form dense patches in the mucous membranes. Plasma cells. Certain lymphocytes turn into plasma cells when they detect foreign agents. The plasma cells then synthesize disease-fighting proteins called antibodies. Plasma cells are rarely seen except in the walls of the intestines and in inflamed tissue. Mast cells. These cells, found especially alongside blood vessels, secrete a chemical called heparin that inhibits blood clotting, and one called histamine that increases blood flow by dilating blood vessels. Adipocytes (AD-ih-po-sites), or fat cells. These appear in small clusters in some fibrous connective tissues. When they dominate an area, the tissue is called adipose tissue.Fibers Three types of protein fibers are found in fibrous connective tissues: Collagenous (col-LADJ-eh-nus) fibers. These fibers, made of collagen, are tough and flexible and resist stretching. Collagen is the body's most abundant protein, constituting about 25% of the total. It is the base of such animal products as gelatin, leather, and glue.13 In fresh tissue, collagenous fibers have a glistening white appearance, as seen in tendons and some cuts of meat (fig. 5.13); thus, they are often called white fibers. In tissue sections, collagen forms coarse, wavy bundles, often dyed pink, blue, or green by the most common histo logical stains. Tendons, ligaments, and the deep layer of the skin (the dermis) are made mainly of collagen. Less visibly, collagen pervades the matrix of cartilage and bone. Reticular14 fibers. These are thin collagen fibers coated with glycoprotein. They form a spongelike framework for such organs as the spleen and lymph nodes. Elastic fibers. These are thinner than collagenous fibers, and they branch and rejoin each other along their course. They are made of a protein called elastin, whose coiled structure allows it to stretch and recoil like a rubber band. Elastic fibers account for the ability of the skin, lungs, and arteries to spring back after they are stretched. (Elasticity is not the ability to stretch, but the tendency to recoil when tension is released.) Fresh elastic fibers are yellowish and are sometimes called yellow fibers.
Fibroblasts form all fibers?[Why tag this text]Blasts=immature, turn into something. Fibroblasts thus make fibrous cells.[Why tag this textCells of Fibroconnective tissue.Fibroblasts produce the fibers and ground substance that form the matrix of the tissueMacrophages wander through connective tissue and destroy bactera and dying cellsLeukocytes WBC are found in blood and destroy and repel bacteriaPlasma cells synthesize antibodiesMast cells prhibit clotting and enlarge vessels to promote blood flowAdipose is fat[Why tag this textFibroblasts are longer cells that form the matrix[Why tag this textfirst type of cell in fibrous tissue[Why tag this textGive the different cell types of fibrous connective tissue and their function[Why tag this textThe only Fibrous connective Tissue i knew about was Leukocytes. They are the most talked about since they travel through the bloodstream and spend most of their time in the connective tissue. The things i learned after reading this section and what i found interesting was the Macrophages and the Fibroblasts. The Macrophages wander through the tissue and they destroy bacteria. The Fibroblasts produce fiber and are large. [Why tag this textCells are components of fibrous connective tissue. These are the three types of cells in fibrous connective tissue.[Why tag this texttypes of cells of the fibrous connective tissue[Why tag this textHighlighting the entire functions is easier than doing it one by one. I can then study the breakdown of paragraphs and it will help it a deeper understanding of connective tissue. What I like about connective tissue is that it's name gives away what type of tissue it functions as in the body's makeup.[Why tag this textDanielle Henckel
Alexandra Schmit
Stephanie
holly kluge
Sarah Faust
kailey Cortez
Anthony Wheeler
Alyssa Harmes
Lauren Gwidt
The two most urgent considerations in treating a burn patient are fluid replacement and infection control. A patient can lose several liters of water, electrolytes, and protein each day from the burned area.
The two most urgent considerations in treating a burn patient are fluid replacement and infection control. A patient can lose several liters of water, electrolytes, and protein each day from the burned area. As fluid is lost from the tissues, more is transferred from the bloodstream to replace it, and the volume of circulating blood declines. A patient may lose up to 75% of the blood plasma within a few hours, potentially leading to circulatory shock and cardiac arrest?the principal cause of death in burn patients. Intravenous fluid must be given to make up for this loss. A severely burned patient may also require thousands of extra calories daily to compensate for protein loss and the demands of tissue repair. Supplemental nutrients are given intravenously or via gastric tube.
The burns have damaged the nerves involved with pain. [Why tag this]It burned right though the nerve cells, so the body does not recieve a signal that there us something wrong.[Why tag thisI taged this because I do not understand how does the patient lose water, electrolytes, and protein each day from the burned area? I have seen a couple severe burns and I noticed like a thick fluid draining from the burt area but it is not a large amount. [Why tag thistwo most urgent considerations in treating a burn patient and why[Why tag thishow is that possible?[Why tag thisNever would have guessed that the leading cause of death in burn victims in actually that of loss of fluids. [Why tag thisAll that from a burn? I never ever knew that! That is so interesting cause you would think you would just end up with scared skin instead of going into cardiac arrest. Remind me to wear sun screen.[Why tag this
I never knew that a burn victim could lose that much blood plasma so quickly. This just emphasizes how important it is to give the victim fluids immediately. [Why tag thisI have never before heard that burn victims are given more calories to help replenish the protein loss and tissue repair, but it makes perfect sense. Logically, the body would need more nutrients if it's doing more work healing. [Why tag thisThis is important because it shows us how much protein our skin gives us and if it is damaged, we need to take in those proteins on our own.[Why tag thisLeah Hennes
Alma Tovar
Alyssa Harmes
Lauren Anthe
Nicholas Bruno
Melissa
Kayla Cowan
Cassi Malko
Lauren Thiel
They disregarded his advice by not questioning his works and discovering new things that challenged his findings. This applies to me and this book because as a student, I should be looking to discover new things about the body that I did not know, and question the things that I don't think are right. The advice applies to the book, because the book questions all of Galen's discoveries, because of scientists who followed his advice and found out things that he did not know. [Why I tagged this]
The followers of Galen disregared the fact that he was only making assumptions from discoveries and that his findings might not be accurate and might not be the same to humans as to animals. Medical professors, however, ignored his statement and taught his book for 1500 years after. Galens advice applys to me and the book in the sense that discoveries are not always accurate but are always worth noting and exploring. [Why I tagged this
They disregarded Galens advice because after time they became aware of his discoveries being based off of non-human observations. However, they did not question his discoveries for over 1400 years. The advice applies to me and my studies to ensure my practices are always questioning the work being done around me to thoroughly accomplish the task at hand. [Why i tagged thisAdditionally, however, Galen prefaced his work and writing by saying that he, essentially, could most definitely be wrong, that he was not sure of his findings and the extent of their possible application, and that anyone following in his footsteps should scrutinize and question anything conveyed as fact. So as you then said, Matthew, we should read this text and study current beliefs, but not without the awareness that new findings are still constantly being unveiled.[Why I tagged thisGalen's followers disregarded his advice by trusting his own findings and not questioning his work by finding out more on their own. Galen's advice applies to me because there is so much more to learn about A&P and that I should trust myself enough to challange anything that I have read that I may find to be inaccurate.[Why I tagged thisThe followers of Galen disregarded his advice by not questioning and testing out his ideas but rather just going along with it not knowing if Galen's theories and research is fully correct. Galen's advice was to take in your own understanding and observations of things instead of believing every single word he says. How does this apply to me? Well, I for one do believe in my own observations because you can't really just take in on input on things.[Why I tagged this
They took his findings from non-humans assumed as part of human anatomy as dogma. I need to question what is out there instead of assuming it is fact.[Why I tagged thisSo true in that we should question everything and find solid facts backing what we believe instead of assuming from facts that just are somewhat relative[Why I tagged thisThey disregarded Galen's advice because they do not question his knowledge which is based off of observing non human organisms. By not questioning Galen's advice and taking knowledge from Galen stunted the understanding of human anatomy. This applies to me and the book because the book is not always correct; the professor may always not be correct. Future findings and understanding will either reinforce prior knowledge or alter it. [Why I tagged thisThe followers of Galen trusted him 100% giving no thought to possible misinterpretations of his findings of dissecting nonhuman organisms, which there was many after reading furthur into the chapter. Galen's advice applies to myself and the book because we should always be aware of possible wrong information in the book. [Why I tagged thisRachel Larsen
Hauser Joseph Alan
jennifer lassiter
Ashley Wiedmeyer
Sandy C. Yang
Matthew Robert Schmidt
andrew baker
Tou Xiong Thao
Abigail
Anterior (Extensor) Compartment of the Thigh. The anterior compartment of the thigh contains the large quadriceps femoris muscle, the prime mover of knee extension and the most powerful muscle of the body (figs. 10.34 and 10.35). As the name implies, it has four heads: the rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, and vastus intermedius. All four converge on a single quadriceps (patellar) tendon, which extends to the patella, then continues as the patellar ligament and inserts on the tibial tuberosity. (Remember that a tendon usually extends from muscle to bone, and a ligament from bone to bone.) The patellar ligament is struck with a rubber reflex hammer to test the knee-jerk reflex. The quadriceps extends the knee when you stand up, take a step, or kick a ball. One head, the rectus femoris, contributes to running by acting with the iliopsoas to flex the hip in each airborne phase of the leg's cycle of motion. The rectus femoris also flexes the hip in such actions as high kicks, stair climbing, or simply in drawing the leg forward during a stride.
since crossing muscle fibers tend to create a lot of tension, is this why we get a lot of soreness, from those areas being overworked?[why i tagged this]This is my favorite muscle, because it's the strongest! I find it interesting that this muscle is responsible for many things such as being the prime mover for the knee, standing up, taking a step, and kicking a ball.[Why Tag This
The most powerful muscle of the body is located in the anterior portion in the compartment of the thigh. It's also the longest muscle too! [Why Tag ThisThe anterior compartment contrains the most powerful muscle of the body, large quadriceps femoris muscle. [Why Tag ThisThis is the most powerful muscle? I thought it was the tounge? This is something I didn't know. I find it hard to believe that this is the truth for everyone. [Why Tag ThisI feel that this is a very important paragraph because it shows alot of things about the comppaortments in the thigh.[Why Tag ThisThese are the most powerful muscles in the body and serves and prime muscles in movement.[General_Do Not UseSince this is such a large and important muscle, it seems odd that it would connect to the patella, which does not seem all that secure and stable.[Why Tag Thisfour heads of the quadriceps femoris muscle[Why Tag ThisThe actual application of the muscle function helps me to remember them. That way, they are not just a name. [Why Tag ThisKimberly Granada
Sarah
Noelle
Kelly Stahl
Lauren Anthe
Brandon Brandemuehl
Leah Hennes
Alyssa Harmes
Cassi Malko
There are three types of skin cance
There are three types of skin cancer named for the epidermal cells in which they originate: basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma.
There are three types of skin cancer named for the epidermal cells in which they originate: basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma.
There are three types of skin cancer named for the epidermal cells in which they originate: basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma. The three types are also distinguished from each other by the appearance of their lesions39 (zones of tissue injury).
There are three types of skin cancer named for the epidermal cells in which they originate: basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma. The three types are also distinguished from each other by the appearance of their lesions39 (zones of tissue injury).Basal cell carcinoma40 is the most common type. It is the least deadly because it seldom metastasizes, but if neglected, it can severely disfigure the face. It arises from cells of the stratum basale and eventually invades the dermis. On the surface, the lesion first appears as a small, shiny bump. As the bump enlarges, it often develops a central depression and a beaded ?pearly? edge (fig. 6.12a).
Maybe it's because they have more melanin in their skin. [Why tag this]If someone had fair skin and lighter hair they are usually in higher risk to get skin cancer and they could possibly get skin cancer from getting burned often. [Why tag this
basal cell carcinoma, squamus cell carcinoma, and melanoma.[Why tag thisMajor types of skin cancer[Why tag thisi remember learning about this last year in high school[Why tag thisthe three types of skin cancer for epidermal cells[Why tag thisThis is important information to know, everyone should know what to look for in case they get skin cancer.[Why tag thisI did not know that there are 3 different types of skin cancer. I don't know anyone with skin cancer, but it's scary to think that skin cancer happens to about one out of five people in the United States. Our skin helps to protect us, but we also need to protect our skin as well. [Why tag this
Good to know about the three types of skin cancer[Why tag thisthe three distinct different types of skin cancers[Why tag thisGrace
Justin Putterman
Ethan Kelly
Lauren Anthe
Alyssa Harmes
Erin Griph
Kristen
PangJeb Vang
Jelena Ristic
They are relatively harmless when emitted by sources outside the body, but they are very dangerous when emitted by radioisotopes that have gotten into the body. Strontium-90 (90Sr), for example, has been released by nuclear accidents and the atmospheric testing of nuclear weapons. It settles onto pastures and contaminates cow's milk. In the body, it behaves chemically like calcium, becoming incorporated into the bones, where it emits beta particles for years. Uranium and plutonium emit electromagnetic gamma rays, which have high energy and penetrating power. Gamma rays are very dangerous even when emitted by sources outside the body.
Each radioisotope has a characteristic physical half-life
Each radioisotope has a characteristic physical half-life, the time required for 50% of its atoms to decay to a more stable state. One gram of 90Sr, for example, would be half gone in 28 years. In 56 years, there would still be 0.25 g left, in 84
Each radioisotope has a characteristic physical half-life, the time required for 50% of its atoms to decay to a more stable state. One gram of 90Sr, for example, would be half gone in 28 years. In 56 years, there would still be 0.25 g left, in 84 years 0.125 g, and so forth. Many radioisotopes are much longer-lived. The half-life of 40K, for example, is 1.3 billion years. Nuclear power plants produce hundreds of radioisotopes that will be intensely radioactive for at least 10,000 years?longer than the life of any disposal container yet conceived.
Once in the body is there a way to get the alpha and beta particles out or would it just be a matter of having to endure until they decay into a harmless state?[Why tag this text]I found this section interesting because it gave an over view of radiation and then gave an example of how Strontium-90 can emit beta particles in the bones for years. [Why tag this textWow, so one way to getting ride of this would be whenever our bodies grow new skeletal cells?[Why tag this text
where could you find uranium and plutanium? [Why tag this textI'm also in a neuropharmacology and addiction class where we discussed half-lives in terms of various drugs. I thought it was really interesting to learn that most drugs must complete about 6 half-lives to degenerate from our system. This is a bit different from radioisotopes, but interesting nonetheless.[Why tag this text
Is this a form of exponential decay?[Why tag this textbreakdown of radioisotopes[Why tag this textI found this part to be very interesting. It amazes me that a radioisotope can exist for so long without being completely depleted. For atoms to survice for 1.3 billion years without decaying all the way is unfathomable. I am wondering however if there are any outside factors that could chage this decay rate to speed it up or slow it down, or is it set in stone. [Why tag this textQuestion 6: The biological half-life is shorter than its physical half-life because the biological half-life also takes into account loss by radioactivy decay and excretion.[Why tag this textJoshua Collier
Flees Robert John
victor
Kristin Basche
Madeline
Alexandra Schmit
TRAVIS
Sarah Ertl
All mammals have 7 cervical vertebrae, even in the famously long necks of giraffes
All mammals have 7 cervical vertebrae, even in the famously long necks of giraffes.
FIGURE 8
The Vertebral Column.
Someone once told me to remember breakfast, lunch, and dinner in terms of remembering the number of vertebrae per section. I haven't forgotten since![Why tag this]Are the vertebrae much larger in giraffes or is there a lot of space between each vertebrae?[Why tag thisAre the vertibrae in giraffes wider to support the extra length of the spine?[Why tag thisWhat is the evolutionary advantage to only having seven cervical vertebrae for mammals? How many are typical of reptiles or birds? Since we exhibit some vestigial structures during development as a fetus, do all three (mammals, reptiles, and birds) develop the same amount of vertebrae at first?[Why tag thisIs there a reason all mammals have 7 cervical vertabrae?[Why tag thisInteresting that all mammals have the same 7 cervical vertebrae.[Why tag thisThis is really surprising to me that mammals would be so similar in this regard, esspecially since there are so many different variations, like the giraffe.[Why tag thisIt is interesting to be able to see where the different sections of the spine start and end.[Why tag this
shows us the different sections the vertebrae is divided into[Why tag thisaubrey
Andrea
Jacob Balkum
Amie Emrys
Ethan Kelly
Sophie
Stephen Minakian
Kaitlyn Britten
Knowing the sites of disease-producing mutations expands the potential for gene-substitution therapy. This is a procedure in which cells are removed from a patient with a genetic disorder, supplied with a normal gene in place of the defective one, and reintroduced to the body.
Knowing the sites of disease-producing mutations expands the potential for gene-substitution therapy. This is a procedure in which cells are removed from a patient with a genetic disorder, supplied with a normal gene in place of the defective one, and reintroduced to the body.
Knowing the sites of disease-producing mutations expands the potential for gene-substitution therapy. This is a procedure in which cells are removed from a patient with a genetic disorder, supplied with a normal gene in place of the defective one, and reintroduced to the body. The hope is that these genetically modified cells will proliferate and provide the patient with a gene product that he or she was lacking?perhaps insulin for a patient with diabetes or a blood-clotting factor for a patient with hemophilia. Attempts at gene therapy have been marred by some tragic setbacks, however, and still face great technical difficulties that have not yet been surmounted.
I always find it interesting to consider what a world where you could have medicaitons tailored to your specific genetic makeup would be like. Thee would be far less trial and error methodology regarding drug therapies. Especially if there could be a way to combine all your nutritional, as well as preventative and interventional medicinal requirements into a single drug treatment made just for you're genetic composition. [Why tag this text]In a perfect world, would every dose for any medication be matched to the precise levels for any one individual based on a genome scan? I.E. if everyone had a genome scan would we discover that general doses people take now could be drastically more effective than currently prescribed does?[Why tag this textIs this gene therapy using stem cells or already grown cells that are healthly? Also then if this cell is introuduce with a gene that this person was lacking before does the DNA start to code for it and replicate allowing it to grow into a standard cell in the body?[Why tag this text
important introduction to gene therapy[Why tag this text
I would think that gene-substitution therapy is as risky as mixing blood types.[Why tag this text
It is great that science has advanced into where we can use genomic technology and replace normal genes with the defectives ones to cure patients with a disease. How does the body expect the new genes and what effects were found when this didn't work? This whole process reminds me of parents use different genes to create a baby. [Why tag this textThis is interesting to me that they would be able to do this procedure and save people from diseases by knowing their genetic make up.[General-Do not use
Ios this similar to a transfusion?[Why tag this textHow does this procedure work? and is it safe or have any side effects to the body or cells?[Why tag this textThis could be an epidemic curing everybody of disorders by replacing a defective cell with a normal gene. This would mean that the new genes in a person are nothing like their parents. They would have no DNA that is common with their parents causing their offspring to have less in common with their grandparents. I don't think this is right.[Why tag this textAndrea
Justin Rosinski
kay
Roy Lewis
Alyssa Tucker
Erin Griph
Channelle Colbert
Lauren Anthe
Ashley McBain
Lap (squamous)
Lap (squamous) sutures occur where two bones have overlapping beveled edges
Lap (squamous) sutures occur where two bones have overlapping beveled edges, like a miter joint in carpentry
Lap (squamous) sutures occur where two bones have overlapping beveled edges, like a miter joint in carpentry.
Lap (squamous) sutures occur where two bones have overlapping beveled edges, like a miter joint in carpentry. On the surface, a lap suture appears as a relatively smooth (nonserrated) line. An example is the squamous suture between the temporal and parietal bones. The beveled edge of the temporal bone can be seen in figure 8.10b (p. 243).
Lap (squamous) sutures occur where two bones have overlapping beveled edges, like a miter joint in carpentry. On the surface, a lap suture appears as a relatively smooth (nonserrated) line. An example is the squamous suture between the temporal and parietal bones. The beveled edge of the temporal bone can be seen in figure 8.10b (p. 243).Plane (butt) sutures occur where two bones have straight nonoverlapping edges. The two bones merely border on each other, like two boards glued together in a butt joint. This type of suture is seen between the palatine processes of the maxillae in the roof of the mouth.
where you can find serrate sutures[Why Tag This?]Like the tissue-flat and scaly (only in the joint it's nonserrated)[Why Tag This?lap sutures[Why Tag This?
Lap[Why Tag This?what a lap suture is[Why Tag This?This is an interesting comparison. How many people in this class know what a miter joint is?[Why Tag This?does this suture do anything or move?[Why Tag This?here he talks about the squamous suture between the temporal and parietal bones, but he doesnt tie in what we have learned in the histology chapter. why does this specific type of tissue bind together these bones? if the tissue is squamous that means it most likely allows for the passage of fluids... i thought all joints were fused with some kind of cartilage, like the babys skull at birth has fontanelles. The synchondroses joint is bound by hyaline cartilage, which eases joint movement and acts as a precursor to bone in the fetal skeleton. The symphyses joint has fibrocrtilage, which is pecialized for resisting compression. This is ideal for vertabrae because they are compressed throughout the day when we walk.[Why Tag This?
Are these with any bones in the body?[Why Tag This?lap suture appearence and location[Why Tag This?Amie Emrys
Rebecca Teplitz
Alyssa Harmes
Aaron Hersh
Lauren Anthe
Amanda Baxter
Senny Xiong
Why do people say that cutting hair will make it grow faster? Where in the world did that come from.. I alwasy thought that was true. The reason I get a haircute every four weeks. [Why tag this]Well thats a lie I have believed my whole life.[Why tag thisHow did this myth come about and why do people believe it?[Why tag thisRight. But how does pulling hair out affect regrowth? What is lazer hair removal all about?[Why tag thisWhere did these myths come from? I know I have heard all of them at some point in my life. [Why tag thisThis is funny to me because my mom is a hair dresser and she always told me to get a hair cut ever 4 to 6 weeks to make it grow longer. She also said my sisters and I gave her gray hair (from all the stress).[Why tag thisInteresting this is in the book. I have heard all of these this and even though may have suspected them not true. Never actually knew that to be the case[Why tag thisbeliefs that are in fact not correct about hair color and growth [Why tag thiswhat causes the hair to thicken and how fast does the hair turn white?[Why tag thisThis is kind of like the ground hog deal. We grow hair the fastest between the teen years til around 40. Hence why we think if we keep shaving, we have to shave more frequently. Right?[Why tag thislenarch2
Riley Spitzig
Shannon Stinson
Alina Gur
Keira
Nicholas Bruno
Anthony Wheeler
Lauren Anthe
Jerry S Yang
The shoulder is stabilized mainly by the biceps brachii muscle
The shoulder is stabilized mainly by the biceps brachii muscle on the anterior side of the arm
The shoulder is stabilized mainly by the biceps brachii muscle on the anterior side of the arm.
The shoulder is stabilized mainly by the biceps brachii muscle on the anterior side of the arm.
he shoulder is stabilized mainly by the biceps brachii muscle on the anterior side of the arm. One of its tendons arises from the long head of the muscle (see chapter 10), passes through the intertubercular groove of the humerus, and inserts on the superior margin of the glenoid cavity
I did not know that a simple tug on another person's arm could dislocate someone's shoulder. I thought that it took a lot more force or strength to do something so serious to your shoulder.[Why tag this]This is intersting to me that the shoulder joint is so fragile.[Why tag thisI know body builders create a lot stress on their bone/joints because there muscles are constantly flexed, does this increase their risk of dislocation?[Why tag thisThis is suprising that your bicep muscle supports your shoulder, never realized the correlation[Why tag thisWhen you dislocate your shoulder or any other part does it tear some of the muscle?[why tag this text?This shows why my left (dislocated) arm is significantly lower and weaker than my right arm.[Why tag thisWhen you dislocate your shoulder or any other parts does it tear some of the muscle?[why tag this text?What is the main tendon that realeses to dislocate from the body? [Why tag thisstabilizes shoulder[Why tag thisErin Griph
Sarah Kallas
Nick Lund
Anadin Bunic
Megan Perna
Lauren Anthe
Brittany Nycz
Nerve fibers called hair receptors entwine each follicle and respond to hair movements. You can feel their effect by carefully moving a single hair with a pin or by lightly running your finger over the hairs of your forearm without touching the skin.
Each hair has a piloerector muscle?
Each hair has a piloerector muscle?also known as a pilomotor muscle or arrector pili23?a bundle of smooth muscle cells extending from dermal collagen fibers to the connective tissue root sheath of the follicle (see figs. 6.1 and 6.7a). In response to cold, fear, touch, or other stimuli, the sympathetic nervous system stimulates the piloerector to contract, making the hair stand on end and wrinkling the skin in such areas as the scrotum and areola. In other mammals, piloerection traps an insulating layer of warm air next to the skin or makes the animal appear larger and less vulnerable to a potential enemy. In humans, it pulls the follicles into a vertical position and causes ?goose bumps? but serves no useful purpose
In other mammals, piloerection traps an insulating layer of warm air next to the skin or makes the animal appear larger and less vulnerable to a potential enemy. In humans, it pulls the follicles into a vertical position and causes ?goose bumps? but serves no useful purpose.
So when you pluck hair off of your body, is that a bad thing then because it is a nerve fiber?[Why tag this]so im assuming this allows you to feel when the hair is pulled out or moving?[Why tag thisI learned about these receptors in a psych class I took a two semesters ago. They spiral around each individual hair.[Why tag thisImportant in understand how you can feel hair movement, even of dead cells.[Why tag thisIt is insane tha tsomething so small and fragile looking can have its own muscle.[Why tag thisgoosebumps[Why tag this
I remember learning that this feature of our hair , is a vestigial trait left behind by our anestors[Why tag thisisnt this what causes goose pumps[Why tag this
Does this also happen to our hair on our scalp? If so, does it not stand erect because it is too heavy and long?[Why tag thisInteresting to read about how piloerection traps are used to help and protect others mammals to make their appears bigger, while for humans they serve no purpose.[Why tag thisLauren Anthe
Kristin Basche
Ethan Kelly
lenarch2
Jelena Ristic
shelby bourdo
Kasey Kallien
he distal end of the humerus has two smooth condyles. The lateral one, called the capitulum53 (ca-PIT-you-lum), is shaped like a wide tire and articulates with the radius. The medial one, called the trochlea54 (TROCK-lee-uh), is pulleylike and articulates with the ulna. Immediately proximal to these condyles, the humerus flares out to form two bony processes, the lateral and medial epicondyles. The medial epicondyle protects the ulnar nerve, which passes close to the surface across the back of the elbow. This epicondyle is popularly known as the ?funny bone? because striking the elbow on the edge of a table stimulates the ulnar nerve and produces a sharp tingling sensation. Immediately proximal to the epicondyles, the margins of the humerus are called the lateral and medial supracondylar ridges. These are attachments for certain forearm muscles.The distal end of the humerus also shows three deep pits: two anterior and one posterior. The posterior pit, called the olecranon (oh-LEC-ruh-non) fossa, accommodates a process of the ulna called the olecranon when the elbow is extended. On the anterior surface, a medial pit called the coronoid fossa accommodates the coronoid process of the ulna when the forearm is flexed. The lateral pit is the radial fossa, named for the nearby head of the radius.
Studying and applying these terms in lab has helped me to remember them while doing readings. I find that, for me, application is the key in remembering things. It is helpful to read about things, discuss them in lecture, and then have these things reinforced through the hands-on nature of lab.[Why tag this]dissection of the humerus: anterior and posterior[Why tag thisAre these the bones that make up that bump on the wrist?[Why tag this This is interesting to me because I actually had to see a physician about a constant tingling/ falling asleep feeling in my left hands pinky and ring finger. I later found out that it was my ulnar nerve that has been pinched and inflammed due to my constant resting position of my arm on it.[Why tag thisWhat happens if the medial epicondyle is fractured and the ulnar nerve is exposed or moved? Does it then always feel like you hit your [Why tag thisI never know why they called the epicondyle the funny bone, because when I hit my funny bone it is nothing funny about it. It pain happens so quick you have to stop what you are doing until the pain stops.[Why tag thisI hate when I hit my funny bone! I feel tingling all throughout my arms and it stings to where I don't want to move my arm at all. I hate it!!!
I have always called it the [Why tag thisI once fractured my elbow, tore the ligament, and strained my nerve in gymnastics. I still till this day wake up and my arm is stiff stuck in the L position I slept with it as. I have to slowly move it back to the straight position and it tingles. I wonder if this could have anything to do with it. [Why tag thisMy brother slammed his elbow in a car door and cried for hours because he fractured the joint and the funny bone feeling wouldn't go away.[Why tag thisAlyssa Harmes
Cassi Malko
Danny Duong
lenarch2
chanel
Kaitlynn
Dee Lor
Kelly Stahl
Sarah Kallas
Inclusions
Inclusions are of two kinds: accumulated cell products such as glycogen granules, pigments, and fat droplets (see fig. 3.28b), and foreign bodies such as viruses, bacteria, and dust particles and other debris phagocytized by a cell. Inclusions are never enclosed in a unit membrane; and unlike the organelles and cytoskeleton, they are not essential to cell survival.The major features of a cell are summarized in table 3.4.
I've heard about them but i didn't know what they are [Why tag this text]cell products such as glycogen granules, pigments, and fat droplets, and foreign bodies such as viruses, bacteria, and dust particles.[General-Do not useInclusions are the various particles and invasive particles that are located in the cell.[Why tag this textTwo kinds of inclusions to take note of: accumulated cell products and foreign bodies. they are not essential to cell survival
These need to be distinguished from organelles. They don't exist to help the cell function. I have gotten inclusions sometimes confused with organelles when looking under the microscope.[Why tag this textWhen viruses fall inside of the inclusions do they attck the cell? ANd how do the viruses get into the inclusions in the first place? This is very interesting to me and I would like to find out more about it.[Why tag this textSince fat is resistant to water, and our bodies are mostly made of water, why are fat droplets found in our bodies at all? Is there anything that fat is attracted to?[Why tag this textRachel Feivor
Michael Franzini
Stephanie
Sarah Ertl
Melissa Gile
Mia Breidenbach
Nadin
Alyssa Harmes
Caitlin
Areolar15 (AIR-ee-OH-lur) tissue
Areolar15 (AIR-ee-OH-lur) tissue exhibits loosely organized fibers, abundant blood vessels, and a lot of seemingly empty space.
Areolar15 (AIR-ee-OH-lur) tissue exhibits loosely organized fibers, abundant blood vessels, and a lot of seemingly empty space. It possesses all six of the aforementioned cell types. Its fibers run in random directions and are mostly collagenous, but elastic and reticular fibers are also present.
Areolar15 (AIR-ee-OH-lur) tissue exhibits loosely organized fibers, abundant blood vessels, and a lot of seemingly empty space. It possesses all six of the aforementioned cell types. Its fibers run in random directions and are mostly collagenous, but elastic and reticular fibers are also present. Areolar tissue is highly variable in appearance
Areolar15 (AIR-ee-OH-lur) tissue exhibits loosely organized fibers, abundant blood vessels, and a lot of seemingly empty space. It possesses all six of the aforementioned cell types. Its fibers run in random directions and are mostly collagenous, but elastic and reticular fibers are also present. Areolar tissue is highly variable in appearance.
Areolar15 (AIR-ee-OH-lur) tissue exhibits loosely organized fibers, abundant blood vessels, and a lot of seemingly empty space. It possesses all six of the aforementioned cell types. Its fibers run in random directions and are mostly collagenous, but elastic and reticular fibers are also present. Areolar tissue is highly variable in appearance. In many serous membranes, it looks like Figure 5.14, but in the skin and mucous membranes, it is more compact (see fig. 5.8) and sometimes difficult to distinguish from dense irregular connective tissue.
Areolar15 (AIR-ee-OH-lur) tissue exhibits loosely organized fibers, abundant blood vessels, and a lot of seemingly empty space. It possesses all six of the aforementioned cell types. Its fibers run in random directions and are mostly collagenous, but elastic and reticular fibers are also present. Areolar tissue is highly variable in appearance. In many serous membranes, it looks like Figure 5.14, but in the skin and mucous membranes, it is more compact (see fig. 5.8) and sometimes difficult to distinguish from dense irregular connective tissue. Some advice on how to tell them apart is given after the discussion of dense irregular connective tissue
I found this part questioning. Although white blood cells do have a very important role in attacking bacteria and toxins, why is it that the most deadly foreign invadors are not fought off by white blood cells. More importantly, why are some people born with so few of them? Is it genetics? Clearly, people need white blood cells. However, its strange that they do not matter when it comes to certian bacteria.[Why tag this text]Aereolar:Loose type, lots of blood vessels, random fibersFound under epithelial cells, surrounding blood vessels/nerves/esophagus/trachea. In visceral layers of pericardiumIt binds epithelia to deeper tissues, allows passage of nerves and blood vessels[provide nutrients and waste removal] through other tissues[Why tag this texthow to distinguish areolar tissue. subinut of loose connective tissue.[Why tag this textDefinition of areolar tissue: loosely organzied fibers, abundant blood vessels, and lots of seemingly empty space.[Why tag this textDefines the Areolar as a type of loose connective tissue.[Why tag this textIt explains areolar tissue[Why tag this textdefinition of areolar tissue[Why tag this textQuestion 4: Areolar tissue has lossely organized fibers, a large amount of blood vessels and appears to have a lot of empty spaces. This empty or clear space helps to distinguish the areolar tissue from other types of tissue.[Why tag this textAreolar tissue: loosely organized fibers and possess all six cell types. (Also describes Areolar tissue and its appearance)[Why tag this text
Knowing how the different types of connective tissue fibers run through the tissue will help distinguish their function and how to differentiate while looking at them.[Why tag this textDanielle Henckel
Mia Breidenbach
Stephanie
Brandon Brandemuehl
TRAVIS
Alyssa Harmes
Sarah Ertl
Anthony Wheeler
Alyssa Kaschinske
I didnt realize how delicate this bone was, pretty much any sort of damage can seriously affect some type of function. [Why tag this]injury to the ethmoid bone[Why tag thisI chose this because I had broken my nose 2 times and never got it checked out because I am afraid of the doctor. My friend and I were playing basketball and he held the ball close to the ground with his head down and I had gone for it and he went up and fit my nose. It immediately started bleeding and swelling. My nose is definately broken. Idk if I had broken my ethmoid bone or my nasal bone. Later on in life I will be getting nose surgery. [Why tag this
The ethmoid holds the nose together but it is not very strong and can be broken easily if something was to sharply hit it. If broken, the pieces could send some of the bones toward the brain and may cause leakage and infection. It could also ruin the sense of smell which is important to a person.[Why tag thisIs this why some people in self defense or the military may use techiniques that involve an upward blow to the nose to either kill or incapacitate someone?[Why tag thisWhat makes the ethmoid bone so delicate? Does the porous structure of the ethmoid bone that was discussed earlier cause it to shatter easily? I have heard of people dieing from the ethmoid bone lodging itself in their brain and or losing their sense of smell. [Why tag thisThe ethmoid bone can be ruptured easily and if it takes on too much pressure, it can cause major injuries and problems[Why tag thisI found it interesting how easily the ethmoid bone can be injured and how it can damage the sense of smell and taste. [Why tag thisIs the ethmoid bone the bone that causes a deviated septum?[Why tag this
So getting a bad injury to the nose is actually a very serious thing that should get checked out?[Why tag thisAlyssa Harmes
Jenna
Linda Xiong
Danny Duong
Jonathan Rooney
Anthony Wheeler
Kristen
Brianna Brugger
Awlareau
Intermediate filaments (8?10 nm in diameter) are thicker and stiffer than microfilaments. They give the cell its shape, resist stress, and participate in junctions that attach cells to their neighbors.
Intermediate filaments (8?10 nm in diameter) are thicker and stiffer than microfilaments. They give the cell its shape, resist stress, and participate in junctions that attach cells to their neighbors. In epidermal cells, they are made of the tough protein keratin and occupy most of the cytoplasm. They are responsible for the strength of hair and fingernails.
I tagged this because how injuries heal is something that really interests me. I may be planning on becoming a physical therapist and therefore I enjoy learning about the way injuries heal[Why tag this text]so in other words it plays an important role to the body without it our muscles wouldn't work, our immune system wouldn't function and we couldn't heal our wounds[Why tag this textSo when cancer cells metastasize, is it really an actin disorder and not uncontrollable metastasis?[Why tag this textI never knew that actin plays a crucial role. This is the first time I have heard about it and I didn't really know that it was wound healing. I think that one of the biggest is muscle contraction because if it didn't play a role in muscle contraction then when the muscles couldn't contract and we would basically not be able to move at all and would eventually die. [Why tag this textDefintion of intermediate filament[Why tag this textI must have very weak intermediae filaments! I always try to grow my nails and they are so thin and weak and always break[Why tag this text
Are these filaments only found in hair and fingernails? Can these filaments be elsewhere and joined with other filaments? Do microfilaments and intermediate filaments join together any any places and does one become more dominant thatn the other?[Why tag this textIntermediate filaments are important because they give the cell its shape and that is what determines the type of cell. Also responsible for the strength of your hair and fingernails.[Why tag this textwhy are they the ones that give the cell its shape?[Why tag this textintermediate filaments - description and function[Why tag this textLauren Anthe
Cassi Malko
Grace
Stephanie
Kaitlynn
Lindsay Orgas
Nicholas Bruno
Alyssa Harmes
None of this is meant to imply that humans evolved from monkeys or apes?a common misconception about evolution that no biologist believes.
None of this is meant to imply that humans evolved from monkeys or apes?a common misconception about evolution that no biologist believes.
None of this is meant to imply that humans evolved from monkeys or apes?a common misconception about evolution that no biologist believes. Monkeys, apes, and humans do, however, share common ancestors. Our relationship is not like parent and child, but more like cousins who have the same grandparents.
None of this is meant to imply that humans evolved from monkeys or apes-a common misconception about evolution that no biologist believes. Monkeys, apes, and humans do, however, share common ancestors. Our relationship is not like parent and child, but more like cousins who have the same grandparents.
None of this is meant to imply that humans evolved from monkeys or apes?a common misconception about evolution that no biologist believes. Monkeys, apes, and humans do, however, share common ancestors. Our relationship is not like parent and child, but more like cousins who have the same grandparents. Observations of monkeys and apes provide insight into how primates adapt to the arboreal habitat and therefore how certain human adaptations probably originated.
None of this is meant to imply that humans evolved from monkeys or apes?a common misconception about evolution that no biologist believes. Monkeys, apes, and humans do, however, share common ancestors. Our relationship is not like parent and child, but more like cousins who have the same grandparents. Observations of monkeys and apes provide insight into how primates adapt to the arboreal habitat and therefore how certain human adaptations probably originated.Walking Upright
None of this is meant to imply that humans evolved from monkeys or apes-a common misconception about evolution that no biologist believes. Monkeys, apes, and humans do, however, share common ancestors. Our relationship is not like parent and child, but more like cousins who have the same grandparents. Observations of monkeys and apes provide insight into how primates adapt to the arboreal habitat and therefore how certain human adaptations probably originated.Walking Upright
they do not want you thinking we evolved from monkeys they wanted us to understand that we chare a history of having closely related ancestors[Why I tagged this]Pretty much my reasoning for my 2nd anotation of this section[Why I tagged thisThis is interesting to me because I was under the assumption that this belief was quite common amont evolutionists. [Why I tagged thisThis is an important distinction in understanding how we evolved which also discredits the criticisms of evolution and those who may be offended by their misunderstanding of our ancestors.[Why I tagged thisThis is really interesting to me! All through middle school and high school biology I have been taught that we had evolved directly from primates. I had difficulty believe it for several reasons. It makes more sense to me now that we are like cousins and have descended from a similar ancestor.[Primate AncestorsFrom just looking at a monkey they look closest to humans so i can see how it is thought that was started as one[Why I tagged thishumans and apes related- not evolved from[Why I tagged this
I do not believe in evolution and I like how in this section it explains that biologist dont necessarily believe it either which is nice because it backs up religion[Why I tagged thisHow is Homo sapiens difficult to define?[Why I tagged thisI used to think that evolotion means that we evolved from monkeys and now i read this i realized i was totally wrong! because this is one of the misconception of evolution. in fact monkeys and humans shared the same ancestor somehow from long long time ago ) [Why I tagged thisBrendan Semph
Alina Gur
Sophie
Gina Erato
Sami
Corianne
Jeremy
Maisey Mulvey
lujain
FlagellaFlagella There is only one functional flagellum14 (fla-JEL-um) in humans?the whiplike tail of a sperm. It is much longer than a cilium and has an identical axoneme, but between the axoneme and plasma membrane it also has a complex sheath of coarse fibers that stiffen the tail and give it more propulsive power. A flagellum does not beat with power and recovery strokes like those of a cilium, but in a more undulating, snakelike or corkscrew fashion. It is described in further detail on page 1054.
There is only one functional flagellum14 (fla-JEL-um) in humans-the whiplike tail of a sperm.
There is only one functional flagellum14 (fla-JEL-um) in humans?the whiplike tail of a sperm. It is much longer than a cilium and has an identical axoneme, but between the axoneme and plasma membrane it also has a complex sheath of coarse fibers that stiffen the tail and give it more propulsive power. A flagellum does not beat with power and recovery strokes like those of a cilium, but in a more undulating, snakelike or corkscrew fashion. It is described in further detail on page 1054.Before You Go On
Flagella:Only one functioning one in humans, the tail of sperm[Why tag this text]There is a urban legend that our tail bone is a result of the flagella of the sperm that [Why tag this textThat's interesting because flagella has almost the same function as cilia[Why tag this textWithout cell membrane there will be no boundaries in any cell.[Why tag this text
I annotated this section of the text because I apparently didn't know this. When reading this, I had to read the statement aloud because it didn't make sense to me, and my roommate made me feel foolish for not knowing. I suppose I knew the answer, but didn't really think about it that in depth.[Why tag this text
most cells have more than one function. [Why tag this textAre there other, non-functional falgella in humans?[Why tag this textI wonder what makes sperm so special that it has the only functional flagellum found in humans. [Why tag this textwhat flagella is and its function[Why tag this textAmanda Fitzmaurice
lujain
Allyson Tetzlaff
krista
Sarah Hudson
Kristen Grzeca
Melissa Gile
Alyssa Harmes
Despite the complexity of this process, each DNA polymerase works at an impressive rate of about 100 base pairs per second.
Despite the complexity of this process, each DNA polymerase works at an impressive rate of about 100 base pairs per second.
Despite the complexity of this process, each DNA polymerase works at an impressive rate of about 100 base pairs per second. Even at this rate, however, it would take weeks for one polymerase molecule to replicate even one chromosome. But in reality, thousands of polymerase molecules work simultaneously on each DNA molecule, and all 46 chromosomes are replicated in a mere 6 to 8 hours.
New nucleosomes are formed when new DNA wraps around new histones formed.[Why tag this text]
I found 100 base pairs/second was pretty awesome and fast.[Why tag this text
its impressive that something complex can replicate that faast[Why tag this text
This is crazy that it can do all of this, in that amount of time and speed. [Why tag this textThe body generally works in seconds at the microscopic level - at least from what we've learned so far. Six to eight hours seems like a really long time for the body to complete a process, specifically chromosome replication.[Why tag this textCan't you get a test done to get your [Why tag this textConsidering the fast rate, it is astounding how long it still takes to replicate just one chromosome. [Why tag this textAlthough the replication process is extremely complex, a DNA polymerase can produce approx. 100 base pairs per second!![Why tag this textIt is amazing how DNA plymerase can copy all the DNA in a cell in just 6 to 8 hours! replicating 3.1 billioin nucleotides in this amount of time is hard to comprehend how fast DNA polymerase work! (100 base pairs a second) This is interesting to me because how fast this process is done.[Why tag this textWow this is very interesting! As I was reading the text above this one I highlighted, I wondered to myself how long would it take to do this all?? because of its complexity. Now my question is answered, which is 6 to 8 hours! So it takes 6 to 8 hours for DNA to replicate and after its done replicating, a cell can divide? Am I correct?[Why tag this textDavid
eric voelker
Ripley
Cody Andrews
Becky Fleck
Madeline
Michael Franzini
Riley Spitzig
Kaitlynn
What causes them to be weak or not there at all?[Why tag this]three of them, called the glenohumeral ligaments, are reatively weak and sometimes even absent. Te other two are the caracohumeral ligament, which extends fromt he coracoid process of the scapular to the greater tubercle of the humerus and the transverse humeral ligament, which extends from the greater to the lesser tubercle of the humerus and forms a tunnel houseing the tendon from the long head of the biceps.[Why tag thisDoes that make the joint alot weaker when it is missing those ligaments?[Why tag this
Why would they be absent? Would it be considered to be genetic if they were missing?[GeneralIf there are 5 priniciple ligaments that support this joint, then how can 3 of them be absent?! and why would they be absent?[Why tag thisFive principal ligaments of the shoulder joint[Why tag thisWHy are they weak? is there ever a time when the weak are stonger then the strong ligaments?[Why tag thisThis is very interesting.[Why tag thisFor the glenohumeral ligaments, if they are absent does that mean that you are more likely to dislocate your shoulder then?[Why tag thisWhy would they be absent? What gives people this trait?[Why tag thisRachel Feivor
Erin Griph
Christina
Kristofer Schroeckenthaler
Kaela Tjugum
lenarch2
Lauren Anthe
Joe Nimm
Maisey Mulvey
Glycogen19 is an energy-storage polysaccharide made by cells of the liver, muscles, brain, uterus, and vagina
Glycogen19 is an energy-storage polysaccharide made by cells of the liver, muscles, brain, uterus, and vagina.
Glycogen19 is an energy-storage polysaccharide made by cells of the liver, muscles, brain, uterus, and vagina. It is a long branched glucose polymer (fig. 2.18). The liver produces glycogen after a meal, when the blood glucose level is high, and then breaks it down between meals to maintain blood glucose levels when there is no food intake. Muscle stores glycogen for its own energy needs, and the uterus uses it in pregnancy to nourish the embryo.
The liver produces glycogen after a meal, when the blood glucose level is high, and then breaks it down between meals to maintain blood glucose levels when there is no food intake. Muscle stores glycogen for its own energy needs, and the uterus uses it in pregnancy to nourish the embryo.
Carbohydrates: Formed on the base unit of CH2O. Carbs have a 2:1 ration of hydrogen to oxygen. Monosaccharides are the simplest of carbs, they are the simple sugars [glucose, fructose and galactose]Disacharrides are sugars made of two monosaccharides, they include sucrose [glucose+fructose], lactose [glucose+galactose], and maltose [glucose+glucose].Polysaccharides=giant, generally 50+monosacharrides. Important ones=glycogen, starch and cellulose. Gylcogen: Energy storage poly, made by cells of the liver, muscles, brain, uterus and vagina [?].Starch: Energy storage poly of plants.Cellulose: Structural poly, used in cell walls of plants.Cannot be digested. Carbs are the main source of energy. Glucose is oxidized to make ATP. Carbs are oten conjugated [covalently bonded] to proteins and lipds, like glycoproteins and glycolipids. [Why tag this text]Important to recognize glycogen as an energy storage polysaccharide. Muscle stores glycogen for own needs, uterus uses it to nourish embryo, and liver uses it to maintain glucose levels[Why tag this textWhy would the vagina produce glycogen?[Why tag this textDefinition of glycogenWhere it is madeWhat it is used for [Why tag this textanother type of carb called glycogen is defined and described here.[General-Do not useInteresting to know where glycogen comes from and how the different parts of the body put it to use.[General-Do not useSo glycogen is solely to produce blood sugar? So people that have diabetes does it mean that their body doesn't produce enough glycogen?[Why tag this textIs glycogen what effects people with diabetes? I understand they have to take insulin but is this what the insulin is helping or trying to take care of?[Why tag this text
Is this why after you eat, you can go for so long without wanting to eat again because your body is going to maintain your blood glucose level for you? Then you don't have to worry about constantly eating and and getting your energy up. Your liver makes glycogen, which does that for you. [Why tag this textfor persons that are effected by eating disorders, how can their glycogen levels be affected from not eating or purging food?[Why tag this textStephanie
Kristin Basche
Anthony Wheeler
lenarch2
Erin Griph
Kenyetta
shelby
Samantha
Elizabeth
Why should medical students study more than one cadaver?Page 3
thats crazy![Why I tagged this]It is important for medical students to study more than one cadaver because only 70% of people have similar anatomical features. The other 30% are born with abnormalities. An example of this would be if someone was born with 1 kidney instead of 2, or if someone had a physcial defect such as clubbed foot.[Why I tagged thisI think we should study more than one cadaver because some humans may have malfunctions in their bodies, or simple differences than others. Each person is different. [Why I tagged thisGood question. The answer to this question became clearer to me towards the end of the chapter.***That is to say... I now know organs placement can differ drastically between two people (possibly). Also, no two bodies on earth are the same.[Why I tagged thisThey should study more than one cadaver because every person is different. One cadaver may have abnormalities or differences in structure than another. [GeneralBy studying more than just one cadaver, students can learn about and account for variances between human patients and their anatomical structures. For instance, they can learn the difference between an average sized aorta in the cardiac system as opposed to an enlarged aorta and what difficulties may come of that condition in a patient. [GeneralIt's essential for students to study more than one cadaver because not everyone has the same internal body. One cadaver may be able to show the student a tumor growing while another cadaver could show a abnormality of the heart. Studying different cadavers allow for students to expand their knowledge hands on. [Why I tagged thisSome people might have abnormalites which could be mistaken as normal if the student only use one cadaver as a reference.[Why I tagged thisBecause that one cadaver could be sick which would give us the wrong idea. The more studies, the better.[Why I tagged thisEverybody is different. There is a standard but medical students have to understand that not every interal structure will look exactly the same. This is also a way to study and problems or disease etc. that of course not body will have.[Why I tagged thisPetra Stevanovic
Jelena Ristic
Justin Morgan
Jourdan Richardson
Alina Gur
Abigail
Matthew Robert Schmidt
Sami
Bonnie Watson
Our evolutionary relationship to other species is also important in choosing animals for biomedical research.
Our evolutionary relationship to other species is also important in choosing animals for biomedical research.
Our evolutionary relationship to other species is also important in choosing animals for biomedical research. If there were no issues of cost, availability, or ethics, we might test drugs on our close living relatives, the chimpanzees, before approving them for human use. Their genetics, anatomy, and physiology are most similar to ours, and their reactions to drugs therefore afford the best prediction of how the human body would react.
Our evolutionary relationship to other species is also important in choosing animals for biomedical research. If there were no issues of cost, availability, or ethics, we might test drugs on our close living relatives, the chimpanzees, before approving them for human use. Their genetics, anatomy, and physiology are most similar to ours, and their reactions to drugs therefore afford the best prediction of how the human body would react. On the other hand, if we had no kinship with any other species, the selection of a test species would be arbitrary; we might as well use frogs or snails. In reality, we compromise. Rats and mice are used extensively for research because they are fellow mammals with a physiology similar to ours, but they present fewer of the aforementioned issues than chimpanzees or other mammals do. An animal species or strain selected for research on a particular problem is called a model?for example, a mouse model for leukemia.
A reason to study our history.[Why I tagged this]We will be dissecting pigs, because our evolutionary relationship to them is strong, so comparing their anatomy to ours is pretty easy.[Why I tagged thisImportance of medical research on animals and other species to help contribute to our increased knowledge of the human species.[Why I tagged thisThrough evolution we have realized that our human structures are very similar to animal structures. This has allowed us to carry out testing on animals[Why I tagged thisUsing animals that have similar structures to use will help us to develop new drugs or insights about humans[Why I tagged thisChimpanzee's are very expensive animals to be tested on and they are rare species. Cannot take the risk of extinction.[Why I tagged this
I find this important because by learning what animals have a close anatomy to ours we are then able to study their anatomy and learn more about ours. Also we are then able to see what things affect their body and see how it would affect our body.[Why I tagged thisIts interesting that even though we are most similar to chimps, we use mice and rats to test products due to the cost and the moral restraint of using chimps[Why I tagged thisanother crazy example of how different we look but yet are so similar to mice and rats.[Why I tagged thisMia Breidenbach
Lauren Gwidt
Jonathan Rooney
Sami
Jelena Ristic
sarah
Brendan Semph
Flees Robert John
Fibrous connective tissue
Fibrous connective tissue is the most diverse type
Fibrous connective tissue is the most diverse type.
Fibrous connective tissue is the most diverse type. It is also called fibroconnective tissue or connective tissue proper. Nearly all connective tissues contain fibers, but the tissues considered here are classified together because the fibers are so conspicuous.
Fibrous connective tissue is the most diverse type. It is also called fibroconnective tissue or connective tissue proper. Nearly all connective tissues contain fibers, but the tissues considered here are classified together because the fibers are so conspicuous. Fibers are, of course, just one component of the tissue, which also includes cells and ground substance
Fibrous connective tissue is the most diverse type. It is also called fibroconnective tissue or connective tissue proper. Nearly all connective tissues contain fibers, but the tissues considered here are classified together because the fibers are so conspicuous. Fibers are, of course, just one component of the tissue, which also includes cells and ground substance.
fibers are conspicuous[Why tag this text]most diverse type[Why tag this textfibrous connective tissue is the most diverse because the tissues have fibers that are conspicuous.[Why tag this textReading the below coponect of fibrous connective tissue I see that there are alot of cells that prevent bacterial infection and it brought me to wonder. Is this what is laid down over a cut that eventually formes into scare tissue?[Why tag this textEven though all connective tissues have fiber, fibrous tissues are conspicuos seperating them from the others[Why tag this textFibrous connective tissue are unique in that they are the most diverse type of tissue. Key trait is that the fibers are so conspicuous[Why tag this textLeads up to the components underneath and gives a good explination.[Why tag this textAfter reading this entire section on fibrous connective tissues I found how important they really are. There are many different components of the tissue including multiple types of cells, and various types of fibers.[Why tag this textthe tissues have different types of fibers that help distinguish what the main purpose of that type of tissue is. [Why tag this textmainly all connective tissue contains fiber [Why tag this textholly kluge
lindsay krueger
Justin Rosinski
Brittany Nycz
Stephanie
lenarch2
Lauren Thiel
Alyssa Kaschinske
Even slight changes in blood calcium concentration can have serious consequences. A calcium deficiency is called hypocalcemia30 (HY-po-cal-SEE-me-uh). It causes excessive excitability of the nervous system and leads to muscle tremors, spasms, or tetany?the inability of the muscle to relax. Tetany begins to occur as the plasma Ca2+ concentration falls to 6 mg/dL. One sign of hypocalcemia is strong spasmodic flexion of the wrist and thumb and extension of the other fingers, called the Trousseau31 sign?often induced by the inflation of a blood pressure cuff putting pressure on the brachial nerve. At 4 mg/dL, muscles of the larynx contract tightly, a condition called laryngospasm, which can shut off airflow and cause suffocation.
when might it be needed?[Why I tagged this]This is a very scary thought to lose the ability to control our muscles. If calcium deficiency is this scary, what other complication could arise if there was an excess amount of calcium in the human body?[Why I tagged thiswith a calcium deficiency the muscles could spasm and possibly cause suffocation.[General_Do Not UseHow quickly does the body detect to a decrease or increase of blood calcium concentration and how quickly is it able to fix it?[Why I tagged thisA deficiency of calcium is called hypocalcemia and it causes excitabilitiy of the nervous system, muscle spasms and the inability to relax or tetany.[Why I tagged thisThis is very intersting to me because as someone who is lactose intolerant I have a calcium deficiency and do not always take my calcium pills.[Why I tagged this
This is pretty scary to not having enough calcium in your body, does this frequenly happen to most males or females?[Why I tagged thisIf an adolescent is lactose intolerant, would they be more likely to experience hypocalcemia due to the demand of their growing body and the lack of absoption of calcium, proteins, and fats?[Why I tagged thisMost people associate calcium deficiency with weak bones. Even in Nutrition class we talked mostly about the effects of calcium on bone strength. However I also believe it is important to recognize the different roles calcium has in the body and different risk factors invloved with a lack of calcium in the body. [Why I tagged thisThis is good to know and definitely explains the random pulsations I've been experiencing in my side, eyebrow, and leg. I will definitely take calcium supplements. If your leg or arm randomly spazzes at night while you're sleeping, does that indicate low levels of calcium, or is it just caused by overworked muscles?[Why I tagged thisDanny Duong
Brandon Brandemuehl
Joseph Skarlupka
Michael Franzini
Jessica Ryback
Xenyen
Jacob Balkum
Alina Gur
Christina Colarossi
2. Name the method that would be used for each of the following: listening to a patient for a heart murmur; studying the microscopic structure of the liver; microscopically examining liver tissue for signs of hepatitis; learning the blood vessels of a cadaver; and performing a breast self-examination.
The difference between anatomy and physiology is that anatomy is the study of the structure and physiology is the study of the function. Both go hand by hand since the structure enables the function and the ability of the function depends on the structure. [Why I tagged this]The difference between anatomy and physiology is that anatomy is the outlook of the body. For example you can say anatomy is like the outline of the body, hence anatomy is the study and going into the structures of the body itself. Physiology means the actual functions of the body parts. It's also the study of the different types of functions. In other words you can say that anatomy is the outside body and physiology is the inside of the body (the deeper context).[Why I tagged this
Anatomy is the study of the different names of parts in the body and their locations. Physiology is the study of how these parts work and function. Without anatomy, physiology would be meaningless and without physiology, anatomy would be irrelevant and unimportant. [Why I tagged thisAnatomy is the study of the body's structure and how everything is put together, whereas physiology is the study of how those structures work. The two sciences compliment one another in the way that without the structures there could be no function, and without the function, there would be no reason for the form. [Why I tagged thisAnatomy is the study of form, and physiology is the study of function. The body's structure is the way it is because it has a task to carry out, so the function defines structure. Therefore, one cannot understand structure without understanding function and vice versa.[Why I tagged thisI learned that there is a significant difference between anatomy and physiology yet they work together. Anatomy - study of form - is examining the body surface. On the other hand, physiology observes the body from the inside. These two are similar because they are used hand in hand. Without observing the outside, you cannot observe the inside. The subdisciplines help us learn about how to understand diseases and how the body functions inside.[Why I tagged this
The difference between anatomy and physiology is that anatomy is the study of structure, while physiology is the study of function. Form, otherwise known as structure, relating to physiology and structure correlating to anatomy go in hand in hand when learning about the human body. When you know where a certain bone is located the question arises what does it do? Therefore physiology gives relavance and importance to anatomy.[Generalhuman anatomy is the study of structure of the human body parts, while human physiology entails the study of functions of unique parts and organ systems within an person[human anatomy is the study of structure of the human body parts, while human physiology entails the study of functions of unique parts and organ systems within an personListening to a patient for a heart murmur- inspection, specifically auscultation.Studying the microscopic structure of the liver- histology, specifically cytology.Microscopically examining liver tissue for signs of hepatitis- histology, specifically histopathology.Learning the blood vessels of a cadaver- dissection.Performing a breast self-examination- inspection, specifically palpating. [Why I tagged thisAusculation; Cytology; Histology; Dissection; Palpation[Why I tagged thisSandy C. Yang
Chanel Anastas
Alina Gur
Matthew Robert Schmidt
Ashley McBain
Sarah
Belaynesh
Rachel Larsen
Jourdan Richardson
Finally, each chromosome is packed into its own spheroidal region of the nucleus, called a chromosome territory. A chromosome territory is permeated with channels that allow regulatory chemicals to have access to the genes.
This is the state of the DNA in a nondividing cell. It is not a static structure, but changes from moment to moment according to the genetic activity of the cell as individual genes are turned on and off.
This is the state of the DNA in a nondividing cell. It is not a static structure, but changes from moment to moment according to the genetic activity of the cell as individual genes are turned on and off. Whole chromosomes migrate to new territories as a cell develops?for example, moving from the edge to the core of a nucleus as its genes are activated for a certain developmental task. This allows genes on different chromosomes to partner with each other in bringing about developmental changes in the cell.
This is the state of the DNA in a nondividing cell. It is not a static structure, but changes from moment to moment according to the genetic activity of the cell as individual genes are turned on and off. Whole chromosomes migrate to new territories as a cell develops-for example, moving from the edge to the core of a nucleus as its genes are activated for a certain developmental task. This allows genes on different chromosomes to partner with each other in bringing about developmental changes in the cell.
This is the state of the DNA in a nondividing cell. It is not a static structure, but changes from moment to moment according to the genetic activity of the cell as individual genes are turned on and off. Whole chromosomes migrate to new territories as a cell develops?for example, moving from the edge to the core of a nucleus as its genes are activated for a certain developmental task. This allows genes on different chromosomes to partner with each other in bringing about developmental changes in the cell.When a cell is preparing to divide, it makes an exact copy of all its nuclear DNA by a process described later, increasing its allotment to about 4 m of DNA. Each chromosome then consists of two parallel filaments called sister chromatids. In the early stage of cell division (prophase), these chromatids coil some more until each one becomes another 10 times shorter and about 700 nm wide. Thus, at its most compact, each thread of chromatin is 10,000 times shorter but 350 times thicker than the DNA double helix. Only now are the chromosomes thick enough to be seen with a light microscope. This compaction not only allows the 4 m of DNA to fit in the nucleus, but also enables the two sister chromatids to be pulled apart and carried to separate daughter cells without damage to the DNA.
Is it always 30 nm wide? What would happen if it wasn't?[Why tag this text]Definition of chromosome territory:each chromosomes own spherioidal region of the nucleus, permeated to allow chemicals to have access to genes.[Why tag this textThis is interesting i never knew that the chromosomes each had there own space in the nucleus.[Why tag this textMany thing can change DNA including genetic activity of cell as genes are turned on and off, the cell can develope too and change it[Why tag this textI found this interesting, that the DNA structure changes genetic activities of cell of individual and genes are turned on and off. I'm wondering how this happens, how can genes just turn off and then back on? [Why tag this textHow are genes turned on and off? Do they all turn on at once?[Why tag this textIn a nondividing cell, DNA is not static and therefore, changes when individual genetic activity is on or off. [Why tag this textso a DNA nondividng cell can still make changes and partner up with different chromosomes?[Why tag this textThis process is like my recent correlation to a business, but instead this is the process where each individual rises up through the business by getting promoted and closer to the center of the entire business. Just like these chromosomes within the nucleus. As they develop into something bigger and better for the nucleus they migrate to new territories closer to the center of the nucleus [Why tag this textcell division[Why tag this textStephanie
Erin Griph
Alyssa Tucker
Elvia Rivas
Noelle
Lauren Anthe
Hauser Joseph Alan
Alexandra Schmit
Figure 3.15 is a conceptual model of osmosis. Imagine a chamber divided by a selectively permeable membrane. Side A contains a solution of large particles that cannot pass through the membrane pores?a nonpermeating solute such as albumin (egg white protein). Side B contains distilled water. Water passes down its concentration gradient from B to A (fig. 3.15a) and associates with the solute molecules on side A, hindering water movement back to side B.
Wow this is interesting to me! All this information is so new and I never knew that red blood cells had that much water passing through the plasma membrane![Why tag this text]Osmosis is a constant process that occurs in ablood cells. This is important and figure 3.16 is a great example to explain why we need to make sure that we drink enough water, and why/how it is possible to consume too much water, resulting in water poisoning. Hypertonic blood cells results from drinking too little water and hypotonic blood cells result when one drinks too much water. If hypotonic cells continue to absorb more water, the cells will contunue to swell and eventually burst. [Why tag this textThat is a lot of water when compared to the cell.[Why tag this textI tagged this because I wanted to know if TOO much water is bad for your body? If we drink too much water, does that affect our red blood cells at all? [Why tag this textI never knew that passage through membranes such as osmosis or diffusion could happen at such a high rate![Why tag this textso a cell can pass water several times more than its volume? why is that?[Why tag this textThe rate of osmosis is much faster than I would have expected.[Why tag this textThat is incredible as to how fast processes like osmosis pass through cells. These processes are microscopic but they still function at an incredibly fast pace. [General-Do not useThis is wonderful stuff! To someone observing this, who does not understand chemistry, it would appear to be magic. It defies all logic when you have no backround knowledge to make sense of it. As a matter of fact, as of yesterday i was one who would have screamed [Why tag this textI have never thought about osmosis like this; that water would go to side A because there is less water even though there is more mass on that side.[Why tag this textDakota Francart
Rebecca Hoefs
Ashley
Rebecca Powers
Lauren Anthe
Amanda Baxter
Samantha B Johnson
Kristofer Schroeckenthaler
Joshua Collier
Cholesterol molecules, found near the membrane surfaces amid the phospholipids, constitute about 20% of the membrane lipids
Cholesterol molecules, found near the membrane surfaces amid the phospholipids, constitute about 20% of the membrane lipids. By interacting with the phospholipids and holding them still, cholesterol can stiffen the membrane (make it less fluid) in spots. Higher concentrations of cholesterol, however, can increase membrane fluidity by preventing phospholipids from becoming packed closely together.
Cholesterol molecules, found near the membrane surfaces amid the phospholipids, constitute about 20% of the membrane lipids. By interacting with the phospholipids and holding them still, cholesterol can stiffen the membrane (make it less fluid) in spots. Higher concentrations of cholesterol, however, can increase membrane fluidity by preventing phospholipids from becoming packed closely together.The remaining 5% of the membrane lipids are glycolipids?phospholipids with short carbohydrate chains on the extracellular face of the membrane. They help to form the glycocalyx, a carbohydrate coating on the cell surface with multiple functions described shortly.
Included in the membrane lipids are cholesterol molecules which help make sure the membrane is fluid or can stiffen up the membrane. [Why tag this text]Since 75% of lipids in membrane are phospholipids, other 20% is cholestorol molecules, with last 5% being glycolipids[Why tag this textHow does your body regulate these cholesterol levels?[Why tag this textit talks about how the cholesterol molecules work and are reacting to the membbrane.[Why tag this textWhat happens to cells if there is an increase in membrane fluidity?[Why tag this textdoes this have to do with high cholestorol and low cholestorol? if it does how does this work?[Why tag this text
My father has alway had high cholesterol. So, the high level of cholesteral in his plasma membrane prevents phospholipids from forming together....is it better to have the membrane stiffen? These both sound unpleasant.[Why tag this textWithout cholesterol, the membrane is fluid. With cholesterol, the membrane can be less fluid. Then, with too much cholesterol, the membrane becomes even more fluid than without cholesterol. How is this possible?[Why tag this textThis is why cholestorol is bad. Can block transport[Why tag this textStephanie
Daniel Althaus
Lauren Anthe
Petra Stevanovic
samantha
anne
Matthew Robert Schmidt
Alyssa Harmes
Jelena Ristic
Components of Fibrous Connective TissueCells The cells of fibrous connective tissue include the following types: Fibroblasts.10 These are large, fusiform cells that often show slender, wispy branches. They produce the fibers and ground substance that form the matrix of the tissue. Macrophages.11 These are large phagocytic cells that wander through the connective tissues, where they engulf and destroy bacteria, other foreign particles, and dead or dying cells of our own body. They also activate the immune system when they sense foreign matter called antigens. They arise from certain white blood cells called monocytes or from the same stem cells that produce monocytes. Leukocytes,12 or white blood cells (WBCs). WBCs travel briefly in the bloodstream, then crawl out through the walls of small blood vessels and spend most of their time in the connective tissues. The two most common types are neutrophils, which wander about attacking bacteria, and lymphocytes, which react against bacteria, toxins, and other foreign agents. Lymphocytes often form dense patches in the mucous membranes. Plasma cells. Certain lymphocytes turn into plasma cells when they detect foreign agents. The plasma cells then synthesize disease-fighting proteins called antibodies. Plasma cells are rarely seen except in the walls of the intestines and in inflamed tissue. Mast cells. These cells, found especially alongside blood vessels, secrete a chemical called heparin that inhibits blood clotting, and one called histamine that increases blood flow by dilating blood vessels. Adipocytes (AD-ih-po-sites), or fat cells. These appear in small clusters in some fibrous connective tissues. When they dominate an area, the tissue is called adipose tissue.Fibers Three types of protein fibers are found in fibrous connective tissues:
Cells The cells of fibrous connective tissue include the following types: Fibroblasts.10 These are large, fusiform cells that often show slender, wispy branches. They produce the fibers and ground substance that form the matrix of the tissue. Macrophages.11 These are large phagocytic cells that wander through the connective tissues, where they engulf and destroy bacteria, other foreign particles, and dead or dying cells of our own body. They also activate the immune system when they sense foreign matter called antigens. They arise from certain white blood cells called monocytes or from the same stem cells that produce monocytes. Leukocytes,12 or white blood cells (WBCs). WBCs travel briefly in the bloodstream, then crawl out through the walls of small blood vessels and spend most of their time in the connective tissues. The two most common types are neutrophils, which wander about attacking bacteria, and lymphocytes, which react against bacteria, toxins, and other foreign agents. Lymphocytes often form dense patches in the mucous membranes. Plasma cells. Certain lymphocytes turn into plasma cells when they detect foreign agents. The plasma cells then synthesize disease-fighting proteins called antibodies. Plasma cells are rarely seen except in the walls of the intestines and in inflamed tissue. Mast cells. These cells, found especially alongside blood vessels, secrete a chemical called heparin that inhibits blood clotting, and one called histamine that increases blood flow by dilating blood vessels. Adipocytes (AD-ih-po-sites), or fat cells. These appear in small clusters in some fibrous connective tissues. When they dominate an area, the tissue is called adipose tissue.Fibers Three types of protein fibers are found in fibrous connective tissues: Collagenous (col-LADJ-eh-nus) fibers. These fibers, made of collagen, are tough and flexible and resist stretching. Collagen is the body's most abundant protein, constituting about 25% of the total. It is the base of such animal products as gelatin, leather, and glue.13 In fresh tissue, collagenous fibers have a glistening white appearance, as seen in tendons and some cuts of meat (fig. 5.13); thus, they are often called white fibers. In tissue sections, collagen forms coarse, wavy bundles, often dyed pink, blue, or green by the most common histo logical stains. Tendons, ligaments, and the deep layer of the skin (the dermis) are made mainly of collagen. Less visibly, collagen pervades the matrix of cartilage and bone. Reticular14 fibers. These are thin collagen fibers coated with glycoprotein. They form a spongelike framework for such organs as the spleen and lymph nodes. Elastic fibers. These are thinner than collagenous fibers, and they branch and rejoin each other along their course. They are made of a protein called elastin, whose coiled structure allows it to stretch and recoil like a rubber band. Elastic fibers account for the ability of the skin, lungs, and arteries to spring back after they are stretched. (Elasticity is not the ability to stretch, but the tendency to recoil when tension is released.) Fresh elastic fibers are yellowish and are sometimes called yellow fibers.
This is important information that should be studied[Why tag this text]Why is there so many tissue?! Why can't it all be stretchy durable, and do all the functions all the tissues do?[Why tag this text
I found thid important to annotate because the components of Fibrous connective tissues also gives a great description of its components. It tells what the component is and what the component does.[Why tag this text
Components of fibrous tissue: (cells, plasma, mast, fat cells) fibers..[Why tag this textQuestion 2: Types of cells:Fibroblasts: These cells produce fibers and substances that form the tissue matrix.Macrophages: These cells are a vital part of the immune system. They travel throughout the connective tissues to fight infection or bacteria.Leukocytes: These cells are a type of white blood cells. These cells alsofight bacteria and other invading agents.Plasma Cells: These cells produce different antibodies.Mast Cells: These cells secrete heparin and histamine.Adipocytes (fat cells): Small groupings that make up the majority of adipose tissue.Types of Fibers:Collagenous fibers: These fibers are made of collagen. This fiber resists stretching.Reticular fibers: These fibers form the spongelike framework for some organs including the spleen.Elastic fibers: These fibers allow for stretching and recoiling.[Why tag this textThere are many different cell types which perform specific function. For example plasma cell synthesize into antibodies to fight off foreign agents.[Why tag this textfibrous connective tissue are made up of fibroblasts, macrophages, and leukocytes.[Why tag this textI think this is interesting because I've never thought of tissue as being composed of so many types of cells. The fibroblasts form the matrix of the tissue, an essential part of the body, yet in everyday medicine we do not consider them. The levels of Leukocytes, or WBCs, are frequently tested for patient's with infections. Our ability to fight infection is aided by Plasma cells, which make antibodies. They are seen as needed in inflamed tissue. It is interesting how the body only creates the cells that are needed. Mast cells produce heparin to stop blood clotting and keep blood flowing. I often hear the drug Heparin as prescribed but not as created in our body.[Why tag this textNames and defines the cells found in the Fibrous connective tissues and what their purpose is.[Why tag this textCells of Fibroconnective tissue.Fibroblasts produce the fibers and ground substance that form the matrix of the tissueMacrophages wander through connective tissue and destroy bactera and dying cellsLeukocytes WBC are found in blood and destroy and repel bacteriaPlasma cells synthesize antibodiesMast cells prhibit clotting and enlarge vessels to promote blood flowAdipose is fat[Why tag this textMelissa
Leonard Wilkerson
Melissa Gile
Sarah Ertl
Tou Xiong Thao
lindsay krueger
Amanda Baxter
Brandon Brandemuehl
Alexandra Schmit
The significance of chloride pumps becomes especially evident in cystic fibrosis (CF), a hereditary disease affecting primarily white children of European descent. CF is usually caused by a defect in which cells make chloride pumps but fail to install them in the plasma membrane. Consequently, there is an inadequate saline layer on the cell surface and the mucus is dehydrated and overly sticky. This thick mucus plugs the ducts of the pancreas and prevents it from secreting digestive enzymes into the small intestine, so digestion and nutrition are compromised. In the respiratory tract, the mucus clogs the cilia and prevents them from beating freely. The respiratory tract becomes congested with thick mucus, often leading to chronic infection and pulmonary collapse. The mean life expectancy of people with CF is about 30 years.
The microvilli and cilia differ in structure and function. The microvilli is found on the plasma membrane of the cell and it's purpose is to increase the cell's surface area. Cilia on the other hand, are found throughout the body in areas like the respiratory tract, inner ear and kidney. Although the main function of the cilia is unknown, it's purpose is usually dependant on the organ that it is covering. The example the text uses is how the cilia helps a person keep their balance. [Why tag this text]Cilia are much longer thread like strings than microvili.[Why tag this text
microvilli-extensions of membrane to increase surface area; used for absorbtioncilia-hairlike processes, on every human cells; function is still semi-unknown, but believed to be served as an [Why tag this textI think this is very interesting because I never knew what was happening in the body with people who have cystic fibrosis especially since I am studying the psycholgical effects of different diseases and conditions on children.[Why tag this textI have always heard of cystic fibrosis, but had never learned what it actually is. This applys to me because I have relatives who have been diagnosed with CF and knowing what it is that they are suffering from has direct implications with this class and my life.[Why tag this textfind what's happening in the body, cause and effects of diseases very interesting and looking forward to learning more about them in the future.[Why tag this textI wonder why this mostly affects white kids of European descent, maybe because our diet.[Why tag this textA professor in our Biological Sciences department mentioned in a lecture that the chloride channel used by sharks to regulate homeostasis is similar to the chloride pumps affected by CF and that scientists were studying the shark chloride channel with the goal of developing a therapy for CF. It surprised me to learn that study of a distant relative like a shark could have clinical applications. [Why tag this text
Once again, everything in the cell all comes down to maintaining a proper concentration gradient. Once the gradient is disturbed, bad things are bound to happen.[Why tag this textI remember watching a TV show episode where someone had cystic fibrosis. It was hard for them to breathe and there is no cure. I knew that it caused the lungs to fill with fluid but I did not know that it was the body's own mucus. I also did not know it affected the pancreas as well. Since it mainly affects white children of European descent, I wonder where it came from. How did this develop/come about? I also wonder where this defect is located, is it in the DNA?[Why tag this textAshley McBain
Jonathan Lowe
Jessica Ryback
Joe Nimm
Nicholas Bruno
Kelly Stahl
Aaron Hersh
Brandon Neldner
Kirsten Majstorovic
Abnormal Spinal Curvatures.(a) Scoliosis, an abnormal lateral deviation.
Lordosis, an exaggerated lumbar curvature common in pregnancy and obesity.
An exaggerated thoracic curvature is called kyphosis (hunchback, in lay language).
An exaggerated thoracic curvature is called kyphosis (hunchback, in lay language). It is usually a result of osteoporosis, but it also occurs in people with osteomalacia or spinal tuberculosis and in adolescent boys who engage heavily in such spine-loading sports as wrestling and weight lifting. An exaggerated lumbar curvature is called lordosis (swayback, in lay language). It may have the same causes as kyphosis, or it may result from added abdominal weight in pregnancy or obesity.
I actually have a cousin's whose spine is like this. It just sucks because he's got to be extra careful with what sports he plays and he's always got that back brace to help him control his spine. It just sucks because I feel as though your spine is the most fragile part of your body so whatever we do, we have to be careful at what we cary or do.[Why tag this]The severity of scoliosis can go beyond wearing just a back brace. I know an individual who had such a severe case that she needed to undergo surgery to have her spine fixed. She now has rodes and screws in her back.[Why tag thisif the persons skeletal growth is complete will scoliosis be permenant?[Why tag thisI find this interesting because a friend of mine has scoliosis and she goes to a chiropractor very often. When the spine is realigned, does it move quickly back?[Why tag thisI have or had this because of gymnastics and the way we orientated our bodies, I made the curve of my back more exaggerated. I learned from a chiropractor that I went to that this was a source of my backpain because it put stress on my vertebrae and muscles.[Why tag thisI always push my head forward because I can feel my throat closing up when I stand straight and breathing becomes very difficult. Why is this? Would this be considered kyphosis even though I still have the ability to straighten my spine (although not for long)?[Why tag thisI was told that if you slouch it could affect the shape of your spine in the long run, is this true?[Why tag this
Does the spine have a chance to return to its correct alignment?[Why tag this
Are there any developmental reasons that any of these abnormal curvatures occur naturally? Or are they always caused by other factors?[Why tag thisDescribes the different types of curvature defects due to activies or an illness.[Why tag thisEmily
Brianna Brugger
Joseph Skarlupka
Kirsten Majstorovic
Kristen Grzeca
Amanda Fitzmaurice
Quinn
Emily Treuthardt
Brandon Brandemuehl
Second-degree burns involve the epidermis and part of the dermis but leave at least some of the dermis intact. First- and second-degree burns are therefore also known as partial-thickness burns. A second-degree burn may be red, tan, or white and is blistered and very painful. It may take from 2 weeks to several months to heal and may leave scars. The epidermis regenerates by division of epithelial cells in the hair follicles and sweat glands and around the edges of the lesion. Severe sunburns and many scalds are second-degree burns.
Yikes, i have never seen a third degree burn before and it looks painful.[Why tag this]
This could be a myth, but, I heard that when somone burns themselves they should cool the skin quickly under cold running water then seperate the egg yolks from the egg whites then apply the egg whites continuously at intervals. This will help rebuild the collagen damaged and allow for a faster healing time with less scaring. Is any of that true?[Why tag thissecond degree burns description; how their treated[Why tag thisI found this interesting because I volunteered on the burn unit floor last summer. I found it knowledgeable to read information on how the layers of the skin are affected by the severity of the burn. First- degree burn involves only the dermis. Second degree burns involves the epidermis and part of the dermis. Third-degree burn extends through the entire dermis and even deeper tissue. [Why tag thisso they only affect the epidermis?[Why tag this
My two year old cousin had first and second degree burns from grabing a hot bowl of soup and spilling it all down his arm. He went to the emergency romm and now has blisters and scars on his arm. [Why tag thisI spent my first birthday with my hands in massive bandages because I fell onto a hot oven door the night before my birthday party. I obiously wouldn't remember the actual event. But I grew up hearing the story and seeing the pictures of my burns. It still blows my mind how well my skin healed after that too, because I have very few visible scars on my arms/hands. [Why tag thisAnytime a blister occurs, would it ALWAYS be classified as a second-degree burn?[Why tag thisI have had a second-degree burn before when I burned my finger on a hot glue gun. I had a white blister on my finger for a few weeks, but it did not leave a scar.[Why tag thisWhat filles the blisters? Just fluid or blood for nutients to heal? Also can first degree burns get blisters for those how have fair skin?[Why tag thisClaire Silkaitis
Alyssa Harmes
Alyssa Tucker
Lauren Anthe
Sarah
Alina Gur
Heather Archibald
Nicole Latzig
Donald
When others began to plagiarize his illustrations, Vesalius published the first atlas of anatomy, De Humani Corporis Fabrica (On the Structure of the Human Body), in 1543.
When others began to plagiarize his illustrations, Vesalius published the first atlas of anatomy, De Humani Corporis Fabrica (On the Structure of the Human Body), in 1543. This book began a rich tradition of medical illustration that has been handed down to us through such milestones as Gray's Anatomy (1856) and the vividly illustrated atlases and textbooks of today.
galen was very off about his visions of the human body he had all the parts in the wrong locations.[Why I tagged this]Vesalius challanged Galen's book with the first published accurate illustrations for anatomy[Why I tagged thisThis is very important to me becuase he was the FIRST![Why I tagged thisVesalius is an important western medical scholar. He published an influential atlas of anatomy. He proved other past scholars wrong.[Why I tagged thisI tagged this because I think its important to know that Versalius was the first person to make any real documentation of anatomy.[Why I tagged thisfirst published atlas in 1543[Why I tagged thisTagged this because I find this interesting to know and because it makes logical sense. How can you learn the function of something, when you don't know the form of it? You can't. [Why I tagged thisQuestion 2: Vesalius improved medical education by making dissections stadard practice as well as the tradition of medical illustration books. Disecction allows for visualization of anatomy and to see how erverything is connected. Medical illustration books allows for stuyding for anatomy without actual dissection. Both of these improvments allowed for better understanding of the human body and how it functions.[Why I tagged thisVesalius published De Humani Corpus Fabrica which still inflences texts of today[Why I tagged thisGrays anatomy[Why I tagged thisAshley Wiedmeyer
Kaitlynn
Mia Breidenbach
Caitlin
Dakota Francart
Sarah Ertl
Corianne
ssi
name the three embryonic germ layers and some adult tissues derived from each
The Primary Tissue Classes
The Primary Tissue ClassesA tissue is a group of similar cells and cell products that arise from the same region of the embryo and work together to perform a specific structural or physiological role in an organ. The four primary tissues?epithelial, connective, nervous, and muscular?are summarized in table 5.1. They differ in the types and functions of their cells, the characteristics of the matrix (extracellular material) that surrounds the cells, and the relative amount of space occupied by the cells and matrix. In muscle and epithelium, the cells are so close together that the matrix is scarcely visible, but in connective tissues, the matrix usually occupies much more space than the cells do.
A tissue is a group of similar cells and cell products that arise from the same region of the embryo and work together to perform a specific structural or physiological role in an organ. The four primary tissues?epithelial, connective, nervous, and muscular?are summarized in table 5.1. They differ in the types and functions of their cells, the characteristics of the matrix (extracellular material) that surrounds the cells, and the relative amount of space occupied by the cells and matrix. In muscle and epithelium, the cells are so close together that the matrix is scarcely visible, but in connective tissues, the matrix usually occupies much more space than the cells do.[image #3]
The four primary tissues-epithelial, connective, nervous, and muscular-are summarized in table 5.1. They differ in the types and functions of their cells, the characteristics of the matrix (extracellular material) that surrounds the cells, and the relative amount of space occupied by the cells and matrix.
This is important to keep in mind because it explains to us how to interpret tissues that Histologist have prepared for our viewing.[Why tag this text]I tagged this because, as we learned in class, all vertebrates share this pattern of development from germ layers into specialized tissues. Understand which tissues develop from which layer is important in understanding how even seemingly different tissues, like bone and blood, share similarities. Leukocytes are formed in bone marrow, the reason for this might be due to the fact both orginate from the same germ layer.[Generaldefinition of tissue[Why tag this textIt is facinating how life begins as a single cell and then develops into these three very specific layers, endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. These three layers then differentiate to form all of the tissues, structures, and systems in the body.[Why tag this textThe future career being? But tissue is probably important for any medical field.[Why tag this text
Each tissue has a specific job to perform and location. This imformation is really important for my future career[Why tag this textThis part of the section is important because tissues make up every part of our body so it is very important to know each kind and how they differ in function and characteristics. I think it's interesting that our body contains four types of tissues that are all equally important instead of just one. [Why tag this textThis text is important because tissues are the basis of many concepts to be covered in later chapters. Also, this is a breif introduction of the table shown below which discusses the four types of tissues. Understanding the types of tissues will help to understand the organs that these tissues help compose.[Why tag this text
This is interesting to me, because as a child in school I wasn't taught knowning there were these four types of tisse. I was only taught about connective tissue and muscular tissue so i'm excited to broaded my thought process about tissues by doubling it. [Why tag this textThis I tagged because it helps me understand the rest of the information that is to come. It is the set base for the information covered and it is important to know since it only gets more complex from the definition to its counterparts. [Why tag this text
Before reading this, I didn't realize that we had so much tissues in our bodies, it's not something I would think about when thinking about what our bodies are made up of and how much tissues in our bodies actually do for us. [Why tag this texti found it intersting [Why tag this textTissues are probably the most important section to learn because there are many different types of tissues and they each have their own functions and types.[Why tag this textThis explains how tissues work together in making every organ perform its assigned duty. Tissues are basically groups of other cells to create a more complex organized function.[Why tag this textI think that this is a very importat way to give the definition because it describes what a tissue is and does in a very understanding way.[Why tag this textDefinition of tissue = similar cells and cell products that arise from the same embryo and work together to perform specific structural and physiological needs in an organ[Why tag this text
This gave a clear understandding of what a tissue is.[Why tag this textAn important definition that I may need to reference back to in the future.[Why tag this text
The role of the primary four tissue groups is of vital importance in undertanding how the differentiation between each tissure type composes the entire makeup of our body. These tissues line our oragans (epithelial), form our cartilage, tendons, and bones (connective), send nerve pulses throughout our body (nervous), and even compose the muscle of our hearts (muscular). Without these tissues we would cease to exist. [Why tag this text
The defintion of Tissue.[Why tag this textDefinition of tissue, and what they do[Why tag this textGreat definition of tissue. Found their wording interesting and unique. [Why tag this textThis is simply amazing just because all tissue originally is produced in the same place of the embryo. At the same time, all tissues are made up of different material and serve very different functions! [Why tag this textThis is the definition of tissue, which is the first essential vocabulary word for this section. In order to understand what a tissue is we have to understand the hierarchy and what makes up the tissue.[Why tag this text
This is an important piece of information because in order to understand the human anatomy, we need to first understand what basic parts of the body are.[Why tag this text
This is important to know because tissue is the main topic of this section. [Why tag this texti find it interesting that we study cell types by types of tissues. since a tissue is composed of the same type of cells, i find it easier to learn the types of cells in the larger picture of a tissue. [Why tag this textTissue is formed by groups of cells and multiple layers of tissue form organs.[Why tag this textRight off the bat this intrigues me because its almost as if the way our body is designed to work is the exact same principle in which large corporate business firms generally work and operate. The people within large businesses are relatively the same as far as knowledge goes and corresponding with the cells in a tissue. The people work together to perform specific tasks just like the cells of the embryo to perform specific structural or physiological roles in an organ.[Why tag this texttissues are vey important when it comes to organs. the four types of tissue are epithelial, connective tissue, nervous and muscular.[Why tag this text
I remember learning this in my biology and human anatomy course in high school.[Why tag this textThere are 4 main types of tissues being - connective, epithelial, nervous, and muscular. These tissues make up the body and have specific functions in the body. Each is different.[Why tag this text
In this text it's describing the four main tissue types and I find it interesting that in my lab we are learning about the same thing, but a little more in depth. In lab we are going in and actually looking at organelles and things along those lines while we are only learning about the major components in lecture. [Why tag this textI found this important becuase its interesting how there are different kinds of tissues and they all function in different ways. I like learning new things about the functions of the tissues because I havent learned it before. [Why tag this textIt gives a broad definition of what tissue is and the four primary types of tissues that there are[Why tag this textI am very intrigued by this because I never before knew that there were differnt [Why tag this textThis table allows me to see the differences between the tissues and explains why they are different. It tells what each tissue is made up of and helps identify each.[Why tag this textI chose to tag this section of the text because every part of our body is composed of some sort of group of cells and i think that it is important to know that there are four primary tissue types and that they are all different but share some characteristics with eachother. [Why tag this textI find this interesting because the tell us what the tissue is and where you find the tissue. I feel it is very important because by knowing where the 4 main tissues are you are then able to know where it is located and what is by the tissue.[Why tag this textLooking at the different tissues from a medical perspective is so important in knowing which tissues are compatable with each other. Also knowing when defining illnesses and injuries it's important to understand the primary tissues and how to treat them. [Why tag this textThis is an important summary of the four main tissue types.[Why tag this textI tagged this because I feel that I know a lot about tissues and all about the human body because in high school I took anat and phis and I did great in it. I made a human paper model and did fantastic. When we were creating the human paper model we had to have a layer of all the tissues and muscles in the entire body. I also got to look at the tissues and muscles in person because I got to cut open a human cadaver for that class. It was a life changing experience for me. [Why tag this textcell definition[Why tag this textI thought this was important because I didn't know that there were only four primary tissues that play a role in our system. Table 5.1 made it clearer of what each tissue does for our body. I know in lab though we looked at simple squamous epithelium or cuboidal epithelium and I'm wondering were these tissues come into play and what they do for our body. [Why tag this text
The definition of tissue and it's divided into four sections.[Generalthis is the definition of what we are reading about and studying. This paragraph also states the four main tissues and how they are different with one another. Right under the paragarph is a chart that is very helpful to me in stating the different types of tissues, their definitions, and locations in the human body.[Why tag this textbroad meaning of tissue, makes easier to locate other information[Why tag this textIf I remember correctly embryonic cells begin undifferentiated [these cells are at the basis of the stem cell debate] and as the fetus develops the embryonic cells differentiate into the 4 major types [epithelial, connective, nervous and muscular][Why tag this text
I found this important because its important to know the different kinds of tissues and how the cells and the matrix differ in each one.[Why tag this textNot only does this passage gives you the names of the 4 primary tissues, but it also tells you that they all function differently as well.[Why tag this textexpected learning outcomes: name the four primary classes into which all adult tissues are classified.[Why tag this textFour primary tissues[Why tag this textthis is the four types of tissues[Why tag this textI find it very interesting that our entire body, with all of its different parts, can be categorized into only four types of tissue. There are so many different parts to any animal, and it's crazy to me that everything is so structured and organized.[Why tag this textWhen thinking about the tissues in the body, you don't really think of how important they really are. Without these tissues nothing would be kept in and all of our parts would spill out. I think its really important to learn about these organs because of how pertinent they are to our very being. [Why tag this textThe four primary tissues (need to memorize)[Why tag this text
it's interesting that theres only four primary types of tissues, since your body is made up of tissues you'd think there would be more.[Why tag this textIt is good to know the type of tissues in the body because they are specific to certain body region and this will aide in accurate diagnoses.[Why tag this textProbably one of the more important things to remember in this course do to the fact that these tissues are part of everything as cells are that compose them. Figuring out what they are for are also relatively simple due to their name like nervous and muscular. Epithelial and connective then therefore form everything else.[Why tag this text
I tagged this because of the interest I have in the epithelial cells. It is the do all kind of cells thats incredibly diverse in the areas of the body as well as its functions. From skin to digestive lining it is really interesting for its broad functions. [Comment
4 different type of tissues, important to know because as we studying the cell, these tissues are the main form of the cell.[Why tag this text4 primary tissue types [Why tag this textTable 5.1 is a very useful table. Before reading the table, I had no idea what the epithelial or connective were. Although, I had a clue what the nervous and muscular tissues were, table 5.1 was able to give me some examples where these tissues might be located. [Why tag this textFour tissues that can be found in the body, all protect the body in one way or another.[Why tag this text
Im confused, theres a lot of different tissues. I know that, so does that mean that all those different names of tissues fall under these four catagories[Why tag this textI personally believe that it is fundamental that we know about the tissues but far more so that it is within these classes there are more than just one tissue. At the top of my head, I for sure know that, tendons and cartilage are two types of connective tissue. Tendons is important in our bodies because it attaches muscles to bones and cartilage covers the ends of the bones.Adipose tissue is also under the connective tissue class which makes fat. Tissues are important because organs are made up of these tissues, not just one.[Why tag this text
In response to Paige Immel's comment: Im confused, theres a lot of different tissues. I know that, so does that mean that all those different names of tissues fall under these four catagories--Yes. While there are 4 main categories of tissues, there are sometimes several subcategories for each type of tissue. Epithelial tissue for example is categorixed into 2 main categories: simple and stratified. The 2 of those are then further broken down into 3-4 smaller categories. I personally think that the epithelial and connective are the tougher of the 4, only because there is so much to remember. The positive thing however is that a lot of the epithelial tissues look like their names. Simple cuboidal for example look like squares or cubes.[Why tag this textIt is important to know and understand the four primary types of tissues because they can be found in every part of the body around virtually everything. It is also important to know how to distinguish the types of tissues from one another to help you figure out what you are looking at, the part of the body it can be located in and its function where it is located and so on. This is probably one of the most important things to know in this portion of histology of the course, if you ask me. [Why tag this textI tagged this because I think it is important to know the 4 types of tissues. I also think it was important to look at figure 5.1 and see what organ system each tissue helps. [Why tag this textIt is amazing to me that out of all of the things going on inside of our bodies, there are only FOUR tissue types. From these four tissues, our entire body can be made. I did not know that it was that small of a number.[Why tag this text
I found this intresting knowing the four primary tissues because I really did not know them before and with figure 5.1 it gives a good idea or picture of what to look for[Why tag this textThe four primary tissues all have their own differences, mostly based in the cells and the matrix.[Why tag this text
The four primary tissues are the epithelial, connective, nervous, and muscular. The difference between the four are types and functions of the cell, the material that surrounds the cell, and the space occupied by the cell. [Why tag this text
The distinguishing characteristics of each tissue class and the function that each has are based on both the density of the matrix and the proximity of one cell within the matrix to another neighboring cell. This concept demonstrates the specificity of specialized tissues and how the properties of each tissue makes unique functions possible. [Why tag this textI find it fascinating that our entire body is mostly made up of only four types of tissues. We are made of millions of cells, each with a unique purpose, yet they all stem from only four types of tissues. However, different combinations of these types of tissues create organs and organ systems that vary greatly in purpose from one another.[Why tag this textit is important to learn the four primary tissues because i know for a fact that it can be on a future exam. Matrix takes a big part on the tissues so i would like to know more about the functions of the matrix[Why tag this textIt's important to study Each primary tissues locations and defintions[Why tag this textIts interesting to note the that the types of tissue are defined by function, the cells that make up the tissue are specialized to carry out one function.[Why tag this text
Knowing that each tissue has a specific job and in whole they all work together. Tissues makes up every part of the body, and it is important to know there functions. The four primary tissues are Epithelial,Connective, Nervous and Muscular.[Why tag this textthe four main tissue's [Why tag this textClose together, cover organs, form glands, secretion, protection and absorption. Found in epidermis [skin layer] [protection] and the digestive tract [absorption] along with the liver and other glands [secretion][Why tag this textFocus on these two! Having previously taken this course these were the two that I struggled with the most. Muscular and nervous tissues were not as tough simply because they are different. There is a lot to cover under connective tissue, as well as epithelial tissues.[Why tag this text
I remember learning about these tissues in middle school. The class definitely sparked my interest in this class. [Why tag this text
Four primary classes of tissue[Why tag this text
Due to the fact that these are the four primary tissues I feel that a lot of Anatomy and Physiology is revolved around them and are in our best interest to be familiar with, knowing their definitions and locations.[Why tag this textMore matrix than cell, this allos for it to be more fluid. This fluidity then allows it to support, bind and protect. Found in Tendons/Ligaments [support/bind], cartilage and bone [bind], blood [bind?][Why tag this textContains excitable cells, sends info. Found in brain, spinal cord and nerves[Why tag this textElongated and excitable cells, specialized for contraction. Found in skeletal muscles, the heart, and the walls of the viscera [intestines?][Why tag this text
This is interesting to me because even though the four types of tissues are so different from each other, they all work together to allow the entire body to function. [Why tag this textIt is important to note that the four tissue groups that we are learning vary from the extracellular matrix, to functions provided to the body.[Why tag this textIt is important to know the different types of functions for the layers of tissues and how they are made up really determines where they are located and what their function is. [Why tag this textI love learning the different types of functions and characteristics.[Why tag this textWhere can i find a list of the differences in the matrix?[Why tag this textknowing the difference between the functions of each cell is important. each cells has certain characteristics. its important to note that in connective tissue it a matrix tends to occupy more space than cells. [Why tag this text
I find it interesting how we are learning about tissue first and not just the cells. I dont know a lot about tissues and I thought this section was really useful. I learned new things for example the matrix. [Why tag this textIt's amazing that these cells are different, yet similar, and cannot function without the unision of the entire grouping of cells.[Why tag this textmatrix- vocab word.[Why tag this textThis is highlighted because it defines what the matrix of a cell is.[Why tag this textWhat is the purpose of the matrix? It is the source where cells get their oxygen nutrients and where cells release waste and horomones. [Purpose of the MatrixDefines, sort of, what the matrix is[Why tag this textImportant to know that the extracelluar material around the cells of the in the different types of tissues is not the same.[Why tag this textCorianne
holly kluge
Stephen Minakian
andrew baker
Jungas
Zoe Hitzemann
Maria Stephans
Michelle
Lauren Gwidt
kaulor
Hussain
anambeg
Brandon Brandemuehl
Michea Jones
Rebecca Teplitz
kayla
Anthony Wheeler
Rachael Van Keulen
Hussain Alqushairi
Nicholas Bruno
Chanel Anastas
Sarah
Alexandra Schmit
Abigail Fritzinger
Sophia Wood
eric voelker
Christina Colarossi
Hauser Joseph Alan
lindsay krueger
Duan Phan
Justin Putterman
Allison
Anisa Janko
TRAVIS
Zachary Garrity
Patrick O'Connell
Caitlin
sarah
Emily Treuthardt
Michael Franzini
Jenna
Stephanie
Alyssa Tucker
Salman Almohsin
lenarch2
Jonathan Lowe
Danielle Henckel
ramon hollnagel
Xenyen
Alyssa Harmes
Melissa Gile
Chelsea Moore
mary furner
Natalie Chavez
Justin Rosinski
Eric Wichman
Sue Xiong
Amie Emrys
mainkao
Gabriela
Paige Immel
Elvia Rivas
Kimberly Loney
Dakota Francart
Lauren Thiel
Heather Archibald
Jasmin James
Mia Breidenbach
Christeen Tuck
David Orr
Kasey Kallien
victor
soha
Amanda Baxter
Autumn
Margo Tillotson
Janet Kipum Kim
Jelena Ristic
wagnera2
Bailey Johnson
Joe Nimm
Alyssa Kaschinske
Elizabeth Stein
Nicole Coppins
Ian Borba
Keratinocyte
The Life History of a Keratinocyte Dead cells constantly flake off the skin surface. They float around as tiny white specks in the air, settling on household surfaces and forming much of the house dust that accumulates there (see Deeper Insight 6.2). Because we constantly lose these epidermal cells, they must be continually replaced.
its crazy how much the skin can resist these kinds of impact yet still let in chemicals that can harm the body.[General-Do not use]Why are there so many dead keratinized cells here?[Why tag this textThis is the skin that flakes off from the surface of your body. The cells are dead[Why tag this texttheir are 30 layers of dead skin cells? eww...[Why tag this texttop layer. EW[Why tag this textKeratinocytes:Produced by mitosis of stem cells in the stratum basale, they get pushed up towards the surface of the skin and as they do so they flatten and produce more keratin ilaments and vesicles. When they are in the stratum granulosum four major things happen1. The keratohyalin granules release filaggrin, a protein, which binds the cytoskeleton filames together into coarse, tough bundles2. Cells produce tought layer of envelope proteins beneath the plasma membrane, this makes a nearly indestructable protein sac around keratin bundles3. Membrane coating vesicles release lipids that waterproof cell surgace4. Cells die[Why tag this textThis helps the skin stay fresh with new active cells towards the surface of the skin. It makes it easier for the skin to stay flexible and keep from cracking. [Why tag this textyuck.[Why tag this textHow can our skin form house hold dust? I always thought dust came from things siting out to long and getting rusty. Not from our own body, and why do some people have more dust in their house than others. [Why tag this textThis is absolutely disgusting to me. Although the cells are dead, it is still gross that other peoples dead skin is floating around, touching me. What's worse, are those people who check for dust and run their finger along a shelf. That is pure dead skin of other people they are placing on their finger. What is curious, is why this dead skin makes us sneeze, or why some people are allergic to it???[Why tag this textthat is so gross to actually think about[Why tag this textSenny Xiong
Ethan Kelly
Lauren Anthe
Jelena Ristic
Danielle Henckel
lucas hubanks
chanel
Heather Archibald
There are three forms of endocytosis: phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and receptor-mediated endocytosis.
There are three forms of endocytosis: phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and receptor-mediated endocytosis.
There are three forms of endocytosis: phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and receptor-mediated endocytosis. Phagocytosis26 (FAG-oh-sy-TOE-sis), or ?cell eating,? is the process of engulfing particles such as bacteria, dust, and cellular debris?particles large enough to be seen with a microscope. For example, neutrophils (a class of white blood cells) protect the body from infection by phagocytizing and killing bacteria.
There are three forms of endocytosis: phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and receptor-mediated endocytosis. Phagocytosis26 (FAG-oh-sy-TOE-sis), or ?cell eating,? is the process of engulfing particles such as bacteria, dust, and cellular debris?particles large enough to be seen with a microscope. For example, neutrophils (a class of white blood cells) protect the body from infection by phagocytizing and killing bacteria. A neutrophil spends most of its life crawling about in the connective tissues by means of blunt footlike extensions called pseudopods27 (SOO-doe-pods). When a neutrophil encounters a bacterium, it surrounds it with pseudopods and traps it in a vesicle called a phagosome28?a vesicle in the cytoplasm surrounded by a unit membrane (fig. 3.21). A lysosome merges with the phagosome, converting it to a phagolysosome, and contributes enzymes that destroy the invader. Several other kinds of phagocytic cells are described in chapter 21. In general, phagocytosis is a way of keeping the tissues free of debris and infectious microbes. Some cells called macrophages (literally, ?big eaters?) phagocytize the equivalent of 25% of their own volume per hour.
Plants, which are also living organisms, use photosynthesis as energy instead of ATP. Are there any other ways metabolic processes can happen?[Why tag this text]the 3 different forms of endocytosis[Why tag this textThere are 2 types of vesicular transportation: endocytosis and exocytosis. And within endocytosis there are 3 main types- phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and receptor mediated endocytosis.[Why tag this textI tagged this because this because I thought it was important to mention that not all forms of endocytosis are benefitial. According to Saladin, Receptor-mediated endocytosis is not always to our benefit. Certain diseases can actually get in the body through this proccess. [Why tag this textI find the process of phagocytosis very interesting. I was unaware of how bacteria and unwanted particles were destroyed and find it quite awesome how relatively simple it is (compared to every other process in the cell). [Why tag this textI think it would be easy to remember these because they each have a funny name like [Why tag this textforms of endocytosis: phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis; description[Why tag this textI annotated this section of the text because of a question that arose while reading. I learned early on in middle school science about phagocytosis, but I never thought about the actual act taking place. A question popped into my head that might sound ridiculous. When the engulfing of particles takes place, with a bacteria for example, does the entire bacteria disappear or is there something left behind?[Why tag this textI think these are the most important! If we weren't to have Phagocytosis we would be sick all the time and our bodies would have no chance to become healthy or clean.[Why tag this textQuestion 10: Phagocytosis and Pinocytosis.Phagocytosis is the process of engulfing particles into the cell.Pinocytosis is the process of taking in droplets of ECF comtaining molecules.[Why tag this textDo cells only perform phagocytosis if the particles are harmful to other cells in the body? Why do they take the particles in and destroy them rather than the membrane being non-permeable to these particles?[Why tag this textLauren Anthe
Stephanie
Alma Tovar
Amanda Bartosik
Melissa
Alyssa Harmes
Allyson Tetzlaff
Ashley McBain
Sarah Ertl
David Faber
Some factors that affect reaction rates are Concentration. Reaction rates increase when the reactants are more concentrated. This is because the molecules are more crowded and collide more frequently. Temperature. Reaction rate increases as the temperature rises. This is because heat causes molecules to move more rapidly and collide with greater force and frequency. Catalysts (CAT-uh-lists). These are substances that temporarily bind to reactants, hold them in a favorable position to react with each other, and may change the shapes of reactants in ways that make them more likely to react. By reducing the element of chance in molecular collisions, a catalyst speeds up a reaction. It then releases the products and is available to repeat the process with more reactants. The catalyst itself is not consumed or changed by the reaction. The most important biological catalysts are enzymes, discussed later in this chapter.
Good to know. Crowed the molecules, heat them, or give them encouragement to get them to react faster![Why tag this text]This is important because it shows that concentration, temperature, and catalysts are some of the effects of a reaction. Chemical reactions happen when molecules collide.[Why tag this textConcentration, temperature, and catalysts all effect reation rates. Higher concentration= faster reaction rate. Temperature increases= reaction rate increases. Enzymes are most important biological catalysts.[Why tag this textAh! Here's the answer to the question.[Why tag this textReaction Rates: concentration, temperature, catalysts[Why tag this textdefines the types of ways reaction rates are altered[Why tag this textDefines the ways that reaction rates are effected in different circumstances[General-Do not useThis is what happens when the reactants increase in concentration[Why tag this textDoes a greater concentration correlate to having more energy at all? Are they related?[Why tag this textI thought they slowed down because they don't have anywhere to go with so many molecules.[Why tag this textFactors that affect reaction rates ConcentrationTemperatureCatalysts[Why tag this textLauren Thiel
Stephanie
mainkao
Melissa Gile
Brandon Brandemuehl
lenarch2
Lauren Anthe
Bonnie Watson
Ashley McBain
Anthony Wheeler
The science of joint structure, function, and dysfunction is called arthrology.1 The study of musculoskeletal movement is kinesiology2 (kih-NEE-see-OL-oh-jee).
The science of joint structure, function, and dysfunction is called arthrology.1 The study of musculoskeletal movement is kinesiology2 (kih-NEE-see-OL-oh-jee). This is a branch of biomechanics, which deals with a broad variety of movements and mechanical processes in the body, including the physics of blood circulation, respiration, and hearing.
If arthritis is the inflamation of or between the joints why do Arthrologists have such a hard time curing the inflamation? Is it because we are always in motion?[Why Tag This?]Anthrology and kinesiology[Why Tag This?A disfunction would be inflammation of the joints. But what cause the inflammation? Does inflammation of the joints affect the four types of joints?[Why Tag This?What is the difference between being a kinesiologist and a physical therapist? Don't they both deal with muscles and movement?[Why Tag This?Important names and titles to remember
Will we every be learning about kinesiology?[Why Tag This?Good term to know.[Why Tag This?i find this interesting ecspecially since im a kinesiology major[Why Tag This?What is biomechanics?[Why Tag This?I think of personal trainers when I hear kinesiology. I didn't know they had to know physics and hearing in the body.[Why Tag This?That's one thing I love about being a Kinesiology major, we cover a huge variety of topics related to the movement of the human body, and therefore we can become trained professionals in a multitude of different medical facets of work.[Why Tag This?Amie Emrys
Elvia Rivas
Samantha B Johnson
Erin Griph
Paula
PangJeb Vang
Lauren Anthe
Madeline
David
Alina Gur
p. Muscles of the pectoral girdle fall into anterior and posterior groups (see figs. 10.23 and 10.24). The major muscles of the anterior group are the pectoralis minor and serratus anterior (see fig. 10.15b). The pectoralis minor arises by three heads from ribs 3 to 5 and converges on the coracoid process of the scapula. The serratus anterior arises from separate heads on all or nearly all of the ribs, wraps laterally around the chest, passes across the back between the rib cage and scapula, and inserts on the medial (vertebral) border of the scapula. Thus, when it contracts, the scapula glides laterally and slightly forward around the ribs. The serratus anterior is nicknamed the ?boxer?s muscle? because of its role in powerful thrusting movements of the arm such as a boxer?s jab.[image #2]
The pectoral girdle muscles are both anterior and posterior. The scapula glides laterally and forwardly around the ribs. The serratus anterior is also called the, [Why Tag This]The muscles in the pectoral girdle are put into posterior and anterior groups. [Why Tag ThisSo the anterior muscles are different than the posterior muscles? [Why Tag ThisHow do we place muscle in categories and groups?[Why Tag ThisMuscles of the pectoral girdle are divided into anterior and posterior groups like many things in Biology the categorization is endless.[Why Tag Thisthree headed muscle which is why its called [Why Tag ThisHow do contortionist use their muscless differently than a [Why Tag This
It is interesting that the muscle responsible for the punching motion is called the serratus anterior. [Why Tag Thismajor muscles of the anterior group of the pectoral girdle are - pectoralis minor and serratus anterior[Why Tag ThisI had surgery on my lung and they told me that they cut through some muscle between my ribs, so I'm guessing this is what they cut.[why i tagged thisi feel like this doesn't make that much sense to me and i would like to learn more about it[Why Tag ThisPaola Arce
PangJeb Vang
Duan Phan
Michael Franzini
Justin Putterman
Sarah Cherkinian
Neema Shekar
Alyssa Harmes
Kristen Grzeca
Lauren Anthe
Fossil evidence indicates that bipedalism was firmly established more than 4 million years ago; footprints of bipedal primates have been preserved in volcanic ash in Tanzania dated to 3.6 million years ago. The anatomy of the human pelvis, femur, knee, great toe, foot arches, spinal column, skull, arms, and many muscles became adapted for bipedal locomotion, as did many aspects of human family life and society
The anatomy of the human pelvis, femur, knee, great toe, foot arches, spinal column, skull, arms, and many muscles became adapted for bipedal locomotion, as did many aspects of human family life and society.
As the skeleton and muscles became adapted for bipedalism, brain volume increased dramatically (table 1.1). It must have become increasingly difficult for a fully developed, large-brained infant to pass through the mother's pelvic outlet at birth. This may explain why humans are born in a relatively immature, helpless state compared with other mammals, before their nervous systems have matured and the bones of the skull have fused.
As the skeleton and muscles became adapted for bipedalism, brain volume increased dramatically (table 1.1). It must have become increasingly difficult for a fully developed, large-brained infant to pass through the mother's pelvic outlet at birth. This may explain why humans are born in a relatively immature, helpless state compared with other mammals, before their nervous systems have matured and the bones of the skull have fused. The helplessness of human young and their extended dependence on parental care may help to explain why humans have such exceptionally strong family ties.
Table 1.1 Brain Volumes of the Hominidae Genus or Species Time of Origin (Millions of Years Ago) Brain Volume (Milliliters)Australopithecus 3.9?4.2 400Early Homo 2.5 650Homo erectus 2.0 1,100Homo sapiens 0.2 1,350
Fossils help try to figure out what happened when humans werent around. By looking at the footprints long ago biologist can make assumptions to what went on[Why I tagged this]this explains how living creatures began to walk with two feet (bipedalism) more than 4 millions years ago[Why I tagged thisShowes what parts of the body changed and evolved so that we can stand upright. [Why I tagged thisI wonder how things might continue to evolve based on our way of life now.[Why I tagged thisi never thought of it from that prespective[Why I tagged thisThis makes a lot of sense but also probably caused a lot of problems for our early ancestors who had to take care of their defenseless offspring. Thank god for evolution though because I have a hard enough time imagining giving birth much less to a more-developed human.[Why I tagged thisThis explains why other animals do not attach to their young but rather leave them to be independent very early in the life cycle.[Why I tagged thisI have never thought or known about this before, so I found it interesting. As humans we rely on our parents for survial as infants and toodlers, where as some animals are born and start providing for themselves right at birth. [Why I tagged thisThough nurture will have a large part in our relationship with others, we see here that this also has to do very much with nature. [Why I tagged thisQuestion 3: These 2 characteristics allowed the primates to adapt to this environment with more predators and less protection from them. In the grassland, bipedalism or standing on 2 legs allowed for better ability to watch for predators and muti-tasking, where the hands are now free to complete another activity such as carrying food or young.These primates developed family groups in relation to their young being born young or unable to survive on their own. Living in these groups helped to created better protection with the increased number of individuals.[Why I tagged thishuman evol. chart[Why I tagged thisvictor
Justin Rosinski
Bonnie Watson
Flees Robert John
Sophie
Amanda Baxter
Jenna Nehls
Sarah Ertl
Corianne
The acetabulum, the socket of the hip joint, literally means ?vinegar cup.? Apparently the hip socket reminded an anatomist of the little cups used to serve vinegar as a condiment on dining tables in ancient Rome. The word testicles can be translated ?little pots? or ?little witnesses.?
The acetabulum, the socket of the hip joint, literally means ?vinegar cup.? Apparently the hip socket reminded an anatomist of the little cups used to serve vinegar as a condiment on dining tables in ancient Rome. The word testicles can be translated ?little pots? or ?little witnesses.? The history of medical language has several amusing conjectures as to why this word was chosen to name the male gonads.
The English words large, larger, and largest are examples of the positive, comparative, and superlative degrees of comparison. In Latin, these are magnus, major (from maior), and maximus. We find these in the muscle names adductor magnus (a large muscle of the thigh), the pectoralis major (the larger of two pectoralis muscles of the chest), and gluteus maximus (the largest of the three gluteal muscles of the buttock).
this is very interesting...[Why I tagged this]hahaha... funny. these words dont even translate to medical words..just something that reminded them of that it looked like
I believe this depends on whether a Latin term or coloquial term is being used. I studied Spanish Medical Terminology - the terms we learned were in Spanish (and much closer to their Latin roots than English terms).[Why I tagged this*colloquial term[Why I tagged thisthroughout anatomy there are positive, comparative and superlative degrees in which to compare.[Why I tagged thisI thought this was important because it gives examples of how degrees of comparison are used[Why I tagged thishow the degrees of comparison work in terminology of muscles[Why I tagged thisJonathan Rooney
Danny Duong
Justin Rosinski
Lauren Thiel
Rachel
lindsay krueger
Amanda Baxter
Intervertebral DiscsAn intervertebral disc is a cartilaginous pad located between the bodies of two adjacent vertebrae. It consists of an inner gelatinous nucleus pulposus surrounded by a ring of fibrocartilage, the anulus fibrosus (fig. 8.22b). There are 23 discs?the first one between cervical vertebrae 2 and 3 and the last one between the last lumbar vertebra and the sacrum. They help to bind adjacent vertebrae together, support the weight of the body, and absorb shock. Under stress?for example, when you lift a heavy weight?the discs bulge laterally. Excessive stress can crack the anulus and cause the nucleus to ooze out. This is called a herniated disc (?ruptured? or ?slipped? disc in lay terms) and may put painful pressure on the spinal cord or a spinal nerve (fig. 8.22c).
Intervertebral Discs:Carilage pad that is between two vertebrae, help to bind the adjacent vertebrae together, support the weight of the body and absorb shock. Herniated disc=when nucleus oozes out. [Why tag this]Is flexibility in this part of the spine the reason contortionists can bend the way they do? [Why tag thisMy father had 3 herniated disc, i know that he was in a lot of pain and even laying down hurt him alot. I never knew exactly what a herniated disc was i just knew that it was in his back. Even after 10 years after he had surgerury on his back lifting heavy objects still hurts his back.[Why tag thisWhen people say that they have degeneration in certain disks (such as a C3) what exactly happens to the vertebrae? Do they start to wear away and rub against each other?[Why tag thisThis section describes the basic functions of the intervertebral discs which are located between two adjacent vertebrae. Understanding these discs can help when trying to understand the functions of some other cartilage in our body such as the meniscus of the knee which performs similar function. [Why tag thisThe cartilaginous pads responsible for absorbing pressure and protecting the vertebrae from grinding against eachother are called intervertebral discs.[Why tag thiswhat intervertbral discs are; function[Why tag thisI chose this because I once say my basketball coaches fiance came to practice and all of a sudden she started to yell for our coach. She was standing straight up and she could not move. She was in pain, but she can tolerate it because she was in the army for a little bit. She got rushed to the hospital and they said she had one of her discs on her back move outward. [Why tag thisWhen a disc is moved from its original place id=s this called a slipped disc ?[Why tag thisIs it possible to have a herniated disk and not realize it if the pressure isn't strong enough on the spinal cord or spinal nerve?[Why tag thisgood Info to know[Why tag thisAmanda Fitzmaurice
sarah
Samantha B Johnson
Maria Stephans
Michael Franzini
Alyssa Harmes
Jenna
Jessica Ryback
Joe Nimm
Salman Almohsin
Primary active transport
Primary active transport is a process in which a carrier moves a substance through a cell membrane up its concentration gradient using energy provided by ATP.
Primary active transport is a process in which a carrier moves a substance through a cell membrane up its concentration gradient using energy provided by ATP.
Primary active transport is a process in which a carrier moves a substance through a cell membrane up its concentration gradient using energy provided by ATP. Just as rolling a ball up a ramp would require you to push it (an energy input), this mechanism requires energy to move material up its concentration gradient
Primary active transport is a process in which a carrier moves a substance through a cell membrane up its concentration gradient using energy provided by ATP. Just as rolling a ball up a ramp would require you to push it (an energy input), this mechanism requires energy to move material up its concentration gradient. ATP supplies this energy by transferring a phosphate group to the transport protein.
Primary active transport is a process in which a carrier moves a substance through a cell membrane up its concentration gradient using energy provided by ATP. Just as rolling a ball up a ramp would require you to push it (an energy input), this mechanism requires energy to move material up its concentration gradient. ATP supplies this energy by transferring a phosphate group to the transport protein. The calcium pump mentioned previously uses this mechanism. Even though Ca2+ is already more concentrated in the ECF than within the cell, this carrier pumps still more of it out. Active transport also enables cells to absorb amino acids that are already more concentrated in the cytoplasm than in the ECF.
Facilitated Diffusion:Primary Active Transport: Carrier moves substance against concentration gradient by using energy from ATP, this is like the Calcium pump. Secondary Active Transport: Also requires energy input, but depends on ATP indirectly by using a concentration gradient [oftentimes with ATP] to get energy[Why tag this text]a carrier moves a substance through a cell membrane up its concentration gradient using ATP energy[General-Do not useQuestion 8: Facilitated diffusion and active transport.Facilitated diffusion and active transport involve moving a substance through a cell membrane up its concentration gradient. Active transport uses ATP.[Why tag this textI think understanding active transport is really important because it is the only movement that requires ATP to go against the concentration gradient. [Why tag this textI work as a CNA, and one of the guest I talk to said she has a mitochindrial diease. At first I didnt understand what that meant entirly, but now I understand that it would have to do with the production of ATP by the mirochindria. The patiant had canar before in her breasts , but now she is in remission, so i assume with the changing of her DNA may have had a mutation.[Why tag this textso basically the active transport stores all the energy to carry a transport[Why tag this textIn primary active transport, a carrier moves a substance through a cell membrane up its gradient using energy from ATP[Why tag this textThe most common type of active transport is a pump. Pumps are proteins embedded in the cell membrane, which use ATP energy to work.[Why tag this textI find primary active transport interesting because it is essential to enable cells to absorb amino acids that are already more concentrated in the cytoplasm. Without the primary active transport cells would not be able to transport specific things because there would be no energy to do so.[Why tag this textATP is the energy for our cells. I think it is cool how each of our cells are like little towns. The ATP would be the energy plant.[Why tag this textRachel Feivor
Sarah Ertl
Stephanie
Kayla Theys
Lauren Anthe
Alyssa Harmes
Jungas
Laura Siecinski
Kelly Stahl
Adipose tissue, or fat,
Adipose tissue, or fat, is tissue in which adipocytes are the dominant cell type
Adipose tissue, or fat, is tissue in which adipocytes are the dominant cell type (table 5.6). Adipocytes may also occur singly or in small clusters in areolar tissue.
Adipose tissue, or fat, is tissue in which adipocytes are the dominant cell type (table 5.6). Adipocytes may also occur singly or in small clusters in areolar tissue. The space between adipocytes is occupied by areolar tissue, reticular tissue, and blood capillaries.
Adipose Tissue of the Breast. (x100)
Microscopic appearance: Dominated by adipocytes?large, empty-looking cells with thin margins; tissue sections often very pale because of scarcity of stained cytoplasm; adipocytes shrunken; nucleus pressed against plasma membrane; blood vessels presentRepresentative locations: Subcutaneous fat beneath skin; breast; heart surface; mesenteries; surrounding organs such as kidneys and eyesFunctions: Energy storage; thermal insulation; heat production by brown fat; protective cushion for some organs; filling space, shaping body
Adipose Tissue:Tissue with lots of adipocytes [big and empty looking]. The space between adipocytes is typically areolar/reticular.Found in fatty areas.Stroes energy [fat=#1 energy storage], heat, cushionsWhite Fat: Fat adults have, serves purposes ^Bron Fat: Baby fat, main heat generator for young people, lots of mitochondria[Why tag this text]The adipose tissue looks just like fat, a really easy indicator and I feel like its the most distiguishable tissue thus far[Why tag this textbeginning of adipose tissue section, explains how they behave and where they are located[Why tag this textAdipose tissue is also known as fat. [Why tag this textAdipose tissue = fat[Why tag this textThis explains what adipose of fat tissue consists of and what lies inbetween.[General-Do not useIs adipose tissue literally fat? Or is it a different form or kind? What is the difference between adipose tissue and fat found on the body?[Why tag this textExplains adipse tissue and its importance[Why tag this text
Notice there is no space between adipocytes. Therefore, it is easy to distinguish.[Why tag this textThis image is useful to understand the adipose[Why tag this textThe appearance location and function of adipose tissue.[General-Do not usePaige Immel
Jonathan Lowe
Stephanie
Anthony Wheeler
Brandon Brandemuehl
Ashley McBain
TRAVIS
Brett Sullivan
soha
As early as 3,000 years ago, physicians in Mesopotamia and Egypt treated patients with herbal drugs, salts, physical therapy, and faith healing.
As early as 3,000 years ago, physicians in Mesopotamia and Egypt treated patients with herbal drugs, salts, physical therapy, and faith healing. The
I wonder what they thought if they ever saw somebody cut open. Wouldn't they have been curious about the internal structure?[Why I tagged this]Examples of early forms of medicine and treatments[Why I tagged thisI never knew that this all started in Mesopotamia and Egypt? That's pretty amazing, especially with what they treated patients with.[Why I tagged this
This is still seen today in different parts of the world.[Why I tagged thispeople in mesopotamia and egypt used herbal drugs and faith healing the same stuff used today.[Why I tagged thisI tagged this because I found this really interesting. Times have certainly changed over time. [Why I tagged thisDid they only treat there patients with herbal drugs and salts because they didn't have [Why I tagged thisThis statment is very interesting to me because I like to learn about how medicine and healing first started out decades ago.[Why I tagged thisI tagged this because I found it very interesting. I knew that faith healing was in regular practice throughout history, although, I assumed physical therapy was a pretty new field as far as modern medicine goes. It amazes me that they understood the basics of physical therapy, protecting and isolating certain muscles of the body to regain the functions as a whole but then they still relied on [Why I tagged thisI find it unusual, and good even, that after 3,000 years and so many advances in modern medicine, that some people still swear by, and exclusively use, herbal and holistic treatments. I definitely think there is a time and a place for them, just not in some situations.[Why I tagged this
Egyptians treated patients with herbals drugs and faith healing. Hippocrates (the father of medicine) established a code of ethics that is still used today. (hippocratic oath) Diseases should be based on ones faith but the natural causes. [Anatomy and PhysiologyDanny Duong
Kaitlynn
Alejandra Contreras
lindsay krueger
Nicole Coppins
Kenyetta
Samantha Herron
Elizabeth
Cassi Malko
Stephanie
Posterior Group. The posterior muscles that act on the scapula include the large, superficial trapezius, already discussed (table 10.3), and three deep muscles: the levator scapulae, rhomboideus minor, and rhomboideus major (the rhomboids). The action of the trapezius depends on whether its superior, middle, or inferior fibers contract and whether it acts alone or with other muscles. The levator scapulae and superior fibers of the trapezius rotate the scapula in opposite directions if either of them acts alone. If both act together, their opposite rotational effects balance each other and they elevate the scapula and shoulder, as when you lift a suitcase from the floor. Depression of the scapula occurs mainly by gravitational pull, but the trapezius and serratus anterior can depress it more rapidly and forcefully, as in swimming, hammering, and rowing.
This group consists of the large, superficial trapezius and deep muscles- levator scapulae, rhomboideus minor, and rhomboideus major which are the posterior muscls that act upon the scapula.[Why Tag This]So the posterior group also depends on the anterior muscles too?[Why Tag ThisThe scapula is able to move back and forth across the ribs because of the force produced by the contracting and extending of connecting muscles. [Why Tag Thisposterior muslces that act on the scapula - levator scapulae, rhomboideus minor, and rhomboidus major[Why Tag Thiswhen naming the muscles in the back, it's helpful to know that they resemble a shape. Makes it easer to remember what the muscles are.[GeneralHelpful to know that they use descriptive words in the name so you can figure out which muscle is which by the shape![Why Tag ThisA lot of the back muscles are easy to remember because they are named for what shape they resemble.[Why Tag Thiswhy does this depend on the trapezius action?[Why Tag ThisThis is so interesting because when people do pick up a suitcase, they don't even realize what's going on in there body to be able to do that. I don't think people understand how lucky they are to have muscles to do things. Can't people be born with weak muscles? or missing some muscles?[Why Tag ThisThis is interesting. Until you read something you never think about what makes things work. [Why Tag ThisIn volleyball there are so many shoulder injuries that we have and really make sure that we stretch it out before and after practices and games.[Why Tag ThisPangJeb Vang
Michael Franzini
Alyssa Harmes
Christina
krista
Awlareau
Lauren Anthe
Kaitlynn
Michea Jones
Maisey Mulvey
A technique called DNA hybridization, for example, suggests a difference of only 1.6% in DNA structure between humans and chimpanzees. Chimpanzees and gorillas differ by 2.3%. DNA structure suggests that a chimpanzee's closest living relative is not the gorilla or any other ape?it is Homo sapiens.
I have heard that humans differ from chimpanzees by less than a percentage. This may be the conclusion found from previous evidence and thus exhibits the changing knowlegde we acquire as time continues further on its linear path. New evidence may have been found to support a greater percentage. It is also interesting to note that the difference between chimpanzees and gorillas are so great. It would be interesting to know the comparisons between humans, chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans. [Why I tagged this]It is crazy to see how close we are to chimps and then to see that we are closer than chimps to gorillas.[Why I tagged thisInteresting fact.[Why I tagged thisA example of how anatomy and physiology is studied and further advanced.[Why I tagged thisAll animals and humans are very similar, we see this especially in our DNA. This makes anatomy easier because we can compare both animals and humans. [Why I tagged thisthis is important because it explains how many species relate based on DNA. for instance, humans and chimpanzees[Why I tagged thisI didn't know that humans were more closely related to chimps than gorillas were. I would have thought for sure that chimps and gorillas would have DNA more similar to each other.[Why I tagged thisThis is so interesting to me. Its so crazy to think how much alike we are to monkeys![Why I tagged thisAmazing that humans are more related genetically to chimpanzees than gorillas are to chimpanzees![Why I tagged thisif they differ from humans by 2.3% then why did it say at the end of the section that monkeys and apes are like cousins who have the same grandparent? wouldn't the relationship be much closer?[Why I tagged thisChimpanzee's are only a little bit different than humans. This is why scientists use chimpanzee's to study drugs and tests on them for humans - they are almost exactly like us.[Why I tagged thisFlees Robert John
Rebecca Brekke
Lauren Gwidt
Lauren Thiel
victor
Nicole Latzig
Jelena Ristic
Sarah Hudson
Brianna Brugger
The upper and lower limbs each contain 30 bones, yet we have 8 carpal bones in the upper limb and only 7 tarsal bones in the lower limb. What makes up the difference in the lower limb?The remaining bones of the foot are similar in arrangement and name to those of the hand. The proximal metatarsals75 are similar to the metacarpals. They are metatarsals I through V from medial to lateral, metatarsal I being proximal to the great toe. Metatarsals I to III articulate with the first through third cuneiforms; metatarsals IV and V both articulate with the cuboid.Bones of the toes, like those of the fingers, are called phalanges. The great toe is the hallux and contains only two bones, the proximal and distal phalanx I. The other toes each contain a proximal, middle, and distal phalanx, and are numbered II through V from medial to lateral. Thus middle phalanx V, for example, would be the middle bone of the smallest toe. The metatarsal and phalangeal bones each have a base, body, and head, like the bones of the hand. All of them, especially the phalanges, are slightly concave on the inferior (plantar) side.
The carpal bones make up the hand and wrist. Humans have much better range of motion in hands than feet because of it. The 7 tarsal bones make up the foots skeletal structure. [Why tag this]Why is the anatomy of the upper and lower limbs so similar?[Why tag thisHaving exactly the same number of bones and being mirrored for the most part allows easier learning by pairing the mirrored bones up. Ex. Femur and humerus[Why tag this
It's interesting that there are the same number of bones.[Why tag thisThe carpals of the upper limbs are part of the writst and hands. We use our hands for a much wider variety of tasks that requies them to be more mobile and felixible.[Why tag thisIt only has three bones in its proximal group due too the bones being larger.[Why tag thisLower limb prosthetics are devices designed to replace the function or appearance of the missing lower limb as much as possible.[Why tag thisMaybe the fact that the tarsals help with posture, standing, and balance and the carpals help with grasping things is the difference between the two.[Why tag thisI find it interesting how the bones in the upper limb kind of mirror the bones in the lower limb. Hands are different than feet because they serve different purposes, but they can be compared because the bones in the foot are similar in arrangement to the bones in the hand. [Why tag thisI wasn't aware that there were too many similarties with the foot and hand.[Why tag thisremaining bones of the foot are similiar to those in the hands[Why tag thisEthan Kelly
Brendan Semph
Jonathan Baures
Corianne
Erin Griph
Senny Xiong
Ashley Parker
Kristen
David
Alyssa Harmes
A control group consists of subjects that are as much like the treatment group as possible except with respect to the variable being tested.
A control group consists of subjects that are as much like the treatment group as possible except with respect to the variable being tested. For example, there is evidence that garlic lowers blood cholesterol levels.
Psychosomatic effects.
Psychosomatic effects. Psychosomatic effects (effects of the subject's state of mind on his or her physiology) can have an undesirable effect on experimental results if we do not control for them.
Psychosomatic effects. Psychosomatic effects (effects of the subject's state of mind on his or her physiology) can have an undesirable effect on experimental results if we do not control for them. In drug research, it is therefore customary to give the control group a placebo (pla-SEE-bo)?a substance with no significant physiological effect on the body.
Psychosomatic effects. Psychosomatic effects (effects of the subject's state of mind on his or her physiology) can have an undesirable effect on experimental results if we do not control for them. In drug research, it is therefore customary to give the control group a placebo (pla-SEE-bo)-a substance with no significant physiological effect on the body. If we were testing a drug, for example, we could give the treatment group the drug and the control group identical-looking sugar tablets. Neither group must know which tablets it is receiving. If the two groups showed significantly different effects, we could feel confident that it did not result from a knowledge of what they were taking.
Psychosomatic effects. Psychosomatic effects (effects of the subject's state of mind on his or her physiology) can have an undesirable effect on experimental results if we do not control for them. In drug research, it is therefore customary to give the control group a placebo (pla-SEE-bo)?a substance with no significant physiological effect on the body. If we were testing a drug, for example, we could give the treatment group the drug and the control group identical-looking sugar tablets. Neither group must know which tablets it is receiving. If the two groups showed significantly different effects, we could feel confident that it did not result from a knowledge of what they were taking.
The control group would likely receive a placebo that will have no real effects on the subject's physiology in order to compare the outcomes of the real treatment on the treatment group. A separate study could be done in order to determine if there is a placebo effect associated with the control group's outcomes. [Why I tagged this]Control group is important to any experiment[Why I tagged thisThis explains what a control group is. This is useful to know because it is terms that are used when doing a lab experiment.[Why I tagged thisPsychosomatic effects[Why I tagged thisI didnt know that psyhosomatic effects were even relevant in research[Why I tagged thispsychosomatic effects are wen a subjects mind state is effectd on physiology.[Why I tagged thisThe mind is a very powerful organ and can indeed change a participants outcomes in an experiment. [Why I tagged thisFor experimental diet pills, the placebo effect can happen and subjects will lose weight due to psychosomatic effects.[Why I tagged thishas to do with physiological effect on an experiment [Anatomy and PhysiologyThis explains how Psychosomatic effects or in other words effects that could alter results of a test due to the mind of a subject are important and should be taken into consideration so that accurate data can be collected.[Why I tagged thisThis is the only one I've never heard of before. this is about a researchers state of mind?[Why I tagged thisCaitlin
Xenyen
Melissa
lindsay krueger
Jonathan Rooney
Amanda Baxter
Stephanie
Danny Duong
Paige Immel
Stretching of the skin in obesity and pregnancy can tear the collagen fibers and produce striae (STRY-ee), or stretch marks. These occur especially in areas most stretched by weight gain: the thighs, buttocks, abdomen, and breasts.
Stretching of the skin in obesity and pregnancy can tear the collagen fibers and produce striae (STRY-ee), or stretch marks. These occur especially in areas most stretched by weight gain: the thighs, buttocks, abdomen, and breasts.The Hypodermis
The HypodermisBeneath the skin is a layer called the hypodermis11 or subcutaneous tissue (see fig. 6.1). The boundary between the dermis and hypodermis is indistinct, but the hypodermis generally has more areolar and adipose tissue. It pads the body and binds the skin to the underlying tissues. Drugs are introduced into the hypodermis by injection because the subcutaneous tissue is highly vascular and absorbs them quickly.
The HypodermisBeneath the skin is a layer called the hypodermis11 or subcutaneous tissue (see fig. 6.1). The boundary between the dermis and hypodermis is indistinct, but the hypodermis generally has more areolar and adipose tissue. It pads the body and binds the skin to the underlying tissues. Drugs are introduced into the hypodermis by injection because the subcutaneous tissue is highly vascular and absorbs them quickly.Page 187Subcutaneous fat is hypodermis composed predominantly of adipose tissue. It serves as an energy reservoir and thermal insulation. It is not uniformly distributed; for example, it is virtually absent from the scalp but relatively abundant in the breasts, abdomen, hips, and thighs. The subcutaneous fat averages about 8% thicker in women than in men, and varies with age. Infants and elderly people have less subcutaneous fat than other people and are therefore more sensitive to cold.
Does this mean that stretch marks are similar or dissimilar to scars? [Why tag this text]Interesting to know how stretch marks are produced.[Why tag this textadipocytes. fat cells present in reticular layer that causes stretch marks [Why tag this textHypodermis: Also called subcutaneous tissue. Boundary is indistinct but hypodermis usually has more aereolar and adipose tissue, pads the body and binds the skin to underlying tissue. [Why tag this texthypodermis - brief description[Why tag this textI chose this because I did not know there was another layer beneath the skin. I thought that the dermis was mostly adipose, but apparently the hypodermis is the layer mainly made of adipose. It binds the skins tissues together. I had no idea that drugs were entered into the hypodermis. I thought the dermis would be the place. [Why tag this textI was unaware that there was another layer of tissue below the dermis (hypodermis). This layer of skin is mostly made up of Adipose tissue and when you get a shot, it's injected in this part of the skin because it absorbs quicker. [Why tag this textI hadn't ever thought about this, but it makes sense. Also makes sense that we usually get our shots in our arms then, and that babies get them in their butts since they have very little fat. [Why tag this textThe epidermis is the top layer of skin while the dermis is the interior layer of skin. The hypodermis is not technically part of the skin but it is below the dermis and has many blood vessels and sdipose tissue.[Why tag this textmore vessels and fat cells[Why tag this textthrough which point does one start bleeding when they get a cut? is it just through the epidermis or dermis or both? does it vary throughout the body?[Why tag this textErin Griph
Jelena Ristic
Danielle Henckel
Alyssa Harmes
Jenna
Sarah
Sophie
Michael Franzini
Emily Zuelzke
The most common form of arthritis is osteoarthritis (OA), also called ?wear-and-tear arthritis? because it is apparently a normal consequence of years of wear on the joints. As joints age, the articular cartilages soften and degenerate. As the cartilage becomes roughened by wear, joint movement may be accompanied by crunching or crackling sounds called crepitus. OA affects especially the fingers, intervertebral joints, hips, and knees. As the articular cartilage wears away, exposed bone tissue often develops spurs that grow into the joint cavity, restrict movement, and cause pain. OA rarely occurs before age 40, but it affects about 85% of people older than 70, especially those who are overweight. It usually does not cripple, but in severe cases it can immobilize the hip.
Rheumatoid arthritis
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), which is far more severe than osteoarthritis, results from an autoimmune attack against the joint tissues. It begins when the body produces antibodies to fight an infection.
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), which is far more severe than osteoarthritis, results from an autoimmune attack against the joint tissues. It begins when the body produces antibodies to fight an infection. Failing to recognize the body's own tissues, a misguided antibody known as rheumatoid factor also attacks the synovial membranes. Inflammatory cells accumulate in the synovial fluid and produce enzymes that degrade the articular cartilage. The synovial membrane thickens and adheres to the articular cartilage, fluid accumulates in the joint capsule, and the capsule is invaded by fibrous connective tissue.
How long is a joint made to last? According to evolution what time frame is the body created to survive for?[Why tag this]most common form of arthritis[Why tag thisthis makes sense that joints would receive heavy doses of unrepaired wear and tear because joints are not located in highly vascular regions. what could be done about this in the future to combat this?[Why tag thiswouldn't that mean bone inflammation?[Why tag thisa normal consequence of years of wear on the joints[Why tag thisMost people usually develop some form of arthritis? That is interesting because it seems like there is no way to avoid it.[Why tag thismore sever, this arthritis results from an autoimmune attack agains teh joint tissues.[Why tag thisI wonder if treatments for RA parallel treatments for other autoimmune diseases like HIV. One might expaect that when one of these conditions is cured, the others will soon follow.[Why tag this
This is scary when the immune system attacks normal cells. The body system itself is a defect for having mutations[Why tag thishow is it more severe?[Why tag thisI never realized RA was an autoimmune disease, and it's actually cause by the body not recognizing its own tissue, rather than joint pain and stress from age.[Why tag thisAlyssa Harmes
Thomas Hensler
Lauren Anthe
Rachel Feivor
Melissa
Corianne
xuntao
Emily Orange
otator cuff, especially the supraspinatus tendon, is easily damaged by strenuous circumduction or hard blows to the shoulder (see Deeper Insight 10.5).[image #4]
I can see why baseball players have rotator cuff injuries. They are constantly rotating the humerus and if any of the surrounding muscles are weaker, the forces acting can result in an imbalance and cause injury.[Why Tag This]My step dad had to have a shoulder replacement after 20 years of working for FedEx. All of the repetitive lifting of packages must have had a detrimental impact on his rotator cuff. [Why Tag ThisI know that the rotator cuff is such a delicate part of the shoulder, but I don't understand how it is lacking support if it is one of the two ball and socket joints in our body. And since it is so easily torn and injured, will our body adapt and make it less likely for injury in the future?[Why Tag ThisWhat exactly is strenuous circumduction?[Why Tag ThisIsn't this what baseball players and such damage quite frequently? I didn't know it was more than one muscle involved.[Why Tag ThisIn high school, I played volleyball and I injured some tendons in my right shoulder, which I assume were the ones related to the rotator cuff. If my shoulder stays stationary too long I still have pains that run up my shoulder and down into the brachium.[Why Tag ThisRotator cuff injuries are common in the sport I play (volleyball). We do a lot of exercises to prevent this type of injury.[Why Tag ThisAfter shadowing many Physical Therapists this is one of the most common injuries I saw them treating. So this makes sense![Why Tag ThisAre the tendons usually what end up being torn when someone gets a torn rotator cuff injury?[why i tagged thisThe rotator cuff is made up of SITS muscles which stand for: supraspinous, infraspinatus, tres minor, and subscapularis. Why is it so easy for the roators cuff o be damaged? [Why Tag ThisI tagged this because my mom has injured her rotator cuff and I think its interesting there are so many personal experiances that I can relate the information too. [Why Tag ThisKeira
Christina Colarossi
Zoe Hitzemann
mary furner
Amanda Bartosik
Nicole Latzig
Andrea
Adrian Kange
Alyssa Tucker
Caitlin
Receptors (fig. 3.8a). Many of the chemical signals by which cells communicate (epinephrine, for example) cannot enter the target cell but bind to surface proteins called receptors. Receptors are usually specific for one particular messenger, much like an enzyme that is specific for one substrate. Plasma membranes also have receptor proteins that bind chemicals and transport them into the cell, as discussed later in this chapter.
I found all of the functions of the membrane proteins very interesting. I had no idea that there were so many different functions, from receptors to a gated ion channel. The one I found must interesting was the cell-adhesion molecule. This is because this cell allows so many special events such as the sperm-egg binding. Without this function, many processes of life would never be existant. [Why tag this text]What do Membrane Proteins do?They are:Receptors: Chemical signals bind to the surface proteins called receptors, which are specified for one specific receptor. Second Messenger System: A messenger binds to surface receptors and triggers changes inside the cell which then produce a second messenger in the cytoplasm. Enzymes: Enzymes in the plasma membrane carry out digestion, produce second messengers, and break down hormones to signal a job is done.Channel Proteins: Individual membrane proteins or a bunch of proteins can create a tunnel for water/hydrophilic solute to go through the membrane. Channels have gates, and there are three types. One is Ligand-gated, which responds to chemicals, one is voltage-gated, which responds to electrical potential, one is mechanically gated, which responds to physical stress. Carriers: Transmembrane proteins that bind to solutes [like electrolytes and glucose] and transfer them to the other side of the membrane are called carriers. Cell-Identity Markers: Glycoproteins act as an identification tag to tell which cells are foreign or not.Cell-Adhesion Molecules: Cells adhere to one another through membrane proteins called cell-adhesion molecules. [Why tag this textCell receptors recieve chemical messengers and transport them into the cell. The messenger may then direct functions specific to it's kind.[Why tag this textWhat would happen if there were something wrong with the receptor cites, or if the receptors don't recive certain messages?[Why tag this textQuestion 4: Receptors, pumps, cell-adhesion molecule.Receptors are usually designed for one specific messenger or substrate. They are located within the plasma membrane and allow chemical signals to enter into the cell.Pumps are trnasmembrane proteins that bind to solutes and transfer them to the opposite side of the membrane.Cell-adhesion molecules (CAMs) allow cells to adhere to one another.[Why tag this textI remember learning about receptors in high school anatomy and phisiology. I find it interesting how cells use chemical signals to communicate with each other. [Why tag this text
It's cool to think how specific and intune our body is with its innermost components to be able to creat recepters that are used to communicate by chemical signals that fit like keys into their unique structures.[Why tag this textreceptors description and function[Why tag this textreceptors are chemical signals where cells comunicate.[Why tag this text
receptors are important for cells communication [Why tag this textDanielle Henckel
Michael Franzini
kaulor
Sarah Ertl
Kristen
Anna Christenbury
Alyssa Harmes
lindsay krueger
Tayelor Neiss
Because it is the most exposed of all our organs, skin is not only the most vulnerable to injury and disease, but is also the one place where we are most likely to notice anything out of the ordinary.
Because it is the most exposed of all our organs, skin is not only the most vulnerable to injury and disease, but is also the one place where we are most likely to notice anything out of the ordinary.
Because it is the most exposed of all our organs, skin is not only the most vulnerable to injury and disease, but is also the one place where we are most likely to notice anything out of the ordinary. Skin diseases become increasingly common in old age, and most people over age 70 have complaints about their integumentary system.
Because it is the most exposed of all our organs, skin is not only the most vulnerable to injury and disease, but is also the one place where we are most likely to notice anything out of the ordinary. Skin diseases become increasingly common in old age, and most people over age 70 have complaints about their integumentary system. Aging of the skin is discussed more fully on page 1125. The healing of cuts and other injuries to the skin occurs by the process described at the end of chapter 5. We focus here on two particularly common and serious disorders: skin cancer and burns. Other skin diseases are briefly summarized in table 6.3.
three classes of burns are first, second, and third degree. first degree heals in a few days. second degree burns takes 2 weeks to heal and may leave scars. third degree requires skin grafts. [Why tag this]Skin is the more places in your body at risk[Why tag thisThis is literally the very reason why I find studying the skin so very intreaguing. I like knowing that there is so much to learn about the body simply by observing integumentary tissues. (Again, wishing I could be a dermatologist...)[Why tag thisThis is really interesting if you think about it; while we may notice if something inside our body feels off or in pain, we don't notice if something looks strange, because we don't see the inside of our body. This is why many cancers and diseases can go unnoticed until further stages. Skin, however, is available for us to see easily, so we notice every little thing wrong with it. This is probably why skin cancer has one of the highest cure rates, because it is detected so early.[Why tag this text
I think its interesting that the skin is the thing that most people complain about when they get older. I feel like the organs and our joints would be the first thing to diminish, because of the different amounts of stress we put on our joints, muscles, and bones throughout our life. [Why tag thisSkin is the most exposed and damaged organ in the body so naturally it is also the source of the most concern when it comes to changes in appearance. Exposure to sun and old age negatively change the appearance of our skin so countless products are marketed to cover-up blemishes or improve the texture/color/condition of skin.[Why tag thisdoesnt it protect us the most from injury and disease also though?[Why tag thisThis is true and probably a good thing, unlike other organs like our liver, when there is a big spot or big change that happens to our liver we cannot see it but we are able to see these things on our skin, which can help up treat diseases quicker.[Why tag thisI have noticed with my grandmother how easily she bruises and gets cuts on her skin along with all the skin discolored spots.[Why tag thisbut isn't it possible for someone to get skin cancer when they are younger than the given age?[Why tag thisHow long would it take one of these tumors to form?[Why tag thisSalman Almohsin
Alina Gur
Laura Kovach
Callie McCarthy
Michael Franzini
Alexis Blaser
Paige Immel
lenarch2
Lauren Anthe
andrew baker
The hope is that these genetically modified cells will proliferate and provide the patient with a gene product that he or she was lacking?perhaps insulin for a patient with diabetes or a blood-clotting factor for a patient with hemophilia. Attempts at gene therapy have been marred by some tragic setbacks, however, and still face great technical difficulties that have not yet been surmounted.
Genomics is introducing new problems in medical ethics and law. Should your genome be a private matter between you and your physician? Or should an insurance company be entitled to know your genome before issuing health or life insurance to you so it can know your risk of contracting a catastrophic illness, adjust the cost of your coverage, or even deny coverage?
Genomics is introducing new problems in medical ethics and law. Should your genome be a private matter between you and your physician? Or should an insurance company be entitled to know your genome before issuing health or life insurance to you so it can know your risk of contracting a catastrophic illness, adjust the cost of your coverage, or even deny coverage? Should a prospective employer have the right to know your genome before offering employment? These are areas in which biology, politics, and law converge to shape public policy.
Gene-substitution therapy seems to be very promising. Are there any therapies nearly ready for clinical use in humans? [Gene-substitution therapy]Just so amazing to think about the possibilities of gene-substitution therapy. The diseases that it could cure and prevent in the future is incredible possibility[Why tag this textWhat exactly are the tragic setbacks and what happened?[Why tag this textIt never occurred to me the moral issues/privacy issues that could go hand-in-hand with the study of genomics. Such big breakthroughs and scientific advancements tend to always have challenging repercussions. [Why tag this textIsn't another ethical debate about genetic testing the possibility of [Why tag this textThis is interesting due to the fact insurance companies really shouldnt be able to deny someone of health insurance they can continue to ask the qustion that have always been asked but including this would be way to personal.[Why tag this text
This is very interesting. I believe that IF it was to be entitled for other people to know our genome, it should have a limited disclosure. Meaning, not everyone in the perspective life should know about it. It some what ruins the privacy of your life. But in any case, it depends on the situation.[Why tag this textThis interests me because many are using genomics to determine if they should refrain from having children because of a risk of inherited illness. Huntington disease is a CNS disorder that would be disabling throughout the childs life. Early Alzheimers disease can also be detected now, and patients can prepare by setting up a POA or living will before memory loss becomes too severe.[Why tag this textThis is very interested about what our genomics, that it's can predicted what will happen to us and what will cause us problems of getting what we wants.[Why tag this textI believe a persons insurance company should be entitled to knowing a persons genome to provide certain levels of insurance to help if one is going to have problems in the future.[Why tag this textin my opinion your medical history is your business only and if the insurance is suppose to know your gene history when you find out then they can share that with anyone so i don't agree that they should know.[Why tag this textNicholas Bruno
Lauren Anthe
Cassi Malko
aubrey
Channelle Colbert
Mauly Her
Amanda Baxter
Sue Xiong
Rebecca Hoefs
Is abortion the taking of a human life? If so, what about a contraceptive foam that kills only sperm?
As a patient is dying, at what point does it become ethical to disconnect life-support equipment and remove organs for donation?
they demand a concept of what life is?a concept that may differ with one's biological, medical, legal, or religious perspective.
From a biological viewpoint, life is not a single property. It is a collection of properties that help to distinguish living from nonliving things
From a biological viewpoint, life is not a single property. It is a collection of properties that help to distinguish living from nonliving things:
This is a rather interesting question to pose in an Anatomy and Physiology textbook. Looking at this from a strictly legal standpoint, what is a human life? What we define as life from a biological point of view is rather different than what we define as life from a legal point of view. It would be rather interesting to hear more about this topic from a biological, rather than legal, point of view.[Why I tagged this]This can be a very debateable topic and very personal to some people and their beliefs and religion. It is debated through science and religion that if this is really taking a human life?[Why I tagged thisThis depends on a case by case situation. Personally if i were on life support and everything seemed bad I'd just say pull the plug. Varies from person to person as you can see, what would you do?[Why I tagged thisMany views on death are biased or impacted by religion or how a person is morally raised.[Why I tagged thisWe have been learning about a hollistic approach to anatomy. This kind of applies to this instance as well. We cannot consider something as being living on the basis of one criteria. There must be multiple criteria that all have to be met in order for something to be considered living. Thus, we need to take a hollistic approach to this.[Why I tagged thisWhat distinguishes living from non[Why I tagged thisTo be considered living you must satisfy the below topics[Why I tagged thisHelps us see how to distinguish what is living and what is not. [Why I tagged thisAlthough it may seem simple, distinguishing living from nonliving things can be quite complicated and controversial. Scientifically defined living and nonliving can be different than morally defined life. Sometimes it can be based on opinions.[Why I tagged thisGives a general deffinition of life and leads into the collection of properties that help distinguish living and non living things.[Why I tagged thisdistinguishing from being alive or not[Why I tagged thisMaisey Mulvey
andrew baker
Jelena Ristic
Awlareau
Corianne
Brendan Semph
Justin Rosinski
Amanda Bartosik
Caitlin
Flees Robert John
This statement reminds me of a video I watched about cell injury. It showed cells exposed to poisonous gases, which caused cellular edyma where there would be too much intracellular fluid and the cell was enlarged and irreversibly damaged. [Why tag this text]I found this fact interesting, what happens to the body if a cell burst? [Why tag this text
factor that would limit a cells growth is the inability for it to sustain itself.[Why tag this textWhat would happen then if the cell would become to large? Would this effect us in anyway? Wouldnt enlarged cells just go though diffusion becoming smaller again?[Why tag this text
Never knew that there was a limit to how big a cell could be![Why tag this textNever knew there was a limit to how big a cell could be![Why tag this textIf a cell is to big couldnt it just seperate and turn into two cells or if it doesnt pop like a ballon what would be the side effects.[Why tag this textwhat/where are the largest cells found in the human body?[Why tag this textI had always wondered if there was a reason why cells could not exceed a certain size, so it was interesting to me to read this and find that there is in fact a scientific reason for the minute size of cells. [Why tag this textWouldn't another problem of very large cells be that a nutrient entering the cell on one side would take an extremely long time to get to the other side? Wouldn't any type of intracellular transport take too long to survive?[Why tag this textDoes this imply that cellular material that make up the cellular membrane is a predetermined size? A ballon only pops with the ballon is over stretched pass it's elasticity. I thought cells grow bigger because there is more ICF and more cellular membrane.[Why tag this textAlyssa Tucker
Chad Mudd
Kayla Theys
Josh Greenwald
Channelle Colbert
Petra Stevanovic
Alina Gur
aubrey
Jerry S Yang
Another reason for adult variation is that some people have extra bones in the skull called sutural
Another reason for adult variation is that some people have extra bones in the skull called sutural (SOO-chur-ul), or wormian,2 bones
Another reason for adult variation is that some people have extra bones in the skull called sutural (SOO-chur-ul), or wormian,2 bones (see fig. 8.6).
Another reason for adult variation is that some people have extra bones in the skull called sutural (SOO-chur-ul), or wormian,2 bones (see fig. 8.6).
When these people have this extra bone or extra bones are they born with it or does it come over time?[Why tag this]Why is there extra bones in the skull? [Why tag thisWhy do some people have extrabones in their skulls?[Why tag thisCan those bones stay in the body or do they have to get removed?[Why tag thisdo these extra bones have an affect on that persons development?[Why tag thisAre sutural bones the result of incomplete fusion of the adult skull? Do they eventually fuse?[Why tag thisWhat causes some people to have these extra bones and other people to not?[Why tag thisI understand that sesamoid bones develop in response to strain, however what is the reason for the development of sutural bones in an adult skull?[Why tag thisDoesn't everyone have sutural bones?[Why tag thisWhat causes the body to develop [Why tag thisWhy would some people develop these sutural bones and others not? What environmental factors would make the development of these sutural bones possible, or is this just all genetic?[Why tag thisLauren Anthe
Samantha
lenarch2
jess Tegelman
Aaron Hersh
aubrey
Alina Gur
Awlareau
Emily Treuthardt
Matthew Robert Schmidt
PeroxisomesPeroxisomes Peroxisomes (fig. 3.30b) resemble lysosomes but contain different enzymes and are produced by the endoplasmic reticulum rather than the Golgi complex. Their general function is to use molecular oxygen (O2) to oxidize organic molecules. These reactions produce hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)?hence, the name of the organelle. H2O2 is then used to oxidize other molecules, and the excess is broken down to water and oxygen by an enzyme called catalase.Peroxisomes occur in nearly all cells but are especially abundant in liver and kidney cells. They neutralize free radicals and detoxify alcohol, other drugs, and a variety of blood-borne toxins. Peroxisomes also decompose fatty acids into two-carbon fragments that the mitochondria use as an energy source for ATP synthesis.
I've heard about them but i didn't know what they are [Why tag this text]Peroxisomes will destroy the cell that contains it if it is growing uncontrollably, being cancerous. All people have these kinds of cells in their body. What is the threshold that is reached when someone is diagnosed with cancer?[Why tag this textcontain different enzymes than lysosomes and are produced by the endoplasmic reticulum rather than the golgi complex[General-Do not useDo peroxisomes kill off cancer cells also? Or is that done by another part of the cell or body? [Why tag this textperoxisomes kill toxins that are in the cell that are not suppose to be there[Why tag this text
How would this work in a plant cell?Or do plants even have these?[Why tag this textBe careful to note that peroxisomes are different than lysosomes in the enzymes they contain and where they are produced although they look very similar[Why tag this textcomment in annotation 1[Why tag this textI never knew what a Peroxisome was before this. It makes sense that since they oxidize molecular oxygen and produce hydrogen peroxide that their name is a Peroxisome.[Why tag this textDo the peroxisomes convert ethanol to an aldehyde since they are designed to oxidize organic molecules? The alcohol would have to lose two hydrogens to join with the oxygen molecule to form hydrogen peroxide. This leaves the ethanol molecule at a molecular formula of CH3CHO which is better known as acetaldehyde - since the carbon would have to double bond to the oxygen in order to fill its outer shell. If further oxidation occurs, the acetyldehyde will become acetic acid. If the rate of oxidation is too great, do these interactions cause a hangover? Oxygen deprivation can cause headaches, nausea, confusion, and dizziness. [Why tag this textThis makes it so much easier to remember why peroxisomes are that name. It makes hydrogen peroxide[Why tag this textAmanda Fitzmaurice
Rachel Feivor
Ashley Parker
Lauren Anthe
Gonzalo Prado Vazquez
Stephanie
Kristofer Schroeckenthaler
Joe Nimm
Jacob Balkum
Jerry S Yang
M
Muscles of the Pelvic Floor
The floor of the pelvic cavity is formed by three layers of muscles and fasciae that span the pelvic outlet and support the viscera. It is penetrated by the anal canal, urethra, and vagina, which open into a diamond-shaped region between the thighs called the perineum (PERR-ih-NEE-um). The perineum is bordered by four bony landmarks: the pubic symphysis anteriorly, the coccyx posteriorly, and the ischial tuberosities laterally. The anterior half of the perineum is the urogenital triangle and the posterior half is the anal triangle (fig. 10.20). These are especially important landmarks in obstetrics.
A rule of proper body mechanics is to lift with your legs, not your back. That makes perfect sense now knowing that your lumbar muscles are adapted for maintaining posture, not for lifting.[Why tag this]I tagged this because I do not understand how can a person use his thighs and buttocks to lift the load if we use our hands to lift objects. How is the weitght shifted from the lumbar muscles to the lower part of our body?[Why tag thispenetraded by the anal canal, urethra, and vagina[Why tag this
ischiocavernosusbulbospongiosusexternal urethral sphinctercompressor urethraeexternal anal aphincterlevator anicoccygeus[Why tag thisWill any of these muscles have a role in child birth? [Why tag thisPelvic cavity is formed by 3 layers of muscles and fasciae that span the length of the pelvic outlet and support the viscera. [Why tag thisformed by three layers of muscle and fasciae[Why tag thispelvic cavity is formed by:[Why tag thiswhat are the functions of these muscles?[Why tag thisAlma Tovar
Justin Putterman
Amanda
Amanda Fitzmaurice
Noelle
Brittany Nycz
Alyssa Harmes
Lauren Anthe
A cartilaginous joint is also called an amphiarthrosis7 (AM-fee-ar-THRO-sis) or amphiarthrodial joint. In these joints, two bones are linked by cartilage
A cartilaginous joint is also called an amphiarthrosis7 (AM-fee-ar-THRO-sis) or amphiarthrodial joint. In these joints, two bones are linked by cartilage (fig. 9.4). The two types of cartilaginous joints are synchondroses and symphyses.
A cartilaginous joint is also called an amphiarthrosis7 (AM-fee-ar-THRO-sis) or amphiarthrodial joint. In these joints, two bones are linked by cartilage (fig. 9.4). The two types of cartilaginous joints are synchondroses and symphyses.
A chart would be really handy here. All the other chapters have one. Why not this?[Why Tag This?]Cartilaginous Joints: also called an amphiarthrosis joint. Two bones are linked by cartilage. Two types; synchondroses and symphyses. Synchondroses: joint in which bones are bound by hyaline cartilageSymphyses: Bones are joined by fibrocartilage. [Why Tag This?These sections of text are important because the information below these headings describe the types of joints in our body. These joints are responsible for allow us to move as well as protect certain areas of our bodies.[Why Tag This?If this cartilage breaks away from the two bones, would that be considered breaking a bone?[Why Tag This?I never really realized that there was cartilage attatched to our ribs because whenever you feel your ribs it's not like you can feel the cartilage! Not even that but that there's two types.[Why Tag This?If this cartilage is broken can that cause the connecting bone to break as well, because isn't it like a dominio affect?[Why Tag This?It is my understanding that there is some type of cushioning pad which is essentially cartilage for bones next to each other, I was wondering what happens if that cartilage gets worn out? and what causes the cartilage to get worn out?[Why Tag This?Cartilaginous joint[Why Tag This?Cartilaginous joints are bonded by cartilage. Synchondroses use hyaline cartilage while symphyses bind bones via fibrocartilage. [Why Tag This?One thing that confused me about catilganous joints was how little information was provided in this section. I would like to know if the catiliganous joint has mobility, or helps for movement, considering the other two joints bony and fibrous provide for little to no movement.What joint helps the body move in certain ways?[Why Tag This?
If depleated for whatever reasons, can it be regenerated or rebuilt?[Why Tag This?Danielle Henckel
Maria Stephans
Kayla Theys
Allison
Jenna Nehls
Elvia Rivas
Rebecca Teplitz
Kaylee Richards
Callie McCarthy
Jerome Pflugradt
Thoracic and Abdominal Muscles of the Cadaver.The rectus sheath has been removed on the anatomical right to expose the right rectus abdominis muscle. Inset shows area of dissection.[image #13]
Muscles of the back primarily extend, rotate, and laterally flex the vertebral column
Muscles of the back primarily extend, rotate, and laterally flex the vertebral column.
Muscles of the back primarily extend, rotate, and laterally flex the vertebral column.
Muscles of the back primarily extend, rotate, and laterally flex the vertebral column. The most prominent superficial back muscles are the latissimus dorsi and trapezius (fig. 10.17), but they are concerned with upper limb movements and covered in tables 10.8 and 10.9. Deep to these are the serratus posterior superior and inferior (fig. 10.18). They extend from the vertebrae to the ribs. Their function and significance remain unknown, so we will not consider them further.
Muscles of the back primarily extend, rotate, and laterally flex the vertebral column. The most prominent superficial back muscles are the latissimus dorsi and trapezius (fig. 10.17), but they are concerned with upper limb movements and covered in tables 10.8 and 10.9. Deep to these are the serratus posterior superior and inferior (fig. 10.18). They extend from the vertebrae to the ribs. Their function and significance remain unknown, so we will not consider them further.Deep to these is a prominent muscle, the erector spinae, which runs vertically for the entire length of the back from the cranium to the sacrum. It is a thick muscle, easily palpated on each side of the vertebral column in the lumbar region. (Pork chops and T-bone steaks are erector spinae muscles.) As it ascends, it divides in the upper lumbar region into three parallel columns (figs. 10.18 and 10.19). The most lateral of these is the iliocostalis, which from inferior to superior is divided into the iliocostalis lumborum, iliocostalis thoracis, and iliocostalis cervicis (lumbar, thoracic, and cervical regions). The next medial column is the longissimus, divided from inferior to superior into the longissimus thoracis, longissimus cervicis, and longissimus capitis (thoracic, cervical, and cephalic regions). The most medial column is the spinalis, divided into spinalis thoracis, spinalis cervicis, and spinalis capitis. The functions of all three columns are sufficiently similar that we will treat them collectively as the erector spinae.The major deep muscles are the semispinalis thoracis in the thoracic region and quadratus lumborum in the lumbar region. The erector spinae and quadratus lumborum are enclosed in a fibrous sheath called the thoracolumbar fascia, which is the origin of some of the abdominal and lumbar muscles. The multifidus is a collective name for a series of tiny muscles that connect adjacent vertebrae to each other from the cervical to lumbar region.
Where do Biologist gets these cadavers from? People who volunteers to be dissected after death?[Why tag this]This picture looks really cool. When I see other pictures like the ones above, I cannot really get a feel for what it looks like, but when I see something like this, it gives me a better image of what I am reading in the text.[Why tag thiswhat type of action the muscles of the back primarily do[Why tag thishow do these muscles work out the spine so much[Why tag thisdose holding the backbag have a bad result on the back muscles or the vertebral column?[Why tag thisWe have a lot of back injuries considering how many layers of muscle we have in our backs. [Why tag thisIt is just so interesting that muscles are what help and mae us move our bodys.[Why tag thisThere must be some significance. People are always working out their back muscles for nothing then? They don't know what they are working them out for. That stinks. I would imagine it would help you when lifting things or hauling things over your back.[Why tag thisThe muscles of the back allow for movement of our spine but are also necessary for movement of our upper limbs. The shoulder has muscles that attach in the back as well as in the arm that allow for adduction, abduction, circumduction, and other movements of the limb. [Why tag thisI tagged this section, because I thought that this part of the body was the most fun and interesting to dissect - especially since there are so many large ad clearly definied muscles... It was also very interesting to actually see their origins and so on. Very cool. [Why tag thiswhenever i think about this i feel like it is mostly the spine itself that allows it to rotate and bend and extend and the muscles are there to support the function of the work of the bones[Why tag thisSarah
Alyssa Harmes
corey
lujain
Ford Elizabeth Emily
samantha
Kelly Stahl
Maria Stephans
Dakota Francart
Lauren Anthe
At every stage from planning to postpublication, scientists are therefore subject to intense scrutiny by their colleagues. Peer review is one mechanism for ensuring honesty, objectivity, and quality in science.Facts, Laws, and Theories
The most important product of scientific research is understanding how nature works?whether it be the nature of a pond to an ecologist or the nature of a liver cell to a physiologist. We express our understanding as facts, laws, and theories of nature. It is important to appreciate the differences among these.
Peer review ensures new publictions and research are accurate. For example, any new research at CERN regarding neutrinos is highly criticized by peers, and mistakes have been made in publication.[Why I tagged this]This is how scientists make sure that the experiments and studies will be worth the time and money instead of just being a scam.[Why I tagged thisThis is similar to peer reviewing in other fields such as the language arts. This is a good process to avoid making errors and to submit quality material. [Why I tagged thisGIves us a method to insure honest data and theories. [Why I tagged thisand to get feed back from others to see possible errors.[Why I tagged thisPeople who are scientists rely on those who are to get information about science. If their information isn't correct, we would be obtaining our knowledge from unaccurate evidence.[Why I tagged thisIt is very important in research to understand the difference between facts, laws and theories to insure the honesty of the information[Why I tagged thisThis points out the importance of peer review and in how it can help keep scientists and their collegues to do the best research they can possible with checks and balances[Why I tagged thisI tagged this because it seemed to be a very important junk of information to know, talking about scientific researches most important part[Why I tagged thisLearn the differences between facts, laws and theories.[Why I tagged thisJelena Ristic
Jonathan Rooney
Justin Rosinski
Flees Robert John
Corianne
Sami
Jungas
Danny Duong
Kaitlynn
Amanda Bartosik
Reaction rate increases as the temperature rises. This is because heat causes molecules to move more rapidly and collide with greater force and frequency.
Catalysts (CAT-uh-lists). These are substances that temporarily bind to reactants, hold them in a favorable position to react with each other, and may change the shapes of reactants in ways that make them more likely to react. By reducing the element of chance in molecular collisions, a catalyst speeds up a reaction. It then releases the products and is available to repeat the process with more reactants. The catalyst itself is not consumed or changed by the reaction. The most important biological catalysts are enzymes, discussed later in this chapter.
It is important to note that there is a limit to how much the reaction rate can increase. If temperature is raised too high, denaturation can occur.[Why tag this text]I did a lab in high that showed how enzymes speed up reaction in a substance. It was very interesting to me on how fast a hotter substance reacted much more quick than the colder substance.[Why tag this textLike leaving a balloon out in thw sun: the molecules inside get hotter and move faster, causing the balloon to get bigger and sometimes pop[Why tag this textwhat would an example be of a catalyst in a reaction? Are these chemicals that would change or hurry along the process or just the process of speeding up?[Why tag this textThis subject confuses me a bit, how do these substances come about? When does a reaction need a catalyst and when doesnt it?[Why tag this textIs this why they call it a catalytic converter? What exactly does this do?[Why tag this textMUST KNOW THIS. reducing the element of chance in molecular collisions, a catalyst speeds up reaction. [Why tag this textIt is very interesting that catalysts such as enzymes, have the ability to hold reactants in certain positions to speed up the reaction. [Why tag this textA catalyst in science is something that speeds up a reaction. In literature or other uses, a catalyst is a character or event that is an agent of change in the story. Which came first?[Why tag this textI am still very confused as to exactly what catalysts are and what they do. I don't understand [Why tag this textI tagged this because I knew that a catalyst speeds up a reaction but this explains how the process works and what the catalyst actually does to the reactants to make them more likely to react with each other[Why tag this textBrett Sullivan
Sarah Kallas
Jessica Ryback
Erin Griph
Alexis Blaser
Tayelor Neiss
Bailey Johnson
Amie Emrys
Heather Archibald
The upper and lower limbs have numerous muscles that serve primarily for movement of the body and manipulation of objects.
The upper and lower limbs have numerous muscles that serve primarily for movement of the body and manipulation of objects.
The upper and lower limbs have numerous muscles that serve primarily for movement of the body and manipulation of objects. These muscles are organized into distinct compartments separated from each other by the interosseous membranes of the forearm and leg (see pp. 263 and 269) and by intermuscular septa. In the ensuing tables, you will find muscles of the upper limb divided into anterior and posterior compartments, and those of the lower limb divided into anterior, posterior, medial, and lateral compartments. In most limb regions, the muscle groups are further subdivided by thinner fasciae into superficial and deep layers.The upper limb is used for a broad range of both powerful and subtle actions, ranging from climbing, grasping, and throwing to writing, playing musical instruments, and manipulating small objects. It therefore has an especially complex array of muscles, but the muscles fall into logical groups that make their functional relationships and names easier to understand. Tables 10.8 through 10.12 group these into muscles that act on the scapula, those that act on the humerus and shoulder joint, those that act on the forearm and elbow joint, extrinsic (forearm) muscles that act on the wrist and hand, and intrinsic (hand) muscles that act on the fingers.
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome is a common disorder that many of us know is caused by compression at the wrist of the median nerve supplying the hand, which causes numbness and tingling. Since reading this chapter I now know why carpal tunnel syndrome is common amongst keyboard operators, pianists, meat cutters and others who usually consume most of their day repetitively moving their wrists. [Why Tag This]It is interesting that the severing or failure of any single muscle in the muscles that act in the arm would result in either a complete loss or extreme limitation in lateral and/or rotational movement.[Why Tag Thisisn't the whole body filled with multiple muscles?[Why Tag ThisWhich muscles are most crucial for movement?[Why Tag ThisNever knew we had an upper and lower limb I find this interesting[Why Tag ThisAfter reading this chapter, and the ones before it, I come to appreciate just how much is going on when we are moving our bodies. What I had always thought of as something being so simple is really more complex than i had ever imagined.[Why Tag ThisInterosseous membranes separat the different compartments of muscles found in the limbs. [Why Tag Thisupper limb divide into anterio and posterior compartments. lower limb subdivided by thinner fasciae into deep layers[Why Tag ThisWhy is this so? What if these separating compartments weren't there? What would happen?[Why Tag ThisIf it weren't for these compartmentsa and membranes, would the muscles still be divided or would it not change anything? Is there any benifit to interosseous membranes?[Why Tag ThisWhat are interosseous membranes and what is their primary function?[Why Tag Thisklingman
Lauren Anthe
Ashley McBain
Jasmin James
Kristofer Schroeckenthaler
Michael Franzini
Justin Putterman
Heather Archibald
Leah Daul
Michea Jones
The posterior compartment contains three muscles colloquially known as the hamstring muscles; from lateral to medial, they are the biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus (see fig. 10.36).
three muscles colloquially known as the hamstring muscles; from lateral to medial, they are the biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus (see fig. 10.36). The pit at the back of the knee, known anatomically as the popliteal fossa, is colloquially called the ham. The tendons of these muscles can be felt as prominent cords on both sides of the fossa?the biceps tendon on the lateral side and the semimembranosus and semitendinosus tendons on the medial side. When wolves attack large prey, they instinctively attempt to sever the hamstring tendons, because this renders the prey helpless. The hamstrings flex the knee, and aided by the gluteus maximus, they extend the hip during walking and running. The semitendinosus is named for its unusually long tendon. This muscle also is usually bisected by a transverse or oblique tendinous band. The semimembranosus is named for the flat shape of its superior attachment.
This gives three categories of what the muscles serve[Why Tag This]So when I pull a hamstring which one am i referring to?[Why Tag ThisCan you explain this a little more?[Why Tag ThisThis is also very important to know because it has to do with the hamstring group which serve as many things in the body.[Why Tag Thisposterior compartment of the thigh - contains three muscles[Why Tag ThisIs there a specific reason why it is called the ham?[Why Tag ThisWhat does this mean?[Why Tag ThisThis just shows how important leg muscles are in order to be able to move.[Why Tag ThisThought this was informative because usually you see lions go for the neck on tv shows.[Why Tag ThisI find it interesting that there is a natural tendency to attack a certain area of a body.[Why Tag ThisHow do people pull a hamstring? My dad once did and said it was very painful. I just want to know how you [Why Tag Thisandrew baker
Lauren Anthe
Sophia Wood
Alyssa Harmes
Erin Griph
Ashley McBain
David
Brandon Neldner
Kelly Stahl
A glycosaminoglycan (GAG) (gly-COSE-ah-MEE-no-GLY-can) is a long polysaccharide composed of unusual disaccharides called amino sugars and uronic acid. GAGs are negatively charged and thus tend to attract sodium and potassium ions, which in turn cause the GAGs to absorb and hold water. Thus, GAGs play an important role in regulating the water and electrolyte balance of tissues.
A glycosaminoglycan (GAG) (gly-COSE-ah-MEE-no-GLY-can) is a long polysaccharide composed of unusual disaccharides called amino sugars and uronic acid. GAGs are negatively charged and thus tend to attract sodium and potassium ions, which in turn cause the GAGs to absorb and hold water. Thus, GAGs play an important role in regulating the water and electrolyte balance of tissues. The most abundant GAG is chondroitin (con-DRO-ih-tin) sulfate. It is abundant in blood vessels and bones and is responsible for the relative stiffness of cartilage.
A glycosaminoglycan (GAG) (gly-COSE-ah-MEE-no-GLY-can) is a long polysaccharide composed of unusual disaccharides called amino sugars and uronic acid. GAGs are negatively charged and thus tend to attract sodium and potassium ions, which in turn cause the GAGs to absorb and hold water. Thus, GAGs play an important role in regulating the water and electrolyte balance of tissues. The most abundant GAG is chondroitin (con-DRO-ih-tin) sulfate. It is abundant in blood vessels and bones and is responsible for the relative stiffness of cartilage. Some other GAGs that you will read of elsewhere in this book are heparin (an anticoagulant) and hyaluronic (HY-uh-loo-RON-ic) acid. The latter is a gigantic molecule up to 20 µm long, as large as most cells. It is a viscous, slippery substance that forms a very effective lubricant in the joints and constitutes much of the jellylike vitreous body of the eyeball.
A glycosaminoglycan (GAG) (gly-COSE-ah-MEE-no-GLY-can) is a long polysaccharide composed of unusual disaccharides called amino sugars and uronic acid. GAGs are negatively charged and thus tend to attract sodium and potassium ions, which in turn cause the GAGs to absorb and hold water. Thus, GAGs play an important role in regulating the water and electrolyte balance of tissues. The most abundant GAG is chondroitin (con-DRO-ih-tin) sulfate. It is abundant in blood vessels and bones and is responsible for the relative stiffness of cartilage. Some other GAGs that you will read of elsewhere in this book are heparin (an anticoagulant) and hyaluronic (HY-uh-loo-RON-ic) acid. The latter is a gigantic molecule up to 20 µm long, as large as most cells. It is a viscous, slippery substance that forms a very effective lubricant in the joints and constitutes much of the jellylike vitreous body of the eyeball.A proteoglycan is another gigantic molecule. It is shaped somewhat like a bottle brush, with a central core of protein and bristlelike outgrowths composed of GAGs. The entire proteoglycan may be attached to hyaluronic acid, thus forming an enormous molecular complex. Proteoglycans form thick colloids similar to those of gravy, pudding, gelatin, and glue. This gel slows the spread of pathogenic organisms through the tissues. Some proteoglycans are embedded in the plasma membranes of cells, attached to the cytoskeleton on the inside and to other extracellular molecules on the outside. They create a strong structural bond between cells and extracellular macromolecules and help to hold tissues together.Adhesive glycoproteins are protein?carbohydrate complexes that bind plasma membrane proteins to collagen and proteoglycans outside the cell. They bind all the components of a tissue together and mark pathways that guide migrating embryonic cells to their destinations in a tissue.
This is new information to me and I find it important to know what the breakdown of the tissues can be.[Why tag this text]Do we need to know all of these descriptive words for quizzes for lab?[Why tag this textI learned that a polysacharide is comes of disacharides called amino sugars and uronic acids. GAGs are polysacharides and negativly charged to attract ions and hold water. It enables the tissues in the body to regulate water and elctrolytes which are important components to the body. [Why tag this textinformation about GAG - what it is, its role[Why tag this textDescribes what a gycosaminoglycan is and provides some specific information on it including its functions and locations.[Why tag this textGlycosaminoglycan absorb and hold water when it is attracted to sodium and potassium ions. [Why tag this textDefines and describes the appearance and function of each type of cell found in the ground substance.[Why tag this texta GAG is a long polysaccharide that is negatively charged and therefore important in regulating water and electrolyte balance of tissues. Chondroitin sulfate is most abundant.[Why tag this textwhat glycosaminoglycan do within the tissue[Why tag this textGAGs are a subunit of the ground substance and play the role of regulating water and electrolyte balances[Why tag this textMaisey Mulvey
Linda Xiong
Alyssa Harmes
Anthony Wheeler
Sue Xiong
Brandon Brandemuehl
Stephanie
lenarch2
Mia Breidenbach
Chemical reactions can be classified as decomposition, synthesis, or exchange reactions
Chemical reactions can be classified as decomposition, synthesis, or exchange reactions.
Chemical reactions can be classified as decomposition, synthesis, or exchange reactions. In decomposition reactions, a large molecule breaks down into two or more smaller ones (fig. 2.13a); symbolically, AB -> A + B.
Chemical reactions can be classified as decomposition, synthesis, or exchange reactions. In decomposition reactions, a large molecule breaks down into two or more smaller ones (fig. 2.13a); symbolically, AB -> A + B. When you eat a potato, for example, digestive enzymes decompose its starch into thousands of glucose molecules, and most cells further decompose glucose to water and carbon dioxide. Starch, a very large molecule, ultimately yields about 36,000 molecules of H2O and CO2..
I never really understood how to do chemical equation. I succeeded in high school a few times but never again.[Why tag this text]I haven't gotten this far in chem yet, but it is interesting to have this little bit of information to prepare me for what is coming. I really think its interesting when classes draw from and build on other courses.[Why tag this text gives the 3 ways chemical reactions can be classified[Why tag this textI think knowing the three different types of chemical classifications is really important because you can predict the outcome of certain reactions if you know these. That's incredibly important if you're a chemist mixing different things together, so that you know if something potentially dangerous could happen, like an explosion.[Why tag this textImportant to know the different ways in which an ionic bond is created or destroyed. I find it interesting that reactions can be reversed.[Why tag this textJust thought this might be important to memorize[General-Do not useI think it would be interesting to know where these reactions take place in the body. Perhaps give some more examples.[Why tag this textThere are 3 types of reactions. The first being decomposition, wehere large molecule breaks down into smaller ones[Why tag this textThe three classifications of chemical reactions ...-decomposition-synthesis-exchange[Why tag this textClassification of chemical reactions[Why tag this textclassifies the different type of reactions.[Why tag this textJoe Nimm
Lauren Anthe
Stephanie
Emily
Samantha B Johnson
Erin Griph
Anthony Wheeler
Melissa Gile
Brandon Brandemuehl
Osteocytes have multiple functions. Some resorb bone matrix and others deposit it, so they contribute to the homeostatic maintenance of both bone density and blood concentrations of calcium and phosphate ions.
Osteocytes have multiple functions. Some resorb bone matrix and others deposit it, so they contribute to the homeostatic maintenance of both bone density and blood concentrations of calcium and phosphate ions. Perhaps even more importantly, they are strain sensors.
Osteocytes have multiple functions. Some resorb bone matrix and others deposit it, so they contribute to the homeostatic maintenance of both bone density and blood concentrations of calcium and phosphate ions. Perhaps even more importantly, they are strain sensors. When a load is applied to a bone, it produces a flow in the extracellular fluid of the lacunae and canaliculi. This apparently stimulates the sensory primary cilia on the osteocytes and induces the cells to secrete biochemical signals that regulate bone remodeling?adjustments in bone shape and density to adapt to stress.
Osteocytes have multiple functions. Some resorb bone matrix and others deposit it, so they contribute to the homeostatic maintenance of both bone density and blood concentrations of calcium and phosphate ions. Perhaps even more importantly, they are strain sensors. When a load is applied to a bone, it produces a flow in the extracellular fluid of the lacunae and canaliculi. This apparently stimulates the sensory primary cilia on the osteocytes and induces the cells to secrete biochemical signals that regulate bone remodeling?adjustments in bone shape and density to adapt to stress. Osteoclasts14 a
If they can do both of those jobs do they do both of the jobs when it is need to depositor resob bone matrix? or for every cell that resobs is there a cell that deposits?[Why I tagged this]Do the osteocytes ever change their functions though their [Why I tagged this
I did not realize how complex of a system our bodies are or the multiple functions is provides.[Why I tagged thisTo understand the many functions of osteocytes. Functions:- absorb/deposit bone matrix- contribute to equilibrium maintenance of blood and bone concentrations of calcium and phospate ions- strain sensors- regulate bone remodeling (adaptation to stress)[Why I tagged thisWhat is the most important function of the Osteocytes?[Why I tagged thisDo osteocytes have different shapes that serve for specific functions? [Why I tagged thisNot only do these help the functions of the bone, arent these to two main contributors when a bone breaks and needs to be repaired?[Why I tagged thisone of the under-looked cells for all of the jobs it does[Why I tagged thisbetween the osteocytes, osteoblasts, and osteogenic the osteocytes are the ones that confuse me the most because they have multiple functions. Some resorb bone mmatrix and some deposit it. The most important function is that they strain sensors. I just would like a better undeerstanding of the osteocytes. [Why I tagged thismultiple functions of osteocytes[Why I tagged thisHow can you tell which one does which job.[Why I tagged thisMadeline
Morgan Peil
Noelle
Zachary Mueller
Alma Tovar
Lauren Anthe
corey
kailey Cortez
Alyssa Harmes
Maisey Mulvey
Because cartilage is nonvascular, repetitive compression during exercise is important to its nutrition and waste removal. Each time a cartilage is compressed, fluid and metabolic wastes are squeezed out of it. When weight is taken off the joint, the cartilage absorbs synovial fluid like a sponge, and the fluid carries oxygen and nutrients to the chondrocytes.
Because cartilage is nonvascular, repetitive compression during exercise is important to its nutrition and waste removal. Each time a cartilage is compressed, fluid and metabolic wastes are squeezed out of it. When weight is taken off the joint, the cartilage absorbs synovial fluid like a sponge, and the fluid carries oxygen and nutrients to the chondrocytes. Without exercise, articular cartilages deteriorate more rapidly from inadequate nutrition, oxygenation, and waste removal.
cartilage[Why tag this]I know Rheumatoid Arthritis is an autoimmune disorder. Does it target this syovial fluid? If not what does it attack in the joints to cause pain?[Why tag thisCan you explain this some more? [Why tag thisThere has been so much in learning about the body that seems like common sense but is something that would have never occured to me otherwise, such as this particular excerpt. This example was even helpful to my mother (a nurse) who has been feeling the effects of arthritis in her hip for sometime now which, in and of itself, makes comfortable mobility a bit of a challenge; however, as a result of lack of use, the the other muscles and joints in that leg suffer as well. She does what she can, but its painful for her; so I read this to her as a little FYI, and she found it helpful to take into consideration. She's planning on incorporating a foam roller into some of her physical therapy on the muscsle and, if possible, the joints in that area. [Why tag thisI never really thought about it like this when it came to working out. thought it was pretty neat.[Why tag thisIf cartilage benefits from excercise, how do so many atheletes injure the cartilage, in say, their knees? Can the excercise be too excessive, and tear the cartilage? Can excessive excercise cause cartilage to wear away as well?[Why tag thisThis is very good and interesting information that everyone should know. What waste is being removed through this process?[Why tag thisits good to know that cartilage nonvascular help you while doing exercise[Why tag thisgood to know. Means it will heal slowly.[Why tag thisThis part makes it clear to me how important both exercise and stretching are. Without a warm up period you can damage the tissues inside your joints, and that exercise helps to actually nourish the articular cartilages in the joints.[Why tag thisdoes this synovial fluid ever run out? what happens when you crack your knuckles?[Why tag thisaubrey
Lauren Anthe
jennifer lassiter
lenarch2
Jourdan Richardson
Erin Griph
Salman Almohsin
Leah Hennes
Joe Nimm
Emily Zuelzke
Bone Remodeling In addition to their growth, bones are continually remodeled throughout life by the absorption of old bone and deposition of new. This process replaces about 10% of the skeletal tissue per year. It repairs microfractures, releases minerals into the blood, and reshapes bones in response to use and disuse.
Bone Remodeling In addition to their growth, bones are continually remodeled throughout life by the absorption of old bone and deposition of new. This process replaces about 10% of the skeletal tissue per year. It repairs microfractures, releases minerals into the blood, and reshapes bones in response to use and disuse.Wolff's27 law of bone states that the architecture of a bone is determined by the mechanical stresses placed upon it, and the bone thereby adapts to withstand those stresses. Wolff's law is a fine example of the complementarity of form and function, showing that the form of a bone is shaped by its functional experience. It is admirably demonstrated by Figure 7.5, in which we see that the trabeculae of spongy bone have developed along the lines of stress placed on the femur. Wolff observed that these stress lines were very similar to the ones that engineers saw in mechanical cranes. The effect of stress on bone development is quite evident in tennis players, in whom the bones of the racket arm are more robust than those of the other arm. Long bones of the limbs are thickest at about midshaft, because this is where they are subjected to the greatest stress.
Bone Remodeling:Repairing microfractures, releasing minerals, and reshaping bones. Wolff's Law of Bone: Bone architecture is determined by the mechanical stresses placed upon it and the bone adapts to this. [Why I tagged this]Throughout ones life, the bones continue to grow and are countinually remodeled and broken down[Why I tagged thisThis is interesting, I had no idea bone repair themselves. I thought that as soon as they were done forming, they were there to stay.[Why I tagged thisThe deposition of new bone and absorbtion of old bone means that bones are constantly changing in form and shape, this is termed bone remodeling. [Why I tagged thiswhen does our body stop remodeling our bones? Is this remodelation process altered by aging ?[Why I tagged thisi have mentioned in earlier salon postings that I injured my knee while playing volleyball and so I was wondering that if bones can remodel theirselves, is it possible for my knee to heal 100 percent. [Why I tagged thisThis raised the question in my head, why do humans stop growing taller after puberty? If our bones are constantly growing in width and length throughout our entire lives, wouldn't we continue to grow as well?[Why I tagged thisThis percentage surprised me, I thought it would have been lower. However the skeleton has to go through a large amount of stress, and it has to last the rest of a person's life -- everything else gets gradually repaired in the body, why not the bones. [Why I tagged thisI had no idea that about 10% of our skeletal tissue is replaced in a single year. Does this percentage decrease as a person ages?[Why I tagged thisis there any way to speed the process so that it replaces more than 10% per year?[Why I tagged thisRachel Feivor
Mackenzie DeClark
Michael Franzini
Alma Tovar
Hussain
payoua
Jenna Nehls
Sophie
Leah Daul
Anthony Wheeler
explain the functions of the lipid
describe a second-messenger system and discuss its importance in human physiology
Throughout this book, you will find that many of the most physiologically important processes occur at the surface of a cell?such events as immune responses
Throughout this book, you will find that many of the most physiologically important processes occur at the surface of a cell?such events as immune responses, the binding of egg and sperm, cell-to-cell signaling by hormones, and the detection of tastes and smells, for example. A substantial part of this chapter is therefore concerned with the cell surface. Before we venture into the interior of the cell, we will examine the structure of the plasma membrane, surface features such as cilia and microvilli, and methods of transport through the membrane.
Throughout this book, you will find that many of the most physiologically important processes occur at the surface of a cell?such events as immune responses, the binding of egg and sperm, cell-to-cell signaling by hormones, and the detection of tastes and smells, for example. A substantial part of this chapter is therefore concerned with the cell surface. Before we venture into the interior of the cell, we will examine the structure of the plasma membrane, surface features such as cilia and microvilli, and methods of transport through the membrane.Page 83
This gives details about the structure of the plasma membrane. Also it goes nto explaining what hte plasma membrane is used for and what it controlls.[Why tag this text]membrane proteins help to allow the cell membrane to function properly, and they make up about [Why tag this textThis is really important. The functions of the Lipid are that they are protection of organs and they also store energy. [Why tag this text
the second-messenger system are molecules such as hormones like adrenaline from the surface of the cell to the inside of the cell to the nucleus and then causes some kind of a change.[Why tag this textWhen you are sick the nurse or physicians always tells you to make sure you consume alot liquids. Does this have to deal with how fast your immune system will opperate or because the cells have to be working harder when your sick?[Why tag this textI understand that there are many important features of the cell membrane, but one thing I am confused about is in the question before it says explain the features of the cell membranes. Would the features of the cell membrane be such things as the plasma membrane, receptors, or membrane lipids? There are many more defitions of important parts of the cell membrane throughout lesson 3.2 those are just a few. [Why tag this textIn regards to the surface of the cell and anatomy and physiology, some of the most important physiological processes happen at the surface. Whenever I have studied cells, I only think of what the cell does for itself but never what it does for the body as a whole. Immune responses to bind an egg and a sperm, cell to cell signaling of hormones, and the detection of taste and smell are relatable broader functions that I can some what understand better. [Why tag this textThis information is very important to me because its specifically telling me what types of things take place at the surface of a cell. Such things include: immune responses, the binding of egg and sperm, cell to cell signaling by hormones and detections of tasts and smells. [Why tag this textIs this the cell membrane or what? How does it transport the info to the inside of the cells?[Why tag this textMany important things happen at the surface of the cell, things like immune responses, egg+sperm binding, hormonal signaling. [Why tag this texti am very interested into how different cells look on the inside and their structure. i feel like this is something i wll like to learn more about[Why tag this textMegan Perna
Nicole Coppins
Hayley Smith
Becky Fleck
Callie McCarthy
Kelly Sanderson
dsstokes
Jelena Ristic
Danielle Henckel
Lauren Anthe
Stem-cell research has been one of the most politically controversial areas of biological science at the dawn of this century
Stem-cell research has been one of the most politically controversial areas of biological science at the dawn of this century. At least 18 countries have recently debated or enacted laws to regulate it.
Stem-cell research has been one of the most politically controversial areas of biological science at the dawn of this century. At least 18 countries have recently debated or enacted laws to regulate it. Politicians, scientists, bioethicists, philosophers, and theologians have joined in the debate; legions of lay citizens have voiced their opinions in newspaper editorial pages; and stem cells have been a contentious issue in U.S. presidential politics. In 2001, President George W. Bush signed into law an act that prohibited federal funding for research on any embryonic stem (ES) cell lines created after that date, on the grounds that he regarded the harvesting of the cells to be the taking of a human life. However, California voters flouted the federal ban in 2005 by approving a bill to provide state funds?$300 million per year for 10 years?for embryonic stem-cell research. President Barack Obama reversed the federal ban promptly upon taking office in 2009.
Stem-cell research has been one of the most politically controversial areas of biological science at the dawn of this century. At least 18 countries have recently debated or enacted laws to regulate it. Politicians, scientists, bioethicists, philosophers, and theologians have joined in the debate; legions of lay citizens have voiced their opinions in newspaper editorial pages; and stem cells have been a contentious issue in U.S. presidential politics. In 2001, President George W. Bush signed into law an act that prohibited federal funding for research on any embryonic stem (ES) cell lines created after that date, on the grounds that he regarded the harvesting of the cells to be the taking of a human life. However, California voters flouted the federal ban in 2005 by approving a bill to provide state funds?$300 million per year for 10 years?for embryonic stem-cell research. President Barack Obama reversed the federal ban promptly upon taking office in 2009.Not surprisingly, biologists see stem cells as a possible treatment for diseases that result from the loss of functional cells. Skin and bone marrow stem cells have been used in therapy for many years. Scientists hope that with a little coaxing, stem cells might replace cardiac muscle damaged by heart attack; restore function to an injured spinal cord; cure parkinsonism by replacing lost brain cells; or cure diabetes mellitus by replacing lost insulin-secreting cells. Adult stem cells (AS cells) have narrower developmental potential and may be unable to make all the cell types needed to treat a broad range of degenerative diseases. In addition, they are present in very small numbers and are difficult to harvest and culture in the quantities needed for therapy.ES cells, however, may hold greater potential. New laboratory methods have made them easier to culture than AS cells and have greatly accelerated stem-cell research in recent years. In animal studies, ES cells have already proven effective for treating degenerative disease. In rats, for example, neurons have been produced from ES cells, implanted into the animal, and shown to reverse the signs of Parkinson disease.
Stem Cell Controversy information[Why tag this text]clearly I had not read this portion of this chapter yet, so my questions are answered here. I personally think the benefits on this research outweigh the drawbacks.[Why tag this textI am very interested in stem cell research and would like to learn more about it. I think it's an important scientific discovery, and while a few years back it was talked about publicly, it hasn't been discussed much in recent years. I fully support more research on this topic and find it absurd that it is not backed more, especially since it has the capabilities to treat so many diseases and injuries. My family actually has stocks in a stem cells research company, hoping that it will really take off in the near future.[Why tag this textThis part is interesting to me, because this is such a hot topic in the science world today. I can see both sides' arguement for why it is right or wrong, but it is still interesting that so many people have different views, and won't meet half way in between.[Why tag this textThe amount of controvery between science and human/animal rights is interesting. Science helps people live longer, healthier and happier lives. Is there a point where science causes more negative than positive changes? It seems that debate between ethics and progression in science will always occur. [Why tag this textIt is interesting to compare controversies in science over time. It used to be illegal to perform exploratory surgery on a dead person. Now it is illegal to explore the fetus. [Why tag this textThis paragraph applies the concepts from this chapter to a real world application and how the things we are learning apply to topics present in politics and our lives.[Why tag this text
I tagged this part of the text, because this particular topic is very interesting. I find this to be so, because all of the debate that has and presently continues to go on simply comes down to both a technicality and your view on when life truly begins. In my eyes, stem-cell research will never be completely accepted and therefore as a result it will seize to exist as it does currently today. [Why tag this textStem cell research is an ongoing controversy in our country that has many advocates swaying both ways, making it difficult to really advance on the benefits it could provide to the medical field in the future.[Why tag this textAlso Embryonic stem cell research is used to study how early human development works. Such as, how the stems cells know what cell to develop into[Why tag this textdidnt know this was introduced in other countries. i thought this was only being researched here in the US[Why tag this textAshley Wiedmeyer
Amanda Bartosik
Kasey Kallien
Claire Silkaitis
Ford Elizabeth Emily
Maria Stephans
Juliana Gottwein
Michael Acker
Matthew Robert Schmidt
MacKenzie
Adaptations are features of an organism's anatomy, physiology, and behavior that have evolved in response to these selection pressures and enable the organism to cope with the challenges of its environment.
Adaptations are features of an organism's anatomy, physiology, and behavior that have evolved in response to these selection pressures and enable the organism to cope with the challenges of its environment. We will consider shortly some selection pressures and adaptations that were important to human evolution and make the human body what it is today.
D
Darwin could scarcely have predicted the overwhelming mass of genetic, molecular, fossil, and other evidence of human evolution that would accumulate in the twentieth century and further substantiate his theory.
arwin could scarcely have predicted the overwhelming mass of genetic, molecular, fossil, and other evidence of human evolution that would accumulate in the twentieth century and further substantiate his theory. A technique called DNA hybridization, for example, suggests a difference of only 1.6% in DNA structure between humans and chimpanzees. Chimpanzees and gorillas differ by 2.3%. DNA structure suggests that a chimpanzee's closest living relative is not the gorilla or any other ape?it is Homo sapiens.
Gives good examples of natural forces that hinder or help an organisms survival [Why I tagged this]By understanding evolution and adaptation, we can study the human body and discover certain things which most likely were useful adaptations to help us survive. [Why I tagged thisHuman evolution serves as an example as to the process of adaptations leading to long term species survival. An example of this could be as simple as the body creating antibodies to fight off infection or as complex as the progression to walking upright on two feet. [Why I tagged thisThe changes in an individuals structure that assist in survival.[Why I tagged thisAdaptation is one of the most important features of a living thing because it determines if the organism will live of die. If an animal does not adapt to its new environment in due time, then it will most likely die and will not be able to reproduce.[Why I tagged thisAdaptions are used to fight these natural forces so the organisms can survive [Why I tagged thisIf we couldn't adapt to our surroundings it would make it hard or even impossible to survive[Why I tagged thisI found it fascinating that we share all but 1.6% of our DNA with chimps, and chimps DNA differs with gorillas by 2.3%. this means we are closer to chimps that chimps are to gorillas, and you wouldnt think that by looking at humans, chimps, and gorillas.[Why I tagged thisDarwin proves it is important to form theories and to find information to support them. It is a necessary element in science.[theoryMia Breidenbach
Alina Gur
Emily
Christina Colarossi
Jelena Ristic
Sami
Corianne
Riley Spitzig
Nick Lund
Ribosomes, the little ?reading machines? found in the cytosol and on the outside of the rough ER and nuclear envelope. Inactive ribosomes occur in the cytosol in two pieces?a small subunit and a large subunit. Each is composed of several enzymes and ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecules. The two subunits come together only when translating mRNA. A ribosome has three pockets that serve as binding sites for tRNA. In the course of translation, a tRNA usually binds first to the A site on one side of the ribosome, then shifts to the P site in the middle, and finally to the E site on the other side. To remember the order of these sites, it may help you to think of A for the site that accepts a new amino acid; P for the site that carries the growing protein; and E for exit. (A and P actually stand for aminoacyl and peptidyl sites.)
Ribosomes, the little ?reading machines? found in the cytosol and on the outside of the rough ER and nuclear envelope. Inactive ribosomes occur in the cytosol in two pieces?a small subunit and a large subunit. Each is composed of several enzymes and ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecules. The two subunits come together only when translating mRNA. A ribosome has three pockets that serve as binding sites for tRNA. In the course of translation, a tRNA usually binds first to the A site on one side of the ribosome, then shifts to the P site in the middle, and finally to the E site on the other side. To remember the order of these sites, it may help you to think of A for the site that accepts a new amino acid; P for the site that carries the growing protein; and E for exit. (A and P actually stand for aminoacyl and peptidyl sites.)Translation occurs in three steps called initiation, elongation, and termination. These are shown in figure 4.8, panels 1 through 3; panel 4 illustrates a further aspect of the production of proteins destined to be packaged into lysosomes or secretory vesicles.
found in the cytosol and on the outside of the rough ER and the nuclear envelope[General-Do not use]A ribosome has 3 pockets that serve as binding sites for tRNA.[Why tag this textRibosomes play a pretty important role in protein synthesis. They carry rRNA, which is essential to protein synthesis when it comes together with mRNA and tRNA, and this makes amino acids that create new proteins.[Why tag this textEvery human can have more or less ribosomes, but does having more or less affect our bodies in any way?The more ribosomes there are, the more proteins that are made, but what happens when there are just too many ribososmes? What happens to those [Why tag this text
I thought that this was interesting because I never knew that Ribosomes were defined as [why i tag thisRobosomes translate (read) the information found in the mRNA and tRNA to a usable form for cells. [Why tag this text
very important to cell function as it helps with translation[Why tag this textRibosomes: Reading machines. Found in cytosol and on the rough ER. Inactive ribosomes hae two parts: A small subunit and a large subunit. when the subunits come together they are translating mRNA. [Why tag this textdescription of ribosomes and its' functions[Why tag this textwhy does both contain rRNA?[Why tag this textStephanie
Jourdan Richardson
Elvia Rivas
Brittany
Michael Franzini
Richard Cook
Danielle Henckel
Alyssa Harmes
Lauren Anthe
Which reaction?dehydration synthesis or hydrolysis?converts a polymer to its monomers? Which one converts monomers to a polymer? Explain your answer.
What is the chemical name of blood sugar? What carbohydrate is polymerized to form starch and glycogen?
What is the main chemical similarity between carbohydrates and lipids? What are the main differences between them?
Explain the statement, All proteins are polypeptides but not all polypeptides are proteins.
Which is more likely to be changed by heating a protein, its primary structure or its tertiary structure? Explain.
Use the lock-and-key analogy to explain why excessively acidic body fluids (acidosis) could destroy enzyme function.
How does ATP change structure in the process of releasing energy?
How is DNA related to nucleotides?
I Found this section interesting because this is what we are currently talking about in my nutrition class. with the infromation from both classes I was able to put together a better understanding about how the compounds help the body to function.[Why tag this text]Hydrolysis converts a polymer to its monomers by adding H 2 O between the two monomers. I believe the dehydration synthesis converts monomers to a polyer since on hydrogen atom is removed from one monomer and a hydroxyl group is removed from another.[Why tag this textChemical name of blood sugar is Glucose. Polysccharides (glycogen, starch, and cellulose-all composed solely of glucose.)[Why tag this textThey both contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Lipids are less oxidized than carbohydrates, and have more calories per gram.[Why tag this textMeaning that all proteins are polypeptides but there are some polypeptides that don't contain protein in them, which wouldn't make them a protein.[Why tag this textA peptide is any molecule composed of two or more amino acids joined by a peptide bond. Peptides are named by the number of amino acids that they have, polypeptides for example, have chains of 24 or larger. A protein is a polypeptide of 50 amino acids or more. Proteins are always polypeptides due to the fact that there are 50 amino acids. Polypeptides however are not always proteins due to the fact that do not need to be made up of 50 amino acids every single time. The minimum number of amino acids required to be considered a polypeptide is 24.[Why tag this textTertiary would most likely be changed by heating a protein because it's one of the most important properties of proteins in their ability to change conformation.[Why tag this textIf it doesn't fit it could mess up the process if the lock-and-key would change, only because the enzymes are already ready for the process.[Why tag this textIts often added to enzymes or other molecules to activate them. They are short lived so they come and do their job[Why tag this textThree forms of RNA, that range from 70 to 10,000 nucletides long, carry out the instructions and synthesize the proteins, assembling amino acids in the right order to produce each protein [Why tag this textDNA is related to nucleotides because it constitues our genes, gives instructions for synthesizing all of the body's proteins, and transfers hereditary information from cell to cell when cells divide.[Why tag this textKenyetta
Kimberly Loney
Christeen Tuck
Two other sites of hernia are the diaphragm and navel.
Two other sites of hernia are the diaphragm and navel. A hiatal hernia is a condition in which part of the stomach protrudes through the diaphragm into the thoracic cavity. This is most common in overweight people over 40. It may cause heartburn due to the regurgitation of stomach acid into the esophagus, but most cases go undetected.
Often times, doctors dont think women might have a hernia when women say they are feeling pain in the pelvic area. Why then, is it rare that inguinal hernias occur in women? What does this condition depend on?[Why tag this]why is this? Wouldn't this happen often during labor because of women holding their breath and pushing?[Why tag thisWhy do these occur so rarely in women?[Why tag thisWhy do hernias rarely occure in women? [Why tag thisare any hernias likely found in women? [Why tag thisWhy is this? Because women don't typically lift heavy weights?[Why tag thisif they do occur in women, in which part would the hernia occur? [Why tag thisMy nephew was actually born with a navel hernia, but I never quite knew what a hernia consisted of. His doctor said that a navel hernia can be quite common in newborns and it usually fixes itself, but he said that my nephew's was a little larger than normal and he'll eventually need surgery to correct it. He didn't seem to concerned on its internal affect and seemed to me that it was more of a cosmetic correction than a functional problem.[Why tag thisThis is very intersting because so many people don't know why they have heartburn and how it happens. So if people knew that it comes from the hiatal hernia, which is a part of the stomach protrudes through the diaphram. Then they can get help before it gets serious. [Why tag thisthis sounds very painful, what causes it?[Why tag thisHow much discomfort, other than the heart burn, is caused by this?[Why tag thisAshley Wiedmeyer
Sophie
Kelly Sanderson
jess Tegelman
Stephanie
Grace
Amanda Bartosik
chanel
Lauren Anthe
Brandon Neldner
Fat is the body's primary energy reservoir.
Fat is the body's primary energy reservoir. The quantity of stored triglyceride and the number of adipocytes are quite stable in a person, but this doesn't mean stored fat is stagnant. New triglycerides are constantly synthesized and stored as others are hydrolyzed and released into circulation. Thus, there is a constant turnover of stored triglyceride, with an equilibrium between synthesis and hydrolysis, energy storage and energy use.
There are two kinds of fat in humans?white (or yellow) fat and brown fat
There are two kinds of fat in humans?white (or yellow) fat and brown fat.
There are two kinds of fat in humans?white (or yellow) fat and brown fat. White fat is the more abundant and is the only significant adipose tissue of the adult body. Its adipocytes usually range from 70 to 120 µm in diameter, but they may be five times as large in obese people. They have a single large, central globule of triglyceride (fig. 5.18). Their cytoplasm is otherwise restricted to a thin layer immediately beneath the plasma membrane, and the nucleus is pushed against the edge of the cell. Since the triglyceride is dissolved out by most histological fixatives, fat cells in most tissue specimens look empty and somewhat collapsed, with a resemblance to chicken wire.
There are two kinds of fat in humans?white (or yellow) fat and brown fat. White fat is the more abundant and is the only significant adipose tissue of the adult body. Its adipocytes usually range from 70 to 120 µm in diameter, but they may be five times as large in obese people. They have a single large, central globule of triglyceride (fig. 5.18). Their cytoplasm is otherwise restricted to a thin layer immediately beneath the plasma membrane, and the nucleus is pushed against the edge of the cell. Since the triglyceride is dissolved out by most histological fixatives, fat cells in most tissue specimens look empty and somewhat collapsed, with a resemblance to chicken wire.White fat provides thermal insulation, anchors and cushions such organs as the eyeballs and kidneys, and contributes to body contours such as the female breasts and hips. On average, women have more fat relative to body weight than men do. It helps to meet the caloric needs of pregnancy and nursing an infant, and having too little fat can reduce female fertility.Brown fat is found in fetuses, infants, and children; it accounts for up to 6% of an infant's weight, and is concentrated especially in fat pads in the shoulders, upper back, and around the kidneys.
There are two kinds of fat in humans?white (or yellow) fat and brown fat. White fat is the more abundant and is the only significant adipose tissue of the adult body. Its adipocytes usually range from 70 to 120 µm in diameter, but they may be five times as large in obese people. They have a single large, central globule of triglyceride (fig. 5.18). Their cytoplasm is otherwise restricted to a thin layer immediately beneath the plasma membrane, and the nucleus is pushed against the edge of the cell. Since the triglyceride is dissolved out by most histological fixatives, fat cells in most tissue specimens look empty and somewhat collapsed, with a resemblance to chicken wire.White fat provides thermal insulation, anchors and cushions such organs as the eyeballs and kidneys, and contributes to body contours such as the female breasts and hips. On average, women have more fat relative to body weight than men do. It helps to meet the caloric needs of pregnancy and nursing an infant, and having too little fat can reduce female fertility.Brown fat is found in fetuses, infants, and children; it accounts for up to 6% of an infant's weight, and is concentrated especially in fat pads in the shoulders, upper back, and around the kidneys. It stores lipid in the form of multiple globules rather than one large one. It gets its color from an unusual abundance of blood vessels and certain enzymes in its mitochondria. Brown fat is a heat-generating tissue. It has numerous mitochondria, but their oxidative pathway is not linked to ATP synthesis. Therefore, when these cells oxidize fats, they release all of the energy as heat. Hibernating animals accumulate brown fat in preparation for winter.
While fat is the body's main source of energy, it's interesting that an overabundance of fat in your body (above average BMI) can make a person lethargic and put strain on other tissues and organs. This is counter intuitive to fat's original physiological purpose and shows the delicate balance our body's attempt to maintain.[Why tag this text]no idea that our fat was our primary energy reservoir[Why tag this textImportant information of fat storage.[Why tag this textan example of a negative feedback system involving fat in the body.[Why tag this textThe circulation of triglycerides is interesting because the fat storage is constantly being replaced so that the triglycerides stay somewhat even in the body when working properly.[Why tag this texti didnt know that there are two kinds of fat in a human. the white fat is what adults have. Brown fat found mainly in fetuses, infants and children[Why tag this textI did not know that there were two kinds of fat, is one better than the other? Or do they have different functions?[Why tag this textThe two kinds of fat that exists in humans and the properties of both of them.[Why tag this textEveryone has fat on their body, however what I didn't know is that there are two kinds of fat in all humans. First their is the white or yellow fat, which tends to be the most adundant and also there is brown fat which is found in fetuses, infants, and children. This type of fat makes up 6% of an infants weight and it stores lipids. [Why tag this textI found this interesting beause I did not relise that there were two different knind of fats and that they had different jobs and are found in different areas.[Why tag this textI was unaware that there was two types of fat in the body that have different functions and occure at different times. [Why tag this textMacKenzie
Michael Franzini
Mia Breidenbach
lucas hubanks
victor
Kaitlynn
Anthony Wheeler
dsstokes
sarah
Justin Rosinski
Several comparisons show the apparent relationship of mitochondria to bacteria. Their ribosomes are more like bacterial ribosomes than those of eukaryotic (nucleated) cells. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is a small, circular molecule that resembles the circular DNA of bacteria, not the linear DNA of the cell nucleus. It replicates independently of nuclear DNA. Mitochondrial DNA codes for some of the enzymes employed in ATP synthesis. It consists of 16,569 base pairs (explained in chapter 4), comprising 37 genes, compared with over 3 billion base pairs and about 20,000 to 25,000 genes in nuclear DNA.
When a sperm fertilizes an egg, any mitochondria introduced by the sperm are usually destroyed and only those provided by the egg are passed on to the developing embryo. Therefore, mitochondrial DNA is inherited almost exclusively through the mother. While nuclear DNA is reshuffled in every generation by sexual reproduction, mtDNA remains unchanged except by random mutation. Biologists and anthropologists have used mtDNA as a ?molecular clock? to trace evolutionary lineages in humans and other species. Mitochondrial DNA has also been used as evidence in criminal law and to identify the remains of soldiers killed in combat. It was used in 2001 to identify the remains of the famed bandit Jesse James, who was killed in 1882. Anthropologists have gained evidence from mtDNA that of all the women who lived in Africa 200,000 years ago, only one has any descendants still living today. This ?mitochondrial Eve? is ancestor to us all.
Mitochondrion are very interesting to me. They are much different than other organelles because they have DNA, two unit membranes, and ribosomes more like bacterial ribosomes. I didn't realize that mitochondrial DNA is different than nuclear DNA and that is very intriguing to me. [Why tag this text]Mitochondria synthesize ATP, which is the source of energy for life, so it makes sense that, as a rudimentary part, it woukd resemble the earliest for ms of life. Mitochondrial DNA more resembles bacteral DNA because it's simplistic nature and function is more like backeteria than like the complexity of human cells[Why tag this textInteresting to think that mitochondria actually has more simularities to bacteria than to nuclear DNA[Why tag this textThere is a relationship between mitochondria and bacteria.[Why tag this texti find this very interesting about how mitochondrial DNA is being used to identify how old an organism is. Its amazing to think taht we are all descendants of 1 person. Could this be evidence to support the creationist theory of Adom and Eve? I know it doesnt but it was just interesting that someone actually is [Why tag this textWould you be able to tell if a developing embryo enherited mitochondria from the sperm by chance? How do you tell the difference between the mothers mitochondria and the fathers?[Why tag this textVery cool that mitochondrial DNA actaully is almost exclusively from the mother. Also learned tonight in my lab section that because of this, you can trace your ancestry back through your mitochondrial DNA[Why tag this text
This paragraph made me think about the importance of mitochondria since it's role is to provide energy. But if it provides energy then why and how is it destroyed by the sperm?[Why tag this textI always thought any mitochondria was provided by both the mother and father, turns out it is only the mother[Why tag this textThis explains a lot as to why certain traits may be eliminated based on what passes through. [Why tag this textCorianne
Nicholas Bruno
Michael Franzini
Riley Spitzig
Keira
maria lira
Andrea Benson
Noelle
UVR can have two adverse effects: It causes skin cancer
UVR can have two adverse effects: It causes skin cancer and it breaks down folic acid, a B vitamin needed for normal cell division, fertility, and fetal development. It also has a desirable effect: It stimulates keratinocytes to synthesize vitamin D, which is needed for the absorption of dietary calcium and thus for healthy bone development.
UVR can have two adverse effects: It causes skin cancer and it breaks down folic acid, a B vitamin needed for normal cell division, fertility, and fetal development. It also has a desirable effect: It stimulates keratinocytes to synthesize vitamin D, which is needed for the absorption of dietary calcium and thus for healthy bone development. Too much UVR and one is at risk of infertility and fetal deformities such as spina bifida; too little and one is at risk of bone deformities such as rickets.
UVR can have two adverse effects: It causes skin cancer and it breaks down folic acid, a B vitamin needed for normal cell division, fertility, and fetal development. It also has a desirable effect: It stimulates keratinocytes to synthesize vitamin D, which is needed for the absorption of dietary calcium and thus for healthy bone development. Too much UVR and one is at risk of infertility and fetal deformities such as spina bifida; too little and one is at risk of bone deformities such as rickets. Consequently, populations native to the tropics and people descended from them tend to have well-melanized skin to screen out excessive UVR. Populations native to far northern and southern latitudes, where the sunlight is weak, tend to have light skin to allow for adequate UVR penetration. Ancestral skin color is thus partly a compromise between vitamin D and folic acid requirements. Worldwide, women have skin averaging about 4% lighter than men do, perhaps because of their greater need for vitamin D and calcium to support pregnancy and lactation.
Ultraviolet radiation: Can break down folic acid and B vitamins [needed for cell division, fertility and fetal development] buuut it starts vitamin d synthesis. [Why tag this text]I find this interesting because one of my frineds recently found out she had skin cancer. Its fine now, but she cant go outside as much now and has to wear suncreen a lot more. I also have a question. So the only thing that makes [Why tag this textthats scary that the sun can cause cancer[Why tag this textInteresting how we humans should watch and balance our exposure to URV we need at just the right amount to remain healthy.[Why tag this textFolic acid is an important vitamin during pregnancy, so it is unfortunate that women have 4% lighter skin, and are thus more likely to suffer from a break down of folic acid. Oddly, the same differenence in women has aspects that help cupport pregnancy. The duality of skin poses an interesting situation[Why tag this textIt is interesting to me that UVR can even cause infertility and fetal deformities but nt having enough UVR could cause bone deformities.[Why tag this textthe adverse effects of UVR[Why tag this textbad[Why tag this textthey should have this info up at tanning salons! i bet a lot of girls are unaware of this[Why tag this textgood![Why tag this textAAAAAH! I had no idea that UVR could cause infertility!? No more tanning lights for me![Why tag this textRiley Spitzig
Lauren Anthe
Erin Griph
Corianne
Bailey Johnson
Alyssa Harmes
Jelena Ristic
jess Tegelman
Kristofer Schroeckenthaler
The Functions of MusclesThe functions of muscles are as follows: Movement. Muscles enable us to move from place to place and to move individual body parts; they move body contents in the course of breathing, blood circulation, feeding and digestion, defecation, urination, and childbirth; and they serve various roles in communication?speech, writing, facial expressions, and other body language. Stability. Muscles maintain posture by preventing unwanted movements. Some are called antigravity muscles because, at least part of the time, they resist the pull of gravity and prevent us from falling or slumping over. Many muscles also stabilize the joints by maintaining tension on tendons and bones. Control of body openings and passages. Muscles encircling the mouth serve not only for speech but also for food intake and retention of food while chewing. In the eyelid and pupil, they regulate the admission of light to the eye. Internal muscular rings control the movement of food, bile, blood, and other materials within the body. Muscles encircling the urethra and anus control the elimination of waste. (Some of these muscles are called sphincters, but not all; this is clarified later.) Heat production. The skeletal muscles produce as much as 85% of one's body heat, which is vital to the functioning of enzymes and therefore to all metabolism.
The Functions of MusclesThe functions of muscles are as follows: Movement. Muscles enable us to move from place to place and to move individual body parts; they move body contents in the course of breathing, blood circulation, feeding and digestion, defecation, urination, and childbirth; and they serve various roles in communication?speech, writing, facial expressions, and other body language. Stability. Muscles maintain posture by preventing unwanted movements. Some are called antigravity muscles because, at least part of the time, they resist the pull of gravity and prevent us from falling or slumping over. Many muscles also stabilize the joints by maintaining tension on tendons and bones. Control of body openings and passages. Muscles encircling the mouth serve not only for speech but also for food intake and retention of food while chewing. In the eyelid and pupil, they regulate the admission of light to the eye. Internal muscular rings control the movement of food, bile, blood, and other materials within the body. Muscles encircling the urethra and anus control the elimination of waste. (Some of these muscles are called sphincters, but not all; this is clarified later.) Heat production. The skeletal muscles produce as much as 85% of one's body heat, which is vital to the functioning of enzymes and therefore to all metabolism. Glycemic control. This means the regulation of blood glucose concentration within its normal range. The skeletal muscles absorb, store, and use a large share of one's glucose and play a highly significant role in stabilizing its blood concentration. In old age, in obesity, and when muscles become deconditioned and weakened, people suffer an increased risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus because of the decline in this glucose-buffering function.
When pulling a muscle of damaging it, how long does it take for a muscle to recover?[Why tag this]There are three kinds of muscular tissues: skeletal, cardiac, and smooth. ALL muscles have functions that involve movement, stability, control of body openings and passages, heat production, glycemic control, and so on.[Why tag thisfunctions include: movement, stability, control of body openings/passages, heat production, and glycemic control[Why tag thisMovement, stability, control of body openings and passages, heat production, and glycemic control. [Why tag thisWhen a muscle gets torn or damaged do they still regulate blood glucose concentration? How exactly does a muscle fix itself after it is torn?[Why tag thisI found this information to be very important because the muscles provide our bodies with so many key functions. Such as: movement, muscles allow us to move from place to place and also contribute to us being able to move individual body parts. Stability is key in order for us to maintain our posture muscles help us prevent unwanted movements. Muscles also contribute in controling body openings and passages. Heat production which is also another key feature because muscles are responsible for producing as much as 85% of our body heat. [Why tag thishow does it help the metabolism exactly?[Why tag thisAll of the functions of muscles are very important for me to know as a future personal trainer/ fitness coach. The better I understand the functions like movement, stability and glycemic control, the more precise I will be with workout plans and nutrition advice.[Why tag thisThe functions of muscles are movement, stability, control of body openings and passages, heat production, and glycemic control. This was definitely something that I didn't know. I had not idea that muscles played this manu roles in you the human bodies and other living mammals. [Why tag thisWhen we [Why tag thismuscles have many functions like: movement, stability, contol of body openings, heat production and also glycemic control. What is the normal range for glucose concentration?[Why tag thisPaola Arce
Justin Putterman
Amanda
Zoe Hitzemann
dsstokes
Hussain
Keira
mainkao
Duan Phan
lindsay krueger
Flexors of the Neck. The prime mover of neck flexion is the sternocleidomastoid, a thick muscular cord that extends from the upper chest (sternum and clavicle) to the mastoid process behind the ear (see fig. 10.11). This is most easily seen when the head is rotated to one side and slightly extended. To visualize the action of a single sternocleidomastoid, place the index finger of your left hand on your left mastoid process and the index finger of your right hand on your suprasternal notch. Now contract your left sternocleidomastoid to bring your two fingertips as close together as possible. You will see that this tilts your face upward and to the right.
The prime mover of neck flexion is the sternocleidomastoid, a thick muscular cord that extends from the upper chest (sternum and clavicle) to the mastoid process behind the ear (see fig. 10.11). This is most easily seen when the head is rotated to one side and slightly extended. To visualize the action of a single sternocleidomastoid, place the index finger of your left hand on your left mastoid process and the index finger of your right hand on your suprasternal notch. Now contract your left sternocleidomastoid to bring your two fingertips as close together as possible. You will see that this tilts your face upward and to the right.The three scalenes,43 located on the side of the neck, are named for being arranged somewhat like a staircase. Their actions are similar so they are considered collectively.
I always thought that the muscles pulled on whatever side the head was turning. Good to know though.[Why Tag This]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neck_ringMy understanding is that neck ringing of females in these cultures is to increase attraction for maies. At the same time, the rings cause deformities and degenerate the flexors of the neck. According to folk-lore, if a wife cheats, the husband can remove the rings and the neck has no support....http://channel.nationalgeographic.com/channel/taboo/videos/long-neck-women/National Geographic mentions this lore in this 5 min clip, stating it is just that, but reserve to speculate the history of this cultural intervention.[Why Tag Thisdoes it at all connect with the occipital condyles or the axis and atlas? in lab we were taught that those where wat allowed us to move our head and shake and nod it.[Why Tag ThisCan this change depending on the muscles int he neck?[Why Tag ThisI thought the Altas and the Axis was the reason why we can move our necks back and forth.[Why Tag ThisThe sternocleidomastoid is one of my favorite muscles because it is very fun to say. [Why Tag ThisWhen babies are born, their necks are more flexible that grown adults so does that have anything to do with the sternocleidomastoid?[Why Tag ThisI have chosen this section because we directly looked at these muscles of the neck when working on the human cadaver. This was very interesting. I never knew how big the sternocleidomastoid was in the back of the neck. Also the trapezius was the coolest and biggest muscle to look at in the back. In the human cadaver it really did look like a diamond like it says. [Why Tag Thisflexors and scalenes of the neck[Why Tag ThisIt's easy to remember because it includes the attachments sites in its name.[Why Tag ThisHow does this muscle get sore easily? (ie. sleeping on it funny, stretching it not enough, etc.)[Why Tag ThisRyan Gallagher
Anna Christenbury
Lauren Anthe
Michea Jones
Samantha Herron
payoua
Jenna
Alyssa Harmes
Awlareau
Emily Zuelzke
Describe two everyday movements of the body that employ the power of the gluteus maximus.
Lateral Rotators
Lateral Rotators. Inferior to the gluteus minimus and deep to the other two gluteal muscles are six muscles called the lateral rotators, named for their action on the femur (fig. 10.33). Their action is most clearly visualized when you cross your legs to rest an ankle on your knee, causing your femur to rotate and the knee to point laterally. Thus, they oppose medial rotation by the gluteus medius and minimus. Most of them also abduct or adduct the femur. The abductors are important in walking because when one lifts a foot from the ground, they shift the body weight to the other leg and prevent falling.
These figures give descriptions of the muscles of the hip. In each table, the muscles are listed with their functions and origin/insertion points. This helps in differentiating between the different muscles.[Why Tag This]Standing up; going up stairs; walking to class (through snow).[Why Tag ThisWalking and stepping up stairs.[Why Tag ThisSix Muscles make up the lateral rotators that help keep body in line.[Why Tag ThisSince the lateral rotators play such an important role in walking, what happens if you injure or strain the muscles? Would you be completely unable to walk? Or would there be an increase in stumbling, but still an ability to walk?[Why Tag ThisWhat are the different muscels in this area it only shows 2[Why Tag ThisInferior to the gluteus minimus and deep to the other two gluteal muscles are six muscles called the lateral rotators: gemellus superior, gemellus inferior, obturator externus, obturator internus, piriformis, and quadratus femoris.[Why Tag ThisThese muscles of the lateral rotators are similar to those of the shoulder. One of the exceptions is that there are more muscles that work in order to keep the hip/femur joint in place. This causes less range of movement for the leg but creates more stability for this more weight baring joint. [Why Tag Thisinferior muscles to the gluteus minimus - lateral rotators[Why Tag ThisSo does this mean that crossing your legs in that way is bad for people to do?[Why Tag This
The body has so many things to protect the body. Just like the lateral rotators when bending youre leg and such. The abductors are also very important because when oone lifts their foot it shifts the weight so that you dont lose your balance.[Why Tag Thisjennifer lassiter
Erin Griph
Danielle Henckel
Jourdan Richardson
Lauren Anthe
Christeen Tuck
lucas hubanks
Alyssa Harmes
Kaitlynn
Gloria Mata
Third-degree burns are also called full-thickness burns because the epidermis, all of the dermis, and often some deeper tissues (muscle and bone) are destroyed. (Some authorities call burns that extend to the bone fourth-degree burns.) Since no dermis remains, the skin can regenerate only from the edges of the wound. Third-degree burns often require skin grafts (see Deeper Insight 6.5). If a third-degree burn is left to itself to heal, contracture (abnormal connective tissue fibrosis) and severe disfigurement may result.
I got a second-degree sunburn on my feet when I went to Kentucky as a kid. It was probably the worst experience I'd had at that point in my life. My feet were purple and swollen and blistered. It was actually impossible for me to put my shoes on. It probably took two months for my feet to feel somewhat normal again. Even after that, however, I felt like my feet were raw and completely covered in severe bruises whenever I wore shoes. That feeling lasted around a year.[Why tag this]This is the type of burn the Carlos Tevez must have gotten.[Why tag thisReaches to the bottom. Ouch[Why tag thisI have gotten burned pretty bad before by a straightener and the burn scars took a few months to heal and fade. I never understood why burn marks left such an impact n skin. I think that it's amazimg how our bodies heal and how far the extent is till our tissues can't repair as well.[Why tag thisthird degree burns description and how they're treated[Why tag thisI've watched a couple of shows on burn victims and the Doctor Oz show on the soilder that has recently written a book and has been in the public's eye lately. Its crazy to think what they have been through and all of the skin graphics that they need to do to even try to have there skin look normal when in such sever cases it won't be. [Why tag thisThird degree burns never heal to look like normal skin again do they? You see people that were in fires or something like that and there skin always almost look wrinkled and they have no hair. Is his because the new skin is unable to develop hair follicals?[Why tag thisHow does the bone repair after a [Why tag thisso all skin grafts work on third degree burns?[Why tag thisWhat might be the end result if someone never got treated for a burn?[Why tag thisQuinn
Jelena Ristic
kaulor
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Rachel
Lauren Anthe
Sami
A properly conducted experiment yields observations that either support a hypothesis or require the scientist to modify or abandon it, formulate a better hypothesis, and test that one. Hypothesis testing operates in cycles of conjecture and disproof until one is found that is supported by the evidence.
Experimental Design
Experimental DesignDoing an experiment properly involves several important considerations. What shall I measure and how can I measure it? What effects should I watch for and which ones should I ignore? How can I be sure that my results are due to the factors (variables) that I manipulate and not due to something else? When working on human subjects, how can I prevent the subject's expectations or state of mind from influencing the results? Most importantly, how can I eliminate my own biases and be sure that even the most skeptical critics will have as much confidence in my conclusions as I do? Several elements of experimental design address these issues: Sample size. The number of subjects (animals or people) used in a study is the sample size. An adequate sample size controls for chance events and individual variations in response and thus enables us to place more confidence in the outcome. For example, would you rather trust your health to a drug that was tested on 5 people or one tested on 5,000? Why? Controls. Biomedical experiments require comparison between treated and untreated individuals so that we can judge whether the treatment has any effect. A control group consists of subjects that are as much like the treatment group as possible except with respect to the variable being tested. For example, there is evidence that garlic lowers blood cholesterol levels. In one study, volunteers with high cholesterol were each given 800 mg of garlic powder daily for 4 months and exhibited an average 12% reduction in cholesterol. Was this a significant reduction, and was it due to the garlic? It is impossible to say without comparison to a control group of similar people who received no treatment. In this study, the control group averaged only a 3% reduction in cholesterol, so garlic seems to have made a difference. Psychosomatic effects. Psychosomatic effects (effects of the subject's state of mind on his or her physiology) can have an undesirable effect on experimental results if we do not control for them. In drug research, it is therefore customary to give the control group a placebo (pla-SEE-bo)?a substance with no significant physiological effect on the body. If we were testing a drug, for example, we could give the treatment group the drug and the control group identical-looking sugar tablets. Neither group must know which tablets it is receiving. If the two groups showed significantly different effects, we could feel confident that it did not result from a knowledge of what they were taking. Experimenter bias. In the competitive, high-stakes world of medical research, experimenters may want certain results so much that their biases, even subconscious ones, can affect their interpretation of the data. One way to control for this is the double-blind method. In this procedure, neither the subject to whom a treatment is given nor the person giving it and recording the results knows whether that subject is receiving the experimental treatment or placebo. A researcher might prepare identical-looking tablets, some with the drug and some with placebo; label them with code numbers; and distribute them to participating physicians. The physicians themselves do not know whether they are administering drug or placebo, so they cannot give the subjects even accidental hints of which substance they are taking. When the data are collected, the researcher can correlate them with the composition of the tablets and determine whether the drug had more effect than the placebo. Statistical testing. If you tossed a coin 100 times, you would expect it to come up about 50 heads and 50 tails. If it actually came up 48:52, you would probably attribute this to random error rather than bias in the coin. But what if it came up 40:60? At what point would you begin to suspect bias? This type of problem is faced routinely in research?how great a difference must there be between control and experimental groups before we feel confident that it was due to the treatment and not merely random variation? What if a treatment group exhibited a 12% reduction in cholesterol level and the placebo group a 10% reduction? Would this be enough to conclude that the treatment was effective? Scientists are well grounded in statistical tests that can be applied to the data. Perhaps you have heard of the chi-square test, the t test, or analysis of variance, for example. A typical outcome of a statistical test might be expressed, ?We can be 99.5% sure that the difference between group A and group B was due to the experimental treatment and not to random variation.? Science is grounded not in statements of absolute truth, but in statements of probability.Page 9
This is exactly what i learned in middle school, im wondering over the years if there will be a knew appropriate and easier method to test[Why I tagged this]proper use of hypothesis in experiment[Why I tagged thisexperiments are all based around hypotheses. [Why I tagged thisKnowing and understanding what a good hypothesis looks like could possibly help in future chapters[Why I tagged thisthe meaning of hypothesis.[Why I tagged thisHow can we incorporate our observations into our hypothesis to make for a strong experiment?[Why I tagged thisIf at first we do not find the answer, this shows we need to keep testing and thinking about different ways to tackle the problem.[Why I tagged thisIts like revising a paper in english. You continue to work on it until you find the [Why I tagged thisExperimental Design is something I am familiar with from AP Psychology[Why I tagged thisThis is important to know because it gives a good baises of what a proper experiment has in it. [Why I tagged thisI'm curious about new/alternative health products and approaches in general, but find myself asking these same questions when it comes to trying to research the effectiveness of them before I try them out.[Why I tagged thisCorianne
Mia Breidenbach
Caitlin
Sue Xiong
Jonathan Rooney
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Jelena Ristic
Brianna Brugger
Justin Rosinski
Shannon Stinson
Osteocytes are former osteoblasts that have become trapped in the matrix they deposited. They reside in tiny cavities called lacunae,12 which are interconnected by slender channels called canaliculi13 (CAN-uh-LIC-you-lye). Each osteocyte has delicate fingerlike cytoplasmic processes that reach into the canaliculi to contact the processes from neighboring osteocytes. Some of them also contact osteoblasts on the bone surface. Neighboring osteocytes are connected by gap junctions where their processes meet, so they can pass nutrients and chemical signals to one another and pass their metabolic wastes to the nearest blood vessel for disposal.
If they are trapped are they still able to generate new cells or no?[Why I tagged this]these are osteoblasts that have been embedded into the bone matrix[Why I tagged thisosteocytes - type of bone cell; where they are located[Why I tagged thisOsteocytes used to be osteoblasts that were trapped in the matrix. [Why I tagged thisformer osteoblasts that have been trapped in matrix. osteocyte has delicate fingerlike cytoplasmic processes[Why I tagged thisbecome trapped in the matrix and reside in tiny cavities called lacunae[Why I tagged thisSo how do they get trapped? Does it happen a lot? It is strange that this happens and then it is strange that when these osteocytes are trapped, they can then pass nutrients and chemical signals. Can they get out? Or are they an osteocyte forever now?[Why I tagged this
Once osteocytes are trapped in lacunae do they no longer produce matrix? I'm confused about the difference between the difference between Osteoblasts and Osteocytes.[Why I tagged thisAre osteocytes just the general term for bone cells? [Why I tagged this
characteristic of bone[Why I tagged thisIt is news to me that the osteocytes have processes that reach into the canaliculi to another osteocytes. This makes it easy to pass nutrients and chemical signals.[Why I tagged thisJungas
Alyssa Harmes
Paola Arce
Justin Putterman
Brittany Nycz
Kaitlynn
Stephanie Collins
Caitlin
Abbey
Grace
Among the revolutionary findings to come from the Human Genome Project are these: Page 121 Homo sapiens has far fewer genes than the 100,000 previously believed. These genes generate millions of different proteins, so gone is the old idea of one gene for each protein. In its place is the realization that a single gene can code for many different proteins through alternative splicing of mRNA (see p. 122) and other means. Genes average about 3,000 bases long, but range up to 2.4 million bases. All humans, worldwide, are at least 99.99% genetically identical, but even the 0.01% variation means that we can differ from one another in more than 3 million base pairs. Various combinations of these single-nucleotide polymorphisms2 account for all human genetic variation. Some chromosomes are gene-rich (17, 19, and 22) and some are gene-poor (4, 8, 13, 18, 21, and Y; see fig. 4.17).
Among the revolutionary findings to come from the Human Genome Project are these: Page 121 Homo sapiens has far fewer genes than the 100,000 previously believed. These genes generate millions of different proteins, so gone is the old idea of one gene for each protein. In its place is the realization that a single gene can code for many different proteins through alternative splicing of mRNA (see p. 122) and other means. Genes average about 3,000 bases long, but range up to 2.4 million bases. All humans, worldwide, are at least 99.99% genetically identical, but even the 0.01% variation means that we can differ from one another in more than 3 million base pairs. Various combinations of these single-nucleotide polymorphisms2 account for all human genetic variation. Some chromosomes are gene-rich (17, 19, and 22) and some are gene-poor (4, 8, 13, 18, 21, and Y; see fig. 4.17). Before the HGP, we knew the chromosomal locations of fewer than 100 disease-producing mutations; we now know more than 1,400, and this number will surely rise as the genome is further analyzed. This opens the door to a new branch of medical diagnosis and therapy called genomic medicine (see Deeper Insight 4.2).
Is genome to code and uncode DNA?[Why tag this text]I find this part to be very interesting because it is the main project or discvoery that led to the discovery of the base sequence of DNA. As a result of this discovery, scientists can now locate the chromosome in which a disease forms and hopefully use that information to find solutions and cures for it. THis could become very beneficial in the future of curing numerous deadly diseases. [Why tag this textI thought this was interesting and wanted a little more information on this topic. I found a website that was informational. It is Wellcome Trust [Why tag this textThis is interesting that by knowing this information people can figure out alot more mutations and abnormal concepts about chromosomes. This is talking about diseases such as down syndrome and such right?[Why tag this textHuman Genome Project: Project to sequence the human genome. Managed to get 99% of the genome sequenced. [Why tag this textSo how many do we really have?[Why tag this textThis is a very useful reference to information gathered from the breakthrough accomplishments in sequencing the human genome.[Why tag this textHow is this?[Why tag this textfacts about genes[Why tag this textinformation on genes and chromosomes[Why tag this textHow is it that one gene can be coded for many different proteins[Why tag this textTRAVIS
Claire Silkaitis
Erin Griph
Danielle Henckel
Melissa
Michael Franzini
PangJeb Vang
Alyssa Harmes
Anthony Wheeler
sarah
Working muscles have a great demand for glucose, fatty acids, and oxygen.
Working muscles have a great demand for glucose, fatty acids, and oxygen. Blood capillaries branch extensively through the endomysium to reach every muscle fiber, sometimes so intimately associated with the muscle fibers that the fibers have surface indentations to accommodate them. The capillaries of skeletal muscle undulate or coil when the muscle is contracted, allowing them enough slack to stretch out straight, without breaking, when the muscle lengthens.
Figure 10.5 shows an overview of the major superficial muscles. Learning the names of these and other muscles may seem a forbidding task at first, especially when some of them have such long Latin names as depressor labii inferioris and flexor digiti minimi brevis. Such names, however, typically describe some distinctive aspects of the structure, location, or action of a muscle, and become very helpful once we grow familiar with a few common Latin words. For example, the depressor labii inferioris is a muscle that lowers (depresses) the bottom (inferior) lip (labium), and the flexor digiti minimi brevis is a short (brevis) muscle that flexes the smallest (minimi) finger (digit). Muscle names are interpreted in footnotes throughout the chapter. Familiarity with these terms and attention to the footnotes will help you translate muscle names and remember the location, appearance, and action of the muscles. You can listen to pronunciations of these muscle names on the CD-ROM or online version of Anatomy & Physiology
I assume that pre-workout contains special glucose and fatty acids to help our working muscles.[Why tag this]Why is this?[Why tag thisWorking muscles need the most glucose, fatty acids, and oxygen in order to make up for those that are lost. Whether one is walking, standing, sitting, etc., the body is using energy which comes from many fatty acids. While doing these types of things, the body, as well as the muscles, also use oxygen to do work.[Why tag thisWhat would happen if there wasn't enough blood flow to the body when you are working out? Is that when you would faint?[Why tag this
Although a bit tidous, it's pretty cool how useful knowing the basic anatomical terms, and then some, can guide you further through learning.[Why tag thisIt is interesting to see the smaller muscles underneith because we tend to forget about them. [Why tag thisit is interesting that muscles can be named after a varity of sources[Why tag thisWhy is latin mostly use to name body parts?[Why tag thisLearning all the names of the muscles (and the bones) was difficult at first, but once you learn the general anatomical terms and locations, it becomes much easier over time... [Why tag thisThis makes sense, seeing as it describes what the muscle does.[Why tag thisKnowing the word terms will make it easier to identify parts of the body you may not know of. If you know that finger is the same as digit then if someone says digit you will know they are referring to the finger. [Why tag thishow muscles are named - structure, location, or action[Why tag thisEthan Kelly
Cassie Marsh
Ashley McBain
Rebecca Sherer
Joshua Collier
eric voelker
xuntao
Dakota Francart
Brandon Neldner
Sami
Alyssa Harmes
cilia and microvilli
The Plasma MembraneThe electron microscope reveals that the cell and many of the organelles within it are bordered by a unit membrane, which appears as a pair of dark parallel lines with a total thickness of about 7.5 nm (fig. 3.6a). The plasma membrane is the unit membrane at the cell surface. It defines the boundaries of the cell, governs its interactions with other cells, and controls the passage of materials into and out of the cell. The side that faces the cytoplasm is the intracellular face of the membrane, and the side that faces outward is the extracellular face.
The electron microscope reveals that the cell and many of the organelles within it are bordered by a unit membrane, which appears as a pair of dark parallel lines with a total thickness of about 7.5 nm (fig. 3.6a). The plasma membrane is the unit membrane at the cell surface. It defines the boundaries of the cell, governs its interactions with other cells, and controls the passage of materials into and out of the cell. The side that faces the cytoplasm is the intracellular face of the membrane, and the side that faces outward is the extracellular face.
I am so interested in the process of binding an egg and a sperm. It's amazing how these cellular structures comes together to create a whole new structure. [Why tag this text]answer to my question[Why tag this text
The plasma membrane and all of its features and functions is a concept I remember learning about when I took AP Biology class during high school. I also remember specific processes like active transport, facilitated diffusion, membrane proteins, utilization of ATP and so on were difficult to conceptualize. If passage of substances through the plasma membrane is going to be an important concept of this unit, I would like for it to be covered in a bit more depth.[Why tag this textthe plasma membrane is is the dark lines observed in the microscople. unit membrane of the cell surface[Why tag this textWithout the cell membrane the cell would have no protection or structure. Any sort of bacteria could get through to the bare cell and causes damage to the cell.[Why tag this textThe Plasma Membrane:The cell and many of its organelles are bordered by the cell membrane which you can see as a pair of parallel dark lines. The plasma membrane defines the boundaries of the cell, governs its interactions, control what goes in and out, etc. [Why tag this textThe plasma membrane seems like such a small, insignificant part of the cell on the surface, but when you really look at it, it's clear that there is a lot to learn about its many functions and structures. It is key to how cells can function. [Why tag this textThe plasma membrane determines the boundary of the cell, governs it's interactions with other cells and controls the passage of materials into and out of the cell.[Why tag this textImportant to understand the role of the plasma membrane. [Why tag this textThe plasma membrane is a very important part of the cell and finding it when you are looking at a microscope to know where that is and find it, and in this simple text it gives you a great description of what it looks like.[Why tag this textThis gives details about the structure of the plasma membrane. Also it goes nto explaining what hte plasma membrane is used for and what it controlls.[Why tag this textJelena Ristic
Jacob
Justin Putterman
PangJeb Vang
Danielle Henckel
Mia Breidenbach
Michael Franzini
Melissa Gile
Sarah Faust
Jeremy
Julia
You will probably study both articulated skeletons (dried bones held together by wires and rods to show their spatial relationships to each other) and disarticulated bones (bones taken apart so their surface features can be studied in more detail).
ou will probably study both articulated skeletons (dried bones held together by wires and rods to show their spatial relationships to each other) and disarticulated bones (bones taken apart so their surface features can be studied in more detail). As you study this chapter, also use yourself as a model. You can easily palpate (feel) many of the bones and some of their details through the skin. Rotate your forearm, cross your legs, palpate your skull and wrist, and think about what is happening beneath the surface or what you can feel through the skin. You will gain the most from this chapter (and indeed, the entire book) if you are conscious of your own body in relation to what you are studying.
I never knew not everyone had the same amount of bones or that certain bones varied between people. [Why tag this]Is the main difference between articulated skeltons and disarticulated bones that the articulated skeltons are dried bones held together by wires and disarticulated bones are not? [Why tag thisEverything about this paragraph really kind of hits a spot in my head that really makes me think about he body itself as well as what is going on with our bodies inside and out. [Why tag thisThis I can relate to becaure I always think about how I relate to our studies in every day life. I am always thinking about things froma biological stand point now.[Why tag thisEven before taking this class, I have thought about how the body works and moves. I am interested in learning how everything fits together.[Why tag thisI honestly do this all the time and always think what else is actually there. I sprained of my ankles back in high school and never really let it properally heal. Years later it is still clearly bigger than the other. I rub it sometimes and I can actually feel squishy stuff and sometimes I think swear I feel really hard tiny balls. Now I am seriously wondering if and considering them to be sesamoid bones![Why tag thisUnderstanding the skeletal system can be better acknowledged when using it in relation to your own body.[Why tag thisThis is very good advice I feel that I am going to follow! I normally am a notecard maker and would have never thought to study my own physiccal self![Why tag thisThis is good advice about studying because we are the living example of human anatomy, so it would be smart to use ourselves as a studying tool for this class, especially since we can feel what the book is talking about.[Why tag thisThis is helpful to point out not only because it will help me learn the material, but as a medical provider I can't do surgery every time that I want to know what is going on inside someone. Understanding how things feel and work now will only help me in the future.[Why tag thisThis is my favorite part of anatomy. I love to find the parts of the body we are talking about in class. Feeling them in my own body and finding out the feelings of their functions is a deeper place of knowing myself somatically. This is what I want to do with the information I learn in this class. That and apply/teach it to others.[Why tag thisOsteopathic medical practitioners are trained to be highly skilled at palpation in diagnosis aren't they?[Why tag thisPaula
Lauren Anthe
Kelly Stahl
mary furner
Rebecca Sherer
Brandon Brandemuehl
Kaitlynn
Christina Colarossi
Joe Nimm
Nadin
Shannon Stinson
Cranial BonesCranial bones are those that enclose the brain; collectively, they compose the cranium3 (braincase). The delicate brain tissue does not come directly into contact with the bones, but is separated from them by three membranes called the meninges (meh-NIN-jeez) (see chapter 14). The thickest and toughest of these, the dura mater4 (DUE-rah MAH-tur), lies loosely against the inside of the cranium in most places but is firmly attached to it at a few points.
Cranial bones are those that enclose the brain; collectively, they compose the cranium3 (braincase). The delicate brain tissue does not come directly into contact with the bones, but is separated from them by three membranes called the meninges (meh-NIN-jeez) (see chapter 14). The thickest and toughest of these, the dura mater4 (DUE-rah MAH-tur), lies loosely against the inside of the cranium in most places but is firmly attached to it at a few points.The cranium is a rigid structure with an opening, the foramen magnum (literally ?large hole?), where the spinal cord meets the brain. The cranium consists of two major parts?the calvaria and the base. The calvaria5 (skullcap) is not a single bone but simply the dome of the top of the skull; it is composed of parts of multiple bones that form the roof and walls (see fig. 8.6). In study skulls, it is often sawed so that part of it can be lifted off for examination of the interior. This reveals the base (floor) of the cranial cavity (see fig. 8.5b), which exhibits three paired depressions called cranial fossae. These correspond to the contour of the inferior surface of the brain (fig. 8.9). The relatively shallow anterior cranial fossa is crescent-shaped and accommodates the frontal lobes of the brain. The middle cranial fossa, which drops abruptly deeper, is shaped like a pair of outstretched bird's wings and accommodates the temporal lobes. The posterior cranial fossa is deepest and houses a large posterior division of the br
Cranial Bones: Enclose the brain, compose the cranium. The meninges separate brain from bone. The Dura mater is a meninge that is the thickest. Cranium has a big hole, called the foramen magnum, where the spinal cord meets the brain. Cranium is divided into two parts, the calvaria and the base. The calvaria is also the skullcap and is made of multiple bones.Cranial Fossae: 3 depressions in skull, correspond to contour of brain. [Why tag this]I have noticed that the bone names of the cranial region are very similar to those of the brain that I learned in psychology. [Why tag thisLooking at the figure below, the cranial bone is connected to the facial bone. So why are they completely different?[Why tag thisIf all the bones in the cranium make up one big bone, why are there technically so many different bones?[Why tag thisI always thought that the cranium was just one bone after childhood. What attaches the bones of the cranium together?[Why tag thiscranial bones protect the brain structure[Why tag thisAre these the bones that are [Why tag thisCranial bones are important to know because they protect the key organ that makes the rest of our body function. These bones are complex in the way they connect and are still able to support our brain.[Why tag this
I tagged this text because it helps me understand the structure of the cranial bones. There is the protective braincase, which does not directly touch the brain. There are also the three membranes that help support and protect the brain. [Why tag thisI highlighted this because it is important to take a look at the main cranial bones. These bones are called: The frontal bone, parietal bones, temporal bones, and the occipital bone.[Why tag thisCarnial bones enclose the brain. It consists of 2 major parts, calcaria and base. Its a large hole where the spinal cord meets the brain which is very important. The dura mater lies loosely against the inside of the cranium. [Why tag thisWhen i think of the cranium i dont really associate more than one bone within the cranium. But now that i have read about the cranial bones I will always of the cranial bones as flat and simple and joint together by surtures[Why tag thisAmanda Fitzmaurice
Michea Jones
Brianna Franske
Quinn
lindsay krueger
Jenna Nehls
Maria Stephans
Paige Schlieve
Lauren Thiel
Anisa Janko
Paige Immel
we can cut matter such as a gold nugget into smaller and smaller pieces, but there must ultimately be particles so small that nothing could cut them.
but there must ultimately be particles so small that nothing could cut them. He called these imaginary particles atoms
but there must ultimately be particles so small that nothing could cut them. He called these imaginary particles atoms1 (?indivisible?).
Atoms were only a philosophical concept until 1803, when English chemist John Dalton began to develop an atomic theory based on experimental evidence
John Dalton began to develop an atomic theory based on experimental evidence. In 1913, Danish physicist Niels Bohr proposed a model of atomic structure similar to planets orbiting the sun (figs. 2.1 and 2.2).
Although this planetary model is too simple to account for many of the properties of atoms, it remains useful for elementary purposes.
[image #2]
particles end up being so tiny that they can no longer be cut any smaller, meaning that they were indivisible. [Why tag this text]when cutting a particle so small that you can no longer cut it, you officially have an atom. within the 20th century they were able to use high-magnified microscopes that allow you to see the atom of these particles which has allowed them to be able to see and study the nucleus of the atoms. i thought this was really interesting because something as relevant as chemistry and breaking down particles can apply to anatomy.[Why tag this textI found this an interesting way to look at how to define what an atom is, although this would not technically be correct today, because atoms can be split.[Why tag this textThis is a good way to remember how extremely small an atom is and that it is broken down into its most simple form. [Why tag this textI find it interesting that this is how the name [Why tag this textJohn Dalton developed atomic theory based on experimental evidence in 1803[Why tag this textI feel like this a relatively new concept, something we still don't understand. Even though its been thought about for centuries, we have only just begun to really comprehend. [Why tag this textWe are currently learning about Daltons atomic theory in Chemistry 101. Daltons atomic theory states the following: all matter consists of atoms, an atom cannot be created or destroyed or converted into another atom, atoms of a given elemtn are identical, atoms of different elements have different properties, atoms of different elements can combine to form different compounds, and in a chemical reaction the atoms will rearrange. Our professor told us that Daltons theory was mainly correct except he was unaware of nuclear reactions and the fact that isotopes existed (which gives a different number of neutrons in the same element). [Why tag this textNiels Bohr proposed model of atomic structure similar to planets orbiting the sun[Why tag this textI find it amusing that even though this model only truly applys to hydrogen and helium that it is still how we automatically think of electron configuration.[Why tag this textIt says the Bohr model was useful for elementary purposes- I have studied this not only in elementary school, but also high school chem and AP chem. Do they reference this model as elementary because we are or will be learning something different and/or more complicated? [Why tag this textThis is important to know i think because it is a basic model. This makes understanding the atomic structure more visual when it can be confusing sometimes to grasp the idea.[Why tag this textHayley Smith
Chelsea Moore
Paige Schlieve
Tayelor Neiss
Stephanie
Sarah Kallas
Jonathan Rooney
Stephanie Collins
Emily Zuelzke
Hannah Lucas
Glial cells constitute most of the volume of the nervous tissue.
Glial cells constitute most of the volume of the nervous tissue. They are usually much smaller than neurons.
Glial cells constitute most of the volume of the nervous tissue. They are usually much smaller than neurons. There are six types of glial cells, described in chapter 12, which provide a variety of supportive, protective, and ?housekeeping? functions for the nervous system. Although they communicate with neurons and each other, they do not transmit long-distance signals.
Glial cells make up most the volume, housekeepers of nervous cells.[Why tag this text]The is a good way to identify nervous tissues[Why tag this textI was unaware that there was a certain type of cell that made up most of the nervous system.[Why tag this textI did not know the majority of nervous tissue is made up of glial cells. This must mean glial cells are very excitable?[Why tag this textglial cells are much smaller than neurons and make up the most volume of the nervous tissue. there are 6 types of glial cells in the body.[Why tag this textShows the importance of Glial Cells and how they are used.[General-Do not use
The Glial cells may not be as sexy as the larger mack daddy neurons, but they still interest me. When I was looking in the microscope in lab last week they first caught my eye and I decided to investigate further. These cells are so tiny! Yet, they are essential to keeping the neuron alive and in good health. Without these guys, are memories are toast.[Why tag this textDo Glial cells preform any long distance signals, or is that left to the nuerons and axons. So when you touch something hot does it acutally start a chain reaction then of messages starting with the Glial cells transmitting to the neurosoma then to the axon, spinal cord and brain?[Why tag this textits amazing how every system in the body and organ has there own cells to perform their functions[Why tag this textNervous tissue has an important role of responding to stimuli which is very essential for keeping human away from danger or help them to survive. I've taken psychology class and most of the course was about nerves, it is my first time to read about glial cells and how they look and I know that nervous cells communicate with each other by dendrates. How do glial cell communicate with each other when they do not have any dendrates or endings that connect them to each other?[Why tag this textI didn't know that there were so many different types of glial cells. They seem very important to me even though they can't send long-distance signals, they provide a lot of other jobs for the nervous system.[Why tag this textGliial cells are interesting and easy for my to remember because when my sister was taking this course I remember when she said that my brother had to act like the glial cell in the house because he had to be the protector when my dad was gone for work with business trips. [Why tag this textJonathan Baures
Leah Daul
Laura Kovach
lindsay krueger
Brandon Brandemuehl
John
Flees Robert John
Lauren Anthe
hanouf
Kaitlynn
Maisey Mulvey
The ability of organisms to sense and react to stimuli (changes in their environment) is called responsiveness, irritability, or excitability. It occurs at all levels from the single cell to the entire body, and it characterizes all living things from bacteria to you.
It occurs at all levels from the single cell to the entire body, and it characterizes all living things from bacteria to you. Responsiveness is especially obvious in animals because of nerve and muscle cells that exhibit high sensitivity to environmental stimuli, rapid transmission of information, and quick reactions.
Responsiveness is especially obvious in animals because of nerve and muscle cells that exhibit high sensitivity to environmental stimuli, rapid transmission of information, and quick reactions. Most living organisms are capable of self-propelled movement from place to place, and all organisms and cells are at least capable of moving substances internally, such as moving food along the digestive tract or moving molecules and organelles from place to place within a cell.
Homeostasis. Although the environment around an organism changes, the organism maintains relatively stable internal conditions. This ability to maintain internal stability, called homeostasis, is explored in more depth shortly.
This gives our ability to adapte to ever changing situations which is big in this changing world. [Why I tagged this]definition- nonliving things do not react to the environment.[Why I tagged thisResponse time and the ability to have a response time is incredibly important for living things. [Why I tagged thisWhy must an animals responsiveness be at a higher level than a human being? Is this because it is needed for survival in their environment? I would imagine humans responsiveness has evolved and toned down. [Why I tagged thisThis is important because the food moving along the digestive tract is what gives us energy. [Why I tagged thisWhere is it stated that an animal's responsiveness is at a higher level than a human being? Human beings are part of the Kindgom Anamalia. I believe in this context the reference to animals includes humans.[Why I tagged thisThe whole idea of homeostasis is something i enjoy since it is the balance of internal stability. This we would not be able to live without.[Why I tagged thisHomeostasis is something we have learned about since elementary school. I still can't understand it fully. How do we maintain homeostasis? I always forget. [why i tagged thisProperty to define life[Why I tagged thisis a property of living things where in lies their ability to be able to maintain a stable condition in themselves or else they will become sick or die[Why I tagged thisInteresting point that we need a certain state or set point inorder for us to function properly. [Why I tagged thisAmanda Baxter
Dakota Francart
Jonathan Rooney
Lauren Thiel
Rachel
Lauren Gwidt
Kelly Stahl
Melissa
Danny Duong
Jelena Ristic
If you become overheated, the thermostat triggers heat-losing mechanisms (fig. 1.10). One of these is vasodilation (VAY-zo-dy-LAY-shun), the widening of blood vessels. When blood vessels of the skin dilate, warm blood flows closer to the body surface and loses heat to the surrounding air.
One of these is vasodilation (VAY-zo-dy-LAY-shun), the widening of blood vessels. When blood vessels of the skin dilate, warm blood flows closer to the body surface and loses heat to the surrounding air. If this is not enough to return your temperature to normal, sweating occurs; the evaporation of water from the skin has a powerful cooling effect (see Deeper Insight 1.3). Conversely, if it is cold outside and your body temperature drops much below 37° C, these nerve cells activate heat-conserving mechanisms. The first to be activated is vasoconstriction, a narrowing of the blood vessels in the skin, which serves to retain warm blood deeper in your body and reduce heat loss. If this is not enough, the brain activates shivering?muscle tremors that generate heat.
I had learned previously that the hypothalmus is the part of the brain responsible for monitoring and maintaing body temperature. The nerve cells mentioned here, are they included in that section of the brain, or is this an entirely different group of nerve cells in an entirely different section of the brain? I would like further clarification in this wording. [Why I tagged this]Which is why when your working out, your blode rises to the top of your skin and your skin turns to a red color[Why I tagged thisThis is important because it explains and is a good example of how our bodies work and that we have an internal thermostat as well[Why I tagged thiswhen you become heated, your bood vessels expand so that blood has a better flow through your body to stablize it.[Why I tagged thisvasodilation is important for life in the bahamas.[Why I tagged thisPhysical changes in your body are triggered by external stimuli in the body. This is a very useful piece of information. [Why I tagged thissweating- to release water from your skin to hydrate your body[Why I tagged thisThe opposite of valsodilaton which is the opposite affect. Going from cold and the body reacting to warm the body. Another important component of regulating the body.[Why I tagged thisvasoconstriction is important for life in wisconsin.[Why I tagged thisyour veins and vessels grow smaller so that the heat from your blood warms you.[Why I tagged thisThis is important because I never understood why we shivered when we got cold and how it makes us get warmer.[Why I tagged thisthis is interesting. I did not know that this is activated for homeostasis.[Why I tagged thisJungas
Danny Duong
Jelena Ristic
Amanda Baxter
Jonathan Rooney
Lauren Gwidt
Lauren Thiel
Areolar tissue is found in tissue sections from almost every part of the body. It surrounds blood vessels and nerves and penetrates with them even into the small spaces of muscle, tendon, and other tissues.
Areolar tissue is found in tissue sections from almost every part of the body. It surrounds blood vessels and nerves and penetrates with them even into the small spaces of muscle, tendon, and other tissues. Nearly every epithelium rests on a layer of areolar tissue, whose blood vessels provide the epithelium with nutrition, waste removal, and a ready supply of infection-fighting leukocytes in times of need.
Nearly every epithelium rests on a layer of areolar tissue, whose blood vessels provide the epithelium with nutrition, waste removal, and a ready supply of infection-fighting leukocytes in times of need.
Nearly every epithelium rests on a layer of areolar tissue, whose blood vessels provide the epithelium with nutrition, waste removal, and a ready supply of infection-fighting leukocytes in times of need. Because of the abundance of open, fluid-filled space, leukocytes can move about freely in areolar tissue and can easily find and destroy pathogens.
Areolar is abundant and since is so open it allows leukocytes to move freely and destroy pathogens.[Why tag this text]It is important to know about the areolar tissue because acording to this information it is found in almost every part of the body. Also epithelium rests on a layer of areolar tissue so it can provide the epithelium with nutrition, waste removal, and a ready supply of infection fighting leukocytes. [Why tag this textFound interestsing [General-Do not useI didn't know how vast he areolar tissue is! It is almost everywhere in your body![Why tag this textI found this interesting that areolar tissue in found in almost every part of the body. According to the reading it states it helps with nutrition, waste removal, and infection fighting. Is there any more functions it seems to have very few functions to be everywhere in the body. [Why tag this textwhere areolar tissue is found and its' role[Why tag this textWow! These tissues are like the side-kick to the epithelium! They help them with everything and every task they need to do.[Why tag this textIt seems as though a lot of our infection fighting abilities/chemicals/cells root from the tissues within our bodies. Until now, I never really made that connection.[Why tag this textThis passage demonstrates how the different tissues in our body work together. Epithelial tissue is more dense, and the movement through the tissue is slow. Immunity is enhanced in epithelial tissue because it rests on loose aerolar connective tissue where leukocytes can move with more ease.[Why tag this textI never learned about areolar tissue in my anatomy class in high school, which is disappointing because the epithelium needs what the areolar tissue provides in order to do its job. Areolar tissue supplements the epithelium with nourishment, ways to fight off infection, and a garbage disposal.[Why tag this textIt is important to know that aerolar tissue is very widespread. Because the areolar tissue rests upon blood vessels, the open space within the blood vessels makes it easy for leukocytes, or white blood cells, to locate and destory harmful invaders, or pathogens from entering the body.[Why tag this textIs it named for the arteries which it uses to provide nutrition, waste, removal and leukocytes?[Why tag this textSophia Wood
lenarch2
Kaitlynn
Alyssa Tucker
Alyssa Harmes
Ashley McBain
wagnera2
Corianne
Christina Colarossi
Petra Stevanovic
Joe Nimm
Photobiologists divide ultraviolet radiation into two wavelength ranges: UVA with wavelengths from 320 to 400 nm and UVB with wavelengths from 290 to 320 nm.
Photobiologists divide ultraviolet radiation into two wavelength ranges: UVA with wavelengths from 320 to 400 nm and UVB with wavelengths from 290 to 320 nm. (Visible light extends from about 400 nm, the deepest violet we can see, to about 700 nm, the deepest red.) UVA and UVB are sometimes called ?tanning rays? and ?burning rays,? respectively. Tanning salons often advertise that the UVA rays they use are safe, but public health authorities are more skeptical. UVA can burn as well as tan, and it inhibits the immune system, while both UVA and UVB are now thought to initiate skin cancer. As dermatologists say, there is no such thing as a healthy tan.
Photobiologists divide ultraviolet radiation into two wavelength ranges: UVA with wavelengths from 320 to 400 nm and UVB with wavelengths from 290 to 320 nm. (Visible light extends from about 400 nm, the deepest violet we can see, to about 700 nm, the deepest red.) UVA and UVB are sometimes called ?tanning rays? and ?burning rays,? respectively. Tanning salons often advertise that the UVA rays they use are safe, but public health authorities are more skeptical. UVA can burn as well as tan, and it inhibits the immune system, while both UVA and UVB are now thought to initiate skin cancer. As dermatologists say, there is no such thing as a healthy tan.It was once assumed that sunscreens furnish protection against skin cancer, but more careful studies have cast doubt on this and made the issue increasingly puzzling and controversial. Sunburn and skin cancer are caused by different mechanisms, and sunscreen can protect against the former while providing no protection against the latter. Ironically, as the sale of sunscreen has risen in recent decades, so has the incidence of skin cancer?perhaps because people falsely assume that when they use sunscreen, they can safely stay in the sun longer. Sunscreen does provide some protection against squamous cell carcinoma, but apparently not against basal cell carcinoma or melanoma. Indeed, people who use sunscreen have a higher incidence of basal cell carcinoma than people who do not. Some of the chemicals used in sunscreens damage DNA and generate harmful free radicals when exposed to UV?chemicals such as zinc oxide and titanium dioxide?but much is still unknown about how sunscreen reacts on and with the skin. Epidemiological data also are yet inconclusive; skin cancer is most prevalent in older people, and not enough data are available on older people who have used sunscreen their entire lives.
This section really caught my attention because I never really understood why fake tanning was bad for the skin. Now with a deeper and better explanation it is easier to understand and see why fake tanning is bad for the skin. This also raises a question for me, I thought that UV B rays were good for the skin and that we needed them, is this wrong?[Why tag this]learned about this in physics[General_Do Not UseI always thought that it was healthy to get some sun and have been taught that our bodies need sun rays, but according to this that isn't the case. Is there a certain amount of time that one should not exceed in the sun?[Why tag thisI like this whole section because I like to learn why we are recomended to do things and the deeper meaning behind it. There is a lot of fact manipulation in the mainstream media and it's good to get the facts and know how things work.[Why tag thisUVA and UVB are the two classifications given to ultraviolet radiation. The UVA rays are marketed by tanning salons as safe and perfect for tanning but in reality all UV rays damage the skin and can cause cancer, it is safest to avoid any unnecessary exposure to UV radiation. [Why tag thisAt least when going tanning in a tanning bed you know the amout of rays you are getting . outside you do not really know the amount of rays your skin is getting[Why tag thisHow does it inhibit the immune system? The rays must destroy a protective immune response in the skin.[Why tag thisAre there warning signs in tanning booths or salons?[Why tag thisso if a tanning bed does the same thing as the sun why do they say a tanning bed is not good for you?[Why tag thisTanning salons should not be able to advertise that because it is false advertising. It is interesting that UVA inhibits the immune system.[Why tag thisI tagged this text because it helps defend the line [Why tag thisWhile traveling in Australia, the Australian Cancer Council has begun a massive campaign for both Australians and travelers against tanning. As Australia is so close to the hole in the ozone, the protection against UV rays is significantly reduced. Because of this depletion, by the time they're 70, 2 out of 3 Australians will be diagnosed with skin cancer.[Why tag thislenarch2
Danny Duong
Joshua Collier
Michael Franzini
Sophie
Sami
Lauren Anthe
Erin Griph
Paige Schlieve
David Faber
what is the level between organ system and tissue? Between cell and molecule?
2. How are tissues relevant to the definition of an organ?
what is meant by the level?[Why I tagged this]OrganOrganelles [Why I tagged thisThis would be the direct organ in question. [Why I tagged thisOrgans[Why I tagged thisorganelles[Why I tagged thisThis would be the organelle, which contains all of the major cellular information as well as the macromolecule, whose information the organelle protects and distributes.[Why I tagged thisOrgans are composed of two or more tissue types; tissues are what carry out the functions of the organ.[Why I tagged thisBecause organs are made of tissues.[Why I tagged this
An organ is made up of two or more tissues that perform a certain function to make the organ work. [Why I tagged thisOrgans are made of tissues. Without tissues, an organ couldn't function. [Why I tagged thisOrgans are composed of two or more types of tissue to make up the organs function.[Why I tagged thisTissues are the components of organs[Why I tagged thisbayan
Alina Gur
Matthew Robert Schmidt
jennifer lassiter
Jourdan Richardson
Zawicki Sara Anne Marie
Hauser Joseph Alan
Osseous tissue
Osseous tissue sometimes forms in the lungs, brain, eyes, muscles, tendons, arteries, and other organs.
Osseous tissue sometimes forms in the lungs, brain, eyes, muscles, tendons, arteries, and other organs. Such abnormal calcification of tissues is called ectopic28 ossification.
Osseous tissue sometimes forms in the lungs, brain, eyes, muscles, tendons, arteries, and other organs. Such abnormal calcification of tissues is called ectopic28 ossification. One example of this is arteriosclerosis, or ?hardening of the arteries,? which results from calcification of the arterial walls. A calcified mass in an otherwise soft organ such as the lungs is called a calculus
Osseous tissue sometimes forms in the lungs, brain, eyes, muscles, tendons, arteries, and other organs. Such abnormal calcification of tissues is called ectopic28 ossification. One example of this is arteriosclerosis, or ?hardening of the arteries,? which results from calcification of the arterial walls. A calcified mass in an otherwise soft organ such as the lungs is called a calculus.
Osseous tissue sometimes forms in the lungs, brain, eyes, muscles, tendons, arteries, and other organs. Such abnormal calcification of tissues is called ectopic28 ossification. One example of this is arteriosclerosis, or ?hardening of the arteries,? which results from calcification of the arterial walls. A calcified mass in an otherwise soft organ such as the lungs is called a calculus.29
Osseous tissue sometimes forms in the lungs, brain, eyes, muscles, tendons, arteries, and other organs. Such abnormal calcification of tissues is called ectopic28 ossification. One example of this is arteriosclerosis, or ?hardening of the arteries,? which results from calcification of the arterial walls. A calcified mass in an otherwise soft organ such as the lungs is called a calculus.29
Does is also happen when you eat foods that have these sort of minerals in them?[Why I tagged this]can form in the lungs, brain, eyes, muscles, tendons, arteries, and other organs too[Why I tagged thisI found this interesting becuase I never knew this until reading [Why I tagged thisHow often does this occur? I've never heard of this before.[Why I tagged thisEctopic ossification seems like it could be really dangerous due to the dense, hard nature of osseous tissue. How can osteoblasts leave bone and travel to the lungs and brain though? or does this happen a different way?[Why I tagged thisWhat affects can this have on the body, if any? Can the calcification of the arterial walls impact the blood flow from the heart? If so, does this also create affects on the circulatory system as a whole?[Why I tagged this
This is very interesting to me because I had no clue that this happened sometimes or was even possible. What is the result of this happening? Are these conditions dangerous?[Why I tagged thisWhat do doctors do to remove these calcifications and to stop them from reoccuring?[Why I tagged thisThis sounds like it can be dangerous and cause other health problems. I would think that if a calculus formed in the lungs, then it would cause respiratory problems. I also wonder how these are found. Once they are found, I wonder if they are mistaken for cancerous tumors and how the doctors are able to tell the difference. Is surgery the only way to tell. Are these calsifications normal or did a malfunction occur that resulted in the tissue to ossify? [Why I tagged thisWhat can the consequences of these conditions be? [Why I tagged thisThis is a intersting fact to me that such events can happen due to [Why I tagged thisWhat would this cause in someone? How would something like this be treated?[Why I tagged thisBrittany Nycz
Jasmin James
Kristin Basche
Mia Breidenbach
Emily
Megan Page
Quinn
Kirsten Majstorovic
Cassi Malko
Erin Griph
Joe Nimm
Describe how to distinguish the medial and lateral ends of the clavicle from each other, and how to distinguish its superior and inferior surfaces.
Name the three fossae of the scapula and describe the location of each
Name the three fossae of the scapula and describe the location of each.
What three bones meet at the elbow? Identify the fossae, articular surfaces, and processes of this joint and state to which bone each of these features belongs.
ame the four carpal bones of the proximal row from lateral to medial, then the four bones of the distal row in the same order.
Name the four bones from the tip of the little finger to the base of the hand on that side.
How do the phalanx have same simmilarities to the metacarpal?[Why tag this]medial end of the clavicle is hammerlike while the acromial end is flattened. the main job of the clavicle is to brace the shoulder and push limbs away from the bdoy[Why tag thisThe lateral end is flat from above downward[Why tag thisthe three fossae of the scapula are called the subscapular fossa is the anterior surface. the posterior surface is called the supraspinous fossa and the inferior location is known as the infraspinous fossa. [Why tag thisThe three fossa are : sunscapular fossa, supraspinous fossa, and infraspinous fossa. [Why tag thisglenoid fossa, supraspinatous , infraspinatous fossa. The glenoid fossa is located in the superior and lateral boarders of the sculpa. the supraspinatous fossa is located in the superior of the spine and scalpa and the infaspinatous fossa is located in the inferiour of the spine and scalpa[Why tag thisThe broad anterior surface of the scapula, called the subscapular fossa, is slightly concave and relatively featureless. The posterior surface has a transverse ridge called the spine, a deep indentation superior to the spine called the supraspinous fossa. and a broas surface inferior to it called the infraspinous fossa.[Why tag thissuperior-this is the upper part of the scapulainferior-this is the lower part of the scapulalateral-the lateral angle is the part of the scapula that connects it to the upper limb[Why tag thisradius-this is what spins the arm to turn the palm upwardsulna-this is the part where you rest your elbow on the tablehumerus-connected to the scapula, upper arm, connects the bicep muscle and tricep muscle[Why tag thisproximal-scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiformdistal-trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate[Why tag thisDistal phalanx V --> Middle phalanx V --> Proximal phalanx V --> Fifth Metacaarpal[Why tag thisThe hand is made up of two different types of bones: metacarpels and phalanges, each having a base, body and head. The metacarpels are in the palm of the hand, metacarpel V being the base of the little finger. Phalanges are finger bones, and coordinate with the roman numerals used to distinguish metacarpels. [Why tag thisJonathan Lowe
Jungas
jess Tegelman
bayan
Kimberly Loney
Kaylee Richards
I find it awesome that microbiologists in the 19th century could determine that cells arise only from other cells with the little technology during that time.[Why tag this text]Louis Pasteur can be credited with disprving spontaneous generation which was assumed to be correct until then[Why tag this textThe formulation of cell theory did not arise until relatively recent. What would life be like today if this was determined much earlier such as at 1000 A.D.? How far would we be advanced today? This scientific thought is also coupled with many other discoveries not just in biology so would this even be possible without the expansion of thought? As an example, did we have to figure out that the world was round to discredit popular belief and spark the notion that there are more possibilities? [Why tag this textIt surprises me how recent it was that scientists realized things didn't just form from nonliving things! [Why tag this textThat's crazy to think that people thought that cells just grew from nothing. It reminds me of when people used to think that the earth was flat or that the planets revolved around Earth.[Why tag this textSpontaneous generation was discredited by Pasteur in 1859. Cells arise only from the other cells. [Why tag this textexplains how even though there was an idea it wasnt reached until they did experiments to prove their theorys.[Why tag this textScientists finally concluded through many experimental trials that cells can only be created from other cells. Objects cannot just spontaneously come alive from non-living matter, like the idea of spontaneous combustion that is just absurd.[Why tag this textIf cells only arise from other cells then how do they start in the first place? [Why tag this textThat is recent. This science is fairly new[Why tag this textHow did they discover that cells arise from other cells?[Why tag this textI assume this is because after the invention and modification of the microscope, cells in different phases of mitosis and meiosis could be seen and conjectures about the divison of cells leading to the produciton of more cells could be made. [Why tag this textStephanie
Jacob Balkum
Josh Greenwald
Nicole Latzig
Chad Mudd
Lauren Anthe
Christina Colarossi
Megan Page
Jelena Ristic
Ashley McBain
Alina Gur
In the beams of late afternoon sun that shine aslant through a window, you may see tiny white specks floating through the air. Most of these are flakes of dander; the dust on top of your bookshelves is largely a film of dead human skin.
In the beams of late afternoon sun that shine aslant through a window, you may see tiny white specks floating through the air. Most of these are flakes of dander; the dust on top of your bookshelves is largely a film of dead human skin. Composed of protein, this dust in turn supports molds and other microscopic organisms that feed on the skin cells and each other. One of these organisms is the house dust mite, Dermatophagoides8 (der-MAT-oh-fah-GOY-deez) (fig. 6.4). (What wonders may be found in humble places!)Figure 6.4The House Dust Mite, Dermatophagoides.
Interesting fact. Never really thought about that before.[Why tag this text]Why does this occur mainly at night?[Why tag this textThis part makes me wonder if cells are ever sleeping/resting? If they don't rest, why does mitosis happen at night? Or is mitosis light sensitive?[Why tag this textWhy does mitosis occur during the night? Does this have to do with our body's circadian cycle? I highly doubt the cells can tell when it is dark outside![Why tag this textIs there a specific reason why this only takes place at night?[Why tag this textwhy does it occur mainly at night?[Why tag this textIs this just because the body is at rest usually at night, and most of the daily functions are shut done, so skin repair can use more of the nutrients to repair faster?[Why tag this textThis is very interesting - why is this the case? Does it have to do with available energy / food intake & processing?[Why tag this textIs it because the body is in a relaxed state that the cell knows that mitosis can occur?[Why tag this textAlways wondered where all of that dust came from. It makes sense that the dust must mainly come from people living in the house. Our skin is replaced so rappidly, and it has to go somewhere.[Why tag this textI found this extremely interesting. I had no idea that these actual dust mites existed and lived in the dust flakes that you see floating around in the air. I also found it interesting that when people have dust allergies it is actually from the feces of these mites, that is completely disgusting. [Why tag this textThis is really gross... i didn't know that dead skin cells were even VISIBLE ... especially that our dust is our own skin.. yuck[Why tag this textBonnie Watson
Jerry S Yang
Heather Archibald
Ashley Parker
Lauren Anthe
Flees Robert John
jennifer lassiter
Cassi Malko
Stephen Minakian
TRAVIS
Jelena Ristic
You can easily study exfoliated cells by scraping your gums with a toothpick, smearing this material on a slide, and staining it with iodine. A similar procedure is used in the Pap smear, an examination of exfoliated cells from the cervix for signs of uterine cancer
You can easily study exfoliated cells by scraping your gums with a toothpick, smearing this material on a slide, and staining it with iodine. A similar procedure is used in the Pap smear, an examination of exfoliated cells from the cervix for signs of uterine cancer
You can easily study exfoliated cells by scraping your gums with a toothpick, smearing this material on a slide, and staining it with iodine. A similar procedure is used in the Pap smear, an examination of exfoliated cells from the cervix for signs of uterine cancer (see fig. 28.5, p. 1070).
A similar procedure is used in the Pap smear, an examination of exfoliated cells from the cervix for signs of uterine cancer (see fig. 28.5, p. 1070).
I know that our whole body is made up of trillions of cells but knowing that you can just do something so simple like this and see your own cells up close. [Why tag this text]Found this funny because we did a similar test with our cheek cells in lab today.[Why tag this textThis is similar to the annotation I provided in the last section connecting this technique for studying epithelial cells with my preparation of buccal cells in lab. [Why tag this textI tagged this text because we did this in lab the this week, and I think it was a good introduction to epithelium cells. [Why tag this textToday in our first anatomy lab we did a little histology exercise of our very own. We were able to use a toothpick to smear a piece of our gum tissue and place it onto a glass slide. We need added a very small extract of iodine and placed a cover over the glass slide. I was able to learn alot about the adjustment and functioning of the microscope through trial and error in this exercise. The most difficult part of this exercise was using the correct 40X objective lense matched with the proper settings on the coarse adjustment and the fine adjustment knobs. This is a very useful field of study to observe possibly cancerous or benign cells.[Why tag this textThis gives examples of easily attainable epithelial cells that can be obtained for observation.[General-Do not useThe fact that we have developed such an easy way to study cells and search for abnormalities, like uturine cancer, is very clever. Being a woman, the ease of this process serves as an advantage.[Why tag this textthis is interesting to me because I have examined cheek cells under a microscope before but I did not know that the same procedure was used to examine signs of uterine cancer during a pap smear. [Why tag this textWould another example be DNA testing?[Why tag this textI tagged this text, because it reminded me of this field trip I took to Discovery World in high school and we did this very same experiment where we used a toothpick or some instrument very similar in order to scrape our gums so we could study the exfoliated cells.[Why tag this textGood to know what they're really doing when you're geting a pap smear and to me that is very important. [Why tag this textpap smears include looking at exfolliated cells from a womens cervix. they are looking for uterine cancer.[Why tag this textDavid
Alina Gur
Samantha
Jonathan Rooney
Brandon Brandemuehl
Anna Christenbury
Keira
Sami
Juliana Gottwein
Sarah
lindsay krueger
vestigial organs.
vestigial organs. These structures are the remnants of organs that apparently were better developed and more functional in the ancestors of a species. They now serve little or no purpose
vestigial organs. These structures are the remnants of organs that apparently were better developed and more functional in the ancestors of a species. They now serve little or no purpose or, in some cases, have been converted to new functions.
Our bodies, for example, are covered with millions of hairs, each equipped with a useless little muscle called a piloerector. In other mammals, these muscles fluff the hair and conserve heat.
Our bodies, for example, are covered with millions of hairs, each equipped with a useless little muscle called a piloerector. In other mammals, these muscles fluff the hair and conserve heat. In humans, they merely produce goose bumps. Above each ear, we have three auricularis muscles. In other mammals, they move the ears to receive sounds better or to repel flies and other pests, but most people cannot contract them at all. As Darwin said, it makes no sense that humans would have such structures were it not for the fact that we came from ancestors in which they were functional.
I believe other examples in humans include the tailbone, wisdom teeth, and appendix.[Why I tagged this]What is the definition for this term? Is it what i'm reading, organs that are still in the animal but proceeded through evolution and became more devoloped and replaced?[Why I tagged thisis this why we can live without our appendix or splines. [Why I tagged thisI tagged this because I am reminded of a good example of a vestigial organ: the appendix.[Why I tagged thisVestiges Organs in my own words : organs or structures in our bodies that no longer are as important as they were a while ago. OR these organs or structures have adapted NEW functions to help us.[Why I tagged thisI read the deeper insight on vestigial organs because I figured the appendix would be mentioned. I laughed when I read about the three auricularis muscles above our ears because I think it'd be cool to still be able to contract those muscles. Just because. [Why I tagged thisI did not know about vestigal organs in the body. It is interesting that evolution can make certain structures of the body useless. [Why I tagged thisThe deffinition of vestigial organs and structures is an important part of understanding evolution[Why I tagged thisWould the appendix constitute as a vestigial organ?[Why I tagged thisI thought this was interesting because I have a lot of hair on my arms and I wanted to know why some people have more and some have less[Why I tagged thisDifferent species don't always act the same[Why I tagged this
I think this a great example of how nature and the world works. we can adapt to diffrent stuation to survive. It is really remarakable to think of all of our diffrent functions and adaptions that the human body has. i was supprised to recently find our about a study done on why our fingers get wrinkled after a long time in the water and the study found that it helps grip wet items better. [Why I tagged thisAbigail
Flees Robert John
Emily
Jelena Ristic
Shannon Stinson
Jonathan Rooney
Bonnie Watson
Kaitlynn
Sami
Roberto C. Bermejo
The elbow is a hinge joint composed of two articulations: the humeroulnar joint where the trochlea of the humerus joins the trochlear notch of the ulna, and the humeroradial joint where the capitulum of the humerus meets the head of the radius (fig. 9.25). Both are enclosed in a single joint capsule.
The elbow is a hinge joint composed of two articulations: the humeroulnar joint where the trochlea of the humerus joins the trochlear notch of the ulna, and the humeroradial joint where the capitulum of the humerus meets the head of the radius (fig. 9.25). Both are enclosed in a single joint capsule. On the posterior side of the elbow, there is a prominent olecranon bursa to ease the movement of tendons over the joint. Side-to-side motions of the elbow joint are restricted by a pair of ligaments: the radial (lateral) collateral ligament and ulnar (medial) collateral ligament.
hinge joint composed of two articulations: the humeroulnar joint where the trochlea joins [Why tag this]why is it that the elbow can only move up and down? How does the joint keep it from moving in different directions?[Why tag thisThese headings are important because they help to locate the different joints and their descriptions. The joints described are mainly parts of the appendicular skeleton, but a few are from the axial. [Why tag thisElbow Joint: made up of two articulations. The humeroulnar joint[ notch of ulna, trochlea of humerus]and the humeroradial joint [head of radius, capitulum of humerus]. Has a pair of ligaments. There's another joint in the elbow, called the proximal radioulnar joint. Made up of head of radius fitting into notch of ulna.[Why tag thishinge joint composed of two articulations: the humeroulnar joint where the trochlea of the humerus meets the head of the radius. [Why tag thisWhat is meant by the joint capsual? Is there a membrane bound area with specific fluids?[Why tag thisThis is very interesting and its crazy how things are created[Why tag thisSometimes when I have my elbow bent for long periods of time, it is painful to straighten it again. Is that because the joint is stiff and is used to the bent position?[Why tag thisWhen I was in high school I was a cheerleader and I dislocated my elbow joint. It hurt terribly because along with that I strained my nerve. They had to pop it back in and then go in there to repair the fractures on my bones and put in cadaver tissue. I now have an even stronger elbow but it still doesn't bend all the way inwards.[Why tag thisThe elbow is the stereotypical hinge joint allowing the forearm to increase and decrease it's angle relative to the humerus. The elbow has two articulations; the humeroulnar joint located where the humerus meets the ulna and the humeroradial joint located where the humerus meets the radius. Both articulations are hinge joints.[Why tag thiswhat the elbow joint is composed of[Why tag thisI was staggered by how many tendons there were in the elbow. When you think of tendons and stuff around joints you think that there are just a few but there are a ton in each joint. It makes you wonder how any of us get around all day and not get seriously injured all the time.[Why tag thisZawicki Sara Anne Marie
Maria Stephans
Danielle Henckel
Rachel Feivor
John
Lauren Anthe
Ashley McBain
Kelly Stahl
Michael Franzini
Alyssa Harmes
Stephanie Collins
The most common injuries are to a meniscus or the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) (fig. 9.30). Knee injuries heal slowly because ligaments and tendons have a scanty blood supply and cartilage usually has no blood vessels at all.
Knee Injuries.The diagnosis and surgical treatment of knee injuries have been greatly improved by arthroscopy, a procedure in which the interior of a joint is viewed with a pencil-thin instrument, the arthroscope, inserted through a small incision. The arthroscope has a light, a lens, and fiber optics that allow a viewer to see into the cavity and take photographs or video recordings. A surgeon can also withdraw samples of synovial fluid by arthroscopy or inject saline into the joint cavity to expand it and provide a clearer view. If surgery is required, additional small incisions can be made for the surgical instruments and the procedures can be observed through the arthroscope or on a monitor. Arthroscopic surgery produces much less tissue damage than conventional surgery and enables patients to recover more quickly.Orthopedic surgeons now often replace a damaged ACL with a graft from the patellar ligament or a hamstring tendon. The surgeon ?harvests? a strip from the middle of the patient's ligament (or tendon), drills a hole into the femur and tibia within the joint cavity, threads the ligament through the holes, and fastens it with biodegradable screws. The grafted ligament is more taut and ?competent? than the damaged ACL. It becomes ingrown with blood vessels and serves as a substrate for the deposition of more collagen, which further strengthens it in time. Following arthroscopic ACL reconstruction, a patient typically must use crutches for 7 to 10 days and undergo supervised physical therapy for 6 to 10 weeks, followed by self-directed exercise therapy. Healing is completed in about 9 months.The ligaments of the ankle include (1) anterior and posterior tibiofibular ligaments, which bind the tibia to the fibula; (2) a multipart medial (deltoid30) ligament, which binds the tibia to the foot on the medial side; and (3) a multipart lateral (collateral) ligament, which binds the fibula to the foot on the lateral side. The calcaneal (Achilles) tendon extends from the calf muscles to the calcaneus. It plantarflexes the foot and limits dorsiflexion. Plantar flexion is limited by extensor tendons on the anterior side of the ankle and by the anterior part of the joint capsule.Sprains (torn ligaments and tendons) are common at the ankle, especially when the foot is suddenly inverted or everted to excess. They are painful and usually accompanied by immediate swelling. They are best treated by immobilizing the joint and reducing swelling with an ice pack, but in extreme cases may require a cast or surgery. Sprains and other joint disorders are briefly described in table 9.1.
most common injuries to the knee[Why tag this]I tagged this text because I've seen many people, including my sister, with horrible knee injuries. I never thought of it until now that these types of injuries do actually take a long time to heal, but now I understand why. There is a low blood supply and cartilage usually has no blood vessels. [Why tag thisThat's why ACL injuries are so common in athletes. I didn't realize you are more prone to knee injuries while running or having your knee flexed. That's actually really interesting.[Why tag thisWhen I ran cross country and track in high school, torn ligaments and torn tendons were very common. Oftentimes, teammates who had torn a ligament or tendon would be out for the entire season. I had not known that the reason for such a long recovery process was due to the fact there is very little blood supply to cartilage. I wonder why humans evolved to have this disposition?[Why tag thisThe reason for why knee injuries heel slowly is very interesting to me. It makes sense though.[Why tag thisBeing a Minnesota Vikings fan, reading this was really interesting to me, because it made me think of Adrian Peterson and his quick recovery from a knee injury at the end of last season. [Why tag thisive had 2 knee surgerys and they for sure heal slowly and are so painful[Why tag thisThis would explain why when athletes injure thier acl, it is so devastating. Especially when the injury happens to a certain athlete more than once, it seems to be career ending most times.[Why tag thisi have had this done and it is for sure less painful than anything else[Why tag thisI found this information to be extremely important and interesting because I had torn my ACL running track 3 years ago. I was in excruciating pain up until the procedure and until now I still never fully understood what exactly the orthopedic surgeon had all done to replace my damaged ACL. My dad had played football in college and tore his ACL as well. When looking at his scar all you would see is a very long insertion that has lots of keloids on top of it, however; when looking at my scars there's 3 small incisions and they are hardly noticeable. It's amazing how much science and technology has improved the types of surgical procedures people undergo.[Why tag thisseveral knee replacements and upgrades to help cure people that tare and hurt themselves[Why tag thisPaige Schlieve
krista
Jacob
Bailey Johnson
Cassi Malko
Lauren Anthe
Ashley Parker
Ann
dsstokes
Amanda
distinguish between the two types of bone marrow.
Bone Cells
Bone CellsLike any other connective tissue, bone consists of cells, fibers, and ground substance. There are four principal types of bone cells (fig. 7.3):
Why do we need two types of bone marrow?[Why I tagged this]why are two types of bone marrow needed?[Why I tagged thisWhy is having two types of bone marrow necessary? [Why I tagged thisIn a child, the marrow cavity of nearly every bone is filled with red bone marrow (myeloid tissue). This is often described as hemopoietic tissue-tissue that produces blood cellsIn adults, most of the red marrow turns to fatty yellow bone marrow. Yellow bone marrow no longer produces blood, although in the event of severe or chronic anemia, it can transform back into red marrow. In adults, red marrow is limited to the skull, vertebrae, ribs, sternum, part of the pelvic girdle, and the proximal heads of the humerus and femur.[Why I tagged thisIf there are two types of bone marrow, if someone needs a bone marrow transplant, would that consist of both of the bone marrows? How does that work?[GeneralBone Cells/Types of Bone Cells:All bones cells have cells, fibers, and ground substance.Osteogenic cells are stem cells that develop from mesenchymal cells and create more bone cells, they are found in the endosteum, periosteum and central canals.Osteoblasts: Bone forming cells. In the endosteum and periosteum and are cuboidal epithelium. They are non-mitotic and so they have to come from osteogenic cells. Reinforce and build the bone. Osteocytes: Former osteoblasts that are now in the matrix. Reside in lacunae. Can resorb bone matrix/deposit bone matrix. They are strain sensors to help adapt to stress. Osteoclasts: Bone dissolving cells found in bone surface. Independent origin. Large cells, multinucleate. Help resorption of bone. [Why I tagged thisI think its very important to consume all the nutrients you need for bone health because as humans we dont feel anything in our bones if they are unhealthy untill we get older, which we could end up with osteoporosis[Why I tagged thisSimilar to the reason why our cells go through the interpahses of cell cycle, we have bone cells that goes through the exact same formation in our bones. The reason to our bone cells that may want to form new cells is because we might have a broken or fractured bone that cause our bones to detached a little. And we would need our bone cells to reproduce more to heal up that fractured part.[Why I tagged thisStem cells that develop in osteoblasts are found inside of the periosteum and endosteum.[Why I tagged thisIs this all?[Why I tagged thisWhere are collagen fibers located in the bone?[Why I tagged thisBefore this class I always thought of the bone as just one substance. Its amazing to me that just one thing that I used to think was simple is so complex and has so many different layers and cells and tissues.[Why I tagged thisNatalie Chavez
Nicole Coppins
Nick Lund
Christina
Danielle Henckel
Jungas
mainkao
Andrea Benson
Zachary Mueller
Ethan Kelly
Alexis Blaser
Metaphase.5 The chromosomes are aligned on the cell equator, oscillating slightly and awaiting a signal that stimulates each of them to split in two at the centromere. The spindle fibers now form a lemon-shaped array called the mitotic spindle. Long microtubules reach out from each centriole to the chromosomes, and shorter microtubules form a starlike aster,6 which anchors the assembly to the inside of the plasma membrane at each end of the cell. Anaphase.7 This phase begins with activation of an enzyme that cleaves the two sister chromatids from each other at the centromere. Each chromatid is now regarded as a separate, single-stranded daughter chromosome. One daughter chromosome migrates to each pole of the cell, with its centromere leading the way and the arms trailing behind. Migration is achieved by means of motor proteins in the kinetochore crawling along the spindle fiber as the fiber itself is ?chewed up? and disassembled at the chromosomal end. Since sister chromatids are genetically identical, and since each daughter cell receives one chromatid from each chromosome, the daughter cells of mitosis are genetically identical. Telophase.8 The chromatids cluster on each side of the cell. The rough ER produces a new nuclear envelope around each cluster, and the chromatids begin to uncoil and return to the thinly dispersed chromatin form. The mitotic spindle breaks up and vanishes. Each new nucleus forms nucleoli, indicating it has already begun making RNA and preparing for protein synthesis.Telophase is the end of nuclear division but overlaps with cytokinesis9 (SY-toe-kih-NEE-sis), division of the cytoplasm into two cells. Early traces of cytokinesis are visible even at anaphase. It is achieved by the motor protein myosin pulling on microfilaments of actin in the terminal web of the cytoskeleton. This creates a crease called the cleavage furrow around the equator of the cell, and the cell eventually pinches in two. Interphase has now begun for these new cells.
Metaphase is the second phase a cell goes through when healing. The easier way to find a a cell demonstating a metaphase you have to catch the microtubles are meeting in the middle.[Why tag this text]align themselves for division[Why tag this textPhases of cell.[Why tag this textthe chromosomes are aligned on the cell equator, awaiting a signal to split them.[General-Do not useIt is interesting to me, understanding about the metaphase.[Why tag this textwhat happens during Metaphase[Why tag this textNot all the spindle fibers attatch to the kinetochores, so what is the purpose of the spindle fibers that do not connect?[Why tag this textdivision of chromatids[Why tag this textbegins with activation of an enzyme[General-Do not useI thought that this phase was important because Anaphase is when two chromosomes split and the sister chromatids move to opposite poles of the cell[why i tag thisanaphase is very important because in this step enzymes become active [Why tag this textwhat happens during anaphase[Why tag this textSarah Kallas
Morgan Peil
Rachel Feivor
Sue Xiong
Alyssa Harmes
Brianna Brugger
Brittany
hanouf
A scientific fact is information that can be independently verified by any trained person?for example, the fact that an iron deficiency leads to anemia.
A scientific fact is information that can be independently verified by any trained person?for example, the fact that an iron deficiency leads to anemia. A law of nature is a generalization about the predictable ways in which matter and energy behave. It is the result of inductive reasoning based on repeated, confirmed observations
A scientific fact is information that can be independently verified by any trained person?for example, the fact that an iron deficiency leads to anemia. A law of nature is a generalization about the predictable ways in which matter and energy behave. It is the result of inductive reasoning based on repeated, confirmed observations.
A scientific fact is information that can be independently verified by any trained person?for example, the fact that an iron deficiency leads to anemia. A law of nature is a generalization about the predictable ways in which matter and energy behave. It is the result of inductive reasoning based on repeated, confirmed observations.
A scientific fact is information that can be independently verified by any trained person?for example, the fact that an iron deficiency leads to anemia. A law of nature is a generalization about the predictable ways in which matter and energy behave. It is the result of inductive reasoning based on repeated, confirmed observations. Some laws are expressed as concise verbal statements, such as the law of complementary base pairing: In the double helix of DNA, a chemical base called adenine always pairs with one called thymine, and a base called guanine always pairs with cytosine (see p. 117). Other laws are expressed as mathematical formulae, such as Boyle's law, used in respiratory physiology: Under specified conditions, the volume of a gas (V) is inversely proportional to its pressure (P)?that is, V 8 1/P.
Describing actual meaning of scientific theory.[Why I tagged this]Shows what a fact is[Why I tagged thisscientific facts must be testes by a trained person in order for them to count.[Why I tagged thisA scientic fact is something that can be identified by anyone in the science field. [Why I tagged thisFact[Why I tagged thisThis is a good definition of a scientific fact and gives a clear example of it. [Why I tagged thisscientific fact v. natural law[Why I tagged thisI was never really sure the difference between facts and laws, this clears it up[Why I tagged thisBasic definitions for the course- A scientific fact is one piece of observed information. A law of nature is a predictable behavior.[Why I tagged thisscientific fact- fact that are independently verified by any trained person[Why I tagged thisScientific fact[Why I tagged thisCan be proven[Why I tagged thisJustin Rosinski
lindsay krueger
Sami
Matthew Robert Schmidt
Caitlin
Corianne
Brendan Semph
Amanda Baxter
victor
Melissa
Emily
The delicate brain tissue does not come directly into contact with the bones, but is separated from them by three membranes called the meninges (meh-NIN-jeez) (see chapter 14). The thickest and toughest of these, the dura mater4 (DUE-rah MAH-tur), lies loosely against the inside of the cranium in most places but is firmly attached to it at a few points.
The cranium is a rigid structure with an opening, the foramen magnum (literally ?large hole?), where the spinal cord meets the brain
The cranium is a rigid structure with an opening, the foramen magnum (literally ?large hole?), where the spinal cord meets the brain. The cranium consists of two major parts?the calvaria and the base.
The cranium is a rigid structure with an opening, the foramen magnum (literally ?large hole?), where the spinal cord meets the brain. The cranium consists of two major parts?the calvaria and the base. The calvaria5 (skullcap) is not a single bone but simply the dome of the top of the skull; it is composed of parts of multiple bones that form the roof and walls
The cranium is a rigid structure with an opening, the foramen magnum (literally ?large hole?), where the spinal cord meets the brain. The cranium consists of two major parts?the calvaria and the base. The calvaria5 (skullcap) is not a single bone but simply the dome of the top of the skull; it is composed of parts of multiple bones that form the roof and walls (see fig. 8.6). In study skulls, it is often sawed so that part of it can be lifted off for examination of the interior. This reveals the base (floor) of the cranial cavity (see fig. 8.5b), which exhibits three paired depressions called cranial fossae. These correspond to the contour of the inferior surface of the brain (fig. 8.9). The relatively shallow anterior cranial fossa is crescent-shaped and accommodates the frontal lobes of the brain. The middle cranial fossa, which drops abruptly deeper, is shaped like a pair of outstretched bird's wings and accommodates the temporal lobes. The posterior cranial fossa is deepest and houses a large posterior division of the brain called the cerebellum.[image #4]
The meninges can become infected, resulting in meningitis, and the infection can kill if not treated. [Why tag this]Why does the delicate brain tissue not come directly into contact with the bones?[Why tag thisBetween the skull and the three membranes, the brain is very protected [Why tag thisThe brain does not come in contact with the skull through these mininges[General_Do Not UseI did not know that there was three layer thick membrane between the skull and the brain.[Why tag thisBrain never touches bone[General_Do Not Usethickest and toughest of the three membranes - dura mater[Why tag thisThis area has been affecting my grandma for so long. From the growths she has they push against her spinal cord which gives her no room in that area for movement.[General_Do Not Usethe cranium[Why tag thisSince the skull is composed by multiple bones heald together by firious joints and its not completely ridgied. Does this mean that it allows for some compression with out breaking, or why is it comeposed multiple bones rather than just one?[Why tag thisThe basement of the cranial caivity is not flat as I would have thought. It is indented with ridges separating the different sections ofthe brain The cerrebellum for example located at the back and the lowest point of the cranial cavity has a distinct hollowing to rest in, separated from the superior tomporal lobe by a ridge holding the top of the cerebellum down and in place.[Why tag thisIs the skullcap weaker in places because it is composed of multiple bones? For instance, weaker at the suture seams?[Why tag this Paula
Anthony Wheeler
Brandon Brandemuehl
Sarah
Kaylee Richards
Alyssa Harmes
lenarch2
Caitlin R.
Justin Rosinski
Michael Franzini
Cassi Malko
Hippocrates commented that it usually returns to a state of equilibrium by itself, and people recover from most illnesses even without the help of a physician. This tendency results from homeostasis18 (HO-me-oh-STAY-sis), the body's ability to detect change, activate mechanisms that oppose it, and thereby maintain relatively stable internal conditions.
French physiologist Claude Bernard (1813?78) observed that the internal conditions of the body remain quite constant even when external conditions vary greatly.
If the body is able to return to homeostasis even after being sick, why do we need to go on antibiotics when we have a sinus infection?[Why I tagged this]In today's society-where there is a pill for everything-I think we can lose sight of one's body's ability to achieve homeostasis and restore itself to health on its own[Why I tagged thisOften when becoming ill the only solution is to let the body naturally fight off the virus or infection.[Why I tagged thisThis is important because it explains about homeostasis in how it works to keep us in equilibrium[Why I tagged thisthe importance of maintaining a stable environment. It is amazing how the body is able to do so much on its own[Why I tagged thisThat's cool that the human body can repair itself most of the time without the help of medicine. I think that shows just how amazing and complex our bodies are.[Why I tagged thisHomeostasis describes how a sick person heals itself without any medication because the body knows when there is something wrong and fights whatever it is in order to return to normal. This is an example of negative feedback.[Why I tagged thisI tagged this because it is the definition homeostasis and homeostasis is extremely important to understand when studying the human body[Why I tagged thisAn example of adaptation?[Why I tagged thishomeostasis def[Why I tagged thisFeedback mechanisms such as vasoconstriction and vasodialation help maintain the body's homestatic state in terms of temperature variances. [Why I tagged thisBrilliant discovery since it is the evidence for research of homeostatsis.[Why I tagged thisSarah Hudson
David Faber
Danny Duong
Brendan Semph
Nicole Latzig
Christina Colarossi
Caitlin
Sami
Amie Emrys
Alina Gur
Lauren Gwidt
Translation occurs in three steps called initiation, elongation, and termination.
Translation occurs in three steps called initiation, elongation, and termination.
Why would translation not work if ribosomes could bind only one tRNA at a time?
Initiation.
Initiation. mRNA passes through a nuclear pore into the cytosol and forms a loop. A small ribosomal subunit binds to a leader sequence of bases on the mRNA near the cap, then slides along the mRNA until it recognizes the start codon AUG.
mRNA passes through a nuclear pore into the cytosol and forms a loop. A small ribosomal subunit binds to a leader sequence of bases on the mRNA near the cap, then slides along the mRNA until it recognizes the start codon AUG.
mRNA passes through a nuclear pore into the cytosol and forms a loop. A small ribosomal subunit binds to a leader sequence of bases on the mRNA near the cap, then slides along the mRNA until it recognizes the start codon AUG. An initator tRNA with the anticodon UAC pairs with the start codon and settles into the P (middle) site of the ribosome with its cargo of methionine (Met). The large subunit of the ribosome then joins the complex. The assembled ribosome now embraces the mRNA in a groove between the subunits and begins sliding along it, reading its bases. More ribosomes join behind the first, repeating the process. This cluster of several ribosomes reading one mRNA is called a polyribosome (see fig. 4.9).
Three steps of Translation:Initiation: mRNA goes into the cytosol. Ribosomes join behind the first one and creates polyribosome.Elongation: the next tRNA arrives and the thing gets elongated. Termnation: Stop codon.[Why tag this text]this mentions the 3 steps in translation[Why tag this textI know the book explains this, but could we go over this a little further in class? I am still a little confused what exactly is going on here.[Why tag this textThe steps of translation take the steps of protein synthesis from the beginning of the ribosome connecting to the mRNA all the way to the stop codon and detachment.[Why tag this texttranslation occurs in these 3 steps[Why tag this textsummary of translation[Why tag this textIt wouldnt work because it is a growing protein chain and it is an on going process that involves three tRNA attaching to the ribosomes.[Why tag this textTranslation wouldn't work because it requires 3 steps for translation to be completed.[Why tag this textIn intiation [first step of translation] the mRNA goes into the cytosol and ribosome works to recognize the start codon. When it is recognized an intiator tRNA pairs up with the codon and keep adding more.[Why tag this textIt is interesting that the mRNA has a specific binding spot that we have identified as the start codon which continues the translation until it encounters a stop codon. [Why tag this textmRNA initiation[General-Do not useNeed to know the basic steps involved in initiation which is part of the translation process.[Why tag this textLauren Anthe
Awlareau
Joe Nimm
Alyssa Harmes
Caitlin R.
Erin Griph
Haferman Courtney Anne
Neema Shekar
Kaylee Richards
Stephanie
Natural selection is the principal theory of how evolution works
Natural selection is the principal theory of how evolution works.
Natural selection is the principal theory of how evolution works.
Natural selection is the principal theory of how evolution works. It states essentially this: Some individuals within a species have hereditary advantages over their competitors
Natural selection is the principal theory of how evolution works. It states essentially this: Some individuals within a species have hereditary advantages over their competitors?for example, better camouflage, disease resistance, or ability to attract mates?that enable them to produce more offspring.
Natural selection is the principal theory of how evolution works. It states essentially this: Some individuals within a species have hereditary advantages over their competitors?for example, better camouflage, disease resistance, or ability to attract mates?that enable them to produce more offspring. They pass these advantages on to their offspring, and such characteristics therefore become more and more common in successive generations. This brings about the genetic change in a population that constitutes evolution.
survival of the fittest[Why I tagged this]How Natural Selection works[Why I tagged thisreason on why everything is how it is today. why humans have been able walk on two legs and think like they do. or why flys have so many eyes.[Why I tagged thisnatural selection explains how evolution works[Why I tagged thisNatural selection is achieved through a series of adaptations. Only through adapting can a species hope to survive environmental pressures. [Why I tagged thisthe fittest survive[Why I tagged thisNatural selection theory defintion and discription. An idea that should be known for historical reasons.[Why I tagged thisIt is important when talking about evolution to understand the main theory which is called Natural selection.[Why I tagged thisThis is basically saying natural selection is [Why I tagged thisBasic idea of how organisms evolve which therefore explains how humans got to have the A&P we now have.[Why I tagged thisNatural selection as related to evolution. survival of the fittest[Why I tagged thisNatural selection is part of evolution and evolution is a huge part of understanding science[Why I tagged thisMelissa
Gabriela
lindsay krueger
Alina Gur
Brianna Brugger
Lauren Gwidt
Kayla Cowan
Alejandra Contreras
Sophie
Corianne
Caitlin
The Femur
The Femur The femur (FEE-mur) is the longest and strongest bone of the body, measuring about one-quarter of one's height (fig. 8.38). It has a hemispherical head that articulates with the acetabulum of the pelvis, forming a quintessential ball-and-socket joint. A ligament extends from the acetabulum to a pit, the fovea capitis66 (FOE-vee-uh CAP-ih-tiss), in the head of the femur. Distal to the head is a constricted neck and then two massive, rough processes called the greater and lesser trochanters67 (tro-CAN-turs), which are insertions for the powerful muscles of the hip. The trochanters are connected on the posterior side by a thick oblique ridge of bone, the intertrochanteric crest, and on the anterior side by a more delicate intertrochanteric line.
The Femur The femur (FEE-mur) is the longest and strongest bone of the body, measuring about one-quarter of one's height (fig. 8.38). It has a hemispherical head that articulates with the acetabulum of the pelvis, forming a quintessential ball-and-socket joint. A ligament extends from the acetabulum to a pit, the fovea capitis66 (FOE-vee-uh CAP-ih-tiss), in the head of the femur. Distal to the head is a constricted neck and then two massive, rough processes called the greater and lesser trochanters67 (tro-CAN-turs), which are insertions for the powerful muscles of the hip. The trochanters are connected on the posterior side by a thick oblique ridge of bone, the intertrochanteric crest, and on the anterior side by a more delicate intertrochanteric line.
strongest bone in the body, bears the most weight and expiriences alot of wear and tear[Why tag this]Each of these bones interacts with another and the way that they interact is why we can move the way we do. Linking these bones helps to understand the body as a whole more than we would be able to withouth knowing about our bones, what they do, and where they are.[Why tag thisdescription of the femur[Why tag this
strongest bone of the body[Why tag thisOur femur is the longest and strongest bone in anyone's body, and accounts for about 1/4 of our height![Why tag thisI always knew that the femur was the strongest bone in the body. But never really connected that it was also the longest. And all these other aspects of it.[Why tag thisI found this information to be interesting because I wasn't very familiar with the femur bone and didn't know that it is the longest and strongest bone in the entire human body. Some key features of the femur are: to hold up both sides of the body and provides support to the entire skeletal structure, as well as helps in the movement of our legs. [Why tag thisThis is interesting because I thought the skull would be the strongest because the brain is more important than anything.[Why tag thisWhy is this the strongest bone in our body? What is the point of the strength to us physically speaking.[Why tag thisHow is this?[Why tag thisA guy from my high school broke his femur and I heard it was the most painful thing to break. Now I realize it probably is since it is the strongest most dense bone in the body.[Why tag thisWhy isn't the neck more commonly injured? It seems a likely site for breakage. It is so narrow, and it holds so much weight.[Why tag thisMaria Stephans
Alyssa Harmes
Ann
Michael Acker
Nicholas Bruno
dsstokes
Melissa
Kelly Stahl
Michea Jones
Ashley McBain
Liz Casper
The evaporation of sweat can have a powerful cooling effect. Thus, the skin plays roles in both warming and cooling the body.
Nonverbal communication. The skin is an important means of nonverbal communication. Humans, like most other primates, have much more expressive faces than other mammals (fig. 6.2). Complex skeletal muscles insert on dermal collagen fibers and pull on the skin to create subtle and varied facial expressions. The general appearance of the skin, hair, and nails is also important to social acceptance and to a person's self-image and emotional state?whether the ravages of adolescent acne, the presence of a birthmark or scar, or just a ?bad hair day.?
sweating while running[Why tag this text]I know the reasoning for just sweating if you're exercising, but what is the reasoning for having cold sweat?? I was just wondering about this. [Why tag this textSomething to add to this that I have learned in another class is that the evaporation is the only way you cool down from sweat. Having sweat physically drop off of your body doesn't contribute to cooling, it's just wasted water.[Why tag this textThis interests me because when people think about the skin they usually think about its' use for protection, temperature regulation, and secretion of sweat. I do not necessarily think about its' function in nonverbal communication but this makes me realize that it is in fact an important aspect in nonverbal communication.[Why tag this textIt seems to me that this suggests that the muscular system plays more of a role in nonverbal communication than the skin. Without the muscles controlling different postures there would be no communication at all.[Why tag this textThis important because these sections describe the different functions of the skin. Our skin does more than just protect us from the outside world and each function is described in these sections.[Why tag this textNever thought of skin like that. [Why tag this textfunction: nonverbal communication - such as facial expressions[Why tag this textInteresting fact of how we humans are able to express our feelings by the look on our face and the skin plays a big role in that.[Why tag this textWhere else is this collagen located?[Why tag this text
I didn't realize this was all related to the skin - I assumed it was just the muscles beneath the skin, but now, I realize the skin must be able to stretch and retain elasticity to accomplish these expressions.[Why tag this textI never knew scientists/ anatomists/ physiologists considered this a function of the skin[Why tag this textXenyen
Awlareau
Megan Page
Joe Nimm
Maria Stephans
Justin Morgan
Alyssa Harmes
Erin Griph
lenarch2
amanda neupert
Bone Widening and ThickeningBone Widening and Thickening Bones also continually grow throughout life in diameter and thickness. This involves a process called appositional growth,25 the deposition of new tissue at the surface. Cartilages can enlarge by both interstitial and appositional growth. In bone, however, the osteocytes are embedded in calcified matrix and have little room to spare for the deposition of more matrix internally. Bone is therefore limited to appositional growthAppositional growth is similar to intramembranous ossification. Osteoblasts in the inner layer of periosteum deposit osteoid tissue on the bone surface, calcify it, and become trapped in it as osteocytes?much like the process in Figure 7.8. They lay down matrix in layers parallel to the surface, not in cylindrical osteons like those deeper in the bone. This process produces the surface layers of bone called circumferential lamellae, described earlier. As a bone increases in diameter, its marrow cavity also widens. This is achieved by osteoclasts of the endosteum dissolving tissue on the inner bone surface.
Bone Widening and Thickening Bones also continually grow throughout life in diameter and thickness. This involves a process called appositional growth,25 the deposition of new tissue at the surface. Cartilages can enlarge by both interstitial and appositional growth. In bone, however, the osteocytes are embedded in calcified matrix and have little room to spare for the deposition of more matrix internally. Bone is therefore limited to appositional growthAppositional growth is similar to intramembranous ossification. Osteoblasts in the inner layer of periosteum deposit osteoid tissue on the bone surface, calcify it, and become trapped in it as osteocytes?much like the process in Figure 7.8. They lay down matrix in layers parallel to the surface, not in cylindrical osteons like those deeper in the bone. This process produces the surface layers of bone called circumferential lamellae, described earlier. As a bone increases in diameter, its marrow cavity also widens. This is achieved by osteoclasts of the endosteum dissolving tissue on the inner bone surface.DEEPER INSIGHT 7.2
Bone Widening and Thickening:Called appositional growth= deposition of new tissues at the surface. Osteoblasts form a layer, calcify it and increase the diameter.[Why I tagged this]Is there a way for us to conciously thicken our bones, through say, diet or excercise? If so, could this be a treatment/prevention method for osteoporosis?[Why I tagged thisBone widening and thickening was a very interesting section of the reading because I didn't know that bones were continually growing throughout our life. From my understanding I had always figured that bones stopped growing at a certain point in a persons life or when a person reached a certain age. Bones are continuously growing thorughout life in diameter and thickness. [Why I tagged thisIs the widening and thickening of bone ever inhibited by a lack of calcium in your diet?[Why I tagged thisThis also happens to people that exercise and lift weights a lot, right?[Why I tagged thisOnce bones have fully grown, how does a bone lose calcification or become weak? When is nutritional calcium intake most critical for maintaining bone strength?[Why I tagged thisIn order for a bone to lengthen in diameter and achieve the proper density, bones endure appositional and interstitial growth. Interstitial growth refers to the growth of and dispersal of chondrocytes on the interior surface of a bone that produces matrix. This new matrix is responsible for the actual growth of the bone, which is called appositional growth. Appositional growth involves the cells of the exterior surface that actualy permit the bone to increase in size.[Why I tagged thisbone widening and thickening[Why I tagged thisI found this intersting that even though bones are stoped from growing longer they can still grow in thickness.[Why I tagged thisDo most adults have bones of the same thickness? I am thinking of the expression [Why I tagged thisI thought bones grow till you're middle aged and then slowly shrink from then on out becides the few exceptions like your nose[Why I tagged thisI never knew that bones grew in width at all, let alone that they never stop. Is there some sort of bone degredation that happens as well to balance this out?[Why I tagged thisJourdan Richardson
dsstokes
Jessica Ryback
Anthony Wheeler
Andrea
Petra Stevanovic
Alyssa Harmes
Joshua Collier
Sarah Hudson
Nick Lund
Stephanie Collins
Muscles with Bellies in the Arm (Brachium). The principal elbow flexors are in the anterior compartment of the arm?the brachialis and biceps brachii (see fig. 10.23c?d). The biceps brachii appears as a large anterior bulge on the arm and commands considerable interest among body builders, but the brachialis underlying it generates about 50% more power and is thus the prime mover of elbow flexion. The biceps is not only a flexor but also a powerful forearm supinator. It is named for its two heads: a short head whose tendon arises from the coracoid process of the scapula, and a long head whose tendon originates on the superior margin of the glenoid cavity, loops over the shoulder, and braces the humerus against the glenoid cavity (see p. 300). The two heads converge close to the elbow on a single distal tendon that inserts on the radius and on the fascia of the medial side of the upper forearm. Note that biceps is the singular term; there is no such word as bicep. To refer to the biceps muscles of both arms, the plural is bicipites (by-SIP-ih-teez).
The principal elbow flexors are in the anterior compartment of the arm?the brachialis and biceps brachii (see fig. 10.23c?d). The biceps brachii appears as a large anterior bulge on the arm and commands considerable interest among body builders, but the brachialis underlying it generates about 50% more power and is thus the prime mover of elbow flexion. The biceps is not only a flexor but also a powerful forearm supinator. It is named for its two heads: a short head whose tendon arises from the coracoid process of the scapula, and a long head whose tendon originates on the superior margin of the glenoid cavity, loops over the shoulder, and braces the humerus against the glenoid cavity (see p. 300). The two heads converge close to the elbow on a single distal tendon that inserts on the radius and on the fascia of the medial side of the upper forearm. Note that biceps is the singular term; there is no such word as bicep. To refer to the biceps muscles of both arms, the plural is bicipites (by-SIP-ih-teez).The triceps brachii is a three-headed muscle on the posterior side of the humerus, and is the prime mover of elbow extension (see fig. 10.23b).
I've always wondered, what is it that makes us not able to rotate our hand completely? [Why Tag This]I thought this was really interesting because when I was taking my Nursing Assistant class we learned and demonstrated these motions on a patient. It helped alot for them.[Why Tag ThisWhen someone detaches their biceps when force rips it apart how do Dr's reattach them? Stiches? How do you immobilize it so it heals?[Why Tag ThisMuscles with Bellies in the Arm:[Why Tag ThisThe muscles of the arm are key in many everyday activities. The main muscles are the biceps brachii and brachialis which are the main muscles of flexion. The triceps brachii is the main mover of elbow extension. We use these muscles on a daily basis and understanding the differences is important for the full function of our bodies.[Why Tag ThisIs there a limit to how big this muscle can get on an individual?[Why Tag ThisThat's quite funny to think of body builders working on their biceps when it's another muscle that is really more powerful.[Why Tag Thismuscles with bellies in the arm is made up of the biceps brachii and brachialis[Why Tag ThisWhy do the biceps brachii get more attention than the brachialis is the brachialis produces 50% more power? Is it a harder muslce to work than the biceps brachii?[Why Tag ThisDoes this mean that the biceps allow the elbow to move and to fexion? How are the bicepts a forearm supinator?[Why Tag Thishow do the heads contribute to the name of the muscle?[Why Tag Thiswhy are they so close to each other?[Why Tag ThisPoljana Janko
Claire Silkaitis
Danielle Henckel
Maria Stephans
Matthew Robert Schmidt
Sophie
Alyssa Harmes
Samantha B Johnson
Alma Tovar
Lauren Anthe
Most skeletal muscles are attached to a different bone at each end, so either the muscle or its tendon spans at least one joint
Most skeletal muscles are attached to a different bone at each end, so either the muscle or its tendon spans at least one joint. When the muscle contracts, it moves one bone relative to the other. The bony site of attachment at the relatively stationary end is called its origin
Most skeletal muscles are attached to a different bone at each end, so either the muscle or its tendon spans at least one joint. When the muscle contracts, it moves one bone relative to the other. The bony site of attachment at the relatively stationary end is called its origin. The attachment site at its more mobile end is called the insertion.
Most skeletal muscles are attached to a different bone at each end, so either the muscle or its tendon spans at least one joint. When the muscle contracts, it moves one bone relative to the other. The bony site of attachment at the relatively stationary end is called its origin. The attachment site at its more mobile end is called the insertion. For the biceps brachii, for example, the origin is on the scapula and the insertion is on the radius (fig. 10.4). The middle, usually thicker region is called the belly.
The terminology of origins and insertions, however, is imperfect and sometimes misleading.
The terminology of origins and insertions, however, is imperfect and sometimes misleading. One end of a muscle might function as its stationary origin during one action, but as its moving insertion during a different action.
The terminology of origins and insertions, however, is imperfect and sometimes misleading. One end of a muscle might function as its stationary origin during one action, but as its moving insertion during a different action. For example, consider the quadriceps femoris muscle on the anterior side of the thigh.
muscle origins are the sites of attachment for the stationary muscle, the insertions are the attachement sites of the more mobile muscles[Why tag this]Since skeletal muscles are voluntary and therefore for voluntary movement, then what skeletal muscles are not attached to more than one bone and what could their purpose be? [Why tag thiswhy does this happen?[Why tag thisHow muscles attach is what allows a joint to move. This section describes the way and places that muscles attach and how the points serve as fascilitators of motion. [Why tag thisWhat happens when a muscle is connected to multiple bone? is that even possible?[Why tag thisThis is confusing! How can you determine the [Why tag thisWhat skeletal muscles aren't attached to a different bones at each end, if mostly all span to at least one joint. [Why tag thismuscle origins and insertions; examples[Why tag thisThis is important because it tells me the difference between origin and insertion, which is something I was confused about. The stationary end is the origin, while the end that can move is the insertion. I still find this tricky because I think it could be hard to tell which one experiences more movement.[Why tag thisThis definitely makes remember origins and insertions a lot more difficult. I usually try to remember a trick for the misleading ones to help me remember the correct origins and insertions. [Why tag thisHow do you know what is in fact right and wrong then? [Why tag thisthis doesn't really make sense to me, i think it would be more helpful to talk about it during class[Why tag thisKristofer Schroeckenthaler
Lauren Anthe
Maria Stephans
xuntao
Andrea
Rebecca Hoefs
Alyssa Harmes
Lauren Thiel
Paige Schlieve
Erin Griph
Development is any change in form or function over the lifetime of the organism. In most organisms, it involves two major processes: (1) differentiation, the transformation of cells with no specialized function into cells that are committed to a particular task; and (2) growth, an increase in size.
Some nonliving things grow, but not in the way your body does. If you let a saturated sugar solution evaporate, crystals will grow from it, but not through a change in the composition of the sugar. They merely add more sugar molecules from the solution to the crystal surface.
The growth of the body, by contrast, occurs through chemical change (metabolism); for the most part, your body is not composed of the molecules you ate but of molecules made by chemically altering your food.
Reproduction
I think this is one of the most important of the 8 characteristics of life. While all are important I feel that without development we would still be in the same situation that we were in thousands of years ago.[Why I tagged this]definition- nonliving things do not have cells with specialized function or task and do not grow through changes in compostition. [Why I tagged thisImportant to know the two components of development[Why I tagged thisDifferentiation refers to the process during development in which non-specific cells become specified. This occurs both in utero and during the entire life-cycle. For example, stem cells have the ability to become skin cells, blood cells, muscle cells, etc. If you want to learn more about differentiation, refer to the section titled [Why I tagged thisthis term is complicating to me[Why I tagged thisDifferentiation occurs most obviously in the development of a multicellular organism from a zygote to a more complex system of tissues and organs. Differentiation will change the cell's size, shape, metabolic activity, and even its responsiveness to stimuli. [Why I tagged thisI was able to relate to this concept of nonliving things growing by thinking of stalagmites. A stalagmite is generally formed in caves where condensation accumulates on the ceiling and proceeds to drip down to the ground. After several years the minerals within the droplets of water accumulate in a sense of growing up from the ground creating a stalagmite. [Why i tagged thisThis related to puberty when growth hormones or chemicals are released from the brain and changes occur in the human body. [Why I tagged thisExample of metabolism[Why I tagged thisProperty to define life[Why I tagged thismust be able to make offspring[Why I tagged thisis the property of a living thing to be able to reproduce[Why I tagged thisAmanda Baxter
Emily
Rachel
Brianna Brugger
Alina Gur
Hauser Joseph Alan
Jonathan Rooney
Sami
Melissa
Jelena Ristic
Danny Duong
Structure. Keratin, a tough structural protein, gives strength to the nails, hair, and skin surface. Deeper layers of the skin, as well as bones, cartilage, and teeth, contain an abundance of the durable protein collagen. Communication. Some hormones and other cell-to-cell signals are proteins, as are the receptors to which the signal molecules bind in the receiving cell. Any hormone or other molecule that reversibly binds to a protein is called a ligand28 (LIG-and). Membrane transport. Some proteins form channels in cell membranes that govern what passes through the membranes and when. Others act as carriers that briefly bind to solute particles and transport them to the other side of the membrane. Among their other roles, such proteins turn nerve and muscle activity on and off. Catalysis. Most metabolic pathways of the body are controlled by enzymes, which are globular proteins that function as catalysts. Recognition and protection. The role of glycoproteins in immune recognition was mentioned earlier. Antibodies and other proteins attack and neutralize organisms that invade the body. Clotting proteins protect the body against blood loss. Page 69 Movement. Movement is fundamental to all life, from the intracellular transport of molecules to the galloping of a racehorse. Proteins, with their special ability to change shape repeatedly, are the basis for all such movement. Some proteins are called molecular motors (motor proteins) for this reason. Cell adhesion. Proteins bind cells to each other, which enables sperm to fertilize eggs, enables immune cells to bind to enemy cancer cells, and keeps tissues from falling apart.Enzymes and MetabolismEnzymes are proteins that function as biological catalysts. They enable biochemical reactions to occur rapidly at normal body temperatures. Enzymes were initially given somewhat arbitrary names, some of which are still with us, such as pepsin and trypsin. The modern system of naming enzymes, however, is more uniform and informative. It identifies the substance the enzyme acts upon, called its substrate; sometimes refers to the enzyme's action; and adds the suffix -ase. Thus, amylase digests starch (amyl- = starch) and carbonic anhydrase removes water (anhydr-) from carbonic acid. Enzyme names may be further modified to distinguish different forms of the same enzyme found in different tissues (see Deeper Insight 2.5).
Proteins have more diverse functions that other macromolecules. Interesting that from the Greek word proteios means of first importance, becuase protein is very important for our bodies. Protiens are the most versatile molecules in the body. [Why tag this text]The role of proteins in the body.[General-Do not useI highlighted this because it is important to see the functions that proteins have. They include: structure, communication, membrane transport, catalysis, recognition and protection, movement, and cell adhesion.[Why tag this textThese all are topics needed to know; notecards[Why tag this textThese are functions of proteins and definitions[General-Do not useIts important to know that protein have many different functions that help our bodies daily[Why tag this textI have never thought of proteins as importatnt until I read that it has more diverse functions then other macromolecules. I never imagined that portiens had such an impact on our bodies. [Why tag this textimportant to helping me find the functions of proteins[Why tag this textI knew that protien is good for your body, because my coach is always telling me before a race to eat alot of protien. I never knew why i just knew that he was always right. Now i understand why he has me eat so much protien before i swim a big race.[Why tag this textSo looking at the fuction of protein and the structures that it supports, is this why when some one has anorexia or bulimia their hair gets brittal, cracks, and falls out and their teeth start to chip and look discolored because they have a lack of protein in their diet? I am assuming so since it is such am important nutrient group in our body, but I am unsure. [Why tag this textI thought this was interesting because I've seen brands of shampoo that advertise Keratin in the ingredients. This now makes sense: Keratin gives your hair strength.[Why tag this textCody Andrews
Lauren Thiel
Tayelor Neiss
lenarch2
Jungas
kaulor
Jonathan Lowe
sarah
Justin Rosinski
Stephanie
This statement is saying that cells come from only living cells. What I am confused about is what this sentence is stating when it says [Why tag this text]All cells come from preexisting cells, but how was the first cell made? [Why tag this textI would like to explore this statement more in our lecture. Through evolution human beings have developed from the first simple cell into the complex creatures that we are today. How long did this process take? How is there so much variation among living plants and animals in todays world? [Why tag this textI tagged this because the fact of the evolution of humans. As a religious man I find the counter argument fascinating. [Why tag this textit is interesting that all life on earth has originated from a single cell which divided and evolved into millions of species[Why tag this textit's interesting to think that cells are so small and so many of them make up all living matter [Why tag this textThe original ancestor cell did not come from a preexisting cell. It came from nonliving matter.[Why tag this textWhere did the first original cells stem from? Theories?[Why tag this textI like the idea that all life can be traced back to the same cells. It emphaizes the interconnectedness of all speices, and how while we are different from each other, we all have things in common.[Why tag this textI tagged this because it was mind blowing. This is crazy to think about. I never knew this so I found it very interesting. [Why tag this textThis information just made me think about how the mitochondria originated in a cell. By memory I believe this is confirmed by endosymbiotic theory.[Why tag this textthis blows my mind. I don't understand where the first cells come from if they werent created by anything but itself.[Why tag this textIn every biology class I have taken I always come across this idea as one that was revolutionary at the time and it is hard for me to put myself in their shoes and to try and unlearn what I already know to be true about cells. I always think back to what I learned in a human development class though about a 'humunculus.' People used to believe that inside a sperm cell was a tiny human. It sounds ridiculous now but it always makes me think of the saying [Why tag this textBrianna Brugger
Jonathan Rooney
Eric Wichman
eric voelker
samantha
Aaron Hersh
Ethan Kelly
Amie Emrys
Nicole Coppins
Tou Xiong Thao
Holland
Stephanie Collins
The Fibula The fibula (fig. 8.39) is a slender lateral strut that helps to stabilize the ankle. It does not bear any of the body's weight; indeed, orthopedic surgeons sometimes remove part of the fibula and use it to replace damaged or missing bone elsewhere in the body. The fibula is somewhat thicker and broader at its proximal end, the head, than at the distal end. The point of the head is called the apex. The distal expansion is the lateral malleolus. Like the radius and ulna, the tibia and fibula are joined by an interosseous membrane along their shafts, and by shorter ligaments at the superior and inferior ends where the fibular head and apex contact the tibia.
Each of these bones interacts with another and the way that they interact is why we can move the way we do. Linking these bones helps to understand the body as a whole more than we would be able to withouth knowing about our bones, what they do, and where they are.[Why tag this]In the image above what is the point of them having two bones attached to one. Is there a purpose to that?[Why tag thisdescription of the fibula[Why tag thisThis is another similarity between the upper and the lower body. The fibula supports the ankle, and the radius and ulna help to support the wrist.[Why tag thisWhat is the point of the fibula if it can be surgically removed and not cause any problems with the function of the body? What is it's inital purpose? Does it have a specific function?[Why tag thisThis is interesting that the fibula doesnt necessarely work together with the tibia they both serve their own functions. [Why tag thisif the fibula doesn't bear any of the body's weight, why is it still in our body? Wouldn't evolution have made it evolve to disappear?[Why tag thisThe fibula is a small bone that helps to stabilize the ankle and is not especially essential in terms of bones.[Why tag thisI never knew that the fibula never bears any weight and I did not know that part of it could be removed to replace bone elsewhere in the body. The fibula does stabilize the ankle but does removing a part of the bone affect the stabilization of the ankle?[Why tag thisIts good we have a bone in the body that isnt necessary for weight bearing and can easily be used for surgery to replace what is needed elsewhere. I wonder what other parts of the body can be easily taken and used to fix damaged areas. I have heard of skin grafting to fix burns or loss of the skin from car accidents.[Why tag thisMy question in this section is if the fibula doesn't support any of the bodies weight and only stabilizes the ankle then does the upper limb parallel this with the radius and the ulna? While doing a handstand does the radius support the majority of the weight? [Why tag thisThis is interesting -- how easy is it to regrow bone? For some reason I assumed bone wouldn't be able to be transplanted from another part of the body? Does transferring bone from the fibular effect the ankle at all since that is the fibula's primary function? How much bone is needed to repair another bone? Are there any other bones that are also used in this way?[Why tag thisThis is very interesting to me because I had no idea that the fibula does not bear ANY of the body's weight. I would have guessed that it beared some. [Why tag thisNicole Korstanje
Alyssa Harmes
Cassie Marsh
Petra Stevanovic
Erin Griph
Jerry S Yang
Michael Franzini
Kayla Cowan
Amanda Baxter
Jonathan Rooney
Sophie
Samantha Herron
Antony van Leeuwenhoek (
Antony van Leeuwenhoek (an-TOE-nee vahn LAY-wen-hook) (1632?1723), a Dutch textile merchant, invented a simple (single-lens) microscope
Antony van Leeuwenhoek (an-TOE-nee vahn LAY-wen-hook) (1632?1723), a Dutch textile merchant, invented a simple (single-lens) microscope,
Antony van Leeuwenhoek (an-TOE-nee vahn LAY-wen-hook) (1632?1723), a Dutch textile merchant, invented a simple (single-lens) microscope,
Antony van Leeuwenhoek (an-TOE-nee vahn LAY-wen-hook) (1632?1723), a Dutch textile merchant, invented a simple (single-lens) microscope, originally for the purpose of examining the weave of fabrics.
Antony van Leeuwenhoek (an-TOE-nee vahn LAY-wen-hook) (1632?1723), a Dutch textile merchant, invented a simple (single-lens) microscope, originally for the purpose of examining the weave of fabrics. His microscope was a beadlike lens mounted in a metal plate equipped with a movable specimen clip. Even though his microscopes were simpler than Hooke's, they achieved much greater useful magnification (up to 200×) owing to Leeuwenhoek's superior lens-making technique.
Antony van Leeuwenhoek (an-TOE-nee vahn LAY-wen-hook) (1632?1723), a Dutch textile merchant, invented a simple (single-lens) microscope, originally for the purpose of examining the weave of fabrics. His microscope was a beadlike lens mounted in a metal plate equipped with a movable specimen clip. Even though his microscopes were simpler than Hooke's, they achieved much greater useful magnification (up to 200×) owing to Leeuwenhoek's superior lens-making technique. Out of curiosity, he examined a drop of lake water and was astonished to find a variety of microorganisms??little animalcules,? he called them, ?very prettily a-swimming.? He went on to observe practically everything he could get his hands on, including blood cells, blood capillaries, sperm, muscular tissue, and bacteria from tooth scrapings. Leeuwenhoek began submitting his observations to the Royal Society of London in 1673. He was praised at first, and his observations were eagerly read by scientists, but enthusiasm for the microscope did not last. By the end of the seventeenth century, it was treated as a mere toy for the upper classes, as amusing and meaningless as a kaleidoscope. Leeuwenhoek and Hooke had even become the brunt of satire. But probably no one in history had looked at nature in such a revolutionary way. By taking biology to the cellular level, the two men had laid an entirely new foundation for the modern medicine to follow centuries later.
Antony van Leeuwenhoek (an-TOE-nee vahn LAY-wen-hook) (1632?1723), a Dutch textile merchant, invented a simple (single-lens) microscope, originally for the purpose of examining the weave of fabrics. His microscope was a beadlike lens mounted in a metal plate equipped with a movable specimen clip. Even though his microscopes were simpler than Hooke's, they achieved much greater useful magnification (up to 200×) owing to Leeuwenhoek's superior lens-making technique. Out of curiosity, he examined a drop of lake water and was astonished to find a variety of microorganisms??little animalcules,? he called them, ?very prettily a-swimming.? He went on to observe practically everything he could get his hands on, including blood cells, blood capillaries, sperm, muscular tissue, and bacteria from tooth scrapings. Leeuwenhoek began submitting his observations to the Royal Society of London in 1673. He was praised at first, and his observations were eagerly read by scientists, but enthusiasm for the microscope did not last. By the end of the seventeenth century, it was treated as a mere toy for the upper classes, as amusing and meaningless as a kaleidoscope. Leeuwenhoek and Hooke had even become the brunt of satire. But probably no one in history had looked at nature in such a revolutionary way. By taking biology to the cellular level, the two men had laid an entirely new foundation for the modern medicine to follow centuries later.The Hooke and Leeuwenhoek microscopes produced poor images with blurry edges (spherical aberration) and rainbowlike distortions (chromatic aberration). These problems had to be solved before the microscope could be widely used as a biological tool. In nineteenth-century Germany, Carl Zeiss (1816?88) and his business partner, physi
Anthony von[Why I tagged this]Invented a simple microscope.[Why I tagged thisI taged this becuase it's cool to see that a merchant could invent a mictoscope. shows that even people that are not scholors can make a differents in the world[Why I tagged thislonger name than Hooke but had a simpler microscope[Why I tagged thisOrigin of microscope[Why I tagged thisAntony can Leeuwenhoek's contribution.[Why I tagged thisAntony's microscope had a much greater magnification than Hooke's.[Why I tagged thisHe was the founder of the microscopre and brought the medical area to the microscopic level. [Why I tagged thisimproved on Hooke's magnification (200x)[Why I tagged thisAntony van Leeuwenhoek is important because he was repsonsible for inventing microscopes allowing us to be able to see the microscopic world with much more detail due to the better lens he was able to craft allowing for greater magnifications[Why I tagged thisAntony van Leeuwenhoek advanced use of the microscope. Improving upon technology has always been essential in science. The culture of the day did not value the breakthrough in science but rather dismissed it jokingly.[Why I tagged thisquestion 1Galen saw science as a way to discover. it was not concrete and it was ever changing. He warned that he could be wrong but his followers didnt listen to him. They took the book literally and praised it as lawQuestion 2Vesalius did dissection himself. He pointed out that much of the anatomy described by Galen was wrong. He was also the one to publush the first illustrations for teaching anatomy. His findings and illustrations are even used today and helped begin the legacy of modern medicine, including milestones such as Gray's Anatomy.Question 3They were the inventors of the microscope. They were the first to observe that living things were made of cells. their inventions paved the way for the cell theory. It also led to the discovery of microscopic organisms.I found it very interesting that within the last 50 years their have been more advances in medicine than in the past 2500 years. It is amazing to think of what will happen in the next 50 years.[Why I tagged thisused a single lense microscope to look at bodily fluids and other things and reported to the royals and scientists. Hype faded quickly.[Why I tagged thisJelena Ristic
Gabriela
Brianna Brugger
Amanda Bartosik
Nicholas Bruno
Mia Breidenbach
Justin Rosinski
Corianne
Danny Duong
Amanda Baxter
Riley Spitzig
Ashley Wiedmeyer
This definitely clicks for me and makes sense. I assume this is also true for lactose (the gene truns off after a certain age) but is this the reason for people who abruptly become allergic to things? I'm just making a guess.[Why tag this text]Good to know that. And the example is explain that very well.[Why tag this texthow and why can genes be turned off and on?[Why tag this text
I didn't even realize that we could remake our genes. or that our genes were sometimes inactive. Why do we have them then if some of them are present but inactive?[Why tag this textI never knew that genes were constantly turned on and off based on the body's demands for their products. I thought that a gene could be activated, but it's interesting to learn that a gene could also be deactivated for a span of time and then it is turned back on to perform it's duty if the body needs it.[Why tag this textQuestion 5: A way that a gene can be turned off or on is through hormones. Hormones will bind to receptors and activated or deactivate regulatory protein. [Why tag this textThe body has a way to turn genes on and off like a switch to prevent overproduction. This is another example of homeostasis on a smaller level. Buliding blocks do not blindly build- only when it si needed. [Why tag this textcellular respiration is a continuous process, a process the body needs in order to function. Genetic regulation is arguably just as important as cellular respiration but is used on a as needed basis and can be shut on and off or deactivated all together.[Why tag this textThe regulation of genes and the genes' manufacturing actions. -Genes are turned off daily and even hourly-only used when needed[Why tag this textIts hard to believe that something so small determines how we are made and what we are made of[Why tag this textGenes dont replicate all day because they turn off and on here and there when they are or not needed in the body. Many of the genes turn off or on according to how the organism matures and how their body changes over a period of time.[Why tag this textI vaguely remember from high school anatomy that there were genes that could get turned on or vary as a result of environmental factors. For instance, a person's height could vary from what its initial genetic composition should lead to due to an envrionmental factor like diet, etc. [Why tag this textDoes this all stem from the cell needing to conserve energy/resources?[Why tag this textbayan
Lauren Anthe
Cassandra Shultz
Christina Colarossi
Sarah Ertl
Amanda Baxter
Thomas Hensler
Anthony Wheeler
Sarah Kallas
Linda Xiong
Alina Gur
Brandon Neldner
Electrolyte balance. The skeleton stores calcium and phosphate ions and releases them into the tissue fluid and blood according to the body's physiological needs.
Electrolyte balance. The skeleton stores calcium and phosphate ions and releases them into the tissue fluid and blood according to the body's physiological needs. Acid-base balance. Bone tissue buffers the blood against excessive pH changes by absorbing or releasing alkaline phosphate and carbonate salts.
Electrolyte balance. The skeleton stores calcium and phosphate ions and releases them into the tissue fluid and blood according to the body's physiological needs. Acid?base balance.
Electrolyte balance. The skeleton stores calcium and phosphate ions and releases them into the tissue fluid and blood according to the body's physiological needs. Acid?base balance. Bone tissue buffers the blood against excessive pH changes by absorbing or releasing alkaline phosphate and carbonate salts.
Electrolyte balance. The skeleton stores calcium and phosphate ions and releases them into the tissue fluid and blood according to the body's physiological needs. Acid?base balance. Bone tissue buffers the blood against excessive pH changes by absorbing or releasing alkaline phosphate and carbonate salts. Blood formation. Red bone marrow is the major producer of blood cells, including cells of the immune system.
limb movements, breathing, and other movments produced by muscles[Why I tagged this]When we drink Gatorade or other [Why I tagged this
Based on physiological needs, such as during malnutrition, starvation, etc., the minerals and other nutrients such as calcium and phosphate ions may be taken out of osseous (bone) tissue and transported where those materials are needed. [Electrolyte balance and physiologyI never knew what other functions the skeleton had aside from support, protection, and production of blood cells. How is it that the bones know when the electrolyte and acid-base balances are too low?[Why I tagged thisThe major electrolytes or salts in our body, are calcium and phosphate. An electrolyte balance is essential in our body because, it is what the cells need in order to carry out their functions and more importantly to send electrical impulses.Also, reading this, it reminded me of a time when my nephew had been vomiting constantly and we had to take him to the hospital and the nurse said to give him Pedialyte and keep him hydrated. I took the time to compare a sports drink and pedialyte and I found out that both have potassium and sodium , however Pedialyte has more sodium but less carbohydrates.[Why I tagged thisAn electrolyte gives you energy. These can be found in Gatorade or sports drinks - to keep you energized and going[Why I tagged thisstorage of calcium and phosphate isons and releases them into the blood when needed[Why I tagged thisI had no idea bones were involved in the regulating and keeping electrolytes in balance. The extent of what bones can do is fascinating. [Why I tagged thisI wasn't aware that the sleleton was involved with these processes. I just believed that some chemicals were incharge of this not the bones.[Why I tagged thisI thought that this was interesting because I hadn't heard any of these functions until now. I knew that it gave support, protection, movement, and formed blood cells, but didn't know it played a role in these functions. [Why I tagged thisUntil reading this and taking this class, i had no idea bone served any function aside from support, protection and movement. Knowing that it is a living tissue shows it has many more functions.[Why I tagged thisI didnt know that bones help with electrolyte balance. How does the bone actually go about releasing the oins into the blood?[Why I tagged thisWhat kind of physiological needs?[Why I tagged thisAndrea
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High-energy radiation, however, ejects electrons from atoms, converting atoms to ions; thus, it is called ionizing radiation. It destroys molecules and produces dangerous free radicals and ions in human tissues. In high doses, ionizing radiation is quickly fatal. In lower doses, it can be mutagenic (causing mutations in DNA) and carcinogenic (triggering cancer as a result of mutation).
Examples of ionizing radiation
Examples of ionizing radiation include ultraviolet rays, X-rays, and three kinds of radiation produced by nuclear decay: alpha (a) particles, beta (ß) particles, and gamma (?) rays
Examples of ionizing radiation include ultraviolet rays, X-rays, and three kinds of radiation produced by nuclear decay: alpha (a) particles, beta (ß) particles, and gamma (?) rays.
Examples of ionizing radiation include ultraviolet rays, X-rays, and three kinds of radiation produced by nuclear decay: alpha (a) particles, beta (ß) particles, and gamma (?) rays. An alpha particle is composed of two protons and two neutrons (equivalent to a helium nucleus), and a beta particle is a free electron. Alpha particles are too large to penetrate the skin, and beta particles can penetrate only a few millimeters. They are relatively harmless when emitted by sources outside the body, but they are very dangerous when emitted by radioisotopes that have gotten into the body
Examples of ionizing radiation include ultraviolet rays, X-rays, and three kinds of radiation produced by nuclear decay: alpha (a) particles, beta (ß) particles, and gamma (?) rays. An alpha particle is composed of two protons and two neutrons (equivalent to a helium nucleus), and a beta particle is a free electron. Alpha particles are too large to penetrate the skin, and beta particles can penetrate only a few millimeters. They are relatively harmless when emitted by sources outside the body, but they are very dangerous when emitted by radioisotopes that have gotten into the body. Strontium-90 (90Sr), for example, has been released by nuclear accidents and the atmospheric testing of nuclear weapons. It settles onto pastures and contaminates cow's milk. In the body, it behaves chemically like calcium, becoming incorporated into the bones, where it emits beta particles for years. Uranium and plutonium emit electromagnetic gamma rays, which have high energy and penetrating power. Gamma rays are very dangerous even when emitted by sources outside the body.
Forms of Radiation:Low energy: light and radio wavesHigh energy: converts atoms to ions and is called Ionizing radiation. Produces free radicals[Why tag this text]This is interesting, I didn't know that even in lower doses of high-energy can cause mutation or damage. [Why tag this textEveryone knows what cancer is, but not many of us can really explain [Why tag this textBecause radiation is so harmful to humans, is it a dangerous career to get into? Have there been negative effects for people working in that field?[Why tag this textWe encounter radiation everyday from various sources such as sunlight, smoking, and cell phones. Although they may not be harmful for us in small doses, it is still important to know that we are still exposed and should take precautions like reducing or eliminating exposure to these sources to avoid health complications.[Why tag this textI don't understand how high doses of ionizing radiation kills people. What exactly do the free radicals and ions do to human tissues?[Why tag this textWhat are these doses and how do they ensure people working in fields such as radiology don't have too much exposure?[Why tag this textExamples of Ionizing Radiation:UV rays, X rays. Also, alpha particles, beta particles, and gamma rays. [Why tag this textAlpha rays are too big so not as harmful, beta second most harmful while gamma are the worst. Ultraviolet and X-rays are two types of ionizing radiation[Why tag this textInteresting fact! Im going for sonography[General-Do not useexamples of ionizing radiation and defines alpha particles and beta particles.[General-Do not useThe different types of radiation, what they're called, and what they do[Why tag this textXenyen
Heather Archibald
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Stephanie
Erin Griph
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Anthony Wheeler
dose people's bone grow fast in a certian age?[Why I tagged this]Bone Growth and Remodeling:Bone Elongation: Epiphyseal plates are present and transitions from cartilage to bone. The cartilage is hyaline in the center, and the outside parts begin being replaced by bone. Zone of Reserve Cartilage:Typical hyaline, no signs of bone growth. Farthest from marow cavity.Zone of Cell Proliferation: Chondrocytes MultiplyZones of Cell Hypertrophy: Chondrocytes start to enlarge. Zone of Calcification: Minerals are deposited and provide temporary supportZone of Bone Deposition: Lacunae break down and chondrocytes die. Osteoblasts come in and make bone. [Why I tagged thiswhen do bones know when to stop growing and when do they grow the most?[Why I tagged thisbone growth and remodeling[Why I tagged thisHow do bones know when to stop growing and duplicating cells? (and how does hair [on the arm] know to stop at a certain length? if you trim it, it will grow back to the exact same length. WHY?[Why I tagged thisso ossificatio stay in human body as long as we alive ?[Why I tagged thisWhen does this ossification stop, or does it ever?[General_Do Not UseDoes it slow down when a person gets older?[Why I tagged thisHow does Gigantism work within the idea of growth of bone? I assume too much of something is being released with no stopping mechanism in place.[Why I tagged thiswhy do bones stop growing? how do they know when to stop? if they just kept growing we would have a serious problem...[Why I tagged thisBones continue to become stronger while developing, but usually around age twenty five, bones are fully ossified. Throughout life, bones have to accomodate to become stronger because as we get older, bones become more brittle. Although they are completely ossified, they still have room for improvement, which is where the development process comes into play as still continuing.[Why I tagged thisOssificaton of bone is growth. So when a baby is born they do not have hard skulls yet. Do they have undergo ossification of the sutures in the skull or do the bones just grown together and form a tight bond?[Why I tagged thiscontinues therought life with the growth and remodeling of bones[Why I tagged thisDanielle Henckel
Sarah Faust
Amanda
Emily Zuelzke
soha
Brandon Brandemuehl
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Sarah Cherkinian
Holland
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Justin Putterman
Primary structure is the protein's sequence of amino acids, which is encoded in the genes (see Chapter 4).
protiens are key in helping build muscle. They are very good for your body, but when you mix a lot of protien with a lot of carbs, a person will gain fat[Why tag this text]can proteins be structured in different ways or are they only able to be coiled and folded?[Why tag this textThe proteins are configured in the rough endoplasmic reticulum and are translated by RNA in the nuclues. [Why tag this textdefines the protein structure and how important it is.[General-Do not useWhat is it that causes changes in protein shape in the body?[Why tag this textthe complexity of protein structure[Why tag this textQuestion 6: The tritiary structure is most likely to change because it is the folding and coiling whereas the primary structure is which amino acids are attached to each other.[Why tag this textAlong with the images below, never realized how complex a protein actually was and that even the slightest change to its conformation can destroy its function.[Why tag this textPaying attention to the physical structure of proteins will be very important. It seems, from this, that humans should be sick and very diseased all of the time because even if you change a small thing about a protein's conformation it won't function at all anymore, and that would have a chain-effect. Why do the structures of proteins matter more than the structures of, say, carbohydrates? why do their three and fourth dimentional structures need to be so perfectly in place?[Why tag this textAlong with the images below, never realized how complex proteins actually were and that even the slightest change to their conformation can destroy function.[Why tag this textAre some protein molecules different than others in that they contain different structures? Or do they all evetually have a quaternary structure?[Why tag this textIs it possible for there to be an abnormality in the codes in the genes? What would happen if the codes didn't produce the right protein structure?[Why tag this textWhen thinking about protein structure, I think about hair. A person with curly hair has a lot of hydrogen bonds in their hair hold their hair so closey together. In order to straigten hair, they must apply heat to the hair to destroy those week hydrogen bonds. I find that interesting. [Why tag this textlindsay krueger
Zawicki Sara Anne Marie
lenarch2
Joe Nimm
Anthony Wheeler
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Nicholas Bruno
Mia Breidenbach
Emily
Leah Daul
Brett Sullivan
At the center of an atom is the nucleus, composed of protons and neutrons. Protons (p+) have a single positive charge and neutrons (n0) have no charge. Each proton or neutron weighs approximately 1 atomic mass unit (amu), defined as one-twelfth the mass of an atom of carbon-12. The atomic mass of an element is approximately equal to its total number of protons and neutrons.Around the nucleus are one or more concentric clouds of electrons (e-), tiny particles with a single negative charge and very low mass. It takes 1,836 electrons to equal 1 amu, so for most purposes we can disregard their mass. A person who weighs 64 kg (140 lb) contains less than 24 g (1 oz) of electrons. This hardly means that we can ignore electrons, however. They determine the chemical properties of an atom, thereby governing what molecules can exist and what chemical reactions can occur. The number of electrons equals the number of protons, so their charges cancel each other and an atom is electrically neutral.Page 45Electrons swarm about the nucleus in concentric regions called electron shells (energy levels). The more energy an electron has, the farther away from the nucleus its orbit lies. Each shell holds a limited number of electrons (fig. 2.1). The elements known to date have up to seven electron shells, but those ordinarily involved in human physiology do not exceed four.Electrons of the outermost shell, called valence electrons, determine the chemical bonding properties of an atom. An atom tends to bond with other atoms that will fill its outer shell and produce a stable number of valence electrons. A hydrogen atom, with only one electron shell and one electron (fig. 2.2), tends to react with other atoms that provide another electron and fill this shell with a stable number of two electrons. All other atoms react in ways that produce eight electrons in the valence shell. This tendency is called the octet rule (rule of eights).
Thisgives the basic make up of an atom and what they are used for.[General-Do not use]measurement(s)[General-Do not useHow is it that the protons are able to stay grouped together? Protons all have the same + charge and from out common understanding, like charges repel one another? On that same note why is it that electrons are not pulled all the way into the nucleus when opposite charges attract one another?[Why tag this text
because it describes the anatomy of the atom[Why tag this textI chose to highlight this because it's a review of protons and neutrons and electron clouds. [Why tag this textAtoms have protons, neutrons and electrons. Nice to have had a chemistry class to help understand.[Why tag this textThe structure of an atom (Nucleus, electrons, protons, neutrons, etc)[Why tag this textI tagged this because I think it is facinating that all atoms want to produce eight electrons in the valence shell. The more valence electrons the more stable the atom is and also determines the atoms interaction with other atoms. Without these electrons, the atom couldnt exist so to speak. This is because the electrons provide a variety of functions that help it to create a foundation for chemical bonds. [Why tag this textWhat atoms are made up of and how an atomic mass is calculated.[Why tag this textGarrett Key
Stephen Minakian
Zeke Whittier
Ashley
PangJeb Vang
Anthony Wheeler
Jenna
Alexandra Schmit
All the DNA, both coding and noncoding, in one 23-chromosome set is called the genome. The human genome consists of about 3.1 billion nucleotide pairs.
All the DNA, both coding and noncoding, in one 23-chromosome set is called the genome. The human genome consists of about 3.1 billion nucleotide pairs.
The human genome consists of about 3.1 billion nucleotide pairs. Owing to a massive multinational undertaking called the Human Genome Project (HGP), carried out from 1990 to 2003,
Owing to a massive multinational undertaking called the Human Genome Project (HGP), carried out from 1990 to 2003, biologists now know the base sequence (A, T, C, G) of more than 99% of the genome.
Owing to a massive multinational undertaking called the Human Genome Project (HGP), carried out from 1990 to 2003, biologists now know the base sequence (A, T, C, G) of more than 99% of the genome. The only unknown portions are some short, dense regions of the chromosomes
So in a set of 23 chromosomes there are about 3.1 billion nuceleotide paris? What is the join of these?[Why tag this text]defintion of human genenome[Why tag this text46 chromosomes, each set (23 sets) are called the genome. 3.1 billion nucleotide pairs. [Why tag this textThat is a lot of genome pairs, and it is interesting that this was only found out so recently.[Why tag this textThis is something like 30,000 genes in humans. The interesting part though is that this is no indication of size of an organism. Amphibians rance from roughly 300 million to 100 billion bp. On the high side that is 2 orders of magnitude more bp than humans, coming from an animal that isn't that much larger or necessairly more complex.[Why tag this textWhat is the Human Genome Project? [Human Genome I think it is really cool that for 13 years, scientists decoded the human genome almost completely. For how small our genes and our DNA is, this is an incredibly feat.[General-Do not useHow is it possible that scientist were able to discover these bases? Are they visible with special microscopes? I have always wondered if it was just something they kind of came up with and no one has been able to disprove. And if they can be viewed, how are there some unknown regions? This is one of those examples where I feel like as a student, there is no way for me to know this is true except for the fact that my textbook says so. [Why tag this textBecause of the Human Genome Project, biologists now know the base sequence of more than 99% oft the genome. [Why tag this textI recently read about a project conducted around 2000 which was based upon this ideal with a completely different application and was called the Music Genome Project, which created mathematical algorithms based on various attributes of a song/band/artist/genre which is used to generate music of the same [Why tag this textadenosine, thymine, cytosine, guanine [Why tag this textwhat is the other 1% that is missing? [Why tag this textChad Mudd
Stephanie
Laura Kovach
Stephen Minakian
Brittany
Samantha B Johnson
Kirsten Majstorovic
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Elizabeth
corey
Laypeople tend to use the word theory for what a scientist would call a hypothesis?for example, ?I have a theory why my car won't start.? The difference in meaning causes significant confusion when it leads people to think that a scientific theory (such as the theory of evolution) is merely a guess or conjecture, instead of recognizing it as a summary of conclusions drawn from a large body of observed facts.
Laypeople tend to use the word theory for what a scientist would call a hypothesis?for example, ?I have a theory why my car won't start.? The difference in meaning causes significant confusion when it leads people to think that a scientific theory (such as the theory of evolution) is merely a guess or conjecture, instead of recognizing it as a summary of conclusions drawn from a large body of observed facts.
Was the cell theory proposed by Schleiden and Schwann more a product of the hypothetico?deductive method or of the inductive method?
Was the cell theory proposed by Schleiden and Schwann more a product of the hypothetico?deductive method or of the inductive method? Explain your answer.
a law of nature is a description[Why I tagged this]I still don't always understand what makes something a law of nature. This says it is something that describes the universe but then why are some things considered law and some are not?[Why I tagged thisDescribing actual meaning of scientific theory.[Why I tagged thisI have heard many people use 'theory' in this way. It's important to remember what a 'thoery' in science is.[Why I tagged thisThis is very interesting that the terms Theory and Hypothesis are interchangable in the world of Science. [Why I tagged thisI know that I have made this mistake before. This is an important point to recognize because anything in the science field could become very confusing without recognizing the difference between the layman's meaning for theory and a scientist's meaning of theory.[Why I tagged thisGood explaination of why knowing the difference is important to understand[Why I tagged thisSchleiden and Schwann's cell theory was a result of the inductive reasoning due to the fact that it came about after the improvement of the microscope and the increase in the ability to examine more specimens. [Why I tagged thisThe Cell Theory was more of an inductive method because it was speculating that cells were the basic life unit. This suggestion was made by observations under the compound microscope. This would be consistent with multiple observations being made to draw conclusions.[Why I tagged thisInductive they were observing that animals and plants all were made up of cells then they came up with cell theory[Why I tagged thisI think that the cell theory formed by Schleiden and Schwann was a product of the inductive method because they observed numerous cell samples and drew a generalization that 'all living things are made of cells' from those many observations.[Why I tagged thisBonnie Watson
Amanda Bartosik
Mia Breidenbach
Jonathan Rooney
Jelena Ristic
Awlareau
Sami
Alina Gur
Sarah Ertl
Matthew Robert Schmidt
Christina Colarossi
Mixtures of other substances in water can be classified as solutions, colloids, and suspensions.A solution consists of particles of matter called the solute mixed with a more abundant substance (usually water) called the solvent. The solute can be a gas, solid, or liquid?as in a solution of oxygen, sodium chloride, or alcohol in water, respectively. Solutions are defined by the following properties: The solute particles are under 1 nanometer (nm) in size. The solute and solvent therefore cannot be visually distinguished from each other, even with a microscope.
Mixtures of other substances in water can be classified as solutions, colloids, and suspensions.A solution consists of particles of matter called the solute mixed with a more abundant substance (usually water) called the solvent. The solute can be a gas, solid, or liquid?as in a solution of oxygen, sodium chloride, or alcohol in water, respectively. Solutions are defined by the following properties: The solute particles are under 1 nanometer (nm) in size. The solute and solvent therefore cannot be visually distinguished from each other, even with a microscope. Such small particles do not scatter light noticeably, so solutions are usually transparent (fig. 2.10a). The solute particles will pass through most selectively permeable membranes, such as dialysis tubing and cell membranes. The solute does not separate from the solvent when the solution is allowed to stand.
The reason why I annotated this? Is because these terms of of mixtures of other substances in water are important to know for future. Solutions, Colloids, and Suspensions, are terms that I will have to know. [Why tag this text]classifies the three different kinds of mixtures[Why tag this textMixtures are solutions colloids and suspensions all depending on how they react in the solvent[Why tag this textA solution is solute dissolved in the more abundant solvent. Water is the gold standard of solvents.[Why tag this textA fun science experiment is to take water, oil, detergent and other solutions and put them in one container at different times and you even can put say a ping pong ball, marble, bouncy ball and so forth. When you put them in different layers they with stay with the soulion that they are poured with depending on its mass. Science is so fun
I tagged this because I work on a Cardio floor in a hospital and I have seen many people suffering from heart diseases but never one like this. I found it to be very interesting.[Why tag this text]Connective tissue isn't doing it's job: long bodies, elastic joints and hernias mean it is too loose, not holding them together properly[Why tag this textI have an aquaintance who has Marfan Syndrome. I was unaware that the syndrome affects things such as vision and that individuals with this syndrome may have unique stature. The person I know has many of the skeletal complications; she has hyperextendable joints and loose and stretchy ligaments. She wears specially made braces on each of her fingers and her shoulders often slip out of their sockets. Because this syndrome is not that common, she did not know what was wrong with her until watching something on TV about another person who had Marfan snydrome. She was then able to make her own diagnosis that was later confirmed by doctors.[Why tag this textThis is interesting because a couple regulars at my old work; a father and son, seem to have a few of these distinguishing characteristics. Maybe they had Marfan syndrome?[Why tag this textIt is good to know what type of disease that can go along with this type of tissues because I now have some knowledge that it will make it easier to understand in higher level anatomy course where we learn about these disease[Why tag this textMy mother had a good friend that passed away from this when she was in college. My mom told me about what it was like and all the health problems she was going through, so sad.[Why tag this textAfter reading this section on Marfan syndrome I had a lot of questions about how a persons health is affected, other than those listed in the text. Do they broke their bones more easil since they are taller/longer and abnormally fomred, such as the breast. I also wondered if any of there organs besides the heart is affected. [Why tag this textThe Connective tissues does not just act as highways for other cells to get from one place to another or connect one piece of the body to another. They also keep the body in place.[Why tag this textBradford Cox, the lead singer from Deerhunter has Marfan's syndrome and, because of the way it manifests in his body is often confused for a severe drug addiction. I don't know that much about Marfan syndrome, and didn't know it was a defect in elastin synthesis. It would be interesting to know if it affects the way he plays guitar.[Why tag this textDescription of what Marfan syndrome is (connective tissue disease) and what it consists of.Many star athletes have died young from it[Why tag this textthe Marfan syndrome is a defect that i never heard in my life. I dont get the part where it says that people that have this syndrome have [Why tag this textThis is verying interesting of how it explains why some people who are tall die at a young age. Marfa syndrome seem to be a very difficult hereditary defect to help with. The people with this defect sounds to be taking lots of medication to help their situations. [Why tag this textThe reason I tagged this was because I have heard of marfan syndrome in the past but am still very curious about how people who live with this go through their lives. It sounds like an extremely debilitating disease and I'm curious to know if there is even anything anyone can do to treat or cure this disease if diagnosed.[Why tag this textSarah Kallas
Sarah Hudson
Keira
Justin Rosinski
Elizabeth
Michelle Porter
Matthew Robert Schmidt
Sophie
Anthony Wheeler
victor
xuntao
Danny Duong
You can perhaps understand why these terms apply to the feet if you place the palms of your hands on a table and pretend they are your soles. Tilt your hands so the inner edge (thumb side) of each is raised from the table. This is like raising the medial edge of your foot from the ground, and as you can see, it involves a slight supination of your forearms. Resting your hands palms down on a table, your forearms are already pronated; but if you raise the outer edges of your hands (the little finger side), like pronating the feet, you will see that it involves a continuation of the pronation movement of the forearm.
Describe the roles of articular cartilage
Describe the roles of articular cartilage and synovial fluid in joint mobility
Describe the roles of articular cartilage and synovial fluid in joint mobility.
Give an anatomical example of each class of levers and explain why each example belongs in that class.
Give an example of each of the six classes of synovial joints and state how many axes of rotation each example has.
Suppose you reach overhead and screw a lightbulb into a ceiling fixture. Name each joint that would be involved and the joint actions that would occur.
Supination of the forearm is a movement that turns the palm to face forward so it is visible from the anterior view. Pronation is the opposite of supination where the palm is moved to face backwards so it is visible when looking at the posterion view.[Why tag this]New and interesting information here, I enjoyed reading this.[Why tag this the role of articular cartilage is to cusion the bones from rubbing and smacking on each other. It also allows gliding motions.[Why tag thisThe synovial fluid is rich in albumin and hyaluronic acid, which give it a viscous, slippery texture. It nourishes the articular cartilages, removes their wastes, and makes movements at synovial joints almost friction free. Articular cartilages enclose the cavity and retains the fluid. It has an outer fibrous capsule continuous with the periosteum of the adjoining bones, and an inner, cellular synovial membrane.[Why tag thisWhen synovial fluid is warmed by exercise, it becomes thinner (less viscous) and more easily absorbed by the articular cartilage. ach time a cartilage is compressed, fluid and metabolic wastes are squeezed out of it. When weight is taken off the joint, the cartilage absorbs synovial fluid like a sponge, and the fluid carries oxygen and nutrients to the chondrocytes.[Why tag thisThe synovial joint is most important to the quality of life. You need these joint to be an athlete, for flexibility, they are freely moveable. Articular cartilage allows our synovial movements to be friction free because of the lubricant like fluid called synovial fluid.[Why tag thisArticular cartilage is a layer of hyaline cartilage that is usually 2 or 3 mm thick. These articular cartilage surfaces are separated by a narrow space, the joint (articular) cavity, containing a slippery lubricant called synovial fluid. Synovial fluid is a fluid that is rich in albumin and hyaluronic acid, which give it a viscous, slippery texture similar to raw egg white. It nourishes the articular cartilages, removes their wastes, and makes movements at synovial joints almost friction-free. [Why tag thisArticular cartilge is the most important because synovial fluid is most wide spread throughout the body. Without that cartilge, the body would be much more prone to artheritis or other painful joint dysfunctions.[Why tag thisThe articular cavity has a synovial fluid in order to give the joint a viscous, slippery texture.[Why tag thisFirst class-head;it behaves like a seesaw, does not allow it to tip forwardSecond class-knee; pivot in the knee brings up the tibia and fibula which is like lifting a wheelbarrowThird class-elbow; acts in resistance, prevents overbearing weight[Why tag thisThe six classes of synovial joints which can all be found in the upper limb include one multiaxial type, which is the ball-and-socket joint, three biaxial types including condylar joint, saddle joint, and plane joint, and two monaxial types, the hinge joint and pivot joint.[Why tag thisball and socket-shoulder, multiaxialhinge-humeroulnar, monoaxialpivot-radioulnar, monoaxialplane-metacarpal, biaxialsaddle-carpal, biaxialcondylar-metacarpal-radiocarpal, biaxial[Why tag thisThe joint movement would be abduction, the joint involved in this movement would be olecranon of the ulna, the shoulder joint. [Why tag thisbayan
Belaynesh
Kimberly Loney
Nick Lund
Elizabeth
Ashley Wiedmeyer
Ashley McBain
Jonathan Lowe
Golgi Complex The Golgi35 (GOAL-jee) complex is a small system of cisternae that synthesize carbohydrates and put the finishing touches on protein and glycoprotein synthesis.
Golgi Complex The Golgi35 (GOAL-jee) complex is a small system of cisternae that synthesize carbohydrates and put the finishing touches on protein and glycoprotein synthesis. The complex resembles a stack of pita bread. Typically, it consists of about six cisternae, slightly separated from each other; each cisterna is a flattened, often curved sac with swollen edges (fig. 3.29). The Golgi complex receives newly synthesized proteins from the rough ER. It sorts them, cuts and splices some of them, adds carbohydrate moieties to some, and finally packages the proteins in membrane-bounded Golgi vesicles. These vesicles bud off the swollen rim of a cisterna and are seen in abundance in the neighborhood of the Golgi complex. Some vesicles become lysosomes, the organelle discussed next; some migrate to the plasma membrane and fuse with it, contributing fresh protein and phospholipid to the membrane; and some become secretory vesicles that store a cell product, such as breast milk or digestive enzymes, for later release. The role of the Golgi complex in protein synthesis and secretion is detailed in chapter 4.
Some vesicles become lysosomes, the organelle discussed next; some migrate to the plasma membrane and fuse with it, contributing fresh protein and phospholipid to the membrane; and some become secretory vesicles that store a cell product, such as breast milk or digestive enzymes, for later release. The role of the Golgi complex in protein synthesis and secretion is detailed in chapter 4.
a small system of a cisternae that synthesize carbs and puts the finishing touches on a protein [General-Do not use]I've heard about them but i didn't know what they are [Why tag this textlike a post office, recieves and delievers messages[Why tag this textsynthasizes carbs[Why tag this textIf you are gluten intolerant, does that have to do with a malfunction of your golgi complex?[Why tag this textGOLGI COMPLEX - DESCRIPTION AND FUNCTIONS[Why tag this textI remember learning about the golgi complex in middle school. I remember learning how the golgi complex is like a post office. The golgi complex packages and distributes different substances around the cell. [Why tag this textHad no idea that the golgi complex synthesized carbohydrates and glycoproteins[Why tag this textdoes that mean it is a system by itself?[Why tag this textDefiniton of golgi complex, this structure recieves newly synthesized proteins made from the rough ER. [Why tag this textAs showing in the picture, the golgi complex is a small system of cisternae.[Why tag this textI have always wondered where breast milk is stored and how it is actuallty made. Is it actually made within the cell and then stored in lysosomes? Also, what makes these cells or golgi complex so different from those elsewhere in the body if their lysosomes strore breast milk? Obviously females only secrete breast milk from their breasts, so what is distinctive of this?[Why tag this textso basically a vesicle can travel and do its own thing since it can become a lysosome and migrate to other places within the cell[Why tag this textHussain
Brittany Nycz
Justin Putterman
Andrea
Alyssa Harmes
Kristen
Jonathan Baures
Lauren Anthe
Stephanie
Sue Xiong
Mauranda Hiller
The development of biochemistry from the late nineteenth to the twentieth century made it further apparent that all physiological processes of the body are based on cellular activity and that the cells of all species exhibit remarkable biochemical unity
The development of biochemistry from the late nineteenth to the twentieth century made it further apparent that all physiological processes of the body are based on cellular activity and that the cells of all species exhibit remarkable biochemical unity.
The development of biochemistry from the late nineteenth to the twentieth century made it further apparent that all physiological processes of the body are based on cellular activity and that the cells of all species exhibit remarkable biochemical unity. Thus emerged the generalizations that constitute the modern cell theory:
The development of biochemistry from the late nineteenth to the twentieth century made it further apparent that all physiological processes of the body are based on cellular activity and that the cells of all species exhibit remarkable biochemical unity. Thus emerged the generalizations that constitute the modern cell theory: All organisms are composed of cells and cell products. The cell is the simplest structural and functional unit of life. There are no smaller subdivisions of a cell or organism that, in themselves, are alive. An enzyme molecule, for example, is not alive, although the life of a cell depends on the activity of numerous enzymes. An organism's structure and all of its functions are ultimately due to the activities of its cells. Cells come only from preexisting cells, not from nonliving matter. All life, therefore, traces its ancestry to the same original cells. Because of this common ancestry, the cells of all species have many fundamental similarities in their chemical composition and metabolic mechanisms.
The development of biochemistry from the late nineteenth to the twentieth century made it further apparent that all physiological processes of the body are based on cellular activity and that the cells of all species exhibit remarkable biochemical unity. Thus emerged the generalizations that constitute the modern cell theory: All organisms are composed of cells and cell products. The cell is the simplest structural and functional unit of life. There are no smaller subdivisions of a cell or organism that, in themselves, are alive. An enzyme molecule, for example, is not alive, although the life of a cell depends on the activity of numerous enzymes. An organism's structure and all of its functions are ultimately due to the activities of its cells. Cells come only from preexisting cells, not from nonliving matter. All life, therefore, traces its ancestry to the same original cells. Because of this common ancestry, the cells of all species have many fundamental similarities in their chemical composition and metabolic mechanisms.Cell Shapes and SizesWe will shortly examine the structure of a generic cell, but the generalizations we draw should not blind you to the diversity of cellular form and function in humans. There are about 200 kinds of cells in the human body, with a variety of shapes, sizes, and functions.
It's very intriguing that they use to think this way. [Why tag this text]I tagged this part of the text because I think that its important to know how far back in time phyiological processes were discovered and that even in the nineteenth century we had insight to anatomy and the function of the human body.[Why tag this textI always heard about the cell theory but never really quite understood what it meant. Now, I understand that all cells have the same chemical composition. I also know that cells can be separated into two groups, but do not know why and what the differences are.[Why tag this textIt seems that understanding cells from a slightly more chemical perspective helped scientists gain insight into the physiological processes of cells and how they help the body to function. [Why tag this textAfter spontaenous generation was discredited and this was established, the modern cell theory took shape.[Why tag this textWhy are cells so complexed and highly organized?[Why tag this textCellular activity, and all cells resemble some characteristics of eachother.[Why tag this textIt is important to know that the modern cell theory consists of 4 basic generalizations[Why tag this textThe cell theory is important in explaining what the basis of our lives is. Each part of us is built off of cells and understanding thier functions will help us to understand the overall function of our body.[Why tag this textThis is very important because it helps us understand what makes a cell a cell, how they originated, and their purpose.[Why tag this textImportant theory of the cells. Its interesting that all cells of different species, contain all similar components that make up the cell. [General-Do not useThe modern cell theory is incredibly important because it give a foundation from which many disiciplines draw reference from. Understanding the different components helps understand concepts from physics and chemistry and ties in most closely with biology.[Why tag this textQuestion 1: Basic principles of the cell theory.All organisms are composed of cells and cell products.The cell is the smallest subdivision of an organism that are alive.Cells are responsible for all of an organisms structure and functions.Cells come from other cells.All cells have common ancestors and therefore similarities in chemical composition and metobolic mechanisms.[Why tag this textCaitlin
Elvia Rivas
Mia Breidenbach
Chad Mudd
PangJeb Vang
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Stephanie
Maria Stephans
Cody Andrews
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Joe Nimm
Sarah Ertl
but the standard international (SI) unit of radiation exposure is the sievert3 (Sv), which takes into account the type and intensity of radiation and its biological effect. Doses of 5 Sv or more are usually fatal. The average American receives about 3.6 millisieverts (mSv) per year in background radiation from natural sources and another 0.6 mSv from artificial sources. The most significant natural source is radon, a gas produced by the decay of uranium in the earth; it can accumulate in buildings to unhealthy levels.
the standard international (SI) unit of radiation exposure is the sievert3 (Sv), which takes into account the type and intensity of radiation and its biological effect. Doses of 5 Sv or more are usually fatal. The average American receives about 3.6 millisieverts (mSv) per year in background radiation from natural sources and another 0.6 mSv from artificial sources. The most significant natural source is radon, a gas produced by the decay of uranium in the earth; it can accumulate in buildings to unhealthy levels. Artificial sources of radiation exposure include medical X-rays, radiation therapy, and consumer products such as color televisions, smoke detectors, and luminous watch dials.
Artificial sources of radiation exposure include medical X-rays, radiation therapy, and consumer products such as color televisions, smoke detectors, and luminous watch dials.
Artificial sources of radiation exposure include medical X-rays, radiation therapy, and consumer products such as color televisions, smoke detectors, and luminous watch dials. Such voluntary exposure must be considered from the standpoint of its risk-to-benefit ratio. The benefits
Artificial sources of radiation exposure include medical X-rays, radiation therapy, and consumer products such as color televisions, smoke detectors, and luminous watch dials. Such voluntary exposure must be considered from the standpoint of its risk-to-benefit ratio. The benefits of a smoke detector or mammogram far outweigh the risk from the low levels of radiation involved. Radiation therapists and radiologists face a greater risk than their patients, however, and astronauts and airline flight crews receive more than average exposure.
Artificial sources of radiation exposure include medical X-rays, radiation therapy, and consumer products such as color televisions, smoke detectors, and luminous watch dials. Such voluntary exposure must be considered from the standpoint of its risk-to-benefit ratio. The benefits of a smoke detector or mammogram far outweigh the risk from the low levels of radiation involved. Radiation therapists and radiologists face a greater risk than their patients, however, and astronauts and airline flight crews receive more than average exposure. U.S. federal standards set a limit of 50 mSv/year as acceptable occupational exposure to ionizing radiation.
Ions, Electrolytes, and Free RadicalsIons are charged particles with unequal numbers of protons and electrons. An ion can consist of a single atom with a positive or negative charge, or it can be as large as a protein with many charges on it.Ions form because elements with one to three valence electrons tend to give them up, and those with four to seven electrons tend to gain more. If an atom of the first kind is exposed to an atom of the second, electrons may transfer from one to the other and turn both of them into ions. This process is called ionization. The particle that gains electrons acquires a negative charge and is called an anion (AN-eye-on). The one that loses electrons acquires a positive charge (because it then has a surplus of protons) and is called a cation (CAT-eye-on).Page 47Consider, for example, what happens when sodium and chlorine meet (fig. 2.4). Sodium has three electron shells with a total of 11 electrons: 2 in the first shell, 8 in the second, and 1 in the third. If it gives up the electron in the third shell, its second shell becomes the valence shell and has the stable configuration of 8 electrons. Chlorine has 17 electrons: 2 in the first shell, 8 in the second, and 7 in the third. If it can gain one more electron, it can fill the third shell with 8 electrons and become stable. Sodium and chlorine seem ?made for each other??one needs to lose an electron and the other needs to gain one. This is just what they do. When they interact, an electron transfers from sodium to chlorine. Now, sodium has 11 protons in its nucleus but only 10 electrons. This imbalance gives it a positive charge, so we symbolize the sodium ion Na+. Chlorine has been changed to the chloride ion with a surplus negative charge, symbolized Cl-.[image #5]
Measuring ionizing radiation:Measured by the Sievert [Sv]. Also have millisieverts [mSv]. [Why tag this text]We are exposed to normal levels in daily life, but after the Fukushima nuclear disaster, exposure to 1000 millisieverts per hour was the maximum measurement of their devices. U.S. standards are significantly lower than the exposure of some people of Japan. [Why tag this textRadiation levels are measured in sieverts(Sv). [Why tag this textI found this interesting because me friends house once had high levels of radon gas in it and they ended up moving because of it. The house was built into a hill and that is why a lot of the gas ended up in the house, so they decided to move.[Why tag this textTelevisions? Remind me to not sit infront of the tv anymore.[Why tag this textI didn't know that there was radiation in televisions, smoke detectors, and watch dials. I thought that was really interesting because these are some of the objects and materials seen and used in daily life, and I didn't even know that I was being exposed to small doses of radiation.[Why tag this textWhen I was in high school my dream was to go to med school and become a radiologist. It is very interesting to me learn about the amount of exposure radiologists go through throughtout their lives that could damage their bodies in a negative way.[Why tag this textI never realized that smoke detectors and luminous watch dials emit small amounts of radiation. Both were created to help mankind in different ways, yet they are somewhat harmful to us. Obviously it is such a minute amount that we shouldn't worry, but it would be interesting to know what other household items gave off small amounts of radiation as well. [Why tag this textI used to job shadow a nurse in the operating room my whole senior year. When they did x-rays in the rooms we would put on these big vests and collars to protect us from radiation. Also, we had goggles and the whole bit. [Why tag this textThis is something new I learned. I didn't know that the radiation therapists and such are exposed to more radiation. I also didn't know that there is a limit as to how much radiaiton one can have that is acceptable. Its scary to know how these free radicals and radiation can damage you over time. Thats why later in life many people die because of the exposure they had when they were younger.[Why tag this textI wonder how one gets tested and figures out how much exposure they've had to ionizing radiation.[Why tag this textAmount of radiation a human can be exposed for occupational purposes[General-Do not useelectron exchange[General-Do not useAmanda Baxter
Stephanie
Riley Spitzig
Melissa
Stephanie
Samantha Herron
Kasey Kallien
Kelly Stahl
mary furner
Caitlin
Erin Griph
Garrett Key
In bone, the polymer is the collagen and the ceramic is the hydroxyapatite and other minerals. The ceramic component enables a bone to support the weight of the body without sagging. When the bones are deficient in calcium salts, they are soft and bend easily. One way to demonstrate this is to soak a clean dried bone, such as a chicken bone, in vinegar for a few days. As the mild acid of the vinegar dissolves the minerals away, the bone becomes flexible and rubbery. Such mineral deficiency and flexibility are the central problems in the childhood disease, rickets, in which the soft bones of the lower limbs bend under the body's weight and become permanently deformed.
The protein component gives bone a degree of flexibility. Without protein, a bone is excessively brittle, as in osteogenesis imperfecta, or brittle bone disease
The protein component gives bone a degree of flexibility. Without protein, a bone is excessively brittle, as in osteogenesis imperfecta, or brittle bone disease (see table 7.2). Without collagen, a jogger's bones would shatter under the impact of running. But normally, when a bone bends slightly toward one side, the tensile strength of the collagen fibers on the opposite side holds the bone together and prevents it from snapping like a stick of chalk. Collagen molecules have sacrificial bonds that break under stress, protecting a bone from fracture by dissipating some of the shock. The bonds re-form when the collagen is relieved of stress.
I'll have to try this! That's interesting! [Why I tagged this]I find the diseases and diagnosing diseases to be very interesting. One of my favorite shows on tv was House. So hearing about this disease and why it occurs, though very sad, is interesting to learn about.[Why I tagged thisIs this what makes the pelvic bone able to support so much of the body weight? [Why I tagged thisThis is really interesting. Does this have any relation to osteoprosis because it relates to calcium deficiency.[Why I tagged thisIs there any way to combat the mineral deficiency in the childhood disease rickets? By taking a calcium salt supplement would you be able to slow the disease or completely prevent it? I have never heard of this deformation before and am interested in how this comes about.[Why I tagged thisI never new what caused rickets, and I like how they gave us an experiment to do to see how the mild acid is dissolved by the vineger which makes the bone flexible and rubbery. [Why I tagged thisWhen children are diagnosed with rickets how are they treated and is there any way to reverse the damage that might have already been done?[Why I tagged thisThis makes me think of the deformed spine curvatures that can develop. I wonder if conditions like scoliosis and lordosis wouldn't have arose in people if there were more calcium salts in the bones of the vertebral column.[Why I tagged thisI know calcium makes your bones strong, but I did not know that protein played that much of a major role in making bones strong. As a kid you always hear, [Why I tagged thisProtein gives bones flexibility. But without it bones are brittle. What about veggitarians? Do they statistically have more history with brittle bone disease?[Why I tagged thisThis is due to the non-linear formation of amino chains?[Why I tagged thisThis is great information to know! Bones work like any other strong and stable structures... there is a little wiggle room so the structure does not break![Why I tagged thiswhat role protein plays in a bone; collagen molecules[Why I tagged thisNicholas Bruno
MacKenzie
payoua
Jonathan Rooney
chanel
Danny Duong
Caitlin
Samantha Herron
Elizabeth
Andrea
Nadin
Alyssa Harmes
Tonicity is the ability of a solution to affect the fluid volume and pressure in a cell. If a solute cannot pass through a plasma membrane but remains more concentrated on one side of the membrane than on the other, it causes osmosis.
Tonicity is the ability of a solution to affect the fluid volume and pressure in a cell. If a solute cannot pass through a plasma membrane but remains more concentrated on one side of the membrane than on the other, it causes osmosis.
Tonicity is the ability of a solution to affect the fluid volume and pressure in a cell. If a solute cannot pass through a plasma membrane but remains more concentrated on one side of the membrane than on the other, it causes osmosis. A hypotonic16 solution has a lower concentration of nonpermeating solutes than the intracellular fluid (ICF). Cells in a hypotonic solution absorb water, swell, and may burst (lyse) (fig. 3.16a). Distilled water is the extreme example; a sufficient quantity given to a person intravenously would lyse the blood cells, with dire consequences. A hypertonic17 solution is one with a higher concentration of nonpermeating solutes than the ICF. It causes cells to lose water and shrivel (crenate) (fig. 3.16c). Such cells may die of torn membranes and cytoplasmic loss. In isotonic18 solutions, the total concentration of nonpermeating solutes is the same as in the ICF?hence, isotonic solutions cause no change in cell volume or shape (fig. 3.16b).
osmosis is what dissolves particles, and it keeps the ECF volume at bay so that the ICF is able to allow the blood to stay existing and have enough in the area[Why tag this text]Question 6: Osmolarity versus Tonicity.Osmolarity is the number of osmoles per liter of solution whereas tonicity is the ability of a solution to affect fluid volume and pressure.[Why tag this textso whatever doesn't get passed through the membrane it becomes more concentrated?[Why tag this textDefiniton of tonicity: ability of solution to affect the fluid volume and pressure in a cell. Hyptonic solution: lower concnetration of nonpermeating solutes that the intracellular fluid. Hypertonic solution: higher concentration of nonpermeating solutes than the ICF[Why tag this textHow does tonicity play a role here? I understand hyptonic solutions, hypertonic solution, and isotonic solution, but I don't understand what tonicity does regarding that. [Why tag this textFor some odd reason, I find this cool actually. Just to know that different fluid volmues can do so much to a cell or blood cell specifically is interesting. I wouldn't mind view this under the micrscope, is it viewable or doable??[Why tag this textSo I'm assuming this is why your fingers wrinkle when you take a bath or a long shower. Why is it that just your fingers and toe do? Is it because the surface area is smaller than anywhere else?[Why tag this textOther than a fluid that was delivered intravenously, what other ways can the human body encounter these conditions where the red blood cells are at risk?[Why tag this textThe concept of tonicity if very impoatant to human anatomy and physiology. Imbalances between our cells and their external enviormnents can be deadly. Something as simple a a sodium imbalance, or too much water could potentially be fatal.[Why tag this textThis is why we use saline solution for fluid replacement in patients. Electrolyrtes in blood need to have a balance between intracellular and extracellular. Why do we use distilled water for drinking if we need electrolytes?[Why tag this textQuestion 7: Hypotonic, Isotonic, Hypertonic.Hypotonic solution is that of lower concentration of solute than ICF.Isotonic solution has the same concentration of solute on either sides of the membrane.Hypertonic solution is that of higher concentration of solute than ICF.[Why tag this textHyotonic causes the cell to lyse or burst (plant cells become Turgid because the cell wall won't let it to burst).Hypertonic makes the cell shrivel (in plants its called Plasmlyzed because the cell wall maintains its structure while the inside of the cell shrinks)[Why tag this textso if a cell becomes more concentrated it can tare and die?[Why tag this textSarah Ertl
Lauren Anthe
Stephanie
Abigail
Sandy C. Yang
Sophie
Amanda Fitzmaurice
Corianne
Amanda Baxter
Brendan Semph
common types of sport injuries:[Why Tag This]I've heard numerous cases of this in the past. [Why Tag Thiswhile playing baseball my junior year of highschool, i took a pitch to my finger and tore off the finger nail and had an open fracture to my middle finger tip.[Why Tag ThisI get Charley Horses almost 99% of the time in my sleep. Is there a logic behing this pattern? [Why Tag ThisI was in swimming in high school and almost everyone would always get charley horses in the pool. It was the most painful thing that ever happened. [Why Tag ThisHate this, some times receive them in the middle of my sleep.[Why Tag ThisI always thought a Charley horse was just a cramp.[Why Tag Thissometimes i get charley horses in my calf while i am sleeping, how does this happen?[Why Tag ThisHow can you get rid of a charley horse? Why does it take so long for the muscle to retract to normal? Why does it go stiff in the first place? [Why Tag ThisI get charley horses in my sleep all the time. Would this just be because my leg is still while I am sleeping?[Why Tag ThisI have had a Charley horse before in my calf from stiffness. It was very painful.[Why Tag ThisWhat causes the clotting or stiffness?[Why Tag ThisI personally pulled my groin doing the splits for a senior kick routine. There was a point in the routine where we had to go from standing to jumping into the splits and boom I had pulled my groin. It took about three days for me to be comfortable to do the routine again.[Why Tag ThisZachary Mueller
Patrick
Elizabeth
Grace
shelby
Sarah Hudson
Jungas
Kelly Sanderson
Ashley Wiedmeyer
Nicole Latzig
Stephanie
A carbohydrate17 is a hydrophilic organic molecule with the general formula (CH2O)n, where n represents the number of carbon atoms. In glucose, for example, n = 6 and the formula is C6H12O6. As the generic formula shows, carbohydrates have a 2:1 ratio of hydrogen to oxygen.
In glucose, for example, n = 6 and the formula is C6H12O6. As the generic formula shows, carbohydrates have a 2:1 ratio of hydrogen to oxygen. Apply What You Know
Why is carbohydrate an appropriate name for this class of compounds? Relate this name to the general formula of carbohydrates.
Carbohydrates: Formed on the base unit of CH2O. Carbs have a 2:1 ration of hydrogen to oxygen. Monosaccharides are the simplest of carbs, they are the simple sugars [glucose, fructose and galactose]Disacharrides are sugars made of two monosaccharides, they include sucrose [glucose+fructose], lactose [glucose+galactose], and maltose [glucose+glucose].Polysaccharides=giant, generally 50+monosacharrides. Important ones=glycogen, starch and cellulose. Gylcogen: Energy storage poly, made by cells of the liver, muscles, brain, uterus and vagina [?].Starch: Energy storage poly of plants.Cellulose: Structural poly, used in cell walls of plants.Cannot be digested. Carbs are the main source of energy. Glucose is oxidized to make ATP. Carbs are oten conjugated [covalently bonded] to proteins and lipds, like glycoproteins and glycolipids. [Why tag this text]I highlighted this because it is the first organic molecule that we are learning about.[Why tag this textI never knew that all carbs could be broken down into the same formula (CH2O)[Why tag this textCarbohydrates are supposidly what makes you fat in food. Which makes sense after reading the text. [Why tag this text
the meaning of cabohydates.[Why tag this textExplaining what a carbohydrate is and its formula[Why tag this textQuestion 1: Carbohydrate is an appropriate name because is relates to the formula for a carb which is (CH2O)n. Carbo for the carbon and hydrate for the H2O.[Why tag this textCarbohydrates are in alot of food. They can be good and bad. They give people energy, but with an overconsumption of carbs, it can lead to putting more fat onto your body.[Why tag this textA carbohydrate is a water accepting molecule[General-Do not useI don't get this. I wish the went over chemical equations.[Why tag this textThis is an appropriate name because the formula includes H2O which stands for water and at the end of carbohydrate is hydrate, which means to add water.[General-Do not useA carbohydrate is perfect name for this type of compound because it an organic compound that consists only of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. See the name breakdown Carb (carbon), O (Oxygen) and Hydrate (Hydrogen). [Why tag this textLauren Thiel
Stephanie
krista
Melissa Gile
Adam Alshehab
Anthony Wheeler
Sarah Ertl
Patrick O'Connell
lenarch2
Erin Griph
Catherine Andersen
i find it interesting that an important function like sending or recieving electrical signals for sensory or motor actions are left to one cell which if damaged cant be repaired [Why tag this text]I find this interesting because I feel as if this is saying that the nerves that we usually think of are actually axons. What I mean is that it sounds as if the nerves that run down our legs are actually long, extended axons. Which is interesting to me. These axons send signals to other cells. I have to wonder if I am thinking correctly or not. If this is the case, then how do people have the sensation of a pinched nerve? [Why tag this textThe axon is only able to send outgoing signals correct?[Why tag this textWow.[Why tag this textIf an axon is this long, how many cells does it transmit information to? [Why tag this textThats crazy how long some axons are! In order for it to transmit information rapidly, it needs to be longer to get that information quickly. [Why tag this textIn psychology classes and previous biology and anatomy classes, teachers had always given me the impression that neurons as a whole were extremely tiny. The labeled structures such as the axon, and dendrites i assumed were magnifide. However, to find that axons can be as long as from the brain to one's foot is really cool and surprising.[Why tag this textIt's hard to imagine a cell/cell part that can exten for more than a meter. I've always thought that nerve cells are more abundant and that they just respond very quickly. Now i understand that they do respond very quickly and we don't have as much nerve cells as I had thought.[Why tag this textThis may be a dumb question....but if axons can extend this long through the body. then where are they housed along the way????[Why tag this text
The nervous system, in my opinion, is by far the most important. Simple pressure from a displaced vertebrae can cause a plethora of problems further down the nervous system line, which may all be misconstrued as [Why tag this textIt is amazing that axons can extend so far in the body.[Why tag this textSome axons are more than a meter long? How is that possible... wow interesting.[Why tag this textI find it fascinating how quickly a burn or prick to the finger can travel to the brain and then back to the starting area on the body.[Why tag this textKirsten Majstorovic
Awlareau
Joe Nimm
Cassandra Shultz
Becky Fleck
Anna Christenbury
Jerry S Yang
Michea Jones
Jeremy Kosick
Amanda Baxter
Margo Tillotson
David
Why are heat and temperature not the same thing
Why are heat and temperature not the same thing?
Solutions, Colloids, and Suspensions
I always wondered what caused water to just sort of hang off of a faucet before it would fall and now I know why. Its could to learn some of the science behind some of the things we see in our everyday lives but never really question or look into. [Why tag this text]heat energy depends on the speed of te particles, the amount of them and the type of particles where as temperature doesnt depend of the size or type. temperature depends on the heat. [Why tag this textheat has an affect on the internal temperature of the body because the heat controls the temperature of the body by having the water inhibit the movement of the molecules so water can absorb heat without changing the temperature[Why tag this textHeat and temperature are not the same things because temperature is the measure of the average energy of molecular movement in any substance and heat is the total energy of molecular motion in a substance.[Why tag this textTemperature is a physical property having to do with the terms [Why tag this textTemperate is a generic assumption to how hot or cold a substance is, and is dependant on heat. Heat is a measurement of the amount of energy that is transfered from one body to another[Why tag this textTemperature is the degree you must reach. For example, 0 degrees celcius is the freezing point. Heat is what is produced when the temperature is raised to a certain degree.[GeneralIf you increase the heat the temperature will go up and vise versa. Heat is what controls the temperature which makes it impossible for the two to be the same.[Why tag this text
heat is energy and temperature is measuring the energy.[Why tag this textIn response to Ashley's comment: Heat and temperature are not the same things because temperature is the measure of the average energy of molecular movement in any substance and heat is the total energy of molecular motion in a substance.--Good response. Thanks![Why tag this textThey are not the same thing because heat is the energy that causes the quality of temperature.[General-Do not useTemperature is what we use to measure how much or how little heat there is.[Why tag this textSolutions vs Colloids and Suspensions:Solutions: Solute mixed with solvent. They cannot be visually distinguished from one another, usually transparent, will pass through most selectively permeable membranes and the solute doesn't separate from the solvent. Collloids: Cloudy, doesn't pass through selectively permeable membranes, remain mixed. Suspension: Cloudy or opaque, cannot pass through selectively permeable membranes. Separate upon standing. Emulsions are a type of suspensions.[Why tag this textjess Tegelman
MacKenzie
Ashley
Cassie Marsh
Nick Lund
Christina
Sami
morgan johnson
Cody Andrews
Erin Griph
Emily Orange
Danielle Henckel
This is a tube with a lens at each end?an objective lens near the specimen, which produces an initial magnified image, and an ocular lens (eyepiece) near the observer's eye, which magnifies the first image still further. Although crude compound microscopes had existed since 1595, Hooke improved the optics and invented several of the helpful features found in microscopes today?a stage to hold the specimen, an illuminator, and coarse and fine focus controls. His microscopes magnified only about 30 times, but with them, he was the first to see and name cells. In 1663, he observed thin shavings of cork and observed that they ?consisted of a great many little boxes,? which he called cellulae (little cells) after the cubicles of a monastery (fig. 1.4). He later observed thin slices of fresh wood and saw living cells ?filled with juices.? Hooke became particularly interested in microscopic examination of such material as insects, plant tissues, and animal parts. He published the first comprehensive book of microscopy, Micrographia, in 1665.
Defintions: good to know when the instructor is talking about when we are using a microscope[Why I tagged this]Technology advances anatomy[Why I tagged thisHow a microscope works.[Why I tagged thisI did not realized that microscopes had been around since the late 1500s.[Why I tagged thisQuestion 3: Hooke's microscope allowed for the first view of cells and Zeiss's improvments allowed for a more detailed image. The concept of human form and function changed and became more detailed by the ability to observe individual cells and their relation to other cells.[Why I tagged thisHookes improvements lead to advancement in the study of anatomy and physiology[Why I tagged thisRobert Hooke advanced the microscope- an essential instrument today for identifying all cells.[Why I tagged thisMore peices of the microscope that will be useful to know when using it[Why I tagged thisI think that this is important because cells are the basis of all life[Why I tagged thisby making the first microscope, he was the first person to name cells[Why I tagged thisinteresting way of looking at things, how did he even think of this idea?[Why I tagged thisWhat the word cells mean.[Why I tagged thisVery striking. He was probably very surprised.[Why I tagged thisMatthew Robert Schmidt
Nicholas Bruno
Amie Emrys
Sarah Ertl
Caitlin
Amanda Baxter
victor
jess Tegelman
Jelena Ristic
Some of these can cause brain damage, liver failure, or kidney failure, which is good reason for using protective gloves when handling such substances.The Epidermis
The EpidermisThe epidermis3 is a keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, as described in chapter 5. That is, its surface consists of dead cells packed with the tough protein keratin. Like other epithelia, the epidermis lacks blood vessels and depends on the diffusion of nutrients from the underlying connective tissue. It has sparse nerve endings for touch and pain, but most sensations of the skin are due to nerve endings in the dermis.
The epidermis3 is a keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, as described in chapter 5. That is, its surface consists of dead cells packed with the tough protein keratin. Like other epithelia, the epidermis lacks blood vessels and depends on the diffusion of nutrients from the underlying connective tissue. It has sparse nerve endings for touch and pain, but most sensations of the skin are due to nerve endings in the dermis.Page 183
Why do women use nail polish remover all the time if it is poisonous? What are the affects of using nai polish remver every other week?[Why tag this text]i guess my question here is that even if the skin absorbed these toxins, doesn't cells or perxiosomes kill the toxins that enter into the body before it attacks organ cells?[Why tag this textThe epidermis:Keratinized stratified squamos epithelium, lacks blood vessels and thus gets nutrients from connective tissue. Has nerve endings but most sensations are from nerve endings in the dermis. Epidermis is made of five types of cells:Stem cells: Undifferntiated, make keratinocytes, only found in stratum basale [deepest layer]Keratinocytes: Majority of epidermal cells, synthesize keratinMelaonyctes: only in stratum basale, make melaninTactile Cells: Receptors for touch, found in basal layer. Tactile Cells+nerve fiber [both together] are called merkel cells.Dendritic Cells: Found in two layers of the epidermis, the stratum spinosum and the stratum granulosum. these are immune cells that wind up in the oral cavity, esophagus and vagina. They keep toxins/microbes/pathogens out by alerting te immune system.Layers of Epidermis:Stratum Basale: single layer of cuboidal/low columnar stem cells and keratinocytes which rest on the basement membrane. in this layer there is also melanocytes and tactile cells. Stratum Spinosum: Several layers of keratinocytes. Deepest cells are still capable of mitosis, but as they get higher up they stop, higher you look the flatter the cells appear. Dendritic cells are here too.Epidermal Keratinocytes are bound by tight junctions [help with water retention]Stratum granulosum: 3-5 layers of flat keratinocytesStratum Lucidum: Thin zone on top of stratum granulosum only in thick skin. Stratum Corneum: Top layer especially resistant to abrasion, penetration and water loss.[Why tag this textthe epidermis - brief description[Why tag this texthistology[Why tag this textstratified squamous epithelium[Why tag this textso in other words it is waterproof layer[Why tag this textAll of the epidermis is made of only stratified squamous epithelium? i had thought that it had cuboidal columnar also.[Why tag this textHow does this process work to toughen the skin in otherwise softer skin areas? When I worked in a kitchen we use to call it [Why tag this textIs this why when we scratch our skin it isn't very painful?[Why tag this textWhich component of the epidermis that aids the prevention of water loss?[Why tag this textReading about this dead cells packed with a tough protein got me thinking about what this would be like one this body. So this keratinized epidermis, is this what forms calluses on the bottom of a foot on a heal? [Why tag this textwhat the epidermis is[Why tag this textLauren Anthe
Danielle Henckel
Alyssa Harmes
Jelena Ristic
Tayelor Neiss
Erin Griph
Amanda Baxter
Michea Jones
Nicole Korstanje
Justin Rosinski
amanda neupert
Three layers of muscle lie between the ribs
Three layers of muscle lie between the ribs: the external, internal, and innermost intercostal muscles.
Three layers of muscle lie between the ribs: the external, internal, and innermost intercostal muscles. The 11 pairs of external intercostal muscles constitute the most superficial layer. They extend from the rib tubercle posteriorly almost to the beginning of the costal cartilage anteriorly. Each one slopes downward and anteriorly from one rib to the next inferior one. The 11 pairs of internal intercostal muscles lie deep to the external intercostals and extend from the margin of the sternum to the angles of the ribs. They are thickest in the region between the costal cartilages and grow thinner in the region where they overlap the internal intercostals. Their fibers slope downward and posteriorly from each rib to the one below, at nearly right angles to the external intercostals. Each is divided into an intercartilaginous part between the costal cartilages and an interosseous part between the bony part of the ribs. The two parts differ in their respiratory roles. The innermost intercostal muscles vary in number, as they are sometimes absent from the upper thoracic cage. Their fibers run in the same direction as the internal intercostals, and they are presumed to serve the same function. The internal and innermost intercostals are separated by a fascia that allows passage for intercostal nerves and blood vessels
Three layers of muscle lie between the ribs: the external, internal, and innermost intercostal muscles. The 11 pairs of external intercostal muscles constitute the most superficial layer. They extend from the rib tubercle posteriorly almost to the beginning of the costal cartilage anteriorly. Each one slopes downward and anteriorly from one rib to the next inferior one. The 11 pairs of internal intercostal muscles lie deep to the external intercostals and extend from the margin of the sternum to the angles of the ribs. They are thickest in the region between the costal cartilages and grow thinner in the region where they overlap the internal intercostals. Their fibers slope downward and posteriorly from each rib to the one below, at nearly right angles to the external intercostals. Each is divided into an intercartilaginous part between the costal cartilages and an interosseous part between the bony part of the ribs. The two parts differ in their respiratory roles. The innermost intercostal muscles vary in number, as they are sometimes absent from the upper thoracic cage. Their fibers run in the same direction as the internal intercostals, and they are presumed to serve the same function. The internal and innermost intercostals are separated by a fascia that allows passage for intercostal nerves and blood vessels
Three layers of muscle lie between the ribs: the external, internal, and innermost intercostal muscles. The 11 pairs of external intercostal muscles constitute the most superficial layer. They extend from the rib tubercle posteriorly almost to the beginning of the costal cartilage anteriorly. Each one slopes downward and anteriorly from one rib to the next inferior one. The 11 pairs of internal intercostal muscles lie deep to the external intercostals and extend from the margin of the sternum to the angles of the ribs. They are thickest in the region between the costal cartilages and grow thinner in the region where they overlap the internal intercostals. Their fibers slope downward and posteriorly from each rib to the one below, at nearly right angles to the external intercostals. Each is divided into an intercartilaginous part between the costal cartilages and an interosseous part between the bony part of the ribs. The two parts differ in their respiratory roles. The innermost intercostal muscles vary in number, as they are sometimes absent from the upper thoracic cage. Their fibers run in the same direction as the internal intercostals, and they are presumed to serve the same function. The internal and innermost intercostals are separated by a fascia that allows passage for intercostal nerves and blood vessels (see fig. 13.13b, p. 493).
hree layers of muscle lie between the ribs: the external, internal, and innermost intercostal muscles. The 11 pairs of external intercostal muscles constitute the most superficial layer. They extend from the rib tubercle posteriorly almost to the beginning of the costal cartilage anteriorly. Each one slopes downward and anteriorly from one rib to the next inferior one. The 11 pairs of internal intercostal muscles lie deep to the external intercostals and extend from the margin of the sternum to the angles of the ribs. They are thickest in the region between the costal cartilages and grow thinner in the region where they overlap the internal intercostals. Their fibers slope downward and posteriorly from each rib to the one below, at nearly right angles to the external intercostals. Each is divided into an intercartilaginous part between the costal cartilages and an interosseous part between the bony part of the ribs. The two parts differ in their respiratory roles. The innermost intercostal muscles vary in number, as they are sometimes absent from the upper thoracic cage. Their fibers run in the same direction as the internal intercostals, and they are presumed to serve the same function. The internal and innermost intercostals are separated by a fascia that allows passage for intercostal nerves and blood vessels (see fig. 13.13b, p. 493).The primary function of the intercostal muscles is to stiffen the thoracic cage during respiration so that it does not cave inward when the diaphragm descends. However, they also contribute to enlargement and contraction of the thoracic cage and thus add to the air volume that ventilates the lungs.
Why does contraction of the diaphragm (spasing) cause hiccups? How do hiccups onset?[Why tag this]The diaphragm seperates the abodomial and throracic cavities. it is located inferior to the lungs. It is strong muscle that works in sequence with inhalation. contracting on inhalation and relaxing on exhalation. [Why tag thisThis process is also known as pulmonary diffusion.[Why tag thisThis is something new that I learned, and it helps me to better understand how I breath, and how my body contracts in order for me to breath[Why tag thisexternal, internal, and innermost intercostal muscles. 11 pairs of external intercostal constitute most superficial layer[Why tag thisIt's hard to read this section without being continually distracted by my own respiration..[Why tag thisthree layers of muscle lie between the ribs - descriptions of the each[Why tag thisI chose this because is it true if you get hit hard enough in the sternum can then little trianglular piece stab your heart and you can bleed out and die? I was told that back in high school. I was unaware that we had three different layers of muscles between our ribs and that each have a different function, but also the same funcitons.They are not called rib muscles because no one has rib muscles. They are muscles that are simply attached to the ribs. Many of the strap muscles from the back attach to the ribs. It talks about the three different muscle types but there are alot of muscles that attach to the ribs throughout the body. [Why tag thisthe ribs have three types of the nmuscles between them the external, internal, and innermost intercostal muscles. there are 11 pairs of external intercostal muscles, 11 pairs of internal intercostal muscles and the innermost intercostal muscles vary in numbers [Why tag thisso does that mean the muscle lie all over the ribs ?[Why tag this
I thought it was interesting to know what muscles make up the thoracic cage. Also it was interesting to learn that these muscles' main function is to stiffen the thoracic cage. [Why tag thisIs it possible to get knots in these muscles making it difficult to breath? When I lift back, I always find that I have slight difficultly breathing the next day and can feel small knots between my ribs.[Why tag thisWhat is the advantage to having them slope in different directions?[Why tag thislucas hubanks
Awlareau
Gloria Mata
Justin Putterman
jennifer lassiter
Alyssa Harmes
Jenna
lindsay krueger
soha
GiaLee
Keira
Leah Daul
The foot normally does not rest flat on the ground, but has three springy arches that distribute the body's weight between the heel and the heads of the metatarsal bones and absorb the stress of walking (fig. 8.42). The medial longitudinal arch, which essentially extends from heel to hallux, is formed from the calcaneus, talus, navicular, cuneiforms, and metatarsals I to III. It is normally well above the ground, as evidenced by the shape of a wet footprint. The lateral longitudinal arch extends from heel to little toe and includes the calcaneus, cuboid, and metatarsals IV and V. The transverse arch includes the cuboid, cuneiforms, and proximal heads of the metatarsals. These arches are held together by short, strong ligaments. Excessive weight, repetitious stress, or congenital weakness of these ligaments can stretch them, resulting in pes planus (commonly called flat feet or fallen arches). This condition makes a person less tolerant of prolonged standing and walking. A comparison of the flat-footed apes with humans underscores the significance of the human foot arches (see Deeper Insight 8.4).
So, is flatfootedness the lack of the arches? how does it come about?[Why tag this] starts with feet first [Why tag thisbone has an arch in foot which makes it not flat, normally for people[Why tag thisBefore reading this, I was under the impression that a person only had one arch in their foot, but in reality, a person has three arches[Why tag thisWhen I was in the military I always wondered why the military would not allow flat-footed people in the service. Now i see the answer the arch acts like a spring and helps absorb the stress of walking or in the military's case running.[Why tag thisprovides usefull information seeing that ive had to deal with [Why tag thisthree springy arches that distribute the body's weight[Why tag thisOur feet must be able to withstand much more pressure and stress than four-legged animals, so the arch is one way of releiving some of that stretch. This is true because people who don't have an arch suffer a lot of pain after standing and walking for a long time. [Why tag thisI suffer from this condition. My wet footprints look quite strange. Walking barefoot for any substantial distance is painful.[Why tag thisIf human beings continued to exist exclusively or predominantly as overweight or obese, would flat feet become more common? Do more individuals in the US possess pes planus than any other country? Is there a genetic predisposition to acquiring this condition?[Why tag thisarches can collapse [Why tag thisI think it's interesting that people who are excessively overweight are less likely to be active and moving around on their feet, and then if they do it could result in pes planus which makes a person less likely to want to stand and walk. [Why tag thissoha
Brittany Nycz
Leah Daul
Joshua Collier
Nick Lund
Alyssa Harmes
Mia Breidenbach
Aaron Hersh
Jacob Balkum
Anthony Wheeler
Stephanie
That is crazy, we live and learn I guess. [Why I tagged this]I find this very interesting and horrifying at the same time. Im glad that i live in a period where there is enough knowledge to know what is safe and unsafe. Although it is unforunate that Even Byers lost his life to osteosarcoma, thanks to him and the researchers at that time that we now know not to consume radium tonic.[Why I tagged thisIts amazing how as science develops we always find out new things that help prevent health issues. However it normally takes science a while to catch up with differnt modern practices such as this fad of drinking of these tonics. It reminds me a lot of modern day how we are just now starting to figure out the negative effects of drinking out of plastic water bottles. [Why I tagged thisWhat Byers experienced was amazing and horrible at the same time. To think he had such high levels of radiation poisoning that he had holes in his bones, could expose film, etc., but remained mentally alert is incredible. This is a great example of how far we have come in science and how sometimes (especially early science) there were unfortunate outcomes.[Why I tagged thisThis is so scary! What a tragic and slow death it seemed. Still though, I do not understand how or why it took people so long to realize the serious damages, and even fatal risks, of radiation. I wonder how quickly Byer's cancer formed and spread..[Why I tagged thisByers experience with radium enriched water is horrible but intrigueing. How can one have such a great amount of radiation? It amazes me of the effects it had on his bones. This shows how we have gained new information in science regarding outcomes like this.[Why I tagged thisIncredible. I knew radiation was dangerous but the effects it can have in the human body is just amzaing. However, remind me not to drink radium-enriched water.[Why I tagged thisHearing about the paint brushes and drinking the radium enhanced water is so crazy to think about. That something so dangerous was thought of as nothing no even that long ago. Makes you think is there anything we go about our normal days doing that we will discover in the future to be very dangerous to our health.[Why I tagged thisThis is a sobering example of how not to follow fads in the mainstream before they are properly tested by the scientific method.[Why I tagged thisThe versatility and efficiency of the human body never ceases to amaze me[Why I tagged thisThis is absolutely insane! When one reads this, they think the man was crazy for ever believing such a toxin could be beneficial to oneself. However, this signifies how such advancements have greatly improved throughout time, for such discoveries have been made to determine what is harmful for the body. These progressions continue today as well, as technology only improves. [Why I tagged thisIs cancer worth halting if treatment leaves a patient in this condition? Prolonging life seems unethical in this case.[Why I tagged thisThis is an amazing story that I will more than likely share with my chemistry classmates or any conversation related to radioactivity. Also, I will share this with my friends that like to talk about how [Why I tagged thispayoua
Zachary Garrity
Rebecca Brekke
Rebecca Sherer
Sarah Faust
Melissa
Nicholas Bruno
Joshua Collier
Kristofer Schroeckenthaler
Emily
Aaron Hersh
Jacob Balkum
Among the Japanese and some other people, rib 10 is also usually floating
Among the Japanese and some other people, rib 10 is also usually floating.
Among the Japanese and some other people, rib 10 is also usually floating.
Discuss the contribution of the intervertebral discs to the length and flexibility of the spine.
Name the three parts of the sternum. How many ribs attach (directly or indirectly) to each part?
Distinguish between true, false, and floating ribs. Which ribs fall into each category?
Do the floating ribs have the same function as true ribs?[Why tag this]This is another example of anatomic variation. People of Japanese decentr tend to be smaller in stature as well, so it is not surprising that they have an extra floating rib.[Why tag thisIs this the fact that this rib is floating make it a precurser for the disappearence of this rib altogether?[Why tag thisIs there a reason for this variation between humans of different regions? [Why tag thisWhat factor doee race play in bones?[Why tag thisthe intervertebral discs are what help support the weight of the body and absorb shock. it is what gives us all of our strength[Why tag thisThe sternum, breastbone, has three parts the manubrium, xiphoid process, and the body. The manubrium is attached to the second rib. [Why tag thismanubrium-the part where the sternum projects farthest forward and the top ribs attach herebody-where the middle ribs are attachedxiphoid process-provides attachment to lower ribs as well as some abdominal muscles[Why tag thisThe sternum is divided into three regions: the manubrium, body, and xiphoid process. The mandibrium is the board superior portion, shaped like the knot of a necktie. One true rib is attached to the mandibrium. The sternal angle then attaches the mandibrium to the body. This is also the contact point of the second true rib. The body is the longest part of the sternum, where true ribs 3-6 attach, and false ribs 7-10 attach. At the inferior end is a small, pointed xiphoid process that provides attachment for some of the abdominal muscles.[Why tag thisribs 1-7 are called true ribs because they each have their own costal cartilage connecting to the sternum. ribs 8-12 are called false ribs becase they dont have their own cartilage to connect them to the sternum. ribs 11 and 12 are called floating ribs because they have no transverse costal facets. [Why tag thisEach rib is attached at its posterior end to the vertebral column, but not all ribs attach to the anterior end at the sternum. True ribs, 1-7, not only attach to the vertebral column, but attach individually to the costal cartilage of the sternum. The false ribs however, are not individually attached to the costal cartilage. These ribs are still attached to the costal cartilage, but are joined before reaching the sternum. False ribs, 8-10, all share the costal cartilage from true rib 7. Floating ribs 11 and 12 do not attach to any costal cartilage, but still attach to the vertebral column.[Why tag thisTrue ribs are full ribs located at the top, numbers 1-7. False ribs are located at the bottom of the thoratic cage numbers 8-12. The floating ribs are numbers 11 and 12 are behind the ribs hense giving the look of floating. Also true ribs are the longest in length and get smaller as the numbers get bigger.[Why tag thistrue ribs-ribs that have its own costal cartilage connection to the sternumfalse ribs-lack independent cartilaginous connections to the sternumfloating ribs-ribs 11 and 12, smallest ribs, no connection to sternum[Why tag thisCorianne
Kristofer Schroeckenthaler
David Faber
Elvia Rivas
Jonathan Lowe
Elizabeth
Kimberly Loney
jess Tegelman
Embryonic TissuesHuman development begins with a single cell, the fertilized egg, which soon divides to produce scores of identical, smaller cells. The first tissues appear when these cells start to organize themselves into layers?first two, and soon three strata called the primary germ layers, which give rise to all of the body's mature tissues. The three layers are called ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. The ectoderm3 is an outer layer that gives rise to the epidermis and nervous system. The innermost layer, the endoderm,4 gives rise to the mucous membranes of the digestive and respiratory tracts and to the digestive glands, among other things. Between these two is the mesoderm,5 a layer of more loosely organized cells. Mesoderm eventually turns to a gelatinous tissue called mesenchyme, composed of fine, wispy collagen (protein) fibers and branching mesenchymal cells embedded in a gelatinous ground substance. Mesenchyme gives rise to muscle, bone, and blood among other tissues. The development of the three primary tissues in the embryo is detailed in chapter 29 (p. 1107). Most organs are composed of tissues derived from two or more primary germ layers. The rest of this chapter concerns the ?mature? tissues that exist from infancy through adulthood.
This i find important because it tels you exactly what a tissue is composed of.[Why tag this text]What they said[Why tag this textDescribes what the matrix is made of . The sentence under neath sums up what a tissue is made of.[Why tag this textThis part summarizes the simple description of the heirarchy of matrices of cells to tissues.[Why tag this texttissues are composed of cells, and has many different types ..is there any specific type that is more likely to be in risk of getting cancer than the other? [Why I tagged this
It is so interesting to read about out complex our bodies are. Everything breaks down into different parts like how tissue breaks down into cells and matrix and then matrix breaks down even farther into fibers and ground substance and so on. If one part fails they all fail. Everything has to work as a team.[Why tag this textAs the fibrous proteins gel, others stay consistence, by this happening each on feeds off of eachother.[Why tag this textQuestion 2: Tissue is also conposed of a matrix which contains fibers and ground substance.[Why tag this textThese are the main two compounds that create a tissue. Some may have a larger matrix than others but all have both cells and matrixes.[Why tag this textTissue is composed of cells and matrix. Matrix is composed of fibers and ground substances.[Why tag this textThis is yet another example of an instance in which a structrual hierarchy enhances our understanding of anatomical composition. The study of anatomy is consistently attempting to subdivide the body into understandable pieces that grow increasingly more specific. Tissue > cells and matrix > fibers and ground substance helps me to begin producing a mental image of the structure of tissues and cells. [Why tag this textSummary of part of section[Why tag this textA cell is made up of many different parts in order to perform a specific function. This is why a tissure needs many cells in order to carry out this function.[Why tag this textDifferation of these characteristics help with the identification of tissues [Why tag this textWhat a tissue is made of[Why tag this text
I tagged this table because it gives a simple, useful outline of where each type of tissue is located, but most important to me, where it is found. This allowed me to make a diagram in my head about where each of the types of tissue is located in the body, and why.[Why tag this textIt really summed up the last paragraph in the simplist way which still made since.[Why tag this textsummary of what a tissue is[Why tag this textBreaks down a tissue into its components.[Why tag this textsummary of what tissue is[Why tag this textI am taking my last pre-req class for my major and we are right in the infancy chapter. In my pre-req class, we learned how it becomes a zygote, and in this class, we learned the different types of tissues it starts to form. I love how my class sometimes mesh together. It makes it easire for me to understand. [Why tag this textVery useful information~ defines and expands on the three embryonic germ layers including: endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm.[Why tag this textthese are the 3 primary germ layers that give the rise to the body's tissues[Why tag this texthow humans begin to develope. starts with one cells that goes on to divid and produce[Why tag this textThis sentence amazes me to how complex the body is and how much is involved in the growth of the body. [Why tag this textI am highlighting this because it is important to know the very first steps of human biology and how Homo Sapiens come to grow in the beginning of our life. The majority of people come to an understanding at this point in our lives how babies are made, and how they are born. However, many do not understand the detailed process that happens in the process of the child development inside of a mother's stomach. I still don't understand everything about the process either, and am very interested in coming to understand it even more.[Why tag this textIt amazes me that I started as a single cell. How is that even possible? It is so interesting to learn about how the body works. It is a never ending learning process.[Why tag this textI just can't believe how amazing it is that a fertilized egg can form into a tiny human. It is so fascinating to see that tissues are able to work together to making this living creature and most of the time turn out correct. It is also interresting that the body is able to detect when something is wrong and knows that the embryo will not survive and chooses to abort. [Why tag this textI found this very interesting since this is talking about tissues and it reminds me of how other things work in our body. For example reproduction.[Why tag this textThis just amazes me. The fact that we can grow into such complex creatures from a single firtilized egg is astonishing.[Why tag this texteach specific cell or organ is derived from one embryonic cell[Why tag this textI tagged this because I find it interesting that a human starts out so simple as a single cell but then grows to have over 2 trillion cells. A single cell is so simple; the whole anatomy and physiology of the human body isn't so simple to grasp.[Why tag this text
I find this interesting because in my anthropology class we recently went over the chapter on cells and i had to write a short paper on cell division and Down's syndrome[Why tag this text#There are three layers in which forming the body particles into shape, ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. each layer provide different need to the body tissues.[Why tag this texti found it usefull, because it explain the embryonic tissues very well [Why tag this textI think this is very interesting of how a tissue first appears from cells. However, I'm concerned with why we are learning about tissues first, instead of cells. [GeneralI think this is super fascenating, however, I don't understand why it is we are learning about tissues before cells, when cells are what makes up our bodies. [Why tag this textAs a first time mother I remember my midwife handing me my new child and remark on the wonder of cellular division. We all began as a single cell, rapidly dividing into the individuals we were and have become. Pretty amazing.[Why tag this textI have always found it so fascinating how from one cell we can get a highly organized organism. I think it really says something about evolutionary memory that with each progressive generation cells still know how and when to divide and when to develop into certain tissues and organs.[Why tag this text
I find it amazing and fascinating that the core of human life begins with a single cell. Human organs and such are made by layers and layers of cells that form. Through such processes, our human bodies are able to perform a lot of vital tasks that keeps us functioning and living.[Why tag this textI thought this piece of information was really interesting because I never really understood how the human development began, and what it is composed of. But to know that it only starts with one single cell is kind of magnificant. I never knew how it started and developed. This piece of information gives me a little clearer insight into how the human body begins to develop and stay healthy. Which also has to do with the germ layers. When i read what the germ layers did for the tissues in the human body it made me think of them as a case protector for the tissues. Thats how i related them, and why they were significant as well. [Why tag this textI find it amazing how a single cell can form into a living breathing human. [Why tag this textI think it is extremely interesting how humans develop beginning with one single cell, the fertilized egg, which then form three layers as the mature: the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm.[Why tag this texti highlighted this becayse it says where human development began and what happens after. and they explain the three layers and the names of them after[Why tag this textThe formation of life and also the three layers of the body's tissue[Why tag this text
I highlighted this because i have never heard of the [Why tag this textWhy didn't they introduce the layers in order? Either outer to inner or inner to outer, they just put the mesoderm layer in there at the the end.[Why tag this texthuman development always starts with a single cell which is the fertilized egg. this divides to make smaller cells.[Why tag this textIt would be great to have a picture to put this together in my head. Just to make it easier to visualize this all.[Why tag this textI tagged this paragraph because I believe that it is important. It is explaining the processing of cells in humans while humans are developing. I also thought it was interesting to know how fertilized eggs developes.[Why tag this textHuman devolpment is a topic that continuously surprises me, even after roughly learning about the topic for fifteen years. It is simply amazing to me that a human being can be created inside another human, piece by piece, little by little, and this all starts with a single cell. This single cell is in charge of forming numerous tissue and cell layers so that our bodies can be created and function properly. One thing that I learned from this section involves the mesenchyme. As stated previously, I have learned about human development for a number of years, but this is the first time I have ever heard of this tissue. I had previously believed that the mesoderm gave direct rise to bone, muscle, blood in the body, however, it makes more sense to me that these body parts would be composed of a gelantinous substance instead.[Why tag this textTalks about the different tissues in the embryo and what the tissues are like at different stages.[Why tag this textGrowing tissues start as we are developing as a fertilized egg. This shows how important tissues in our bodies are because we start developing them at a very very early stage in life. [Why tag this textThese threee layers are very important, and this shows you how each one works and what each layer is for. So each layer pushes up and has its own specific job to help raise he muscle, bone or tissure.[Why tag this textThis gives a description of the three layers of cells that comes together to complete a tissue. It describes all three layers and names them. The three layers are the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. [Why tag this textWhat type of tissue is it?[Why tag this textI find this fact interesting and it is also a piece of new knowledge built into what I already know. I know human development starts with 1 cell and that cell divides. I also know that tissues form when there are many specialized cells. I did not however know that the cells organized into layers. This does make sense though, when looking at the skin, deep there are different layers and types of tissues.[Why tag this textformation of tissue, that are called primary germ layers[Why tag this textI am assuming that this is a crutial part in development. If somehting little goes wrong here it can cause a lot of problems in the future because of the fact that all mature tissues will arise form here. [Why tag this textAs an embryo I know that our tissues are not fully matured. I was unaware of the fact that there was a specific name for these layers and that each of these germ layers are needed in the production of the mature tissues. [Why tag this textI think it's fascinating that all of our complex organs, all of the varying types of tissue that comprise them as well as all of their complex functions, arise from just these three germ cells.[Why tag this textIt is interesting that three very basic layers have a very large role in the development of human life. [Why tag this textit is amazing how all the tissues in a complex organism like a human being is produced by three basic tissue types called ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm.[Why tag this textThe first tissues seen in a developing human can be categorized into only 3 types[Why tag this textI tagged this portion of the text, because I found it interesting that whenever my cat scratches someone, it's typically the outermost layer of the skin or ectoderm that is impacted by her action to use her claws.[Why tag this textSo what if your body just so happens to miss one of these steps, would it mess up one the procedure?[Why tag this textThis is importnant o know these layers because it allows use to understand which system are involved with that type of tissue, ultimatly expanding our over all understanding of the body. [Why tag this textThis information is extremely important. These embryonic tissues are the beginning of a new life. These tissues then grow and form into all different parts of the body raging from the skin to digestive glands and organs. [Why tag this textHow is it possible that one cell is able to give ride to a variety of cell and, subsequently, tissue types? I realize that it is encoded in the chromosomes, in the DNA, but how does one cell create a different cell type? That's pretty amazing.[Why tag this textIt's amazing that all of our different anatomical and physiological functions stem from one cell and subsequently 3 germ layers. [Why tag this textthree germ layers[Why tag this textAre these types of stem cells?[Why tag this textProvides an obvious definition which is essiential to know for the next annotation, since the layers will be discussed next. I would rather know what the function and name of the layers as a whole are first and then break them down further.[Why tag this textThree strata of tissue which develop in embryonic tissues. They are the ectoderm, mesoderm and endodermEctoderm: Outer layer, epidermis and nervous systemEndoderm: Inner layer, mucous membranes, digestive/respiratory tracts/digestive glandsMesoderm: Middle layer. Makes Mesenchyme which is a gelatinous substance that then makes muscle, bone, and blood.Organs are derived from 2+ germ layers[Why tag this textPrimary germ layers are highlighted because we should know all three of the layers and what they do and where they are in the human body. [Why tag this textin the example above the egg is cut into longitudinal section. like the sphere or bone being shown to demomstrate, the egg is cut into vertical thin slices. if it were to be cut into cross sections the egg would appear to be cut in half, such as the ones we find during easter. oblique sections would show the egg being cut diagonally, simply holding the egg and cutting it left top to bottom right side. [General-Do not useThere are three embryonic germ layers: ectoderm (outer layer), mesoderm (between ectoderm and endoderm), and endoderm (innermost layer). [Why tag this textThis is interesting because you wouldn't think that the body has three different layers of tissue that have specific jobs to help our bodies function. In the past, I knew we had tissue but never knew details or functions.[Why tag this textI tagged this because the primary germ layers plays a significant role in everybody life. If you get hurt, you need to know how bad the wound is by identifying the layer that is damaged. They also protect us from many things and it is important that I understand what the layers are and where the tissues are. [Why tag this textIt may seem like a really obvious observation, but each layer gives rise to body parts/tissues in a logical kind of way. Like how the ectoderm, being the outermost, gives rise to the skin and the endoderm gives rise to the gut ultimately. The mesoderm winds up becoming everything else inbetween.[Why tag this textI am confused - are all three of these tissue layers present together? Or can one exisit without the others?[Why tag this textinteresting to know that this gives rise to all the bodys mature tissues.[Why tag this textBy knowing the meaning of ecto, meso, and endo it is helpful to remember where each layers are located.[Why tag this textTissues are made up of three layers that have different duties. THe ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm[Why tag this textI feel like this will be something on a test and since much info is not given on this topic, it will be useful to highlight so I can look it up.[Why tag this textIve learned that there are three different layers to tissues. They all respond and help the body in their own ways. The ectoderm protects the outside of the body, the inner layer called endoderm protects and shapes the digestive system, while the mesoderm is less dense and helps form bones, blood, and protein. [Why tag this textTells you what the three layers of embryonic tissues are, where they are located and what they do[Why tag this textThis portion of text is important because it states an overview of the embryonic tissues and clearly states the layers in the tissue. It is important to me because it's a big idea that helps you understand the following paragraphs and details.[Why tag this textVery interesting[Why tag this textI tagged this part of the text because I find it fascinationg how all of these parts of our body uproot from on cell, to two cell layers, and finally to three cell layers. It amazes me how the complexity of our bodies are put together/created.[Why tag this textQuestion 3: Germ LayersNervous tissue: ectodermThe liver: endodermMuscle: mesoderm[Why tag this textInteresting how all of the body's tissues are derived from these three layers.[Why tag this textWhy the germ layers are there and their value to development.[Why tag this textThe differentiation of stem cells during embryonic development is really cool and interesting! The text glosses over a great deal of uncertainty. How is it that these cells can differentiat into different layers? What is the genetic basis for the switch from an undifferentiated cell to either an ectoderm, mesoderm or endoderm cell? Further, once in their respective strata, how do they become extremely specified cells that carryout complex and interconnected functions? How this happens and its application to medicine is facinating and intriguing. [Why tag this textembroynic tissues[Why tag this textthree layers od embryonic tissue, and the organs they become[Why tag this textI tagged this because it's a really simple fact but most likely super important to understand the rest of the paragraph...[Why tag this textinteresting to know that at one time all of use were made up with just these three cells and nothing more.[Why tag this texti found it intersting [Why tag this textI tagged this because it defines what each germ layer is and what the function is. I knew what the three germ layers were but didn't remember each function it performed.[Why tag this textIt breaks down the main componenets of what embryonic tissue consists of.[Why tag this textidentifies 3 layers of tissue in all tissue types, not just embryonic (outside, middle inside in order)[Why tag this textthree layers of tissue[Why tag this textDifferent types of embryonic tissues[Why tag this textEctoderm- Outer layer, Mesoderm (middle)-Lays between the other two layers, Endoderm (End)- Innermost layer.[Why tag this textouter layer, rise to the epidermis and nervous system[Why tag this textwhat does it mean to give rise to the epidermis and nervous system mean?[Why tag this textI find it curious that the ectoderm, which forms the skin essentially, also gives rise to the nervous system. I remember learning something about the ectoderm creating a sort of fold that gives rise to the spinal chord.[Why tag this textdefinition: ectoderm[Why tag this textI think it is interesting that although the epidermis and tissue of the digestive tract and glands are all the same type of tissue (epithelial), they arise from different germ layers. I wonder why that is. [Why tag this textthis helps me understand the differences of the tissues and it can help when identifying an injury. for instance you can tell how bad the wound is by know what layer of tissues are damages and what type of procedures needs to take place[Why tag this textIt is amazing that all of these give rise to everything that we are made of. Thuogh I woud have thought the meso-derm was for most of the inner tissues.[Why tag this textTells what each layer does and how it protects the body[Why tag this textThe human layers: Ectoderm is the outter layer, then comes the mesoderm which is in between the ectoderm and endoderm, and lastly which I've already mentioned, comes the innermost layer, endoderm.[Why tag this textI first highlighted this because I am a definition person to help add to my learning of the concept(s). These are the layers in connection to the defintion in the prior annotation. What interests me is how each of these tissues has a primary area in which is desinated and is a function. I find it fasinating that all three layers together create a large distribution of area in the body. This is something I never really understood in prior anatomy and physiology classes. We never really went that in depth but this annotated paragraph gives me more understanding of the layered concept.[Why tag this textexplains the three primary primary germ layers[Why tag this textNice summary of the embryonic tissues.[Why tag this textouter most layer helps make up nervouse systme[Why tag this textI tagged this text because right now my best friend is almost five months pregnant. Lately I've been reading many, many things about pregnancy as a whole, and relaying information that I learn to my friend. Until reading this, I did not know that the development of major inner body parts starts out in three layers of tissue. Of course I know that a baby starts as one cell that splits and continues splitting and developing until the baby is fully developed and ready for birth. It is interesting and almost unbelievable that all of the [Why tag this textI found this interesting that three little germs can give rise to so many vital parts of the body. Could you briefly cover this in class also?[Why tag this textIt's important that we keep in mind that all tisues are composed of these primary germ layers each with their own defining properties.[Why tag this textalso known as the endoderm makes up mucous membrance of difestive and respiratory track[Why tag this textdefiniton: endoderm[Why tag this textendoderm is the innermost layer, gives rise to digestive and respitory tracts and also digestive glands.[Why tag this textdefinition: mesoderm[Why tag this textmesoderm lies between the ectoderm and endoderm. collagen fibers and mesenchymal in a gelatin ground substance[Why tag this textWhat exactly are [Why tag this textI tagged this because that is so strange to me that it can just turn into something else. [Why tag this textThe tissue doesn't always stay as the tissue it develops. it turns into other tissues to give function to other organs like bones, blood and other tissues. [Why tag this text
This is interesting to me because I learned about the mesoderm in high school but I was never taught anything about the mesenchyme[Why tag this textWhen is [Why tag this textThis is interesting to see that we all start out as a ball of just cells essentialy. It facinates me that these cells move and divide to creat specific organs, systems, nerves, muscles and tissues layers. [Why tag this textmesenchyme helps create muscle bones and blood[Why tag this textdefinition: mesenchyme[Why tag this textI tagged this because I think it is important to see how the three layers of tissues: ectoderm, mesoderm, & endoderm, develop. [Why tag this textDanielle Henckel
lenarch2
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lujain
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kayla
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samantha
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lindsay krueger
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TRAVIS
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mainkao
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xiong thao
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Lauren Thiel
negative feedback?a process in which the body senses a change and activates mechanisms that negate or reverse it.
negative feedback?a process in which the body senses a change and activates mechanisms that negate or reverse it. By maintaining stability, negative feedback is the key mechanism for maintaining health.
These principles can be understood by comparison to a home heating system
These principles can be understood by comparison to a home heating system (fig. 1.9). Suppose it is a cold winter day and you have set your thermostat for 20° C (68° F)?the set point. If the room becomes too cold, a temperature-sensitive switch in the thermostat turns on the furnace. The temperature rises until it is slightly above the set point, and then the switch breaks the circuit and turns off the furnace. This is a negative feedback process that reverses the falling temperature and restores it to something close to the set point. When the furnace turns off, the temperature slowly drops again until the switch is reactivated?thus, the furnace cycles on and off all day. The room temperature does not stay at exactly 20° C but fluctuates a few degrees either way?the system maintains a state of dynamic equilibrium in which the temperature averages 20° C and deviates only slightly from the set point.
These principles can be understood by comparison to a home heating system (fig. 1.9). Suppose it is a cold winter day and you have set your thermostat for 20° C (68° F)?the set point. If the room becomes too cold, a temperature-sensitive switch in the thermostat turns on the furnace. The temperature rises until it is slightly above the set point, and then the switch breaks the circuit and turns off the furnace. This is a negative feedback process that reverses the falling temperature and restores it to something close to the set point. When the furnace turns off, the temperature slowly drops again until the switch is reactivated?thus, the furnace cycles on and off all day. The room temperature does not stay at exactly 20° C but fluctuates a few degrees either way?the system maintains a state of dynamic equilibrium in which the temperature averages 20° C and deviates only slightly from the set point. Because feedback mechanisms alter the original changes that triggered them (temperature, for example), they are often called feedback loops.
This is so important these days but we have a tendency to overlook a lot of our feedback systems. For example- think about what happens to you when you over consume sugar or alcohol.[Why I tagged this]what keeps out body at a set point. this is very good even with the name making it seem bad your body needs a negative-feedback to maintain good health[Why I tagged thisWould this be like burning yourself and then removing your hand right away?[Why I tagged thisWhat is negative feedback?[Why I tagged thisThis is important because it defines what negative feedback is and tells us that homeostasis is a type of negative feedback[Why I tagged thisNegative feedback[Why I tagged thisI tagged this because it is why homeostasis can occur. [Why I tagged thisNegative feedback is a really important process that our body uses.[Why I tagged thisI liked this comparison. I have never thought of the body as a home heating system before. It makes sense though with the negative and positve feedback process.[Why I tagged thisThis is a very good way to understand negative feedback. It is amazing to me that our bodies are constantly doing this for multiple events going on in our body on a daily basis. Not just for temperature control![Why I tagged thisexample of neg. feedback loop[Why I tagged thisThis is important because it is a great example of negative feedback and a negative feedback loop[Why I tagged thisI think this example to feedback loops is a very important one to understand. Using the process of feedback loops in relation to heating and cooling system of a house demonstrates clearly how they work in day to day activities relating it then to how it works in our own body. [Why I tagged thisgood example of negative feedback. [Why I tagged thisGabriela
Sami
Melissa
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Amie Emrys
Emily
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Heather Archibald
Corianne
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Flees Robert John
In an umbilical hernia, abdominal viscera protrude through the navel.
Which muscles are used more often, the external intercostals or internal intercostals? Explain.
Explain how pulmonary ventilation affects abdominal pressure and vice versa.
Name a major superficial muscle and two major deep muscles of the back.
Define perineum, urogenital triangle, and anal triangle
Define perineum, urogenital triangle, and anal triangle.
Name one muscle in the superficial perineal space, one in the urogenital diaphragm, and one in the pelvic diaphragm. State the function of each
Name one muscle in the superficial perineal space, one in the urogenital diaphragm, and one in the pelvic diaphragm. State the function of each.
I always have heartburn and never understood why[Why tag this]And are very unsightly![Why tag thisI had a friend in Cross Country who had an umbilical hernia. She had to run with a brace around her lower abdomen in order to provide support while she was running. [Why tag thisThe external intercostals are used more often because in normal breathing they help in bringing in air and help in expiration by making it not so abrupt.[Why tag thisthe external intercostals[Why tag thisbreathing allows all oxgyen to reach the blood vessels and the muscles[Why tag thisWhen you take a breath in, the abdominal pressure lessens and when you breath out, the abdominal pressure rises.[Why tag thisthe latissimus dorsi contributes to breathing for a back muscle and the sternocleidomastoid for the neck[Why tag thisA major, superficial muscle is the trapezius. Two deep muscles of the back are the semispinalis thoracis and the quadratus lumborum. [Why tag thissuperficial back muscles include the Erector spinae or the Thoracolumbar fascia. Deep muscles of the back include Teres major, minor and internal obdominal oblique[Why tag thisPerineum- the area of skin rich in nerve endings that is located below the anusUrogenital triangle- the anterior portion of the perineal region containing the openings of the urethra and vagina in females and the urethra dn root structures of the penis in malesAnal triangle- the posterior part of the perimeum that contains the anal canal[Why tag thisThe perineum is a diamond shape region inbetween the thighs that contains the openings of the anal canal, urethra, and the vagina. The urogenital triangle is the anterior half of the perineum and the anal triangle is the posterior half of the perineum.[Why tag thisMuscle of the superficial perineal space: IschiocavernosisFunction: Maintains erection of the penis or clitoris by compressing deep structures of the organ and forcing blood forward into its bodyMuscle of the urogenital diaphragm: External Urethral SphincterFunction: Retains urine in the bladder until voluntarily voidedMuscle of the pelvic diaphragm: Levator AniFunction: Compresses the anal canal and reinforces external anal and urethral sphincters[Why tag thisOne muscle of the superficial perineal space is the ischiocavernosus muscle, the function of this muscle is to converge like a V from the ischial tuberosities toward the penis or clitoris. One muscle of the urogenital diaphragm is the compressor urethrae (in females only), the function of this muscle is to aid in urine retention. One muscle (pair) of the pelvic diaphragm is the levator ani, the function of this muscle pair is compressing the anal canal and reinforces external anal and urethral sphincters; supports uterus and other pelvic viscera; aids in the falling away of the feces; aids in deep breathing.[Why tag thisLiz Casper
Alina Gur
Erin Griph
Lauren Anthe
jess Tegelman
Kimberly Loney
Electrolytes are substances that ionize in water (acids, bases, or salts) and form solutions capable of conducting electricity (Table 2.2). We can detect electrical activity of the muscles, heart, and brain with electrodes on the skin because electrolytes in the body fluids conduct electrical currents from these organs to the skin surface. Electrolytes are important for their chemical reactivity (as when calcium phosphate becomes incorporated into bone), osmotic effects (influence on water content and distribution in the body), and electrical effects (which are essential to nerve and muscle function). Electrolyte balance is one of the most important considerations in patient care. Electrolyte imbalances have effects ranging from muscle cramps and brittle bones to coma and cardiac arrest.
The importance of the attraction of cations and anions is shown here.[Why tag this text]This is something that most people would not think of until they have heard it from someone. I am curious how the human organs generate their own electriciy throughout the human body.[Why tag this textElectrolyte:Substances that ionize [are converted into an ion] in water and then become solutions that can conduct electricity [I believe because they now have a charge?]They allow for chemical activitym, osmotic efects, and electrical effects.[Why tag this textNever understood the whole process of detecting the electrical activity in the muscles, heart, and brain. Want to be a physicians assistant so want to look more into electrolytes because it says that electrolyte balance is one of the most important considerations in patient care.[Why tag this textThis paragraph on electrolytes, as well as the few on free radicals and antioxidants, made me think of when we see these terms in advertising of products such as gatorade, face lotions, and tea or yogurts. Can these products really help us avoid muscle cramps, wrinkles, and heart attack or is it just a marketing ploy? [Why tag this textElectrolytes are important in maintaining stable conditions in our organs. [General-Do not usedescribing what electrolytes are and why they are important [Why tag this textI find it so interesting that we have these little electrical currents traveling to the skins surface and that is so important that an imbalance could lead to cardiac arrest. I would be very interested in studying electrolytes further and learning more about the effects that an imbalance can have. [Why tag this text
Electrolytes are a term used for salts[Why tag this textWe all know that our bodies need electrolytes, and sports drinks like Gatorade advertise the addition and importance of electrolytes in their products. I'm curious, however, about what organic foods/ingredients carry electrolytes because I've never heard any discussions about this topic.[Why tag this textElectrolytes are very important in the body for many different reasons. This brought up a question in my mind about sports drinks and how they can add electrolytes in things such as gatorade. How is that possible to put something to vital into a liquid drink that even tastes good. [Why tag this textDefines electrolytes and the importance of them.[General-Do not useThese little particles have an imense power over the way the body works. They affect every part of the body in some way, and if they didn't, all would fall appart.[Why tag this textMore information on electrolytes and how they are detected and used in the body.[Why tag this textxuntao
Danielle Henckel
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Claudius Galen (c. 130?
Claudius Galen (c. 130?c. 200), physician to the Roman gladiators, wrote the most influential medical textbook of the ancient era
Claudius Galen (c. 130?c. 200), physician to the Roman gladiators, wrote the most influential medical textbook of the ancient era?a book that was worshipped to excess by medical professors for centuries to follow.
Claudius Galen (c. 130?c. 200), physician to the Roman gladiators, wrote the most influential medical textbook of the ancient era?a book that was worshipped to excess by medical professors for centuries to follow.
Claudius Galen (c. 130-c. 200), physician to the Roman gladiators, wrote the most influential medical textbook of the ancient era-a book that was worshipped to excess by medical professors for centuries to follow. Cadaver dissection was banned in Galen's time because of some horrid excesses that preceded him, including public dissection of living slaves and prisoners.
Claudius Galen (c. 130?c. 200), physician to the Roman gladiators, wrote the most influential medical textbook of the ancient era?a book that was worshipped to excess by medical professors for centuries to follow. Cadaver dissection was banned in Galen's time because of some horrid excesses that preceded him, including public dissection of living slaves and prisoners. Aside from what he could learn by treating the gladiators' wounds, Galen was therefore limited to dissecting pigs, monkeys, and other animals. Because he was not permitted to dissect cadavers, he had to guess at much of human anatomy and made some incorrect deductions from animal dissections.
Claudius Galen (c. 130-c. 200), physician to the Roman gladiators, wrote the most influential medical textbook of the ancient era-a book that was worshipped to excess by medical professors for centuries to follow. Cadaver dissection was banned in Galen's time because of some horrid excesses that preceded him, including public dissection of living slaves and prisoners. Aside from what he could learn by treating the gladiators' wounds, Galen was therefore limited to dissecting pigs, monkeys, and other animals. Because he was not permitted to dissect cadavers, he had to guess at much of human anatomy and made some incorrect deductions from animal dissections. He described the human liver, for example, as having five fingerlike lobes, somewhat like a baseball glove, because that is what he had seen in baboons. But Galen saw science as a method of discovery, not as a body of fact to be taken on faith. He warned that even his own books could be wrong and advised his followers to trust their own observations more than they trusted any book. Unfortunately, his advice was not heeded. For nearly 1,500 years, medical professors dogmatically taught what they read in Aristotle and Galen, seldom daring to question the authority of these
laudius Galen (c. 130?c. 200), physician to the Roman gladiators, wrote the most influential medical textbook of the ancient era?a book that was worshipped to excess by medical professors for centuries to follow. Cadaver dissection was banned in Galen's time because of some horrid excesses that preceded him, including public dissection of living slaves and prisoners. Aside from what he could learn by treating the gladiators' wounds, Galen was therefore limited to dissecting pigs, monkeys, and other animals. Because he was not permitted to dissect cadavers, he had to guess at much of human anatomy and made some incorrect deductions from animal dissections. He described the human liver, for example, as having five fingerlike lobes, somewhat like a baseball glove, because that is what he had seen in baboons. But Galen saw science as a method of discovery, not as a body of fact to be taken on faith. He warned that even his own books could be wrong and advised his followers to trust their own observations more than they trusted any book. Unfortunately, his advice was not heeded. For nearly 1,500 years, medical professors dogmatically taught what they read in Aristotle and Galen, seldom daring to question the authority of these ?ancient masters.?
Claudius Galen information[Why I tagged this]Galen's work[Why I tagged thisGalen- most influential text[Why I tagged thisclaudius galen worked with the roman gladiators. he was their physcian[Why I tagged thisClaudius Galen - another important figure. His medical text was very influential. [Why I tagged thisOne of the most influential authors of the time, and important figure.[Why I tagged thisThis is another interesting person I should know about because he wrote the most influential medical textbook[Why I tagged thisFelt this was important because Claudius Galen (c.130-c.200), whom was a physician to the Roman gladiators wrote the most influential medical textbook during this era. [Why I tagged thisInfluential person in the medical field.[Why I tagged thisHow people were able to know how some organs work when the process needs opening the body when it is a live, did they really torture people just to study anatomy?[why i tagged this This is important becuase it explains how Galen contributed to the medical field by using his knowledge attained by dissecting animals to help him treat the wounds of humans[Why I tagged thisClaudius Galen wrote the most influential medical textbook of his era. He could only dissect animals to learn. He guess the human anatomy from this and made a few errors. He knew his book could be wrong and told others to make there own discoveries before listening to a book, but professors didn't listen. [Anatomy and PhysiologyAgain Claudius's contribution and what influential situation happen during his time [Why I tagged thisGalen was limited by the fact that Cadaver dissection was illegal which forced him to guess human anatomy on faith that it was the same as the anatomy of non-humans. He was one of the first to treat anatomy as discovery that should be questioned.[Why I tagged thisCorianne
Ashley Wiedmeyer
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dsstokes
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lujain
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Matthew Robert Schmidt
It states essentially this: Some individuals within a species have hereditary advantages over their competitors-for example, better camouflage, disease resistance, or ability to attract mates-that enable them to produce more offspring.
Some individuals within a species have hereditary advantages over their competitors?for example, better camouflage, disease resistance, or ability to attract mates?that enable them to produce more offspring. They pass these advantages on to their offspring, and such characteristics therefore become more and more common in successive generations. This brings about the genetic change in a population that constitutes evolution.
Natural forces that promote the reproductive success of some individuals more than others are called selection pressures.
definition of natural selection. But makes me think what hereditary advantage do we have over our competitors?[Why I tagged this]I knew about hereditary advantages from between different species but i didn't know it was called natural selection, very interesting[Why I tagged thisSometimes favorable traits can become a disadvantage under certain conditions. For example, birds with bright colors may attract mates but often time be designated as prey to its predator.[Why I tagged thisI've always found natural selection interesting because its what makes and seperates us from animals, insects, objects and so on. Take for example the bug: walking stick. It's outer appearance looks just like a branch or twig and thats to its advantage because it protects itself from being food to other predators.[Why I tagged thisThis helps get advantages in competitions, opposite of hard work.[Why I tagged thisThis holds the exact same base as evolutionary psychology. Evolutionary psychologists believe that people behave and think with only the concerns of evolution and reproduction in mind. Both fields seem very related, in this sense.[psych #physciExplains what natural selection is and how it relates to certain animals, or even humans.[Why I tagged thisWhen you really think about this, you can start to imagine a world like you see in some futuristic films. When you look at how far we've come since the beginning of time and how we have developed into the creatures we are today, even though it may have taken a while, you can see that there is an infinate amount of possibilities for where we are headed. Just think back to the 80's or 90's when a lot of us were born in this class. Just in those 20-30 years the human species has changed so much. It is quite amazing to think about![Why I tagged thisDefinition of Natural Selection. It could be more simply defined as a condition or event that allows some genes to be expressed more frequently than others in a population.[Why I tagged thisLearned about this in AP Biology, we talked about alligators. Always interested me![why i tagged thisIs anything new ever added as a characteristic, or rather are the survival characteristics just improved on as it passes through the generations? [Why I tagged thisHow evolution occurs. These traits are passed down as animals adapt to their surroundings- making them more likely to survive.[Why I tagged thisContributes to the idea behind natural selection.[Why I tagged thisKaitlynn
Jelena Ristic
Tou Xiong Thao
Sandy C. Yang
Flees Robert John
Gina Erato
Sami
Heather Archibald
Matthew Robert Schmidt
Kelly Stahl
Cassi Malko
Lauren Gwidt
he number and arrangement of bones in the lower limb are similar to those of the upper limb. In the lower limb, however, they are adapted for weight bearing and locomotion and are therefore shaped and articulated differently. The femur and tibia are essentially pillars for supporting the weight of the body. The lower limb is divided into four regions containing a total of 30 bones per limb: The femoral region, or thigh, extends from hip to knee and contains the femur. The patella (kneecap) is a sesamoid bone at the junction of the femoral and crural regions. The crural (CROO-rul) region, or leg proper, extends from knee to ankle and contains two bones, the medial tibia and lateral fibula. The tarsal region (tarsus), or ankle, is the union of the crural region with the foot. The tarsal bones are treated as part of the foot. The pedal region (pes), or foot, is composed of 7 tarsal bones, 5 metatarsals, and 14 phalanges in the toes.
I did not know that there are differences in male and female pelves.[Why tag this]Interesting to see the differences in the pelvic girdle. At one point in time did men and women have the same pelvic girdle? Did the womens pelvic girdle begin to accomodate the needs of women?[Why tag thisIf you think of it this way, both male and female's pelvic girdles looks like butterflies. [Why tag thisWith such distinct differences in structure between the male and female pelvic girdles, it would be interesting to consider, given the structural differences (form); what functions would best suit the separate forms.[Why tag thisFemale and male differences to accomadate for childbirth[Why tag thisSince a female's greater sciatic notch is more shallow than a male's, do more females have sciatic nerve impingement than do males? *Side note, the pictures on here are labeled a,b, c, d differently than in the book.[Why tag thisI find this to be very interesting because it is. It would be interesting to see a guy with a woman pelvis. [Why tag thiscomparison of the male and female pelvic girdles[Why tag thisMales pelves are more massive compared to females. The males pelvis is more narrower and the femals are wider. The obturator foramen in males are more round and in women more triangular to oval[Why tag thisIs this indicative of a past ancestor that walked on four legs?[Why tag thisI never realized how similar the upper and lower limbs were before reading these sections.[Why tag thiscontaining a total of 30 bones per limb[Why tag thiseach region has its features[Why tag thisI highlighted this because it is important to also see the important bones of the lower limb, which happen to be very similar to those of the upper limb. These limbs include the femur, crural region, tarsal region, and pedal region.[Why tag thisshelby
mainkao
Catherine Andersen
Amie Emrys
Kasey Kallien
Melissa
Alyssa Harmes
Jungas
Kristin Basche
Bailey Johnson
Brittany Nycz
Hussain
Lauren Thiel
Positive feedback is a self-amplifying cycle in which a physiological change leads to even greater change in the same direction, rather than producing the corrective effects of negative feedback. Positive feedback is often a normal way of producing rapid change.
Positive feedback is a self-amplifying cycle in which a physiological change leads to even greater change in the same direction, rather than producing the corrective effects of negative feedback. Positive feedback is often a normal way of producing rapid change. When a woman is giving birth, for example, the head of the fetus pushes against her cervix (the neck of the uterus) and stimulates its nerve endings (fig. 1.12). Nerve signals travel to the brain, which, in turn, stimulates the pituitary gland to secrete the hormone oxytocin. Oxytocin travels in the blood and stimulates the uterus to contract. This pushes the fetus downward, stimulating the cervix still more and causing the positive feedback loop to be repeated. Labor contractions therefore become more and more intense until the fetus is expelled. Other cases of beneficial positive feedback are seen later in the book, for example, in blood clotting, protein digestion, and the generation of nerve signals.
What is postivie feedback?[Why I tagged this]Important step in understanding why our bodies react to the varying of temperatures. Just a basic thing to know in understanding body functioning.[Why I tagged thisThis is important because it explains what positive feedback is and gives us an example of how positive feedback works in a woman's body while it gives birth[Why I tagged thispostive feedback is found in childbirth. you are doing something that causes a positive outcome.[Why I tagged thisweird to see that this has good effects and bad effects too. because the cycle although positive can continue to loop into overload[Why I tagged thisPositive feedback is the another side of physiology, in which bodily changes are encouraged.[Why I tagged thisSince we have a negative feed back loop there must be a posative feed back loop to counter that and this explains what it is. [Why I tagged thisI tagged this because it helps me to rememeber the difference betweetn positive and negative feedback[Why I tagged thisPositive feedback is the opposite of negative feedback. Negative feedback restores the body back to homeostasis while positive feedback helps to make the change go faster.[Why I tagged thisPositive feedback def[Why I tagged thisI find this important because when we read things that have positive feedback we go out and buy it because we know that it works. When we read this we find out that positive feedback is not alway a good thing because it could end up harming our body.[Why I tagged thispositive feedback and example[Why I tagged thisQuestion 4: Positive Feedback is likely to disrupt homoeostasis becasue it will lead to a greater change rather than correcting the change.[Why I tagged thisLauren Gwidt
Danny Duong
lindsay krueger
Flees Robert John
Amanda Baxter
Justin Rosinski
Emily
Christina Colarossi
Amie Emrys
sarah
Corianne
Matthew Robert Schmidt
Sarah Ertl
name and describe the types of fractures;
explain how a fracture is repaired;
Most people probably give little thought to their skeletal systems unless they break a bone.
Most people probably give little thought to their skeletal systems unless they break a bone.
Most people probably give little thought to their skeletal systems unless they break a bone. This section describes bone fractures, their healing, and their treatment, followed by a summary of other bone diseases and a Deeper Insight on osteoporosis. Bone disorders are among the concerns of the branch of medicine known as orthopedics.35 As the name implies, this field originated as the treatment of skeletal deformities in children. It is now much more extensive and deals with the prevention and correction of injuries and disorders of the bones, joints, and muscles. It includes the design of artificial joints and limbs and the treatment of athletic injuries.
oseoporosis (loss of bone density), bone cancer, fractures, etc. [Why I tagged this]I wonder which one would heal faster. a stress fracture or a phathological fracture?[Why I tagged thisNondisplaced - a fracture in which the bone pieces remain in proper anatomical alignmentDisplaced - at least one piece is shifted out of alignment with the otherComminuted - one in which a bone is broken into three or more piecesGreenstick - fracture in which the bone is incompletely broken on one side but merely bent on the opposite side.[Why I tagged this Most fractures are set by closed reduction, a procedure in which the bone fragments are manipulated into their normal positions without surgery. Open reduction involves the surgical exposure of the bone and the use of plates, screws, or pins to realign the fragments. To stabilize the bone during healing, fractures are often set in casts.[Why I tagged thisThis is true but after reviewing this chapter expecially on bones and muscle, I learn alot and realize how important a bone are to everyone because without them, we would't have any parts of what we are today. However, I'm glad I have never had any broken bone before.[Why I tagged thisThis is true because I've never put much thought into my skeletal system, but I've never actually broken a bone.[Why I tagged thisI rarely ever think about my skeletal system. I have never broken a bone, or fractured anything. I find it interesting how bones heal and how broken bones are treated. [Why I tagged thisWhy does scoliosis happen? What causes vertabrae to grow out of [Why I tagged thisOrthopedics really interests me because I once watch a knee replacement for a job shadow day. I loved the atmosphere and the types of injuries those types of doctors deal with, so I am higly considering being a physicians assistant for an orthopedic surgeon.[Why I tagged thisMy best friends brother is currently doing his residency to be an orthopedic surgeon. It is a very complicated and time consuming fiend to be a part of. [Why I tagged thisbone disorders among the concerns of the branch of medicine[Why I tagged this'orthopedic sergeons'- when you go to the doctor and they forward u to a specialist that decides what to do with your fracture or broken bones.[Why I tagged thiswhat orthopedics is[Why I tagged thisOrthopedics deals with bone disorders/deformities/injuries/disorders. [Why I tagged thisBelaynesh
Emily Orange
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morgan johnson
Brittany Nycz
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Danielle Henckel
Nails
NailsFingernails and toenails are clear, hard derivatives of the stratum corneum.
NailsFingernails and toenails are clear, hard derivatives of the stratum corneum. They are composed of very thin, dead, scaly cells, densely packed together and filled with parallel fibers of hard keratin. Most mammals have claws, whereas flat nails are one of the distinguishing characteristics of humans and other primates. Flat nails allow for more fleshy and sensitive fingertips, while they also serve as strong keratinized ?tools? that can be used for grooming, picking apart food, and other manipulations.The hard part of the nail is the nail plate, which includes the free edge overhanging the tip of the finger or toe; the nail body, which is the visible attached part of the nail; and the nail root, which extends proximally under the overlying skin (fig. 6.10). The surrounding skin rises a bit above the nail as a nail fold, separated from the margin of the nail plate by a nail groove. The groove and the space under the free edge accumulate dirt and bacteria and require special attention when scrubbing for duty in an operating room or nursery.
Thats a good way to stop a fight. let me flash my eyebrows.[Why tag this]Nails: Derivatives of stratum corneum Hard part of nail is called the nail plate, nail body is the attached part of the nail, nail root is the bottom part. The nail bed is the part under the nail plate. Its epidermis is called the hypnychium. Nail matrix=growth zone. [Why tag thisI have heard that jello, as well as milk, helps the health of your nails, is this true?[Why tag thisNails are made of the same substance that rhino horns are made of, keratin. [Why tag thisKeratin is on nails[Why tag thisWhen i think of the epidermis and the skin and keratin; I do not think of a hard surface. I feel like the nail should not be apart of the epidermis and i have a hard time understanding how it is apart of the epidermis just because it is a hard layer, and the skin is such a soft and smooth layer. [Why tag thisAre our fingernails dead cells from the moment they grow? or are the cells grown then die? [Why tag thiswhat fingernails are composed of and what ways they can be used as [Why tag thisWhat is the point of nails? For our ancestors, they are used to kill their prey because they are much sharper but in humans they are too soft. [Why tag thisI know of many people who have severly hurt there fingers, either by a hammer or a closing door, if the cells are already dead, why when they get smashed do they fall off? why dont they just fall of right away sence there already dead? what makes it different?[Why tag thisinteresting seeing as i had no idea they were made of dead cells as well, i thought it was different and inplanted in our skin that they grew. [Why tag thisOnly humans have flat nails (instead of claws)[Why tag thisIt's weird thinking that flat nails are a characteristic that makes a primate a primate. [Why tag thisIs this the reason why humans don't have claws? Because we are more advanced than other creatures and can do things like grooming and picking apart food?[Why tag thisDanielle Henckel
Mackenzie DeClark
Michael Franzini
Tayelor Neiss
Callie McCarthy
Ashley Parker
Alyssa Harmes
Ashley McBain
Kayla Theys
corey
Anthony Wheeler
Brandon Neldner
Samantha B Johnson
Physiological variables differ with sex, age, weight, diet, degree of physical activity, and environment, among other things.
Physiological variables differ with sex, age, weight, diet, degree of physical activity, and environment, among other things. Failure to consider such variation leads to medical mistakes such as overmedication of the elderly or medicating women on the basis of research that was done on men
Physiological variables differ with sex, age, weight, diet, degree of physical activity, and environment, among other things. Failure to consider such variation leads to medical mistakes such as overmedication of the elderly or medicating women on the basis of research that was done on men.
Physiological variables differ with sex, age, weight, diet, degree of physical activity, and environment, among other things. Failure to consider such variation leads to medical mistakes such as overmedication of the elderly or medicating women on the basis of research that was done on men.
Physiological variables differ with sex, age, weight, diet, degree of physical activity, and environment, among other things. Failure to consider such variation leads to medical mistakes such as overmedication of the elderly or medicating women on the basis of research that was done on men. If an introductory textbook states a typical human heart rate, blood pressure, red blood cell count, or body temperature, it is generally assumed that such values are for a healthy young adult unless otherwise stated.
Failure to consider such variation leads to medical mistakes such as overmedication of the elderly or medicating women on the basis of research that was done on men. If an introductory textbook states a typical human heart rate, blood pressure, red blood cell count, or body temperature, it is generally assumed that such values are for a healthy young adult unless otherwise stated. The standards for such general values are the reference man and reference woman. The reference man is defined as a healthy male 22 years old, weighing 70 kg (154 lb), living at a mean ambient (surrounding) temperature of 20° C, engaging in light physical activity, and consuming 2,800 kilocalories (kcal) per day. The reference woman is the same except for a weight of 58 kg (128 lb) and an intake of 2,000 kcal/day.
Important to remember that there are many factors that go along with physiological variables[Why I tagged this]These are important factors to know about the physiological variables. Without knowing these, it could lead to mistakes and harm patients.[Why I tagged thisI knew there was a difference in men and women but I didnt know that like all the studies are different and like how they are treated[Why I tagged thisI can relate to this since my grandmother was overmedicated when she was first diagnosed with Alzheimer's and dimentia. Instead of helping her, she got really depressed and acted even more peculiar than normal.[Why I tagged thisOur body ages which means that our insides do too. We can't compare a 17 year old body to a 94 year old's body because the results wouldn't lead you to accurate answers[Why I tagged thisThis is why I am so interested in women's health and medical research. It seems that until only recently, more physicians are paying careful attention to differentiating treatments between men and women. It seems like most women I know these days have found a women care clinic that they prefer to visit.[Why I tagged thisShows that accurate knowledge and understanding of what we are doing to better understand and diagnose accuratly. [Why I tagged thiswhy we need to know variation[Why I tagged thisit's important to have a reference for different types of people, so proper treatments and acommodations can be made according to the listed weights, caloric intakes, etc.[Why I tagged thisThe reference man and reference woman are really important to know about. This is how variation is tested and many physicians use the reference man and refernce woman to compare to their patients when making a diagnosis or prescribing medication.[Why I tagged thiseach body has its own requirements. each body is different.[Why I tagged thisIt is vital to understand the differentiation between the reference man/woman, and a patient who might not be included in these descriptions so to recognize what types of treatment alterations may need to be implicated in cases of variance from these reference points in medicine.[Why I tagged thisare these used as the only references. [Why I tagged thisIt is interesting that both form and function vary from person to person and also changes throughout different phases in life. [Why I tagged thisXenyen
Jeremy
Jacob Balkum
Sami
Shannon Stinson
Justin Rosinski
Matthew Robert Schmidt
Mia Breidenbach
Kayla Cowan
Jelena Ristic
Alina Gur
Flees Robert John
Jonathan Rooney
We can now move on to an understanding of how DNA and RNA collaborate to produce proteins. Before studying the details, however, it will be helpful to consider the big picture. In brief, the genetic code in DNA specifies which proteins a cell can make. All the body's cells except the sex cells and some immune cells contain identical genes. However, different genes are activated in different cells; for example, the genes for digestive enzymes are active in stomach cells but not in muscle cells. Any given cell uses only one-third to two-thirds of its genes; the rest remain dormant in that cell, but may be functional in other types of cells.When a gene is activated, a messenger RNA (mRNA) is made?a mirror image of the gene, more or less. Most mRNA migrates from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, where it serves as a code for assembling amino acids in the right order to make a particular protein. In summary, you can think of the process of protein synthesis as DNA ? mRNA ? protein, with each arrow reading as ?codes for the production of.? The step from DNA to mRNA is called transcription, and the step from mRNA to protein is called translation. Transcription occurs in the nucleus, where the DNA is. Most translation occurs in the cytoplasm, but 10% to 15% of proteins are synthesized in the nucleus, with both steps occurring there.
the collaboration of DNA and RNA to produce proteins[General-Do not use]Protein Synthesis: The genetic code in DNA specifies which proteins a cell can make. All cells contain the same genes, but each cell has different genes activated. When a gene is activated a messenger RNA [mRNA] is made the mRNA moves out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm, where it is the code for assembling amino acids in the right order. From DNA to RNA is transcription [nucleus] from RNA to protein is translation[cytoplasm]. [Why tag this textexplaining protein synthesis (DNA and RNA)[Why tag this textProtein synthesis is a huge part when forming proteins when a mirror image of a gene migrates it leaves a code to assemble amino acids in the right order to make a certain protein. Transcription is when the RNA polymerase opens the DNA helix and reads the bases from one strand of the DNA and makes a corresponding RNA. This whole process was the hardest to memorize for me. We had to learn how to draw and had to know all the functions. Then mRNA is about to begin and thats where the genetic code is carried and passed through and into the cytosol. tRNA is then active and thats when the small RNA binds to a free amino acid and brought to a ribosome so it can be added to a growing protein chain. Each amino acid has its own three letter code. Knowing this process was very difficult to understand at first, but got easier. I remembered the process, but not the functions of each one. This was a great reading because it brought back my memory on how to make proteins. There is also junk DNA which is when a long stretch of DNA sequence has no known function. Thought the sequence is transcribed into mRNA it is never translated into a protein. Only about five percent of human DNA actually encodes protein. [Why tag this textDNA codes for the production of RNA and specific proteins.[Why tag this text
I think its really neat to learn about how dna and rna collaborate ot produce proteins.[Why tag this textso therefore all cells make protein except the sex cells[Why tag this textSo what genes do DNA and immune cells have then?[Why tag this textThis is a very interesting point. If scientists could one day figure out how to activate the remaining genes in a cell, I would be interested to see what would happen. Would the cell just be overloaded and die? Would it still function and possibly do new things humans could never do before? Is this the next step toward curing cancer? [Why tag this textbefore reading this section, I guess it never occured to me that genes can be turned on and off.[GeneralI think it is amazing that this happens at such a fast and efficient rate. If one protein synthesis goes wrong, so much can go wrong.[Why tag this textWhy does the cell have genes it does not need? It just seems like a waste of space[Why tag this textso the whole cell isn't a function but only a small portion of it?[Why tag this textDanielle Henckel
Anthony Wheeler
Jenna
Michael Franzini
Jessica Hrdina
Lauren Anthe
Amanda
Madeline
Heather Archibald
Christina
Brett Sullivan
Brianna Brugger
information:
Name two muscles that elevate the upper lip and two that depress the lower lip.
Name the four paired muscles of mastication and state where they insert on the mandible.
Distinguish between the functions of the suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles.
List the muscles of neck extension and flexion.
Dr. Petto,There is no respond question for 10.2 as well. I tried logging in and out again.-Kaitlynn Houghton[Why Tag This]muscles that contribute in neck extension and flexion and the Trapezius, Splenius Capitis and the Semispinalis Capitis and the Semispinalis Cervicis. [Why Tag Thistwo muscles that elevate upper lip are the levator labii superiorand the zygomaticus minor. the two muscles that depress the lower lips are the depressor labii inferiors and the platytsma. [Why Tag ThisTwo muscles that elevate the upper lip and supresses the lower lip are the levator labii superiors and zygomaticus major.[Why Tag ThisThe levator labii superioris and the zygomaticus minor elevates the upper lip. The depressor labii inferioris and the platysma.[Why Tag Thisupper lip-levator labii and zygomaticus minorlower lip-depressor labii inferioris and depressor anguli oris[Why Tag ThisTwo muscles that elevate the upper lip are the levator labii amd the zygomaticus minor. Two muscles that depress the lower lip are the depressor anguli oris and the depressor babii inferioris.[Why Tag ThisThe four pair muscles of mastication include the temporalis, masseter, medial pterygoid, and the lateral pterygoid. The temporalis inserts on the tcoronoid process and anterior border of the mandibular ramus. The masseter inserts on the lateral surface of the mandibular ramus and angle. The medial pterygoid inserts on the medial surface of the mandibular ramus and angle. The lateral pterygoid inserts on the neck of the mandible.State where they insert on the mandible[Why Tag ThisThe four pair of muscles used for chewing are the temporalis, the masseter, and two pairs of pterygoid muscles. The temporalis inserts onto the coronoid process and anterior border of mandibular ramus. The masseter inserts on the lateral surface of mandibular ramus and angle. The medial pterygoid inserts on the medial surface of mandibular ramus and angle. The lateral pterygoid inserts on the neck of the mandible. [Why Tag ThisInfrahyoid muscles are inferior to the hyoid bone. They enable the suprahyoid muscles to open the mouth. It helps prevent choking. The suprahyoid muscles aid in wide opening of the mouth, chewing, swallowing, vocalizing.[Why Tag ThisThe suprahyoid group helps in chewing, swallowing, and vocalizing. The infrahyoid group fixes the hyoid bone from below it assists the larynx in preventing choking.[Why Tag ThisThe flexors of the neck are the sternocleidomastoid, anterior, middle, and posterior scalenes. The extensors of the neck are the trapezius, the splenius capitis, and the splenius cervicis. [Why Tag ThisThe neck extensors are in the nuchal region, back of the neck, these hold the head up or pull it back, the trapezius, the splenius, and the semispinalis. The neck flexors are the sernocleidomastoid, a thick muscular cord that extends from the pectoral girdle to the mastoid process (upper chest to behind ear)[Why Tag Thisjess Tegelman
payoua
Erin Griph
Jonathan Lowe
Kimberly Loney
Elizabeth
he purpose of a theory is not only to concisely summarize what we already know but, moreover, to suggest directions for further study and to help predict what the findings should be if the theory is correct.Law and theory mean something different in science than they do to most people. In common usage, a law is a rule created and enforced by people; we must obey it or risk a penalty. A law of nature, however, is a description; laws do not govern the universe, they describe it.
Law and theory mean something different in science than they do to most people. In common usage, a law is a rule created and enforced by people; we must obey it or risk a penalty. A law of nature, however, is a description; laws do not govern the universe, they describe it. Laypeople tend to use the word theory for what a scientist would call a hypothesis?for example, ?I have a theory why my car won't start.?
Law and theory mean something different in science than they do to most people. In common usage, a law is a rule created and enforced by people; we must obey it or risk a penalty. A law of nature, however, is a description; laws do not govern the universe, they describe it. Laypeople tend to use the word theory for what a scientist would call a hypothesis?for example, ?I have a theory why my car won't start.? The difference in meaning causes significant confusion when it leads people to think that a scientific theory (such as the theory of evolution) is merely a guess or conjecture, instead of recognizing it as a summary of conclusions drawn from a large body of observed facts. The concepts of gravity and electrons are theories, too, but this does not mean they are merely speculations.
Theories are very important in the scientific world. They bring up chances for improvement and also the oppurtunity for new ideas in the future. [Why I tagged this]this is impertant because i didnt know in depth the whole definiton of theory. (finding future studies to prove if the theory is correct)[Why I tagged thisreserch never ends[Why I tagged thisTheories can be tested over and over again to try and find an answer[Why I tagged thisKnowing the purpose of a theory is probably pretty important[Why I tagged thisdifferentiates Theory from Fact and Law[Why I tagged thisSo then, at what point does a theory become a natural law or a fact? Can it ever?[Why I tagged thisI never knew this! This is very interesting to me and I'm sure a lot of people outside the world of science[Why I tagged thisIt's important to remember this when discussing case studies and other basic laws and theories of anatomy so not to confuse the scientific relavence of these terms with their common english connotations. [Why I tagged thisLaw and theory is described different for science than people.[Why I tagged thisExplains that the words [Why I tagged thisI think its important to know that law and theory definitions are different in science and according to most people [Why I tagged thisIt explains what a law and theory is and the difference in meaning. [Why I tagged thisvictor
Jelena Ristic
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Caitlin
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jennifer lassiter
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Melissa
Alina Gur
Xenyen
Nicole Coppins
Marie Curie (fig. 2.3) was not only the first woman in the world to receive a Nobel Prize but also the first woman in France even to receive a Ph.D.
Marie Curie (fig. 2.3) was not only the first woman in the world to receive a Nobel Prize but also the first woman in France even to receive a Ph.D.
Marie Curie (fig. 2.3) was not only the first woman in the world to receive a Nobel Prize but also the first woman in France even to receive a Ph.D. She received a second Nobel Prize in 1911 for further work in radiation.
Marie Curie (fig. 2.3) was not only the first woman in the world to receive a Nobel Prize but also the first woman in France even to receive a Ph.D. She received a second Nobel Prize in 1911 for further work in radiation. Curie crusaded to train w
Marie Curie (fig. 2.3) was not only the first woman in the world to receive a Nobel Prize but also the first woman in France even to receive a Ph.D. She received a second Nobel Prize in 1911 for further work in radiation. Curie crusaded to train women for careers in science, and in World War I, she and her daughter, Irène Joliot-Curie (1897-1956), trained physicians in the use of X-ray machines.
Marie Curie (fig. 2.3) was not only the first woman in the world to receive a Nobel Prize but also the first woman in France even to receive a Ph.D. She received a second Nobel Prize in 1911 for further work in radiation. Curie crusaded to train women for careers in science, and in World War I, she and her daughter, Irène Joliot-Curie (1897?1956), trained physicians in the use of X-ray machines. Curie pioneered radiation therapy for breast and uterine cancer.
http://www.harkavagrant.com/index.php?id=152[Why tag this text]I chose to highlight this because Marie Curie was a big mid-stone in science, in my opinion. She gave courage and strength to other women to presue scientific studies and education in general. We should all be insprired by people like her. [Why tag this textits amazing that someone could be so smart to figure this out and present it to the world and for it to be a women nevertheless, makes me think that anything is possible.[Why tag this textI found this interesting because Marie Curie was the first woman to receive a PH.D in radiation. My major is Radiology and i realized how much Marie Curie made an impact on radiation. [Why I tagged thisI don't think I have ever heard of her which is weird. But that's awesome. She sounds amazing. [Why tag this textMarie Curie interests me particularly because all I usually hear when someone is talking about scientific progression is men experimenting or finding solutions throughout my education. With Madam Curie, she not only won two Nobel prizes, but also trained doctors how to use X-ray machines.[Why I tagged thisThats amazing that there was a girl who stood up and fought for what she believed in and was able to teach the world something being the first women in that time century. I didn't know they recongnized women at this time in hisory. [Why tag this text
Marie Curie is really a role model for women in science. The fact that she made so many advancements in the study of radiation is an inspiration and she probably is part of the reason I'm able to go for a degree in biomedical science.[Why tag this textMarie Curie was one of my favorite research topics when I was in high school. I found this section interesting because of how little people actually knew about radium and the harm it does to the human body, but how willing they were to think of it as a miracle drug. Curie was really ahead of her time with the research she did, I could only imagine what she would have done if she lived another 10 or 20 years. [Why tag this textI am actually surprised I have never heard of Marie Curie until now. Given all the discoveries accomplishments she as a scientist, she is a woman! We should have learned about her in elementary school. I find it interesting how she also taught science specifically to women and also having a daughter who followed in both Marie and Pierre's footsteps.[Why tag this textThis is important because there is little acknowledgement of women in history and to learn that Maria Curie played such a big part in the science field is fascinating and encouraging. [Why tag this textI find it very interesting for Marie Curie not only to recieve 1 nobel prized but 2 for her worldly accomplishments which is very impressive. For to her to go on and discover radiation therapy for cancer is beyond words of how much this woman has contributed to the scientific community and medical field[Why tag this textI find this interesting because she worked with her daughter and worked in world war I, where many women where not introduced into the playing field of war and such, then there is the Curie family who helped display their education to help out.[Why tag this textJenna Nehls
Lauren Anthe
Brittany
Kelly Stahl
klingman
Becky Fleck
Melissa Gile
Stefanie
Ashley Parker
Rebecca Sherer
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corey
When Marie and Pierre Curie and Henri Becquerel received their 1903 Nobel Prize for the discovery of radioactivity (see Deeper Insight 2.1, p. 46), radiation captured the public imagination. Not for several decades did anyone realize its dangers.
When Marie and Pierre Curie and Henri Becquerel received their 1903 Nobel Prize for the discovery of radioactivity (see Deeper Insight 2.1, p. 46), radiation captured the public imagination. Not for several decades did anyone realize its dangers. For example, factories employed women to paint luminous numbers on watch and clock dials with radium paint. The women moistened their paint brushes with their tongues to keep them finely pointed and ingested radium in the process. The radium accumulated in their bones and caused many of them to develop a form of bone cancer called osteosarcoma.
When Marie and Pierre Curie and Henri Becquerel received their 1903 Nobel Prize for the discovery of radioactivity (see Deeper Insight 2.1, p. 46), radiation captured the public imagination. Not for several decades did anyone realize its dangers. For example, factories employed women to paint luminous numbers on watch and clock dials with radium paint. The women moistened their paint brushes with their tongues to keep them finely pointed and ingested radium in the process. The radium accumulated in their bones and caused many of them to develop a form of bone cancer called osteosarcoma.Even more horrific, in the wisdom of hindsight, was a deadly health fad in which people drank ?tonics? made of radium-enriched water. One famous enthusiast was the millionaire playboy and championship golfer Eben Byers (1880?1932), who drank several bottles of radium tonic each day and praised its virtues as a wonder drug and aphrodisiac. Like the factory women, Byers contracted osteosarcoma. By the time of his death, holes had formed in his skull and doctors had removed his entire upper jaw and most of his mandible in an effort to halt the spreading cancer. Byers' bones and teeth were so radioactive they could expose photographic film in the dark. Brain damage left him unable to speak, but he remained mentally alert to the bitter end. His tragic decline and death shocked the world and helped put an end to the radium tonic fad.
So this means that the myth that smaller, skinnier bones break easier than big fat ones is untrue? It all depends on the osseous tissue formulation for how much tension the bone can handle before it snaps?[Why I tagged this]They discuss radioactivity and radiation, specifically radium. I wonder if this is in relation to radiation that is used for cancer treatment. I know that radiation can have adverse effects and one can only receive so much. I wonder if this is the same thing or is related to this discovery. [Why I tagged thisRadium is an alkaline earth metal and is very radioactive. People working in early factories had a high potential for developing osteosarcoma. Because these radioactive particles entered the body through respiration, cells were in turn, exposed to toxic chemicals that could interefere within the production of new tissue.[Why I tagged thisDidn't we read about this couple earlier in the semester too? I remember something involving them literally bathing themselves in one of their discoveries thinking it was a [Why I tagged this
How many products still contain radium? How much radiation can we have in our body until it is lethal?[Why I tagged thisThis in extremely disturbing and fascinating history lesson that makes me wonder what sorts of things in our society that are being consumed with the assumption that they too are [Why I tagged thisI think it's interesting how back then people actually thought that radioactivity was ok and that they did not realize its dangers. When I hear about radioactivity, I think of it as a dangerous thing to stay away from. [Why I tagged thisThis just all the more makes you wonder about ingesting or using new products that are fresh trends. The ancient fluids and food products have served the health of Homo sapiens for many thousands of years over. That's probably the most reliable test and peer review.[Why I tagged thisWow, this is really interesting. But what exactly is radium paint and radium tonic water? Why does radiation make holes in your bones?[Why I tagged thisRaditation both causes cancer, and is used in treatments to cure cancer. Has it ever happened that someone who was treated with raditiaton ended up with their cancer worsened, or a different type caused by it?[Why I tagged thisDid no one think to look at the poor hands of Madame Curie which lost their fingernails and had terrible skin? [Why I tagged thisI can only imagine what the long term effects of various artificial substanes that we are putting inot our bodies today will be.I find it ironic that it is more expensive to put natural foods and products into our bodies.[Why I tagged thisI knew radiation was bad for you but I did not know if could cause osteosarcoma. I find it interesting that in moderation, it can be used to treat cancers, but if it's too much, it can cause cancer. [Why I tagged thiswow that is amazingly interesting and sad. These women weren't even aware of what they were working with and in that they developed cancer. Amazing[Why I tagged thisKirsten Majstorovic
Petra Stevanovic
Rebecca Sherer
Kassidy Birkrem
Jacob
Kristen
Justin Morgan
Sarah
Amie Emrys
John
Corianne
Cassi Malko
Melissa
Electrolytes are important for their chemical reactivity (as when calcium phosphate becomes incorporated into bone), osmotic effects (influence on water content and distribution in the body), and electrical effects (which are essential to nerve and muscle function). Electrolyte balance is one of the most important considerations in patient care. Electrolyte imbalances have effects ranging from muscle cramps and brittle bones to coma and cardiac arrest.
this is interesting because common sports drinks such as gatorade contain electrolytes which many individuals drink during long periods of physical activity; such as a basketball game. The contents of this drink may prevent muscle cramps and fatigue during the game.[Why tag this text]It is fascinating that, even when talking about small units of life such as molecules and different elements, we can see that they still play a huge role in the body's physiology and overall health. [Why tag this textElectrolytes are substances that inonize in water and form solutions capable of conducting electricity. They are important for their chemical reactivity, osmotic effects, and electrical effects[Why tag this textInteresting fact about the roles of electrolytes, helps explains why we need to replenish them when we are active![General-Do not useI'd like to know more about electrolytes here. We're led to believe that sports drinks help us maintain electrolyte balance in our muscles. What's the science behind consuming coconut water vs. Gatorade as recovery after a long run? What is happening at the molecular level? And what chemical imbalances in electrolytes lead to brittle bones? Coma? Cardiac arrest? Table 2.2 shows us major electrolytes and the ions released by their dissociation, but HOW do those cations and anions interact with our bodies once dissociated to cause imbalances?[Why tag this textI found this bit about electrolytes interesting because it ties in its relevance to patient care. Since I have the intentions of becoming an RN, knowing what the symptoms of electrolyte imbalance are and what they arrise from is important to me.[Why tag this textI knew that electrolytes helped with hydration (primarily because of Gatorade) but I had no idea that it helped with electrical currents in the body. This is really important because the brain needs these to effectively communicate with the entire body through the nervous system. This passage mentions how electrolyte deficiency can result in cardiac arrest; this goes to show just how vital electrolytes are.[Why tag this textElectrolytes are very important to every human being, which makes sense why they get added to water and other drinks. I did not know that electrolyte imbalances could have such effects to the human body. [Why tag this textI found this section interesting because I had always wondered what was so special about drinks that contained elecrolytes. I did not know that it was those electrolytes that help to relieve muscle cramos. I now understand the significance of this addition to many drinks, and I may have to get one today![Why tag this textElectrolytes are important in chemistry for their distinct functions that the serve in solutions. An electrolyte can conduct electricty, and depending on the types of compounds in solution it could also be an acid or base. It makes sense that electrolytes would serve important roles in the body with their ability to conduct electricty, and make liquid solutions from otherwise insoluable compounds.[Why tag this textSo, this importance explains why sports drinks, such as Gatorade, contain a lot of electrolytes. They help your muscles and nerves work to the best of their ability. [Why tag this textThis is probably why people, such as athletes, find it useful to drink gatorade when doing physical activity. It restores their electrolytes and prevents them from cramping up.[Why tag this textThe electrolytes that help with muscle cramps can easily be associated with Gatorade or Powerade. These drinks are heavily endorsed and advertised by athletes to help hydration.[Why tag this textThe topic of electrolyte imbalances is particularly interesting to me becuase of my interest in sports medicine and health. Electrolyte imbalances can be particularly debilitating in athletes experiencing side effects of the imbalance. I remember our Cross Country coach always lecturing us to watch our electrolytes during the racing season. [Why tag this textMia Breidenbach
Stephanie
Erin Griph
Shannon Stinson
Jacob
Cody Andrews
Ripley
Ashley Wiedmeyer
Joe Nimm
aubrey
morgan johnson
David
Alina Gur
These sensory receptors are especially abundant on the face, palms, fingers, soles, nipples, and genitals. There are relatively few on the back and in skin overlying joints such as the knees and elbows. Page 182
Thermoregulation.
Thermoregulation. Cutaneous nerve endings called thermoreceptors monitor the body surface temperature. In response to chilling, the body retains heat by constricting blood vessels of the dermis (cutaneous vasoconstriction), keeping warm blood deeper in the body. In response to overheating, it loses excess heat by dilating those vessels (cutaneous vasodilation), allowing more blood to flow close to the surface and lose heat through the skin. If this is insufficient to restore normal temperature, sweat glands secrete perspiration. The evaporation of sweat can have a powerful cooling effect. Thus, the skin plays roles in both warming and cooling the body
Thermoregulation. Cutaneous nerve endings called thermoreceptors monitor the body surface temperature. In response to chilling, the body retains heat by constricting blood vessels of the dermis (cutaneous vasoconstriction), keeping warm blood deeper in the body. In response to overheating, it loses excess heat by dilating those vessels (cutaneous vasodilation), allowing more blood to flow close to the surface and lose heat through the skin. If this is insufficient to restore normal temperature, sweat glands secrete perspiration. The evaporation of sweat can have a powerful cooling effect. Thus, the skin plays roles in both warming and cooling the body.
stimuli[Why tag this text]I have a couple of tattoos and I always wondered why it hurt more depending on where the tattoo was located. This explains why because if there are more sensory receptors in a certain area then you are going to feel more pain there.[Why tag this textThats why it doesn't hurt to stretch/pinch your elbow..[Why tag this textThis important because these sections describe the different functions of the skin. Our skin does more than just protect us from the outside world and each function is described in these sections.[Why tag this textA great example of the body mantaining homeostasis. The fact that humans are able to live in a large range of climates and go from one temperature to the other relatively quickly is pretty amazing if you consider other organisms who couldn't handle much temperature variations. It would be interesting to see how thermoregulation evolved and changed over time in early humans. [Why tag this textWhy do you get cold chills when you have a fever?[Why tag this textIt is interesting that the skins role in thermoregulation is either dialating or constricting the cutaneous blood vessels. [Why tag this textThis explains why when we are cold, our lips and skin turn blueish purple and when we are hot our skin is very flushed and red.[Why tag this textI once learned that the skin did thermoregulation y use of water. Did I learn incorrectly?[Why tag this textfunction: thermoregulation[Why tag this textwhy does the skin contain the heat? wouldn't it be the muscles and tissues that keep your body warm?[Why tag this textvasoconstriction. Vaso - vein, vessels. Constriction - tight, closed, narrowing[Why tag this textis this why some people are very red when playing a sport or working out and sweating ?[Why tag this textvaso- vessel . dialation - opening[Why tag this textZachary Garrity
Maria Stephans
Mia Breidenbach
Sarah Kallas
Neema Shekar
Keira
Madeline
Alyssa Harmes
Lauren Anthe
lenarch2
Fibrosis is the replacement of damaged tissue with scar tissue, composed mainly of collagen produced by fibroblasts. Scar tissue helps to hold an organ together, but it does not restore normal function. Examples include the healing of severe cuts and burns, the healing of muscle injuries, and
Fibrosis is the replacement of damaged tissue with scar tissue, composed mainly of collagen produced by fibroblasts. Scar tissue helps to hold an organ together, but it does not restore normal function. Examples include the healing of severe cuts and burns, the healing of muscle injuries, and scarring of the lungs in tuberculosis.
regeneration is the replacement of dead or damaged cells by the same type of cell. When i took my lip ring out my tissue was replaced with scar tissue and to this day after 4 years i can still feel the scar tissue[Why tag this text]Fibrosis[Why tag this textI find this really interesting. I guess I always thought of scars like scabs: they just got better. I have a pretty noticable scar on my forehead, it's good to know why it didn't heal like a regular cut or scrape. [Why tag this textImportant vocab to understand[Why tag this textIts amazing the ability of the body to heal itself. Even in the case of fibrosis. Normal tissue has not been restored but the body still had the ability to heal itself in someway.[Why tag this textWhere does the scar tissues come from? Other parts of the body?[Why tag this textThis explains why after you get a scar, the scar may fade but the skin where it was never really heals. It looks different compared to the rest of the skin. It's lighter. I always knew that scars never went away, but now I know why.[Why tag this textWhy doesnt scar tissue restore normal function because it still is a tissues,bso than why woudnt it function as a tissue?[Why tag this textWhen a person incurs a severely deep cut and does not get stitches when the cut definitely needed them, will there be more scar tissue than if they had gotten stitches? And then is the wound healing by fibrosis more than regeneration of those damaged tissues?[Why tag this textIt is odd to think fibrosis is the replacement of damaged tissue with scar tissue and does not restore normal function. It makes me think twice about injuries that I have had and future injuries that I might acquire. Having scars on the surface of my skin or internally now makes me wonder how much damage I really have done to myself by accident. [Why tag this textI can now say that I have had fibrosis heal my scars from my double knee surgery!Did I use fibrosis in the right way?[Why tag this textSo, on this part Saturday morning while making breakfast for myself, I sliced my thumb open (not purposefully), to the bone. I had to go to the Emergency Room and get four stitches. I am wondering that if it was such a deep laceration, will the primary mode of repair be Fibrosis?Also, I am hoping to receive extra credit for this endeavor (as I expedited my study of Anatomy and Physiology, and my acquisition of knowledge surrounding Histology). [Just Kidding][Why tag this textUnfortunately when fibrosis happens on tissue near joints some loss to the range of motion happens and can take a while to come back if it does at all. I know because of the times I have damaged the tissue around my knee.[Why tag this textI have had numerous surgeries/ procedures done that have left me with scars[Why tag this textJoe Nimm
Sarah Kallas
Megan Perna
Stephanie Collins
Kenyetta
Samantha
Justin Rosinski
Shannon Stinson
Jerry S Yang
Kaitlynn
jennifer lassiter
Samuel Nichols
Brendan Semph
Even though his microscopes were simpler than Hooke's, they achieved much greater useful magnification (up to 200×) owing to Leeuwenhoek's superior lens-making technique.
Out of curiosity, he examined a drop of lake water and was astonished to find a variety of microorganisms??little animalcules,? he called them, ?very prettily a-swimming.? He went on to observe practically everything he could get his hands on, including blood cells, blood capillaries, sperm, muscular tissue, and bacteria from tooth scrapings. Leeuwenhoek began submitting his observations to the Royal Society of London in 1673. He was praised at first, and his observations were eagerly read by scientists, but enthusiasm for the microscope did not last. By the end of the seventeenth century, it was treated as a mere toy for the upper classes, as amusing and meaningless as a kaleidoscope. Leeuwenhoek and Hooke had even become the brunt of satire. But probably no one in history had looked at nature in such a revolutionary way. By taking biology to the cellular level, the two men had laid an entirely new foundation for the modern medicine to follow centuries later.
The Hooke and Leeuwenhoek
The Hooke and Leeuwenhoek microscopes produced poor images with blurry edges (spherical aberration) and rainbowlike distortions (chromatic aberration). These problems had to be solved before the microscope could be widely used as a biological tool. In nineteenth-century Germany, Carl Zeiss (1816?88) and his business partner, physicist Ernst Abbe (1840?1905), greatly improved the compound microscope, adding the condenser and developing superior optics. With improved microscopes, biologists began eagerly examining a wider variety of specimens.
This is interesting to me because his intention wasn't even to make a microscope for scientific reasons.[Why I tagged this]I think these two men that made these microscopes are amazing and its interesting what each inventer made and the pos. and negs. about each[Why I tagged thisLeeuwenhoek added to Hookes improvements[Why I tagged thisWhy Antony's microscope was more useful than Hooke's.[Why I tagged thisEven though we learned about him in Bio, I'm still surprised that these microscope discoveries occurred so long ago. Unfortunately for Hooke and van Leeuwenhoek that they did too, since they became such a joke to other scientists.[Why I tagged thisFirst to observe these at a celllular level![Why I tagged thisWhy was Antony van Leeuwenhoek's invention later used as a toy by the rich? How didn't they see the value in his discovery?[Why I tagged thisWhat his microscope was eventually used as, after the excitement died down.[Why I tagged thisThis is amusing in itself. The first time I looked at pond water under a microscope my mind was blown. It is almost sad that their peers could not share in the importance of such a discovery. [Why I tagged thisI tagged this to show how even though microscopes were created so long ago, they are still very important and necessary to us today as well.[Why I tagged thisA. van Leeuwenhoek & Robert Hook were innovators of microscope use.[Why I tagged thisThe beginning of looking at cells [Why I tagged thisFirst to created the Microscopes.[Why I tagged thisQuestion 3: Hooke's microscope allowed for the first view of cells and Zeiss's improvments allowed for a more detailed image. The concept of human form and function changed and became more detailed by the ability to observe individual cells and their relation to other cells.[Why I tagged thisKaitlynn
Caitlin
Nicholas Bruno
Sophie
Jonathan Rooney
Jacob Balkum
Lauren Thiel
Amie Emrys
Sami
Sue Xiong
Sarah Ertl
Clinical ApplicationTissue Engineering
Tissue repair is not only a natural process but also a lively area of research in biotechnology. Tissue engineering is the artificial production of tissues and organs in the laboratory for implantation in the human body. The process commonly begins with building a scaffold (supportive framework) of collagen or biodegradable polyester, sometimes in the shape of a desired organ such as a blood vessel or an ear. The scaffold is seeded with human cells and put in a ?bioreactor? to grow. The bioreactor supplies nutrients, oxygen, and growth factors. It may be an artificial chamber, or the body of a human patient or laboratory animal. When a lab-grown tissue reaches a certain point, it is implanted into the desired location in the patient.
Tissue repair is not only a natural process but also a lively area of research in biotechnology. Tissue engineering is the artificial production of tissues and organs in the laboratory for implantation in the human body. The process commonly begins with building a scaffold (supportive framework) of collagen or biodegradable polyester, sometimes in the shape of a desired organ such as a blood vessel or an ear. The scaffold is seeded with human cells and put in a ?bioreactor? to grow. The bioreactor supplies nutrients, oxygen, and growth factors. It may be an artificial chamber, or the body of a human patient or laboratory animal. When a lab-grown tissue reaches a certain point, it is implanted into the desired location in the patient.Tissue-engineered skin grafts have long been on the market (see Deeper Insight 6.5, p. 201), and artificial tissues have since grown into a billion-dollar industry. Engineers are working on heart components such as valves, coronary arteries, patches of cardiac tissue, and whole heart chambers, and some have produced a beating rodent heart from a cell-seeded scaffold. Others have grown human liver, bone, ureter, tendon, intestinal, and breast tissue in the laboratory. Scientists at the University of Massachusetts and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology have grown a ?human? outer ear on the back of a mouse (fig. 5.35). They seeded a polymer scaffold with human cartilage cells and grew it in an immunodeficient mouse unable to reject the human tissue. They see potential in growing ears and noses for cosmetic treatment of children with birth defects or who have suffered disfiguring injuries from playground fights, accidents, or animal bites. One of the most daunting problems in growing artificial organs is producing the microvascular blood supply needed to sustain an organ such as a liver. Nevertheless, in recent years, tissue engineers have constructed new urinary bladders in several patients and a new bronchus in one, seeding a nonliving protein scaffold with cells taken from elsewhere in the patients' bodies.
Regeneration is the repair by the formation of the same type of tissue, such as in the example of a small cut, this will restore the normal function.Fibrosis will not restore normal function because it replaces the tissue with scar tissue to hold the organ together.[Why tag this text]regeneration is the regrowth of tissue whereas fibrosis is what creates scar tissue; regeneration restores normal cell function, but fibrosis only holds the organ together[Why tag this textRegeneration- replacement of dead/damaged cells. Restores normal function to organ. Fibrosis- replacement of damaged tissue with scar tissue(collagen). Helps hold an organ together, doesn't restore normal function.[Why tag this textRegeneration: This process is when cells replace damaged or dead cells with the same type of cells. This process restores normal function to the cells. Fibrosis: Is the process in which cells use collagen produced by fibroblasts. Scar tissue can help hold a damaged organ together. An example would be like a cut healing. [AnswerRegeneration is the process in which certain cells are restored, and Fibrosis is the making of scar tissue. The regeneration is the one that restores normal cellular function. But the Fibrosis is still important because it holds organs together.[Why tag this textI added this because its intersting to see that humans can put artifishal body parts on animals and not hurt them. we have come such a long ways form when science first started to now.[Why tag this textTissue engineering is when you artifically produce tissues and organs. This is used for skin grafts most often, but they're working on parts of the heart. [Why tag this textAlthough this is not the same thing, this passage made me think of something I recently read about a process called hemicraniectomy. I read of a woman who suffered a head injury and as a result her brian began to swell. This swelling would have been impeded by the woman's skull and would have resulted in Necrosis (premature tissue death as the result of trauma, toxins, or infection that was previously discussed in this chapter) of the brain tissue, resulting in the woman's death. In a hemicraniectomy, part of the skull is removed in order to allow brain tissue to swell without being crushed. In this woman's case, her skull was implanted into her stomach in order to keep it sterile until it was ready to be reattached. [Why tag this textits amaziong that even though tissue can repair itself we still do the study and research to help this process[Why tag this textThis is so miraculous that this process even happens. I find it so useful that these technologies are continuing to emerge in new ways. This is just the start to other discoveries of the future that will be able to change the lives of individuals in countless ways. [Why tag this textImportant part of research in biotechnology[Why tag this textThe process of tissue repair/engineering.[Why tag this textskin grafts are grown in a lab by biotechnologists.[Why tag this textThis is amazing, the growing of new tissue and organs can have an impact of human disease. Successfully gowing of a pancreas could help us beat diabetes, however i look at this as a temporary solution to a much more pressing issue in american due to our nutrition and the food we eat.[Why tag this textJonathan Lowe
Elizabeth
Eric Wichman
Hauser Joseph Alan
Gabriela
Danielle Henckel
Sarah Hudson
Lauren Anthe
Mauranda Hiller
Megan Perna
lindsay krueger
Flees Robert John
Hair Growth and Loss A given hair goes through a hair cycle consisting of three developmental stages: anagen, catagen, and telogen (fig. 6.9)
Hair Growth and Loss A given hair goes through a hair cycle consisting of three developmental stages: anagen, catagen, and telogen (fig. 6.9). At any given time, about 90% of the scalp follicles are in the anagen24 stage. In this stage, stem cells from the bulge in the follicle multiply and travel downward, pushing the dermal papilla deeper into the skin and forming the epithelial root sheath. Root sheath cells directly above the dermal papilla form the hair matrix. Here, sheath cells transform into hair cells, which synthesize keratin and then die as they are pushed upward away from the papilla. The new hair grows up the follicle,
Hair Growth and Loss A given hair goes through a hair cycle consisting of three developmental stages: anagen, catagen, and telogen (fig. 6.9). At any given time, about 90% of the scalp follicles are in the anagen24 stage. In this stage, stem cells from the bulge in the follicle multiply and travel downward, pushing the dermal papilla deeper into the skin and forming the epithelial root sheath. Root sheath cells directly above the dermal papilla form the hair matrix. Here, sheath cells transform into hair cells, which synthesize keratin and then die as they are pushed upward away from the papilla. The new hair grows up the follicle, often alongside an old club hair left from the previous cycle.
Hair Growth and Loss A given hair goes through a hair cycle consisting of three developmental stages: anagen, catagen, and telogen (fig. 6.9). At any given time, about 90% of the scalp follicles are in the anagen24 stage. In this stage, stem cells from the bulge in the follicle multiply and travel downward, pushing the dermal papilla deeper into the skin and forming the epithelial root sheath. Root sheath cells directly above the dermal papilla form the hair matrix. Here, sheath cells transform into hair cells, which synthesize keratin and then die as they are pushed upward away from the papilla. The new hair grows up the follicle, often alongside an old club hair left from the previous cycle. [image #3]
How long is hair usually on our heads for? Does some hair take longer to grow?[Why tag this]hair cylce has three stages: anagen, catagen, and telogen. anagen- stem cells multiply and travel downward. [Why tag thisThe names of these stages have similar root words compared to the stages of the cell cycle. Cells go through Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase. Hair goes through Anagen, Catagen, and Telogen. [Why tag thisI never knew what had a hair cycle. Is the dead keratin why we loose our hair every day? I have always wondered why we bush our hair and all of this hair comes off or when we are in the shower and or hair goes down the drain after we are done washing it? is it because of the dead keratin or something else?[Why tag thisThe hair grows as diffrent cycles, this can also be called shedding. Improtant to know as to why hair falls out and to understand it's cycle.[Why tag thisThe three stages of hair growth are anagen, catagen and telogen. Approximately 90% of the hair follicles will be in the anagen phase at any given time. In the anagen phase the hair is pushed deeper in the skin to establish a secure base position for the root or follicle.[Why tag thisThe hair goes through three stages to grow i think this is important information.[Why tag thisWhy does everything have to be so difficult? Can't hair just fallout because its old? So much work![Why tag thisdoes everyone go through hair loss or do more people go through it than others?[Why tag thisI find this interesting because of the fact that there are shampoos that claim that it could prevent your hair from falling out. However, based on the text, hair loss just seems part of a cycle. [Why tag thismost of your hair is n this stage. [Why tag thisthe three developmental stages of hair growth[Why tag thisthree stages of development for hair[Why tag thisHirsutism, i am pretty sure is an excess in production of androgens, I went to the circus when I was younger and they had a [Why tag thisPaola Arce
Amanda Baxter
sarah
Morgan Peil
Michael Franzini
Erin Griph
Melissa
Lauren Anthe
Alejandra Contreras
Jelena Ristic
Anthony Wheeler
Alyssa Harmes
Elizabeth
The manus,52 or hand, contains 19 bones in two groups: 5 metacarpals in the pal
The manus,52 or hand, contains 19 bones in two groups: 5 metacarpals in the palm and 14 phalanges in the fingers.
The Humerus
The HumerusThe Humerus The humerus has a hemispherical head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula (fig. 8.32). The smooth surface of the head (covered with articular cartilage in life) is bordered by a groove called the anatomical neck. Other prominent features of the proximal end are muscle attachments called the greater and lesser tubercles and an intertubercular sulcus between them that accommodates a tendon of the biceps muscle. The surgical neck, a common fracture site, is a narrowing of the bone just distal to the tubercles, at the transition from the head to the shaft. The shaft has a rough area called the deltoid tuberosity on its lateral surface. This is an insertion for the deltoid muscle of the shoulder.
he humerus has a hemispherical head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula (fig. 8.32). The smooth surface of the head (covered with articular cartilage in life) is bordered by a groove called the anatomical neck. Other prominent features of the proximal end are muscle attachments called the greater and lesser tubercles and an intertubercular sulcus between them that accommodates a tendon of the biceps muscle. The surgical neck, a common fracture site, is a narrowing of the bone just distal to the tubercles, at the transition from the head to the shaft. The shaft has a rough area called the deltoid tuberosity on its lateral surface. This is an insertion for the deltoid muscle of the shoulder.
Are these bones weaken then others because you always hear about people falling and breaking or fracturing things more in their wrists then in the arms?[Why tag this]I once broke some of these bones and the healing process took so long. Why is that?[Why tag thisSo the bones in the hands are called the carpals and metacarpals and the bones in the fingers are the phalanges, why aren't the toes considered phalanges as well?[Why tag thisThat's a lot of bones for how small hands are! [Why tag thisAll of the parts of the body that require fine motor movements has a large number of bones. I am assuming this is the case because with one large bone it couldn't move in the directions that you need it to in order to coplete a fine motor movement. [Why tag thisI didn't know there was that many bones in the hand[Why tag thisThis is an interesting section to me because I have a torn labrum, the cartilage cup that supports the head of the humerus.[Why tag thiswhy does it hurt so bad when you hit your [Why tag thisWhat kind of force would it take to break a bone like the humerus?[Why tag thisUnderstanding the function of a bone is important when studying the body because knowing their normal function and postition can help if something doesn't seem right at any time. Also, knowing the interaction between the different bones with eachother can help with the understanding of how our body works.[Why tag thisI like this passage because it demonstrates the multiple tissues located even within a system of the body such as the skeletal system. my question is: like in other systems such as the cardiac system an example of an organ is a heart. is a humerus an organ or does the entire skeletal system comprise the organ?[Why tag thisI tagged this text because it is an example of how bones are specifically formed to accomodate to muscles, nerves, or blood vessels. [Why tag thisWhen the surgical neck is fractured or broken how easy or how much muscle damage is done as well?[Why tag thisMadeline
Samantha B Johnson
Stephanie
Awlareau
Jonathan Baures
Stephen Minakian
Ashley Wiedmeyer
Ashley Parker
Maria Stephans
Thomas Hensler
Paige Schlieve
lenarch2
Osteoclasts are the fourth type of bone cell and they are bone dissolving cells found on the surface of bone.[Why I tagged this]Why does the body just use lysosomes? How do these differ?[Why I tagged thisMissed this one...adding on:Osteoclasts- bone-dissolving cells; found on bone surface; independent origin from the other 3 types; visible to naked eye[Why I tagged thisThis section really helped me to understand the difference between osteoclasts, and osteoblasts. I usually get them confused becasue they sound similar, but now I have a better understanding of the functions.[Why I tagged thisBone marrow stem cells fuse to form osteoclasts.[Why I tagged thisosteoclasts - type of bone cell; description, location, and function[Why I tagged thisare osteoclasts responsible for the deterioration in bones in the disease osteoporosis? [Why I tagged thisSO is this then one of the two groups we are to learn about in this section?[General_Do Not UseOsteoclasts belong to a different grouping than osteocytes, osteoblasts, and osteogenic bone cells because osteoclasts are bone-dissolving cells, while all the others are bone-forming cells.[Why I tagged thisOsteogenic cells, Osteoblasts, and Osteocytes all start out as stem cells?[GeneralHow do the cells know what to differentiate into if it comes from one [Why I tagged thisI have had a stem cell transplant for the treatment for my leukemia. When I did receive it the transplant bag was pink and gritty looking, like there were chunks. Comparing to a bone marrow transplant that I received two year before, it was a deep red color similar to blood. The [Why I tagged thisI had no idea it was even possible for a cell to have that many nuclei. Are there any other cells that have this many or even close?[Why I tagged this50 seems like a lot of nuclei for one cell to have. How can there be such a range from 3 to 4 to 50?[Why I tagged thisSarah Cherkinian
Christina Colarossi
Guendel Brandon James
PangJeb Vang
Alyssa Harmes
Kristofer Schroeckenthaler
lenarch2
Laura Kovach
Donald
Brandon Neldner
Amanda Fitzmaurice
Anna Christenbury
Bonnie Watson
Intramembranous21 (IN-tra-MEM-bra-nus) ossification
Intramembranous21 (IN-tra-MEM-bra-nus) ossification produces the flat bones of the skull and most of the clavicle (collarbone).
Intramembranous21 (IN-tra-MEM-bra-nus) ossification produces the flat bones of the skull and most of the clavicle (collarbone). Such bones develop within a fibrous sheet similar to the dermis of the skin, so they are sometimes called dermal bones. Figure 7.7 shows the stages of the process.
Intramembranous21 (IN-tra-MEM-bra-nus) ossification produces the flat bones of the skull and most of the clavicle (collarbone). Such bones develop within a fibrous sheet similar to the dermis of the skin, so they are sometimes called dermal bones. Figure 7.7 shows the stages of the process.
ossification produces the flat bones of the skull and most of the clavicle.[Why I tagged this]Intramembraneous Ossification: Makes the flat bones of the skull and the clavicle. Develop within a sheet. Mesenchyme condenses into a layer of tissue, and differentiates into osteogenic cells with trabeculae. Osteogenic cells gather and differentiate into osteoblasts. Osteoblasts deposit an organic matrix called osteoid tissue. A periosteum is formed by the mesenchyme close to the surface. Osteoblasts continue to make stuff. And trabeculae condense to make it compact bone.[Why I tagged thisintramembranous ossification produce flat bones of the skull and most of the clavicle. [Why I tagged thisproduces the flat bones of the skul and most of the clavicle[Why I tagged thisDoes Intramembranous ossification start and finish in the womb (with the exception of the fontanelles)? It makes sense that the skull would start this process of converting to compact bone to protect the developing brain in the womb and also during birth.[Why I tagged thisThis is something that I did not know. It's good to know that your bones are somewhat similar to your skin. This tells me that the layers of the bones are somewhat similar to the layers of our skin. Interesting![Why I tagged thisThat's very interesting how dermal bones devolope within a fibrous sheet to the dermis of the skin because when i looked at bones generally in lab they did not have any fibers, just Osteocyte.[Why I tagged thisOssification and Intramembranous are two methods for bone formation. [Why I tagged thisThe flat bones of the skull and most of the clavicle is formed by intramembranous ossification.[Why I tagged thisintramembranous ossification makes flat bones in the skull and in most of the clavicle.[Why I tagged thisCould you talk more about the different offications?[Why I tagged thisone mechanism of bone formation[Why I tagged thisIs this only produced in flat bones? [Why I tagged thisThroughout studing for lab and lecture I noticed that the pre-fixes or suff-fixes and parts of long words all have special meaning and connect to eachother and it seems very unique and interesting to me![Why I tagged thisDanielle Henckel
Paola Arce
Justin Putterman
Sophie
mainkao
hanouf
Nicole Coppins
Michael Franzini
lindsay krueger
Kayla Cowan
Jungas
Grace
Kaitlynn
Ribosomes
Ribosomes Ribosomes are small granules of protein and RNA found in the nucleoli, in the cytosol, and on the outer surfaces of the rough ER and nuclear envelope. They ?read? coded genetic messages (messenger RNA) and assemble amino acids into proteins specified by the code. This process is detailed in chapter 4. The unattached ribosomes scattered throughout the cytoplasm make enzymes and other proteins for use within the cell. Ribosomes attach to the rough ER when they make proteins destined to be packaged in lysosomes or, as in cases such as digestive enzymes, to be secreted from the cell.
I've heard about them but i didn't know what they are [Why tag this text]small granules of protein and RNA found in the nucleoli, in the cytosol, and on the out surfaces of the rough ER and nuclear envelope[General-Do not useRibosomes are actually protein and RNA and are found inside the cell, and they are important and interesting because they interpret crucial coded genetic messages and assemble amino acids, the building blocks of protein.[Why tag this textThis part confused me! I understood the attatched Ribosomes but i couldnt understand the fuction of the attaced Ribosomes ?[Why tag this textRIBOSOMES - DESCRIPTION AND FUNCTION[Why tag this textRibosomes attach to the rough ER but then nothing attaches to the smooth ER?[Why tag this textThe reason that the rough endoplasmic reticulum is rought and the reason why it synthesizes proteins is a result of its high concetrantions of ribosomes that attach themselves to the folds of the RER.[Why tag this textIt's crazy to think that ribosomes know how to make protien based off of instructions given by the RNA. Without brains of their own, it's really bizarre to think that they are capable of such complex and necessary functions. Using anabolism, they create protiens, always essential to that particular cell, and distribute it to where the body wishes for it to go.[Why tag this textRibosomes are made up of RNA and protein. this is were protein builds off of to make its self[Why tag this textImportance and defnition of non membraned ribosomes. [Why tag this textI have always thought Ribosomes were so neat in their ability to read genetic messages, and then form proteins. Each code is unique, and it is so amazing that they can distinguish the differences between the genetic messages. [Why tag this textI don't understand what coded genetic messages they read. The assemble acids into proteins but I don't understand by what means they do this.[Why tag this textI think of the Ribosome as the mother part of the cell. Reading and creating enzymes for the cell. Basically pulling everything together to help the cell. Like a mother to a child. Helping them learn and teaching them the way. Without the Ribosome the cell would not be able to function.[Why tag this textWhen reading RNA does each one have a certain task or does job to carrie out when reading it. Or is it just reading the RNA and producing protein. [Why tag this textRachel Feivor
Michael Acker
lujain
Alyssa Harmes
Tayelor Neiss
Thomas Hensler
Anna Christenbury
Lauren Anthe
Stephanie
Emily
Ashley McBain
shelby
Becky Fleck
State the functions of the hair papilla, hair receptors, and piloerector.
Describe what happens in the anagen, catagen, and telogen phases of the hair cycle.
State some reasonable theories for the different functions of hair of the eyebrows, eyelashes, scalp, nostrils, and axilla.
Define or describe the nail plate, nail fold, eponychium, hyponychium, and nail matrix.
The main difference between vellus and terminal hair is that the former is made up of two layers, while the latter has three. Terminal has an inner core, called the medulla.[Why tag this]vellus hair is fine and pale. Vellus constitutes about two-thirds of the hair of women, one-tenth of the hair of men, and all of the hair of children except for the eyebrows, eyelashes, and hair of the scalp.Terminal hair is longer, coarser, and usually more heavily pigmented. It forms the eyebrows and eyelashes and covers the scalp; after puberty, it forms the axillary and pubic hair, the male facial hair, and some of the hair on the trunk and limbs.[Why tag thisVellus hair is about two thirds of the hair of women and all the hair in children except for eyebrows, eyelashes and hair of the scalp. and Terminal hair is the longer hair it forms the eyebrows, eyelashes and hair ont he scalp.[Why tag thisVellus hair constitutes about two-thirds of the hair of women, one-tenth of the hair of men, and all of the hair of children except for the eyebrows, eyelashes, and hair on the scalp. Terminal hair is longer, coarser, and usually more heavily pigmented. It forms the eyebrows and eyelashes and covers the scalp; after puberty, it forms the axillary and pubic hair, the male facial have, and some of the hair on the trunk and limbs.[Why tag thisvellus-the hair on the scalp, eyebrows and eyelashesterminal hair-hair that is present everywhere else, more common in men[Why tag thishair receptors are the nerve fibers in the hair allowsing us to feel when our hair is being pulled or messed with. piloerections traps an insulating layer of warm air next to the skin and hair papilla is what causes goose bumps[Why tag thishair papilla-this the is inner part of the hair tissue, it is part of the hairs growth centerhair receptors-they are the nerve fibers on each hair folliclepiloerector-the muscle that makes terminal hair stand as a response to outer stimuli[Why tag thisDuring the anagen phase, stem cells from the bulge in the follicle multiply and travel downward, pushing the dermal papilla deeper into the skin and forming the epithelial root sheath. Root sheath cells directly above the dermal papilla form the hair matrix. It is here that sheath cells transform into hair cells, which synthesize keratin and then die as they are pushed upward away from the papilla. In the catagen stage, mitosis in the hair matrix ceases and sheath cells below the bulge die. The follicle shrinks and the dermal papilla draws up toward the bulge. The base of the hair keratinizes into a hard club and the hair (hair club), loses its anchorage. These hair are easily pulled out by brushing the hair, and the hard club can be felt at the hairs end. When the papilla reaches the bulge, the hair goes into a resting period called the telogen stage. Eventually, the anagen phase begins again and the cycle repeats itself.[Why tag thisanagen-stem cells multiply and travel down to push hair upwardcatagen-follicle shrinks and dermal papilla draws up toward the bulgetelogen-resting period of hair, where it doesn't grow[Why tag thisthe catagen stage the hair matrix ceases and sheath cells below begin to die. the follicle shrinks and the dermal papilla draws up towards the bulge. the Anagen beings a new cycle with new follicls and the telogen phase is the resting period.[Why tag thiseyebrows-keep sweat and debris out of eyeseyelashes-keep dirt out of eyes, attractive in femalesscalp-only place where hair is thick enough to retain heat, also helps with attraction and showing agenostrils-keep dirt and disease out of noseaxilla-signify sexual maturity and show sexual scents[Why tag thisthe purpose of all theses hair function in these places are to prevent depris from the air from coming into contact with the skin[Why tag thisthe nail plate is the top layer of the nail, the nail fold is along the nail with is the part of the edges that come into contact with the skin. the Eponychium is the cuticle of the nail [Why tag thisnail plate-free edge overhanging tip of finger/toenail fold-skin over top of naileponychium-small amount of dead skin overhanging nail roothyponychium-skin underlying nail bednail matrix-entire area consisting nail fold and eponychium[Why tag thisAshley Wiedmeyer
Lauren Anthe
Kimberly Loney
Jonathan Lowe
Structure of the Hair and Follicle A hair is divisible into three zones along its length: (1) the bulb, a swelling at the base where the hair originates in the dermis or hypodermis; (2) the root, which is the remainder of the hair within the follicle; and (3) the shaft, which is the portion above the skin surface. The only living cells of a hair are in and near the bulb. The bulb grows around a bud of vascular connective tissue called the dermal papilla, which provides the hair with its sole source of nutrition. Immediately above the papilla is a region of mitotically active cells, the hair matrix, which is the hair's growth center. All cells higher up are dead.
Structure of the Hair and Follicle A hair is divisible into three zones along its length: (1) the bulb, a swelling at the base where the hair originates in the dermis or hypodermis; (2) the root, which is the remainder of the hair within the follicle; and (3) the shaft, which is the portion above the skin surface. The only living cells of a hair are in and near the bulb. The bulb grows around a bud of vascular connective tissue called the dermal papilla, which provides the hair with its sole source of nutrition. Immediately above the papilla is a region of mitotically active cells, the hair matrix, which is the hair's growth center. All cells higher up are dead.In cross section, a hair reveals up to three layers. From the inside out, these are the medulla, cortex, and cuticle. The medulla is a core of loosely arranged cells and air spaces. It is most prominent in thick hairs such as those of the eyebrows, but narrower in hairs of medium thickness and absent from the thinnest hairs of the scalp and elsewhere. The cortex constitutes most of the bulk of a hair. It consists of several layers of elongated keratinized cells that appear cuboidal to flattened in cross sections. The cuticle is composed of multiple layers of very thin, scaly cells that overlap each other like roof shingles with their free edges directed upward (see photo on p. 180). Cells lining the follicle are like shingles facing in the opposite direction. They interlock with the scales of the hair cuticle and resist pulling on the hair. When a hair is pulled out, this layer of follicle cells comes with it.The follicle is a diagonal tube that dips deeply into the dermis and sometimes extends as far as the hypodermis. It has two principal layers: an epithelial root sheath and a connective tissue root sheath. The epithelial root sheath, which is an extension of the epidermis, lies immediately adjacent to the hair root. Toward the deep end of the follicle, it widens to form a bulge, a source of stem cells for follicle growth. The connective tissue root sheath, derived from the dermis, surrounds the epithelial sheath and is somewhat denser than the adjacent dermal connective tissue.Associated with the follicle are nerve and muscle fibers. Nerve fibers called hair receptors entwine each follicle and respond to hair movements. You can feel their effect by carefully moving a single hair with a pin or by lightly running your finger over the hairs of your forearm without touching the skin. Each hair has a piloerector muscle?also known as a pilomotor muscle or arrector pili23?a bundle of smooth muscle cells extending from dermal collagen fibers to the connective tissue root sheath of the follicle (see figs. 6.1 and 6.7a). In response to cold, fear, touch, or other stimuli, the sympathetic nervous system stimulates the piloerector to contract, making the hair stand on end and wrinkling the skin in such areas as the scrotum and areola. In other mammals, piloerection traps an insulating layer of warm air next to the skin or makes the animal appear larger and less vulnerable to a potential enemy. In humans, it pulls the follicles into a vertical position and causes ?goose bumps? but serves no useful purpose.
Structure of hair and follicle:Hair has three parts; the bulb, the root, and the shaft. Bulb=base where the hair originates. Root=remainder of hair in follicle. Shaft=portion above skin surface. Only living cells are near bulb. Demal papillae is where the bulb grows and it provides the hair with nutrition. Inside outMedulla: Core of loosely arranged cells, found most prominently in thick hairs.Cortex: most of the hairCuticleFollicle: Tube in ther dermis. Nerve and muscle fibers are associated with the follicle. The pilorector muscle or arrector pili moves hair up.Hair texture/color. Texture is related to cross-sectional shape. Straight=round wavy=oval curly=flat. Color is due to pigment granules in cortex.Growth and Loss: Three stages, anagen, catagen and telopgen. Anagen=stem cells multiply and travel downward, forming the epithelial root sheath. Sheath cells transform into hair cells and the hair grows up into the follicle. Catagen: Follicle shrinks, hair falls out.Telogen: Resting phase, hair may still fall out. [Why tag this]This section describes the basics of the hair on the body and parts that compose it. The hair protects our body from little follicles.[Why tag this3 different parts to the hairthe bulbthe rootthe shaft[Why tag thisits interesting to think that something so small and fine as a piece of hair has three sections or zones[Why tag thisThere are three zones when dealing with hair. Those zones are trhe bulb, the root, and the shaft.[Why tag thisstructure of the hair and follicle[Why tag thisI chose this because I was unaware that hair had muscle fibers. I did know there was smooth muscle underneath but not from the dermal collagen fibers to the connective tissue root sheath of the follicle. But it does make sense. I thought that there was only nerve fibers and that they make the hair stand up to cold or fear. But by this reading it states that the muscle fibers make the hair stand up, but the nervous fibers stimulates the contact. [Why tag thisThe fact that the hair has three location zones makes me realize why tweezing can be so painful sometimes because hairs can form deep within the dermis or hypodermis. [Why tag thisthe three zones of hair[Why tag thisI could have guessed that without reading this.[Why tag thisDo the size of the root and blub determine or help determine or strong a hair is or how thick a hair is ?[Why tag thisLike a tulip: hair reminds me of plants because of this and the root[Why tag thisThis really make me wonder what is the purpose of cells growing until they get to the surface and then they are dead. I know hair plays roles like filtration in the nose. So since they hair is on the out side and helps in filtration and gets exposed to bacteria and other harmful bacterias, is this why it is dead since then it will not be affected by theses things? If it was alive on the out side would it make a difference?[Why tag thissurrounds the bulb[Why tag thisMaria Stephans
Justin Putterman
Lauren Anthe
lindsay krueger
Hussain
Jenna
Noelle
Alyssa Harmes
Melissa
lenarch2
Sarah Kallas
Justin Rosinski
Jelena Ristic
Distinguish between organelles and inclusions. State two examples of each.
Briefly state how each of the following cell components can be recognized in electron micrographs: the nucleus, a mitochondrion, a lysosome, and a centriole. What is the primary function of each?
What three organelles are involved in protein synthesis
What three organelles are involved in protein synthesis?
Inclusions are the various particles and invasive particles that are located in the cell.[Why tag this text]organelles carry out metabolic tasks. membranous organelles are surrounede by unit membrane. examples of organelles include the nucleus, mitochindria, lysosomes and golgi complex. inclusions include fat droplets, protein crystals dust, ,bacteria and are never enclosed in unit membranes. [Why tag this textInclusions are never enclosed in a unit membrane, and they are not essential for the cell to survive. Two inclusions are fat droplets and pigments. Organelles have membranes and are neccessary for cell functions. Two organelles are the nucleus and ribosomes.[Why tag this textInclusions are not enclosed in a membrane, and they are not needed for the cell to survive. Organelles have membranes and are neccessary for cell functions. Two inclusions are glycogen and lipid droplets. Two organelles are the nucleus and mitochondrion. [Why tag this textOrganelles is a membrane-bound structure inside the cell, example of it is mitochondria and Golgu bodies. Iclusions is an inactive substance inside the cell, examples are viruses and fat droplets[Why tag this textorganelles-internal structures that carry out specific tasks, cells depend on them for survival; nucleus, ERinclusions-pigments, fat droplets. never enclosed in unit membrane and not essential to cell survival[Why tag this textorganellse are internal structures that carry out tasks. such as the nucleus, lysosomes, peroxisomes. while inclusions are never enclosded and unlike organelles they are not essential to cell survial.[Why tag this textCellular Inclusions are nonliving bodies, by-products of cellular metabolism present in the cytoplasm, such as pigment granules, fat droplets, or nutritive substances (also called metaplasm).Cellular Organelles are differentiated structures within a cell, such as a mitochondrion, vacuole, or chloroplast, that perform a specific function.[General-Do not useThe nucleus function genetic control center of cell; directs protein synthesis; shelters the DNAMitochondrion-They form axonemes of cilia and flagella, centrioles, basal bodies, it enables motility of cell partsLysosome-Contain enzymes for intracellular digestion, autophagy, programmed cell death and the glucose mobilizationCentrioles-Organizing center for formation of microtubules of cytoskeleton and mitotic spindle[Why tag this textnucleus-largest organelle usually, circular; genetic control center of cells, shelters DNAmitochondria-bean shaped organelles; are in control of ATP synthesislysosome-round oval sacs with dark, featurless interior; main job is to remove cellular wastecentriole-short cylindrical bodies, contain many microtubules; form mitotic spindle during cell division[Why tag this textNucleus manufactures messenger RNA from DNA and exports it to the cytosolRibosome takes the instructions and assembles amino acids into the protein[General-Do not useribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi complex[Why tag this textRibosomes, Rough ER and the Golgi Apparatus[Why tag this textribsomes, golgi complex, lysosomes[Why tag this textjess Tegelman
Ashley Wiedmeyer
Ford Elizabeth Emily
Kenyetta
Jonathan Lowe
Lauren Anthe
Rachel Feivor
The fusion of several bones, completed by late adolescence to the mid-20s, brings about the average adult number of 206.
The fusion of several bones, completed by late adolescence to the mid-20s, brings about the average adult number of 206.
The fusion of several bones, completed by late adolescence to the mid-20s, brings about the average adult number of 206. These bones are listed in table 8.1.
That is a really interesting point, I never considered before that the number of bones one has varies based on age and whether or not certain bones have fused together. What process is involved in the fusion of bones that it holds off until a person's mid 20s?[Why tag this]so if you break a bone while youre a teen before the fusion, and then again after, will it cause severe damage or different function or different repair of the bone?[Why tag thisAre there any genetic diseases that cause abnormal amounts of bone in the body? What is the largest amount of bones a human has ever possessed? What is the least (excluding individuals who have had amputations)? [Why tag thisI find it quite amazing that in a typical adult body, there are about 206 bones. Bone makes up a lot of our body weight.[Why tag thisHow are bones fused together? What biological processes are taking place?[Why tag thisI wonder what the advantage is to having bones fuse so late in life. Are there other long living mammals with similar conditions? Why not fuse by puberty or shortly there after?[Why tag thisI think this is interesting. In my physiological psychology class last semester, we learned about synaptic pruning. I think that the fusing of bones together is similar to how the brain reorganizes itself to reduce the amount of pathways.[Why tag thisWhy is it that in some people bones fuse but in other people the bones do not fuse. Is there any differences cause by not fusing?[Why tag thisHow do certain bones know when to fuse at a certain time? Which bones fuse in the late adolescents and why?[Bone Fusion?What happen if fusion never happens? [Why tag thisDo these bones fuse in a particular order? [Why tag thisWhat happens if bones don't fuse correctly? Can adults have more than 206 bones? Would it negatively affect them?[Why tag this From an evoluionary standpoint, what transpired that spured the fusing of our bones?[Why tag thisWow I didnt know that! Does puberty and all the hormonal changes initiate the fussion of all finnal bones? [Why tag thiscorey
Jacob Balkum
Mai Youa Chang
Sarah Cherkinian
John
Cody Andrews
Tony Sustachek
Gina Erato
lenarch2
Kasey Kallien
Cassi Malko
Andrea
Donald
The scalp is normally the only place where the hair is thick enough to retain heat.
The scalp is normally the only place where the hair is thick enough to retain heat. Heat loss from a bald scalp can be substantial and quite uncomfortable. The brain receives a rich supply of warm blood, and most of the scalp lacks an insulating fat layer.
The scalp is normally the only place where the hair is thick enough to retain heat. Heat loss from a bald scalp can be substantial and quite uncomfortable. The brain receives a rich supply of warm blood, and most of the scalp lacks an insulating fat layer. Heat is easily conducted through the bones of the skull and lost to the surrounding air.
The scalp is normally the only place where the hair is thick enough to retain heat. Heat loss from a bald scalp can be substantial and quite uncomfortable. The brain receives a rich supply of warm blood, and most of the scalp lacks an insulating fat layer. Heat is easily conducted through the bones of the skull and lost to the surrounding air. In addition, without hair there is nothing to break the wind and stop it from carrying away heat. Hair also protects the scalp from sunburn, since the scalp is otherwise most directly exposed to the sun's rays. These may be the reasons humans have retained thick hair on their heads while losing most of it from the rest of the body.
LICE SUCKS TO HAVE[General_Do not use]This is the only area that hair serves us in heat. [Why tag thisThis makes sense on why we have so much hair on the top of our head, because it is an area with less fat to keep us warm. [Why tag thisHair keeps heat on the head[Why tag thisone of the functions of hair - retain heat[Why tag thisI made a comment to my drill sergeant,[Why tag thishair on the scalp is valuable, as it helps humans retain heat on their head[Why tag thisMy dad is bald, so he must lose most of his heat from his scalp. Also he is at higher risk for sunburn/skin cancer/and age spots on the scalp [Why tag thisAn example of the A&P concepts of adapatation and evolution which show how Homo sapiens have changed over time in accordance to their environment.[Why tag thisdoesn't 80% of the body heat contain to the head?[Why tag thisso in other words the main place that hair really needs to occur is on the scalp. so then what happens when someone goes bald and has no hair covering the scalp?[Why tag thisWhat causes hair to change color in the summer?[Why tag thisHair protects from sun-burn[Why tag thisevolution.[Why tag thisJelena Ristic
Lauren Thiel
Tayelor Neiss
Alyssa Harmes
Ryan Gallagher
Anthony Wheeler
Elizabeth
Sarah Hudson
Lauren Anthe
Sami
T
The eyebrows are often presumed to keep sweat or debris out of the eyes
The eyebrows are often presumed to keep sweat or debris out of the eyes, but this seems a negligible role. It is more plausible that they function mainly to enhance facial expression.
The eyebrows are often presumed to keep sweat or debris out of the eyes, but this seems a negligible role. It is more plausible that they function mainly to enhance facial expression. Movements of the eyebrows are an important means of nonverbal communication in humans of all cultures,
The eyebrows are often presumed to keep sweat or debris out of the eyes, but this seems a negligible role. It is more plausible that they function mainly to enhance facial expression. Movements of the eyebrows are an important means of nonverbal communication in humans of all cultures, and we even have special frontalis muscles for this purpose. Eyebrow expressiveness is not unique to humans; many species of monkeys and apes use quick flashes of the eyebrows to greet each other, assert their dominance, and break up quarrels.
Is this the reason why humans don't have claws? Because we are more advanced than other creatures and can do things like grooming and picking apart food?[Why tag this]One would think that eyebrows used to have more significance than facial expression. The brows of our ancestors were much more prominent.[Why tag thisI never knew this... interesting.[Why tag thisis it possible for someone to have no eyebrows?[Why tag thisEverytime I sweat I get drops in my eyes.[Why tag thisI've always wondered about whether or not the eyebrows really are meant to function as means of keeping sweat from getting in the eyes. Mostly because after a really long run, I know, on myself at least, they don't really function well in that manner. The facial expression enhancement theory sounds much more realistic to me. [Why tag thisI never knew that our eyebrows where to help keep sweat or debris out of our eyes. I always thought that they where just there to fill up space between our forhead and eyes. I also like that we can use our eyebrows to communcate and without useing our worlds because when you was a little child and your mom raised her brow you knew you was in trouble. [Why tag thisDidn't ever realize this could be a purpose for the eyebrows. Relating to the facial expressions not the keeping of sweat.[Why tag thisfunction of the eyebrows[Why tag thisIf you've ever seen a picture of someone without eyebrows.....It's got to be the strangest looking thing[Why tag thisI did not know that as we grow we grow three kinds of hair, lanugo, vellus, and terminal hair. I also didnt know that eyebrows are use dto keep the sweat or debris out of the eyes. [Why tag thisHow can this be explained in terms of Darwin's theory of evolution? What does this have to do with species fitness?[Why tag thisdefinitely....[Why tag thisCorianne
Jelena Ristic
Lauren Anthe
lenarch2
Alina Gur
chanel
shelby
Alyssa Harmes
Ann
Anisa Janko
Rachel
There are eight cranial bones:1 frontal bone 1 occipital bone2 parietal bones 1 sphenoid bone2 temporal bones 1 ethmoid bone
The Frontal Bone
The Frontal Bone
The Frontal Bone The frontal bone extends from the forehead back to a prominent coronal suture, which crosses the crown of the head from right to left and joins the frontal bone to the parietal bones (see figs. 8.3 and 8.4). The frontal bone forms the anterior wall and about one-third of the roof of the cranial cavity, and it turns inward to form nearly all of the anterior cranial fossa and the roof of the orbit. Deep to the eyebrows it has a ridge called the supraorbital margin. Each margin is perforated by a single supraorbital foramen (see figs. 8.3 and 8.14), which provides passage for a nerve, artery, and veins. In some people, the edge of this foramen breaks through the margin of the orbit and forms a supraorbital notch. A person may have a foramen on one supraorbital margin and a notch on the other. The smooth area of the frontal bone just above the root of the nose is called the glabella.6 The frontal bone also contains the frontal sinus. You may not see this sinus on all study skulls. On some, the calvaria is cut too high to show it, and some people simply do not have one. Along the cut edge of the calvaria, you can also see the diploe (DIP-lo-ee)?the layer of spongy bone in the middle of the cranial bones (see fig. 8.5b).
Carnial bones enclose the brain. It consists of 2 major parts, calcaria and base. Its a large hole where the spinal cord meets the brain which is very important. The dura mater lies loosely against the inside of the cranium. [Why tag this]Many of these match the names of the lobes of the brain.[Why tag thisThe eight cranial bones [Why tag thisI never relized that your scull is made up of different bones. I thought that your scall was made up of one bone that protected your head.[Why tag thisThat is a lot for just a little thing.[Why tag thisFrontal Bone: Foremost bone, forehead area. On either side it has the temporal bones and the pariteal bone is behind it. This section of reading is confusing me, the terms are understandable but the formatting is not.[Why tag thisHow much impact does one need to take to fracture or damage a cranial bone?[Why tag thisEach of these headings is the start to a paragraph that describes the different bones of the skull. Differentiating between these bones helps in identifying the part of the brain that the bone is protecting and can hint towards what that part of the brain does.[Why tag thisthe frontal bone[Why tag thisFrontal bone - one of the bones in the skull[Why tag thisHow does our skull structure differ from chimpanzee skulls or other mammals?[Why tag thisUsually this is where people get headaches, why is this such a popular place for heachaches?[Why tag thisDoes having a notch affect the person's ability to function normally?[Why tag thisWhat would cause this type of variation? Is it simply genetics? And are there any implications to the development of a supraorbital notch?[Why tag thisLaura Kovach
Zoe Hitzemann
sarah
Melissa
Danielle Henckel
Zawicki Sara Anne Marie
Maria Stephans
Alyssa Harmes
Anthony Wheeler
Shannon Stinson
Maisey Mulvey
Brianna Brugger
Alina Gur
In humans, they merely produce goose bumps. Above each ear, we have three auricularis muscles. In other mammals, they move the ears to receive sounds better or to repel flies and other pests, but most people cannot contract them at all.
As Darwin said, it makes no sense that humans would have such structures were it not for the fact that we came from ancestors in which they were functional.
Several aspects of our anatomy make little sense without an awareness that the human body has a histo
Several aspects of our anatomy make little sense without an awareness that the human body has a history
Several aspects of our anatomy make little sense without an awareness that the human body has a history (
Several aspects of our anatomy make little sense without an awareness that the human body has a history (see Deeper Insight 1.1). Our evolutionary relationship to other species is also important in choosing animals for biomedical research. If there were no issues of cost, availability, or ethics, we might test drugs on our close living relatives, the chimpanzees, before approving them for human use.
Several aspects of our anatomy make little sense without an awareness that the human body has a history (see Deeper Insight 1.1). Our evolutionary relationship to other species is also important in choosing animals for biomedical research. If there were no issues of cost, availability, or ethics, we might test drugs on our close living relatives, the chimpanzees, before approving them for human use. Their genetics, anatomy, and physiology are most similar to ours, and their reactions to drugs therefore afford the best prediction of how the human body would react. On the other hand, if we had no kinship with any other species, the selection of a test species would be arbitrary; we might as well use frogs or snails. In reality, we compromise. Rats and mice are used extensively for research because they are fellow mammals with a physiology similar to ours, but they present fewer of the aforementioned issues than chimpanzees or other mammals do. An animal species or strain selected for research on a particular problem is called a model?for example, a mouse model for leukemia.
shows how sometimes evolution gives us trait that we may never need, but at one time this trait was very importent.[Why I tagged this]So interesting.. I did not know this either! [Why I tagged thisIt is fascinating to think that everything science tells us, is related to how humans are so closely linked to animals and other mammals. But this states how something like hair, which is pretty universal for all species in general, can produce a completely opposing trait.[Why I tagged thisWhy does this make us get goose bumps when we get cold?[Why I tagged thisWhat changed that we can no longer use these muscles to control our hearing better.[Why I tagged thisMore understanding of our physiology giving us clues into our history. [Why I tagged thisVestigial organs also prove the theory of evolution because mammals use these muscles to their advantage while humans possess them but they are not being used, which indicates that we have evolved from mammals before us.[Why I tagged thisI tagged this because in one of the previous sections we were asked, why study the history of anatomy. This may be a reason as to why we would study the history of anatomy. Maybe sometime in our near past a part of the human body was useful for something, but now it isn't. It may have been documented in the past, and now we could see why we still have the part even if it is of no use to us now.[Why I tagged thisBy observing our shared ancestry with apes, we can see how our evolutionary advancement has led to similarities between the species and how those adaptations have allowed us to complete more difficult day-to-day tasks required of our species. [Why I tagged thisStates that understanding the history of our body/ medicine is important for our understanding.[Why I tagged thisAnimal testing is essential for development in medicine- though unfortunate that testing has not always been ethical.[Why I tagged thisWhy the knowledge of evolution is needed for anatomy and physiology[Why I tagged thisEvidence to support the importance of history for anatomy and physiology.[Why I tagged thisJelena Ristic
Cassie Marsh
Lauren Thiel
Flees Robert John
Bonnie Watson
Christina Colarossi
Awlareau
Alina Gur
Justin Rosinski
Amanda Baxter
Matthew Robert Schmidt
Lauren Gwidt
The skeleton receives about half a liter of blood per minute. Blood vessels, along with nerves, enter the bone tissue through nutrient foramina on the surface. These foramina open into the perforating canals that cross the matrix and feed into the central canals. The innermost osteocytes around each central canal receive nutrients from these blood vessels and pass them along through their gap junctions to neighboring osteocytes. They also receive wastes from their neighbors and convey them to the central canal for removal by the bloodstream. Thus, the cytoplasmic processes of the osteocytes maintain a two-way flow of nutrients and wastes between the central canal and the outermost cells of the osteon.
What does the skeleton do with half a liter of blood and also how does it pass threw that fast?[Why I tagged this]I didnt know that the bones had continous blood running through them. [General_Do Not Usedont men on average have more blood than women though?[Why I tagged this
This was new information for me. I didn't realize so much of our blood went to the skeleton. [Why I tagged thisDo bones get the most blood out of all of the parts of the body?[Why I tagged thiswhen i think of blood vessals i never apply it to bones in our bodies, i never knew how our bones had so much going on in them[Why I tagged thisWOW! I have never thought that a skeleton receives and needed that much of a boold, a liter.. It is just so surprising, well at least I learn something really amaze me![Why I tagged thisThis was an interesting fact to me because it made me think about the times I have given blood, and how that affected my body afterwards.[Why I tagged thisWen the blood circulates through the bone does new blood cells get added or swapped out in the marrow?[Why I tagged thisI didn't know that the skeleton recieved that much blood, that quickly.[General_Do Not UseHow much blood the skeleton actually receives[Why I tagged thisI found this information to be important because I never realized how much blood the skeleton recieves per minute. Blood vessels and nerves are able to enter the bone tissue through nutrient foramina(which are the openings into the canal which gives passage to the blood vessels of the medullary cavity of a bone) on the surface. [Why I tagged thisI found it very important explanation[Why I tagged thisHow does the cytoplasmic process of the osteocytes [Why I tagged thisskeleton receives about half a liter of blood per minute; how and where it occurs[Why I tagged thisBrandon Brandemuehl
jess Tegelman
Kelli Banach
Anthony Wheeler
kaulor
Dee Lor
Jenna Nehls
Madeline
Samantha B Johnson
Zachary Mueller
dsstokes
Adam Alshehab
Elvia Rivas
Alyssa Harmes
Heat production. Metabolism of brown fat generates heat in infants and children. Transport. Blood transports gases, nutrients, wastes, hormones, and blood cells.
The mesenchyme described earlier in this chapter is a form of embryonic connective tissue.
The mesenchyme described earlier in this chapter is a form of embryonic connective tissue. The connective tissues present after birth fall into four broad categories: fibrous connective tissue, adipose tissue, supportive connective tissues (cartilage and bone), and one fluid connective tissue (blood).
What is brown fat?[Why tag this text]Is only one type of fat metabolized to produce heat?[Why tag this textdoes this have any thing to with baby fat?[Why tag this textfunction of connective tissue [Why tag this textthese are the main functions of connective tissues[Why tag this textthat is very interesting to me because mesenchyme is also the mesoderm[Why tag this textDisplays what role mesenchyme takes in connective tissue and examples[Why tag this textThese tell us all of the connective tissue types in the body. Not all connective tissues are the same and they don't all do the same things, even though they are all very similar in how the act.[Why tag this textI find this interesting but also common sense if you think about it? At birth, your body is small and only have four broad catergories and as you grow and get older, all the tissues become more complex?[Why tag this textembryonic connective tissue. tissue present at birth. there are four types. fibrous adipose supportive and fluid[Why tag this textConnective tissues present at birth[Why tag this textconnective tissue after birth fall into four categories: fibrous, adipose, supportive, and fluid. Although they fall into categories all the connective tissues work to help the body function and work properly[Why tag this textThis presents a category representation as a link into the breakdown sections of the different broad categories. Something that is essential to my learning style. I like it because if I know the broad categories, then I can link it to the knowledge each of categories functions make up.[Why tag this textFour main types:AdiposeFibrousSupportive [cartilage and bone]Fluid[Blood][Why tag this textJessica Ryback
Jasmin James
Hussain
jess Tegelman
Trevor
Kayla Doucette
Brandon Brandemuehl
Samantha B Johnson
Kaitlynn
holly kluge
Alexandra Schmit
victor
Lauren Gwidt
Danielle Henckel
Muscles of Chewing. Four pairs of muscles produce the biting and chewing movements of the mandible: the temporalis, masseter, and two pairs of pterygoid muscles (fig. 10.10). Their actions include depression to open the mouth for receiving food; elevation for biting off a piece of food or crushing it between the teeth; protraction so that the incisors meet in cutting off a piece of food; retraction to draw the lower incisors behind the upper incisors and make the rear teeth meet; and lateral and medial excursion, the side-to-side movements that grind food between the rear teeth. The last four of these movements are shown in figure 9.20 (p. 296). All of these muscles are innervated by the mandibular nerve, which is a branch of the trigeminal (CN V).
TMJ, the jaw problem some people have, does it have to do with just the joint or are the muscles factored into it?[Why Tag This]Four pairs of chewing muscles: temporalis, masseter, pterygoid muscles. All muscles are innervated my the mandibular nerve.[Why Tag ThisAccording to the stroke association, 40% of stroke survivors experience dysphagia. In all new stroke patyients we get, they are not allowed to eat or drink until am assessment is done. These muscles for chewing are controlled by part of the brain that may be damaged. The nerves and muscles to one side of the face then are not able to function. If a portion of the brain is effected that controls the buccinator, the patient will not be able to eat without biting the cheek and will swallow more air because the cheek does not retract or compress against the teeth. [Why Tag This..possibly a helpful note for the Jaws case study.[Why Tag ThisAll these different muscles for chewing seem a little excessive! Do other animals have the same muscles or is it unique to humans? Could it be explained by our changes in diet? From mostly plants to meat?[Why Tag ThisI find it amazing that so few muscles can cause that much force for chewing/crushing.[Why Tag ThisIt takes four muscels to chew food? [Why Tag ThisI highlighted this because I think it is important to see the muscles in our face that allow us to chew our food: the temporalis, masseter, and two pterygoid muscles.[Why Tag ThisFour pairs of muscles for chewing/biting. Some actions include: elevation for biting off a piece of food, side-to-side movements that grind food between rear teeth. [Why Tag ThisIf somebody is suffering from problems with jaw allignment, does this affet the efficiency of chewing food? I have had friends that have had overbites and I know that they had to have their jaw realigned most likely for that reason. I feel that having a poor jaw allignment would interfere with your intake of foods. [Why Tag ThisI thought that it was interesting that we need four pairs of muscles to chewing and biting. The muscles are temporalis, masseter, and two pairs of pterygoid muscles in the mandible that helps open the mouth and close the mouth. [Why Tag ThisI found this information that explain the muscles chewing in a great details[Why Tag Thisit takes four pairs of muscles to produce our biting and chewing movements[Why Tag ThisSince the act of chewing is called mastication, the masteer muscle really helps me to connect the name to loaction.[Why Tag ThisI assume these muscles have evolved and changed for our feeding needs. What might have been different in our early ancestors?[Why Tag ThisElizabeth
Amanda Baxter
jennifer lassiter
Kristofer Schroeckenthaler
Brandon Neldner
Lauren Anthe
Lauren Thiel
Noelle
Jonathan Rooney
Linda Xiong
Adam Alshehab
Alyssa Harmes
Sarah Cherkinian
Bonnie Watson
Burns are classified according to the depth of tissue involvement (fig. 6.13). First-degree burns involve only the epidermis and are marked by redness, slight edema, and pain. They heal in a few days and seldom leave scars. Most sunburns are first-degree burns.
Burns are classified according to the depth of tissue involvement (fig. 6.13). First-degree burns involve only the epidermis and are marked by redness, slight edema, and pain. They heal in a few days and seldom leave scars. Most sunburns are first-degree burns.
I saw a special on TV where a man with substantial 3rd degree burns received skin grafts. They took skin from his thigh and kind of rolled it out like pasta. A very interesting thing that they sort of put a Band-Aid on the area and it just started to grow.[Why tag this]how does a burn death cause infection in the body ?[Why tag thisI found that burn injuries cause fluid loss enlightening. It makes sense to me because most of our fluid is in cells and when these cells are destroyed it can cause similar appearces of dehydration. [Why tag thisCan burns from fires or a hot burn also cause skin cancer? [Why tag thisI knew of the three levels of burns, but I didn't understand that it was based on how deep the tisssue was damaged.[Why tag thisIf it is a first degree burn (which most are) it is a minor issue and heals If it is anything beyond first degree, it may cause scarring, infections, fluid loss, and death [Why tag thisIt is interesting that the degree of a burn is classified by the trauma experience by either the epidermis or more sever, the dermis.[Why tag thisBUrns are measured by the depth of tissue involved. BUrns are the most common cause of accidental death. you have first degree, second degree, and third degree burns.[Why tag thisI chose this because my friend chris had a major incident with first degree burns. He was eating soup and was in his boxers and he spilt it on his genital area. He had to go to the doctor immediately because he could not move because he was in such pain and had serious redness and burn marks. The burn went deep into the tissue in the skin. [Why tag thishow burns are classified; first-degree[Why tag thisIs it possible for sunburns to become more than first degree burns?[Why tag thisHow much of the epidermis is damaged? Does it depend on how bad the 1st degree burn is? For example, sometimes when you get sunburned, you just get a littly slight pink hue to the skin. Other times, you get flaming red and it is more painful. Is this because more layers of the epidermis are involved?[Why tag thisSunburn is first degree burn[Why tag thisEven though first degree burns go with the epidermis, can they become just as severe with a second or third degree burn? say with different chemicals or infections??[Why tag thisso meaning they are less dangerous to the body[Why tag thisJessica Ryback
lucas hubanks
Lauren Thiel
Michael Acker
Anthony Wheeler
Neema Shekar
lindsay krueger
Jenna
Alyssa Harmes
Danny Duong
Heather Archibald
Tayelor Neiss
lenarch2
Lauren Anthe
[image #3]
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Mental and Buccal Regions.
Adjacent to the oral orifice are the mental region (chin) and buccal region (cheek). In addition to muscles already discussed that act directly on the lower lip, the mental region has a pair of small mentalis muscles extending from the upper margin of the mandible to the skin of the chin. In some people, these muscles are especially thick and have a visible dimple between them called the mental cleft (see fig. 4.18, p. 135). The buccinator is the muscle in the cheek. It has multiple functions in chewing, sucking, and blowing. If the cheek is inflated with air, compression of the buccinator blows it out. Sucking is achieved by contracting the buccinators to draw the cheeks inward, and then relaxing them. This action is especially important to nursing infants. To feel this action, hold your fingertips lightly on your cheeks as you make a kissing noise. You will notice the relaxation of the buccinators at the moment air is sharply drawn in through the pursed lips. The platysma is a thin superficial muscle of the upper chest and lower face. It is relatively unimportant, but when men shave they tend to tense the platysma to make the concavity between the jaw and neck shallower an
Adjacent to the oral orifice are the mental region (chin) and buccal region (cheek). In addition to muscles already discussed that act directly on the lower lip, the mental region has a pair of small mentalis muscles extending from the upper margin of the mandible to the skin of the chin. In some people, these muscles are especially thick and have a visible dimple between them called the mental cleft (see fig. 4.18, p. 135). The buccinator is the muscle in the cheek. It has multiple functions in chewing, sucking, and blowing. If the cheek is inflated with air, compression of the buccinator blows it out. Sucking is achieved by contracting the buccinators to draw the cheeks inward, and then relaxing them. This action is especially important to nursing infants. To feel this action, hold your fingertips lightly on your cheeks as you make a kissing noise. You will notice the relaxation of the buccinators at the moment air is sharply drawn in through the pursed lips. The platysma is a thin superficial muscle of the upper chest and lower face. It is relatively unimportant, but when men shave they tend to tense the platysma to make the concavity between the jaw and neck shallower and the skin tauter.
I wonder if humans are the only creatures with the uniquely developed Orbicularis Oris. I know animals don't talk exactly but some can make sounds that almost resemble speech. [Why Tag This]I tagged this because its funny to realize how many facial muscles there really are. They all have their unique functions and are used for different things. The orbicularis Oris is used when kissing compared to the Levator Labii which is used to express sadness, or sneering. [Why Tag ThisThe names of these muscles helpe with the location and or action. It makes it easier to remember.[Why Tag ThisThe mental region refers to the chin area. The buccal region refers to the area of the cheek. [Why Tag Thismentalisbuccinatorplatysma[Why Tag ThisIt is confusing that the chin region is called [Why Tag Thisdescription of the mental and buccal regions; muscles and what they are used for[Why Tag ThisSO the muscles are the ones holding the mandible to the face? [Why Tag ThisWhat is the evolutionary advantage to having one of these? I believe this is a hereditary trait that can be acquired but in what way is this advantageous?[Why Tag ThisI tagged this becuase I didnt know that that feature on people had an actual anatomical name, I just always referred to them as [Why Tag ThisThis is interesting because I have always wondered why my father has very visible dimples, but I do not and neither does my mom. [Why Tag Thishow are children born with cleft pallets able to overcome their inability to create proper suction for things such as breast feeding or bottle feeding?[Why Tag ThisDoes the sucking action and drinking from a straw have the same mechanism? I thought the diaphram had a big role in consuming liquids.[Why Tag Thishelps with chewing, blowing and sucking[Why Tag ThisSarah
Nadin
Michael Franzini
Amanda
Cassi Malko
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Lauren Anthe
Jacob Balkum
Caitlin
Abigail
Thomas Hensler
Jerry S Yang
Brittany Nycz
About 90% of today's medical terms are formed from just 1,200 Greek and Latin roots
About 90% of today's medical terms are formed from just 1,200 Greek and Latin roots. Why those two languages? Scientific investigation began in ancient Greece and soon spread to Rome. The Greeks and Romans coined many of the words still used in human anatomy today: duodenum, uterus, prostate, cerebellum, diaphragm, sacrum, amnion, and others.
About 90% of today's medical terms are formed from just 1,200 Greek and Latin roots. Why those two languages? Scientific investigation began in ancient Greece and soon spread to Rome. The Greeks and Romans coined many of the words still used in human anatomy today: duodenum, uterus, prostate, cerebellum, diaphragm, sacrum, amnion, and others. In the Renaissance, the fast pace of anatomical discovery required a profusion of new terms to describe things. Anatomists in different countries began giving different names to the same structures. Adding to the confusion, they often named new structures and diseases in honor of their esteemed teachers and predecessors, giving us such nondescriptive terms as fallopian tube and duct of Santorini. Terms coined from the names of people, called eponyms,19 afford little clue as to what a structure or condition is.
TA book of terms[Why I tagged this]It is important for medical personnel around the world to be able to communicate with one another. With so many countries using the same words, people who need to visit hospitals while travelling to another country may be able to understand more clearly or be able to communicate more effectively with their doctors back home about what occurred.[Why I tagged thisSomething that is interesting to know.[Why I tagged thisI had always wondered why so much of the medical language had greek and latin roots. [Why I tagged thisKnowning this being americans who speak english we can learn and interpret these words for our own learning. Being able to communicate with the rest of the world from a medical stand point is very important.[Why I tagged thisIf i would have known this fact in high school i would have taken greek and latin for a launguage. [Why I tagged thiscouldnt agree more with you here[Why I tagged thisIt is good to know were these words roots came from so you can have a better understanding of them.[Why I tagged thisImportant to know where these terms come from and what language they were derived from.[Why I tagged thisThis is interesting to me because i always find myself wondering that there were many languages before us that had these meanings that we come to know in anatomy. [Why I tagged this90% of medical terms are made from about 1200 greek and latin roots. scientific investigation startedin ancient greece and then moved to rome.[Why I tagged thisI thought this was interesting to know that 90% of the terms we use in the medical field are based from 1,200 Greek and Latin, Also the small list of these terms is important to know[Why I tagged thisQuestion 1: Modern terminology contains a lot of Greek and Latin because most of the scientific investigation orgininated within these 2 languages.[Why I tagged thisI really found this section of the text interesting because I never knew that medical terms stem from Latin and Greek roots. I haven't had any previous experience with Latin, so it will be interesting to see if this becomes a challenge or not.[Why I tagged thisI think it is important to learn the history behind the names of the structures in the body because we learn where terming the structures began and what language they are in and understand why (if it had any real meaning) the structure was named what it was.[Why I tagged thisSophie
Lauren Gwidt
Jonathan Rooney
Jenna Nehls
Jungas
Maisey Mulvey
Gabriela
Kayla Cowan
Justin Rosinski
lindsay krueger
Danny Duong
Sarah Ertl
Kasey Kallien
Abigail
Tendons, ligaments, and the deep layer of the skin (the dermis) are made mainly of collagen.
Tendons, ligaments, and the deep layer of the skin (the dermis) are made mainly of collagen.
Tendons, ligaments, and the deep layer of the skin (the dermis) are made mainly of collagen. Less visibly, collagen pervades the matrix of cartilage and bone.
Reticular14 fibers.
Reticular14 fibers. These are thin collagen fibers coated with glycoprotein. They form a spongelike framework for such organs
Elastic fibers. These are thinner than collagenous fibers, and they branch and rejoin each other along their course. They are made of a protein called elastin, whose coiled structure allows it to stretch and recoil like a rubber band. Elastic fibers account for the ability of the skin, lungs, and arteries to spring back after they are stretched. (Elasticity is not the ability to stretch, but the tendency to recoil when tension is released.) Fresh elastic fibers are yellowish and are sometimes called yellow fibers.
I tore my Achilles tendon when I was in 7th grade. Although I had it repaired, the doctors said it would never be as healthy as it once was. Now I have recurring pain in my tendon. Is collagen a difficult material to regenerate once it is damaged?[Why tag this text]How do different plastic surgery operations effect collagenous fibers? Does the Dr. literally inject collagen, or is it a scientifically produced form? When aging do your collagenous fibers deteriate causing skin sagging and wrinkles? It would make sense.[Why tag this textThe most frequent disorders that directly affects the tendons and ligaments are sprains. Most of these disorders occurs from sports. This results from all the stress that is being put into causing inflammation. I believe this is important because it obviously affects the tendons and ligaments function which is connecting muscles to bones, and bones to other bones to stabilize joints.[Why tag this textIt makes sense that collagen is found in the skin, tendons, ligaments, and parts of bones because all of these need elasticity to function properly. If a tendon or ligament did not have collagen, it would snap easily, thus creating issues. Same with skin; it has to be able to move when a person moves. Otherwise, we wouldn't have fluid movements. Lastly, even though bone is supposed to be build to withstand our weight, it must also be flexible enough that it absorbs the tensile forces that we place on the bone. If it couldn't bend, the tension would cause it to snap.[Why tag this textReticular fibers make framework[Why tag this textReticular fibers are thin and form a spongelike framework for organs[Why tag this textelastic and can stretch out like a rubber band[Why tag this textElastic fibers are thinner and branch off and are made of elastin so they are super stretchy[Why tag this textIn regards to stretch marks, how is it possible for these to actually heal themselves. You said that creams will not do the trick, but they take time to heal. Does that mean that stretch marks will eventually heal themselves and go away?[Why tag this textSkin wrinkles after being in water for a long time due to the elasticity of skin. The dead skin cells absorb water and cause the skin to swell, but because the skin is attached to the tissue underneath, it causes the skin to wrinkle. [Why tag this textdo have the ability to repair tendons when they are severed or cut. I knew they can repair achilles tear, but does the tendon self heal or do they fusion some new tendon together?[Why tag this textI did not know that our skin and other parts of the body were elastics. I also found the definition of elastic interesting, as I did not know it.[Why tag this textIs this based on how much a persons body fat is? Say if they were big and they lost lots of weight but they have that extra skin hanging?[Why tag this textNever knew this, but it makes sense. Many things stretch and do not return to their original form (clothing, cellophane, silly putty, etc) and when I think of these things and my previous use of them, I would not have considered them to be elastic. Things that I do consider to be elastic are things such as rubberbands and spandex. However, I failed to make the connection that the reason I feel the latter are eslatic (as opposed to the former) is because the latter go back to their original shape and size (or close to it) when they are no longer being stretched.[Why tag this textwagnera2
Elvia Rivas
Kasey Kallien
Danielle Henckel
Stephanie
Alexis Salzer
Justin Putterman
Mauranda Hiller
Janis McNamara
Flees Robert John
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Kenyetta
Sarah Hudson
raw should not blind you to the diversity of cellular form and function in humans. There are about 200 kinds
There are about 200 kinds of cells in the human body,
There are about 200 kinds of cells in the human body, with a variety of shapes, sizes, and functions.
There are about 200 kinds of cells in the human body, with a variety of shapes, sizes, and functions.Descriptions of organ and tissue structure often refer to the shapes of cells by the following terms
Good thing to note that the few types of cells we learn about are only just a general list of the many different cells we have in our body. Amazing to realize how intricate the body is, and it starts from just two simple cells. [Why tag this text]THis is crazy to think about!!!!!! more than 10 billion protein molecules consist in a cell.[Why tag this textIts crazy there are that many. I now feel lucky at the amount we have to know about[Why tag this texti knew that the body was full of cells but it didn't occur to me how many cells and different kinds there are until i read that
I have wondered in the past how many different types of cells there are in the human body.[Why tag this textI did know there were many cells, but I did not know we have that many and that they are shape diffrently.[Why tag this textInteresting fact, i never knew there were that many different types of cells, that all serve different purposes making the body function. [Why tag this textInterested facts about how many cells are in the human body and also their shapes, sizes and functions.[Why tag this textMaisey Mulvey
Julia
Lauren Anthe
John
Mai Youa Chang
Samantha B Johnson
Alejandra Contreras
Nicholas Bruno
Chad Mudd
Christeen Tuck
Hunter Resler
Jasmin James
Erin Griph
Sue Xiong
good explanation[Why tag this]Must distinguish between first/second class levers.[Why tag thisfirst class lever[Why tag thisCan this be explained further? [Why tag thisI remember learning about levers in elemtentary school, with the EFR, FRE, REF stuff. That helps me now, thinking back on that. We did so many experiments with levers. It's awesome that we have so many levers in our body.[Why tag thisI took engineering and we covered all of the different types of levers and mechanical advantages, however i never thought it could relate to anatomy. Strange.[Why tag thisDifferent actions consist of different levers.[Why tag thisThis is something interesting. I never really realize that each lever was classified differently.[Why tag thisdescribes first, second, and third-class lever systems.[Why tag thisFirst class lever: fulrcum in middle. Second class lever: resistance in middle. Third class lever: effort in middle. [General_Do Not UseI had was unaware that we all have these types of levers in our bodies. I thought they were just range of motion, but I was horribly wrong. We have these types of levers because the different types of joints move the bones in different directions. [Why tag thisI am still a little bit confused between the different types of levers. [Why tag thisIt has been to my attention that I never really understood the three classes of levers. I remember learning about levers in middle school and it was just difficult to comprehend because their examples weren't well relatable. Of course examples of see saw, wheel barrow, and paddling a canoe are familiar examples, when incorporating the anatomical examples, it makes it so much easier to understand.[Why tag thisfirst-class lever and examples[Why tag thisHa, made me laugh. I don't think that it's really embarrassing but it's hilarious to see someone do it.[Why tag thisMegan Perna
Kaela Tjugum
Lauren Anthe
Samantha
Anna Christenbury
PangJeb Vang
mainkao
Thomas Hensler
Kaylee Richards
Jenna
Kayla Cowan
Mauly Her
Alyssa Harmes
Allyson Tetzlaff
The carpal bones of the proximal row, starting at the lateral (thumb) side, are the scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum (tri-QUEE-trum), and pisiform (PY-sih-form)?Latin for ?boat-,? ?moon-,? ?triangle-,? and ?pea-shaped,? respectively.
scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum (tri-QUEE-trum), and pisiform (PY-sih-form)?Latin for ?boat-,? ?moon-,? ?triangle-,? and ?pea-shaped,? respectively.
Unlike the other carpal bones, the pisiform is a sesamoid bone; it is not present at birth but develops around the age of 9 to 12 years within the tendon of the flexor carpi ulnaris muscle.
FIGURE 8.34
FIGURE 8.34The Right Wrist and Hand, Anterior (Palmar) View.(a) Carpal bones are color-coded to distinguish the proximal (yellow) and distal (green) rows. Some people remember the names of the carpal bones with the mnemonic, ?Sally left the party to take Charlie home.? The first letters of these words correspond to the first letters of the carpal bones, from lateral to medial, proximal row first. (b) The right hamate bone, viewed from the proximal side of the wrist to show its distinctive hook. This unique bone is a useful landmark for locating the others when studying the skeleton. (c) Color-enhanced X-ray of an adult hand. Identify the unlabeled bones in the X-ray by comparing it with the drawing in part (a).
I like that the carpal bones are named for shapes.[Why tag this]Interesting how these bones are named by how they are shaped.[Why tag thisIs there a reason the pisiform bone is larger on some people and not the others? It is sometimes very noticeable in many people but not in other people. [Why tag thisThinking of the bones this way makes it easier to remember where anatomically they are and what they look like. Good to know. [Why tag thisThat would probably be helpful for remembering them if I spoke latin...[Why tag thisInteresting that some bones don't form until much later[Why tag thisOnce it develops, what is it responsible for?[Why tag thisWhy does it form at that particular time of development? Is there some reflex or task we develop at that age that necesitates that bone and muscle?[Why tag thisI was not aware that the sesamoid bone did not develop until 9 to 12 years. This interests me as to why we need it and why it develops at this age or why it even develops at all?[Why tag thisThat means that some bones start appearing when people grow up and that's interesting because I thought that all kids and adults have the same bones, the only change is that bones streches evertime we grow up. [Why tag thisWhat happens if it never develops or it develops improper? or not fully?[Why tag thisIt's interesting that this bone develops later in life, because as time goes on the number of bones in the body decreases as they fuse together, however that's not the case here.[Why tag thisIts really intresting how we have alot of bones in our hands. maybe thats because we use our hand alot. Do chapanzies have the same structure of our hands?[Why tag thisBy classifying the fingers by relatively simple words and number classification, I find this helps with memorization of the anatomy of your hand[Why tag thisI feel a bit overwhelmed having to memorize all of the bones in the hand. It seems like there is more to know about the hand than there is in the whole arm.[Why tag thisErin Griph
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Name an antagonist of each of these muscles: the depressor anguli oris, orbicularis oculi, and levator labii superioris.
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The Orbital and Nasal Regions.
The Orbital and Nasal Regions. The orbicularis oculi is a sphincter of the eyelid that encircles and closes the eye. The levator palpebrae superioris lies deep to the orbicularis oculi, in the eyelid and orbit (see fig. 16.23a, p. 611), and opens the eye. Other muscles in this group move the eyelids and skin of the forehead and dilate the nostrils. Muscles within the orbit that move the eyeball itself are discussed in chapter 16.
How many muscles does it take for a person to smile, frown, etc?[Why Tag This]Ahha, funny expressions.[Why Tag ThisCan you explain this some more kind or confusing [Why Tag Thisthis muscle is located around the eye and can easily be remembered because orbis means round or ring, and oculi means of or pertaining to the eye. So this gives us the location and shape of the muscle just by the name (muscle in a ring shape located around the eye)[Why Tag ThisWith the frontalis being responsible for elevating the eyebrows, I am curious why I am able voluntarily raise only my left eyebrow, but when I attempt to raise only my right eyebrow I am unable to do it. What causes the difference in this voluntary movement?[Why Tag Thisencirccles and closes the eye. other muscles in the group move hte eyelids and skin of the forehead and dilate nostrils[Why Tag ThisIt is interesting that the muscle that controls the closing of the eye is called the orbicularis oculi muscle which encircles the eye. [Why Tag ThisWhat happens when you get the feeling when you are about to sneeze? Do the sinuses have to do with this and affec the feeling of the muscles around the nose?[Why Tag ThisWhy are most of the facial muscle innervated in the dermis and subcutaneous layer except the orbicularis oculi? Is this because the eyes are a directly connected to the brain? [Why Tag ThisI find this really interesting. I never considered that the eyelid is controlled by a sphincter.[Why Tag ThisRemember: the way to remember the difference between orbicularis oculi and obicularis oris is to think about the word [Why Tag ThisThis gives a brief description of the muscles around the eye. The table below gives a better description of where each of these muscles is located and their functions.[Why Tag ThisWhat the mucles around the eye and nose do[Why Tag ThisEyelids keep dust and other bad things out of our eyes, so I'm glad I know now what it is called.[Why Tag Thisi have heard of some people sleeping with thier eyelids partly open, is this a defect in the sphincter[Why Tag Thismainkao
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What shall I measure and how can I measure it? What effects should I watch for and which ones should I ignore? How can I be sure that my results are due to the factors (variables) that I manipulate and not due to something else? When working on human subjects, how can I prevent the subject's expectations or state of mind from influencing the results? Most importantly, how can I eliminate my own biases and be sure that even the most skeptical critics will have as much confidence in my conclusions as I do?
How can I be sure that my results are due to the factors (variables) that I manipulate and not due to something else? When working on human subjects, how can I prevent the subject's expectations or state of mind from influencing the results? Most importantly, how can I eliminate my own biases and be sure that even the most skeptical critics will have as much confidence in my conclusions as I do? Several elements of experimental design address these issue
Several elements of experimental design address these issues:
Sample size. The number of subjects (animals or people) used in a study is the sample size. An adequate sample size controls for chance events and individual variations in response and thus enables us to place more confidence in the outcome.
Sample size. The number of subjects (animals or people) used in a study is the sample size. An adequate sample size controls for chance events and individual variations in response and thus enables us to place more confidence in the outcome. For example, would you rather trust your health to a drug that was tested on 5 people or one tested on 5,000? Why?
Sample size. The number of subjects (animals or people) used in a study is the sample size. An adequate sample size controls for chance events and individual variations in response and thus enables us to place more confidence in the outcome. For example, would you rather trust your health to a drug that was tested on 5 people or one tested on 5,000? Why? Controls. Biomedical experiments require comparison between treated and untreated individuals so that we can judge whether the treatment has any effect. A control group consists of subjects that are as much like the treatment group as possible except with respect to the variable being tested. For example, there is evidence that garlic lowers blood cholesterol levels. In one study, volunteers with high cholesterol were each given 800 mg of garlic powder daily for 4 months and exhibited an average 12% reduction in cholesterol. Was this a significant reduction, and was it due to the garlic? It is impossible to say without comparison to a control group of similar people who received no treatment. In this study, the control group averaged only a 3% reduction in cholesterol, so garlic seems to have made a difference. Psychosomatic effects. Psychosomatic effects (effects of the subject's state of mind on his or her physiology) can have an undesirable effect on experimental results if we do not control for them. In drug research, it is therefore customary to give the control group a placebo (pla-SEE-bo)?a substance with no significant physiological effect on the body. If we were testing a drug, for example, we could give the treatment group the drug and the control group identical-looking sugar tablets. Neither group must know which tablets it is receiving. If the two groups showed significantly different effects, we could feel confident that it did not result from a knowledge of what they were taking. Experimenter bias. In the competitive, high-stakes world of medical research, experimenters may want certain results so much that their biases, even subconscious ones, can affect their interpretation of the data. One way to control for this is the double-blind method. In this procedure, neither the subject to whom a treatment is given nor the person giving it and recording the results knows whether that subject is receiving the experimental treatment or placebo. A researcher might prepare identical-looking tablets, some with the drug and some with placebo; label them with code numbers; and distribute them to participating physicians. The physicians themselves do not know whether they are administering drug or placebo, so they cannot give the subjects even accidental hints of which substance they are taking. When the data are collected, the researcher can correlate them with the composition of the tablets and determine whether the drug had more effect than the placebo. Statistical testing. If you tossed a coin 100 times, you would expect it to come up about 50 heads and 50 tails. If it actually came up 48:52, you would probably attribute this to random error rather than bias in the coin. But what if it came up 40:60? At what point would you begin to suspect bias? This type of problem is faced routinely in research?how great a difference must there be between control and experimental groups before we feel confident that it was due to the treatment and not merely random variation? What if a treatment group exhibited a 12% reduction in cholesterol level and the placebo group a 10% reduction? Would this be enough to conclude that the treatment was effective? Scientists are well grounded in statistical tests that can be applied to the data. Perhaps you have heard of the chi-square test, the t test, or analysis of variance, for example. A typical outcome of a statistical test might be expressed, ?We can be 99.5% sure that the difference between group A and group B was due to the experimental treatment and not to random variation.? Science is grounded not in statements of absolute truth, but in statements of probability.
Important questions to ask yourself when conducting an experiment[Why I tagged this]These are all very important questions to keep in mind when running an experiment.[Why I tagged thisThis is a critical section to understand for an experiment leader. We learned about experimental bias in psychology and it can throw off the results of your experiment. [Why I tagged thisgood to know the steps to properly carry out an experiment[Why I tagged thisI tagged this becuase it gives me a better understanding of how to conduct experiments[Why I tagged thisyou want it to be tested on 5,000 people because then you have a bigger variety of people so it will be more crediable[Anatomy and PhysiologyThe bigger the population taken into consideration, the more reliable a found result will be. [Why I tagged thisI feel this is important because it is important to know all the different parts to an experement to have a succefull experement and know the results are true[Why I tagged thisSample size is very important becuase the more test subjects the better (in most cases). If you are trying to test out a new drug and only have 10 people participating, you are not going to very good results. Where as if you had 1,000 subjects your resluts are more likely to be more accurate. It also helps because the more people that participate, the more likely people are to try and purchase the drug once/if it has been put on the market.[Why I tagged thisAn adequate sample size is an essential part of any sucessful study. Even with drug testing requirements today, we find long term side effects years later.[Why I tagged thisI conducted a survey to gather data in my psychology class about the amount of sleep a person recieved in comparison to what their GPA was. I can relate to the fact that the results were way more accurate when using a larger random sample size than a smaller one[Why I tagged thisThis was important becuase it addresses the importance of sample size and how it can affect the reliablity in our information collected from the outcomes[Why I tagged thisAnswer to number 2.[Why I tagged thisCause the reseults of an experiment to be more accurate. [Why I tagged thisJelena Ristic
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Messenger RNA (mRNA), which carries the genetic code from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.
Messenger RNA (mRNA), which carries the genetic code from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. During its synthesis in the nucleus, mRNA acquires a protein cap that acts like a passport, permitting it to pass through a nuclear pore into the cytosol.
Messenger RNA (mRNA), which carries the genetic code from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. During its synthesis in the nucleus, mRNA acquires a protein cap that acts like a passport, permitting it to pass through a nuclear pore into the cytosol. The cap also acts as a recognition site that tells a ribosome where to begin translation.
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
Transfer RNA
Transfer RNA (tRNA), a relatively small RNA whose job is to bind a free amino acid in the cytosol and deliver it to the ribosome to be added to a growing protein chain.
Transfer RNA (tRNA), a relatively small RNA whose job is to bind a free amino acid in the cytosol and deliver it to the ribosome to be added to a growing protein chain. tRNA is a single-stranded molecule that turns back and coils on itself to form an angular L shape (fig. 4.7). One loop of the molecule includes an anticodon, a series of three nucleotides complementary to a specific codon of mRNA. For the codon AUG, for example, the anticodon is UAC. The other end of the tRNA has a binding site for a specific amino acid corresponding to that codon. The first tRNA to bind to a ribosome at the start of translation is called the initiator tRNA. It always has the anticodon UAC and always carries the amino acid methionine.
caries the genetic code from the nucleus to the cytoplasm[General-Do not use]carries genetic code[Why tag this textdefinition of mRNA[Why tag this textmRNA: carries genetic code from nucleus to cytoplasm[Why tag this textThis is the main type of RNA. In comparison to the tRNA, which has a smaller job of binding free amino acids in orer to grow a protein chain. [Why tag this textthe function of mRNA[Why tag this textcarries genetic code form nucleus to the cytoplasm[Why tag this textsmall RNA whose job is to bind a free amino acid in the cytosol adn deliver it to teh ribosome to be added to a growing protein chain[General-Do not useAlot of people have been saying that the mRNA has a more important job than the tRNA, but in reality they really have almost equal jobs, just in different ways.[Why tag this texttRNA: binds free amino acids in the cytosol and deliver it to the ribosome to be added to a growing protein chain.[Why tag this textdelivers amino acid to ribosomes[Why tag this textdefinition of tRNA[Why tag this textfunction of tRNA[Why tag this texttRNA functions as a errand runner, picking up an amino acid and bringing it back to the ribosome for protein synthesis.[Why tag this textQuestion 1: A gene is an information-containing sequence of DNA that codes for the production of RNA. The genetic code is a system that allows for the 4 nucleotide sequence to code for amino acids. A codon is a 3 based sequence of mRNA, where an anticodon is the complementary sequence to a codon of mRNA.[Why tag this textBrittany Nycz
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About 1 in 8,000 people, however, is born with an abnormality called situs inversus?the organs of the thoracic and abdominal cavities are reversed between right and left. A selective right?left reversal of the heart is called dextrocardia. In situs perversus, a single organ occupies an atypical position?for example, a kidney located low in the pelvic cavity instead of high in the abdominal cavity.
situs inversus-the organs of the thoracic and abdominal cavities are reversed between right and left.
A selective right-left reversal of the heart is called dextrocardia.
Conditions such as dextrocardia in the absence of complete situs inversus can cause serious medical problems. Complete situs inversus, however, usually causes no functional problems because all of the viscera, though reversed, maintain their normal relationships to one another. Situs inversus is often discovered in the fetus by sonography, but many people remain unaware of their condition for decades until it is discovered by medical imaging, on physical examination, or in surgery.
Conditions such as dextrocardia in the absence of complete situs inversus can cause serious medical problems. Complete situs inversus, however, usually causes no functional problems because all of the viscera, though reversed, maintain their normal relationships to one another. Situs inversus is often discovered in the fetus by sonography, but many people remain unaware of their condition for decades until it is discovered by medical imaging, on physical examination, or in surgery. You can easily imagine the importance of such conditions in diagnosing appendicitis, performing gallbladder surgery, interpreting an X-ray, auscultating the heart valves, or recording an electrocardiogram.
Vocab word. When all organs are in places, in the right positions.[Why I tagged this]I had *no idea* about this. Totally new to me. ***I might be able to use some of this info on streets or in the ring if I ever get back into training in boxing. Maybe striking lower for a kidney shot if the opponent is unresponsive to shots aimed higher etc.[Why I tagged thisVocab Word. Whent the organs are INVERSED. meaning those that are supposed to be on the right side are on the left, vice versa.[Why I tagged thisI never even knew this was possible
I highlighted this because I thought it was interesting how a slight variation internally could have drastic effects when a person is being treated. [Why I tagged thisThis is why medical imaging is important, because it helps us see what is not seen with the naked eye.[Why I tagged thisheart reversal in body, only know if this is true by exams if you dont know if your herak is reversed can cause harm to body from drugs.[Why I tagged thismaybe more of a medical question but, would this cause the same symptoms if the person was having a heart attack[Why I tagged thiswhen the heart is in the wrong places. right versus left.[Why I tagged thiswrong position. lower or higher than the normal place.[Why I tagged thisI would imagine that this would make it more difficult for a physician to diagnose patients with situs inversus. It is interesting to hear that most people do survive and continue to function normally. [Why I tagged thisThis to me is why the human body is so interesting. If all organs are reversed, there is no harm because they are all working normal together. But one organ reversed is a serious problem[Why I tagged thisImportant to know that one organ that is reversed is very dangerous, but when all are reversed they can still work together. [Why I tagged thisDifferences in human anatomy are important to keep in mind- just as people tolerate pain differently, the operation of organs can differ causing predispositions to disease. This is why dissections are performed on more than one human and more than one species.[Why I tagged thisThis Info was very new to me and I have never read about it . its interesting but i wounder dose people of this condition require a special medical treatment or surgery ?[Why I tagged thisJustin Morgan
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What two organelles do you think are especially prominent in osteoblasts?
What two organelles do you think are especially prominent in osteoblasts? (Hint: Consider the major substances that osteoblasts synthesize.)
Bone is in a class of materials that engineers call a composite?a combination of two basic structural materials, in this case a ceramic and a polymer. A composite can combine the optimal mechanical properties of each component. Consider a fiberglass fishing rod, for example, made of a ceramic (glass fibers) embedded in a polymer (resin). The resin alone would be too brittle and the fibers alone too flexible and limp to serve the purpose of a fishing rod, but together they produce a material of great strength and flexibility.In bone, the polymer is the collagen and the ceramic is the hydroxyapatite and other minerals. The ceramic component enables a bone to support the weight of the body without sagging. When the bones are deficient in calcium salts, they are soft and bend easily. One way to demonstrate this is to soak a clean dried bone, such as a chicken bone, in vinegar for a few days. As the mild acid of the vinegar dissolves the minerals away, the bone becomes flexible and rubbery. Such mineral deficiency and flexibility are the central problems in the childhood disease, rickets, in which the soft bones of the lower limbs bend under the body's weight and become permanently deformed.
Bone is in a class of materials that engineers call a composite?a combination of two basic structural materials, in this case a ceramic and a polymer. A composite can combine the optimal mechanical properties of each component. Consider a fiberglass fishing rod, for example, made of a ceramic (glass fibers) embedded in a polymer (resin). The resin alone would be too brittle and the fibers alone too flexible and limp to serve the purpose of a fishing rod, but together they produce a material of great strength and flexibility.In bone, the polymer is the collagen and the ceramic is the hydroxyapatite and other minerals. The ceramic component enables a bone to support the weight of the body without sagging. When the bones are deficient in calcium salts, they are soft and bend easily. One way to demonstrate this is to soak a clean dried bone, such as a chicken bone, in vinegar for a few days. As the mild acid of the vinegar dissolves the minerals away, the bone becomes flexible and rubbery. Such mineral deficiency and flexibility are the central problems in the childhood disease, rickets, in which the soft bones of the lower limbs bend under the body's weight and become permanently deformed.The protein component gives bone a degree of flexibility
Bone is in a class of materials that engineers call a composite?a combination of two basic structural materials, in this case a ceramic and a polymer. A composite can combine the optimal mechanical properties of each component. Consider a fiberglass fishing rod, for example, made of a ceramic (glass fibers) embedded in a polymer (resin). The resin alone would be too brittle and the fibers alone too flexible and limp to serve the purpose of a fishing rod, but together they produce a material of great strength and flexibility.In bone, the polymer is the collagen and the ceramic is the hydroxyapatite and other minerals. The ceramic component enables a bone to support the weight of the body without sagging. When the bones are deficient in calcium salts, they are soft and bend easily. One way to demonstrate this is to soak a clean dried bone, such as a chicken bone, in vinegar for a few days. As the mild acid of the vinegar dissolves the minerals away, the bone becomes flexible and rubbery. Such mineral deficiency and flexibility are the central problems in the childhood disease, rickets, in which the soft bones of the lower limbs bend under the body's weight and become permanently deformed.The protein component gives bone a degree of flexibility. Without protein, a bone is excessively brittle, as in osteogenesis imperfecta, or brittle bone disease (see table 7.2). Without collagen, a jogger's bones would shatter under the impact of running. But normally, when a bone bends slightly toward one side, the tensile strength of the collagen fibers on the opposite side holds the bone together and prevents it from snapping like a stick of chalk. Collagen molecules have sacrificial bonds that break under stress, protecting a bone from fracture by dissipating some of the shock. The bonds re-form when the collagen is relieved of stress.
Golgi Apparatus and the Mitochondria[Why I tagged this]Ribosomes and smooth ER?[Why I tagged thisI believe that the osteoblasts synthesize spongy bone or the soft matter of the bone matrix. As it hardens, it turns to compact bone, surrounding the outside. [Why I tagged thisTesting us with interpreting information we learned in earlier chapters is a great way to show how the the theme of form and function are involved in so many aspects of our biological makeup. The answer to the question I believe would be the organelles, Mitochondria and the Golgi apparatus. Since osteoblasts synthesize major substances it makes since that the Mitochondria are present for ATP and energy production. Osteoblasts secrete the structural protein osteocalcin and the Golgi apparatus would be involved in the assembly, packaging and transport of this substance.[Why I tagged thisIs one of them blood or bloodcells?! key words: horomones, soft organic matter of bone matrix, [Why I tagged thisGolgi apparatus and mitochondria.[Why I tagged thisGood question.[Why I tagged thisSo the lack of collagen makes bones brittle? If protein makes collagen which allows flexability in bones does calcium provide the support (hardness)?[Why I tagged thisBone is a composite, made up of a polymer and a ceramic. The polymer is collagen and the ceramic is minerals. Proteins give bones a degree of flexibility. [Why I tagged thisIs bone the only composite material in the human body?[Why I tagged thisI had never thought about bone this way before. I think this is a great analogy of what the composite structure of bone is like. It makes it easier to understand what too little or too much of the ceramic or polymer would do to human bones. The best mechanical properties of both the collagen and the minerals and hydroxyapatite are used in bone to make it able to perform the functions that we need. [Why I tagged thisSo if the function of the bones is to support the body and muscles, help produce blood. Why are the bones composed of so much material that can create several different functions. Are there more functions of the bones that i am missing?[Why I tagged thisMain significance of bone[Why I tagged thisSo bone is made out of the same stuff like knives, potter and other stuff? I think that is really really interesting.[Why I tagged thisI think this is a really good comparison. It's easy to imagine, even for people who don't actually fish like myself. I found this helpful in demonstrating the importance of the components of bones.[Why I tagged thisjennifer lassiter
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The term oxidation stems from the fact that oxygen is often involved as the electron acceptor.
The rusting of iron, for example, is a slow oxidation process in which oxygen is added to iron to form iron oxide (Fe2O3).
The rusting of iron, for example, is a slow oxidation process in which oxygen is added to iron to form iron oxide (Fe2O3).
The rusting of iron, for example, is a slow oxidation process in which oxygen is added to iron to form iron oxide (Fe2O3). Many oxidation reactions, however, do not involve oxygen at all. For example, when yeast ferments glucose to alcohol, no oxygen is required; indeed, the alcohol contains less oxygen than the sugar originally did, but it is more oxidized than the sugar:
Reduction
Reduction is a chemical reaction in which a molecule gains electrons and energy.
Reduction is a chemical reaction in which a molecule gains electrons and energy.
Reduction is a chemical reaction in which a molecule gains electrons and energy. When a molecule accepts electrons, it is said to be reduced; a molecule that donates electrons to another is therefore called a reducing agent (electron donor). The oxidation of one molecule is always accompanied by the reduction of another, so these electron transfers are known as oxidation?reduction (redox) reactions.
Reduction is a chemical reaction in which a molecule gains electrons and energy. When a molecule accepts electrons, it is said to be reduced; a molecule that donates electrons to another is therefore called a reducing agent (electron donor). The oxidation of one molecule is always accompanied by the reduction of another, so these electron transfers are known as oxidation?reduction (redox) reactions.It is not necessary that only electrons be transferred in a redox reaction. Often, the electrons are transferred in the form of hydrogen atoms. The fact that a proton (the hydrogen nucleus) is also transferred is immaterial to whether we consider a reaction oxidation or reduction.
Even when you don't think your body is doing anything, your body is working. There is always something constantly happening. It's crazy how you don't even notice HALF the changes your body is going through. [Why tag this text]Before working at a tea store, I did not know how prevalent the process of oxidation is and how often it can be seen in our day to day lives. In fact, oxidation is the main component of the fermentation process of tea leaves to turn the tea into a green, oolong, or black tea. Black teas are the most oxidized of the tea leaves and give off a reulting copper color after steeping.[Why tag this textThis is interesting because I witnessed the oxidation of my bike from leaving it out in the front lawn for a long time when the paint chipped off of it.[Why tag this textThis was particularly interesting to read about becuase I had always wondered why and how rust formed. I assumed it had something to do with water, but i never thought it could have something to do with oxygen and it's giving of its electrons.[Why tag this textExample of oxidation [Why tag this textI found that interesting because I thought oxidation always involved oxygen; especially because the prefix of oxygen is in oxidation. Once I read the example, it made since.[Why tag this textReduction:Chemical reaction in which a molecule gains electrons and energy. Accepting electrons causes a molecule to be reduced. Reducing agents are the molecules that donate electrons. [Why tag this textwhy is it called [Why tag this textMy biology teacher in high school helped me to remember reduction because when molecules gain a negative electron, they feel depressed and reduced. [Why tag this textexplains a little better what reduction actually is, at least it seemed to help me understand a little more. [Why tag this textReduction: when a molecule gains electrons and energy. Reducing agent: the molecule that donates to another (electron donor). Oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions: oxidation of one means reduction of another always.[Why tag this textThree type of chemical reactions are metabolism, oxidation, and reduction, each reaction is require large amount of energy needed.[Why tag this textDefining reduction and example of reduction[Why tag this textDon't really get this, why a molecule that accepts electrons is said to be reduced?[Why tag this textThis can be confusing, because the reduction reaction requires only that an electron is gained. There can be a whole atoms or many atoms gained in a reduction reaction, making the product very different from the individual reactants. [Why tag this textAlina Gur
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The pH scale (fig. 2.12) was invented in 1909 by Danish biochemist and brewer Sören Sörensen to measure the acidity of beer. The scale extends from 0.0 to 14.0. A solution with a pH of 7.0 is neutral; solutions with pH below 7 are acidic; and solutions with pH above 7 are basic (alkaline)
The pH scale (fig. 2.12) was invented in 1909 by Danish biochemist and brewer Sören Sörensen to measure the acidity of beer. The scale extends from 0.0 to 14.0. A solution with a pH of 7.0 is neutral; solutions with pH below 7 are acidic; and solutions with pH above 7 are basic (alkaline). The lower the pH value, the more hydrogen ions a solution has and the more acidic it is. Since the pH scale is logarithmic, a change of one whole number on the scale represents a 10-fold change in H+ concentration. In other words, a solution with pH 4 is 10 times as acidic as one with pH 5 and 100 times as acidic as one with pH 6.
The pH scale (fig. 2.12) was invented in 1909 by Danish biochemist and brewer Sören Sörensen to measure the acidity of beer. The scale extends from 0.0 to 14.0. A solution with a pH of 7.0 is neutral; solutions with pH below 7 are acidic; and solutions with pH above 7 are basic (alkaline). The lower the pH value, the more hydrogen ions a solution has and the more acidic it is. Since the pH scale is logarithmic, a change of one whole number on the scale represents a 10-fold change in H+ concentration. In other words, a solution with pH 4 is 10 times as acidic as one with pH 5 and 100 times as acidic as one with pH 6.[image #4]
Its amazing how many discoveries that can be applied to many circumstance develop from only a single purpose[Why tag this text]Soren Sorensen inventer pH scale[Why tag this textI found it interesting that the pH scale, which is largely used through science, was created to test the acidity of beer. I have always been interested in learning what the pH level of certain products are and where they fall into the scale From previous experiments I always found it interesting that if you touch something super acidic it burns your skin but if you touch something that is highly basic it turns your skin to a very slippery substance, almost like soap[Why tag this textI found this information very interesting, I was also remembering that acids tend to have a sour taste, while bases have a bitter taste. Although it is not reccomended to test whether something is acidic or basic in this matter, I found this information interesting and have remembered it for a long time from a chemistry professor[Why tag this textWhy does something very basic (oven cleaner) cause burns? All household cleaners are on the basic end of the pH scale. Why is gastric juice (at a pH of 0.9-3.0) sometimes less acidic than a lemon? Why would tomatoes at a pH of 4.7 cause heartburn but lemon juice does not? I would like to understand more about the physiology. [Why tag this textI find it interesting/comical how the pH scale came to be. I would've never guessed that the first thing to be measured would be beer! [Why tag this textThe pH scale is explained here.[Why tag this textI was suprised that Milk was acidic. I always thought that one was to drink milk if their mouth was on fire do to the acidic nature of hot sauces, etc. Is this correct?[Why tag this textAh ha! Yet another example of how the world has been so enriched by my favorite libation. Even Physiology, (or perhapes especailly physiology) can not escape beer. [Why tag this textI find this interesting because the Danish biochemist was a beer brewer and that is how he came across the pH scale, to find the acidity of beer.[Why tag this textI think this is both interesting and a example. It is interesting becasue that is something we never learned when we were in other classes such as this. This also goes to show how the scientific method works. The scale was invented to test beer, but now we use it in a variety of fields because they took the idea and kept working on it. [Why tag this textIs there a range for being neutral or is it only if something has a ph of exactly 7?[Why tag this textStephanie
TRAVIS
Danny Duong
Amanda Baxter
Alejandra Contreras
Alexandra Schmit
Ryan Gallagher
John
Tayelor Neiss
Guendel Brandon James
Alyssa Harmes
Anteriorly, a pair of vertical rectus abdominis muscles extend from sternum to pubis. These are divided into segments by three transverse tendinous intersections, giving them an appearance that body builders nickname the ?six pack.?
The tendons of the oblique and transverse muscles are aponeuroses?broad fibrous sheets that continue medially and inferiorly
The tendons of the oblique and transverse muscles are aponeuroses?broad fibrous sheets that continue medially and inferiorly (figs. 10.15 and 10.16). At the rectus abdominis, they diverge and pass around its anterior and posterior sides, enclosing the muscle in a vertical sleeve called the rectus sheath. They meet again at a median line called the linea alba between the rectus muscles. Another line, the linea semilunaris, marks the lateral boundary where the rectus sheath meets the aponeurosis. The aponeurosis of the external oblique also forms a cordlike inguinal ligament at its inferior margin. This extends obliquely from the anterior superior spine of the ilium to the pubis. The linea alba, linea semilunaris, and inguinal ligament are externally visible on a person with good muscle definition (see fig. B.8, p.388).
why is it that it's so difficult to get them, and overall muscular in general? The majority of people are not fit or in shape, so why is it that those who are actually have such features.[Why tag this]This is very interesting. I thought that the muscles that was in the abdomial cavity were created there. Somehow all the muscles in the body are connected.[Why tag thisWhen you are doing abs, the muscles lengthen and contract in order for you to continue. When your abs are sore is that because the muscles are tired from stretching and contracting so much?[Why tag thisSo if the skin was lifted and you were looking directly at the muscle, it would have a checkerboard appearance since the muscles are overlapping? I've always wanted to know what caused a 6 pack!![Why tag thisDo everyone have a six pack? Do we just have to get rid of the fat to see it?[Why tag thisWhy is that girls cannot get such a defined six pack as males? [Why tag thisIs it then possible to have an [Why tag thiswhen vertical rectus abdominis is divided into segments by 3 transverse tendinous intersections, they are considered a 'six pack'[Why tag thisWhy are certain abdominal muscles so much harder to strengthen than others?[why i tagged thisokay now it makes sense to me.[Why tag thisIs this arrangement more protective or is mostly based on support?[Why tag thisgreat info[Why tag thistendons of the oblique and transverse muscles are:[Why tag thisis that its only function?[Why tag thisdoes it have any other jobs or functions besides being the boundary?[Why tag thisMichea Jones
Ashley McBain
Cassi Malko
Sami
Amanda Fitzmaurice
Allyson Tetzlaff
Noelle
Kristen Grzeca
Lauren Anthe
Bonnie Watson
Hussain
Alyssa Harmes
Sarah Faust
This epithelium looks stratified in most tissue sections, but careful examination, especially with the electron microscope, shows that every cell reaches the basement membrane-like trees in a forest, where some grow taller than others but all are anchored in the soil below.
Simple columnar and pseudostratified columnar epithelia often have wineglass-shaped goblet cells that produce protective mucous coatings over the mucous membranes. These cells have an expanded apical end filled with secretory vesicles; their product becomes mucus when it is secreted and absorbs water. The basal part of the cell is a narrow stem, like that of a wineglass, that reaches to the basement membrane.
Cells are all different sizes, stopping some growth[Why tag this text]I think this part is very important because it provides a nice analogy to better understand epithelium.[Why tag this textI really liked how they compared pseudostratified columnar to a forest of trees. It gives me an image that I definitely cannot forget. Now the hard part is just pronounncing the word.[Why tag this textgood to know what to look for as not all the epithelium will reach the surface but all will reach the basement membrane.[Why tag this textgood example! descripitive writing like this makes it easier for me to picture and gives me a better understanding on it. [Why tag this textI find it amazing how different types of tissues look so different than one another under a microscope.[Generalhow the pseudostratified columar grows[Why tag this textSimple columnar and pseudostratified columnar epithelia cells protect the mucous membranes with wineglass-shaped cells with narrow stems. This is intriguing and important for the protection and proper functioning of the cell.[Why tag this textgo from 2 to 20 or more layers of cell, Resting layers trying to reach basement membrane[Why tag this textthe shape the these particular columnar epithelial take[Why tag this textknow what we are looking at or for if /when we go over this in lab.[Why tag this textExplains the shape of the goblet cells of simple columnar and pseudostratified columnar epithelia and what those goblet cells do[Why tag this textsimple columnar and pseudstratified columnar are used to produce protective mucous coatings[Why tag this textSomething good to know because it relates back to the being part of the section by using further information to show the functions of the epitheial tissue as a whole.[Why tag this textThis explains what is going on within our intestines and other parts of our body that secrete mucus.[Why tag this textTony Sustachek
mainkao
Flees Robert John
jess Tegelman
Christina
holly kluge
Michael Acker
Gabriela
lenarch2
Nicholas Bruno
Justin Putterman
Lauren Gwidt
wagnera2
Skin cancer is relatively rare in people with dark skin because of the higher presence of melanin which protects the cells from UV rays.[Why tag this]I believe the reason for this is the melanin but I could be wrong[Why tag thisI think this is because they're skin is so dark so they have more keratinized cells that protect them from the sun and from the harmful UV rays that can hinder lighter skinned people. This is why people who live in africa in the middle east do not need to worry about sunscreen because their skin is already so dark. [Why tag thisThere are three types of skin cancer.Skin cancer is less likely to happen to people with dark skin[Why tag thiswhy is it rare in people with dark skin?[Why tag thisWhy is that When they are exposed to the same amount of sunlight as a lighter skinned person?[Why tag thisI am thankful that I have dark skin. [Why tag thisDarker skin is a result of more melanin where one function is to protect from UV rays. UV rays are a major cause of skin cancer.[Why tag thisIs this because darker skinned people can absorb the UV rays better than fair skinned people due to a greater amount of melanin in the skin?[Why tag thisSkin cancer results from mutations to DNA in skin cells; these mutations can be caused by harmful radiation from the sun. Melanin is produced by melanocytes in the epidermis and creates a brown pigment that shields the nuclei in skin cells from this harmful UV radiation from the sun. Therefore, it makes sense that people with dark skin have more melanin and a lower risk of skin caner. [Why tag thisSkin cancer has fewer occurences in people with dark skin because because of the greater prevelance of the skin protectant, melanin. This NOT to say dark skinned people do NOT get skin cancer at all; they just have a built in sun block versus fair skinned people.[Why tag thisthey have more melanin to absord the uv rays, I think.[Why tag thisDark skinned people are less likely to get sun burned and cancer even if they are out in the sun a lot because they have less melanin, which provides sun protection. [Why tag thisBecause the large amount of melanin deflects UV rays from the skin cell nuclei.[Why tag thisThis is a good question, i think that it's because of the amount of melanin and produced. People with fair skin produce less melanin than people with a darker skin tone.[Why tag thisxiong thao
Samantha B Johnson
Paola Arce
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Xenyen
Sarah
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Ashley Parker
David Orr
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maria lira
Cell-adhesion molecules (fig. 3.8f). Cells adhere to one another and to extracellular material through membrane proteins called cell-adhesion molecules (CAMs). With few exceptions (such as blood cells and metastasizing cancer cells), cells do not grow or survive normally unless they are mechanically linked to the extracellular material. Special events such as sperm?egg binding and the binding of an immune cell to a cancer cell also require CAMs.
I tagged this because there are diseases in which the cell identity marker gets disrupted and allows foreign invaders that the cell would not normally allow in, which can have the potential to destroy the body. Something so small as a carbohydrate surface can have extreme effects on the body.[Why tag this text]Are the cell-identity markers the things that help us fight protection. But what if one doesn't have a tag, then it fights the other cell and you are now sick? I guess I am just a bit confused on what happens if the cell doesn't have a one or if it is even possible to not have one.[Why tag this texti think this is something i would like to learn more about[Why tag this textIf something in the body physiology were offset and the glycocalym were not being properly produced, the body, being unable to identify itself, may begin to then attack itself unknowingly? Is this like, or does it have anything to do with autoimmune diseases?[Why tag this textI find it intreresting how the body has its own organized system. It is able to keep things seperate. The body is able to tell what organisms belong and don't belong in the body.[Why tag this textThe cell identity markers are made of glycoproteins. [Why tag this textI think the roles of the proteins in the plasma membrane are crazy! It is awesome that the components of our cells can identify with other cells to determine if they are beneficial or harmful to our body. [Why tag this textGlycoprotein is a fuzzy coat covering the plasma membrane. This is chemically unique so it fits only one person. This is interesting when considering tissue transplantation because it determins human blood types. [Why tag this textIs this how T-cells identify what is self and not-self and react accordingly? If so, then when someone has an autoimmune response, are there glycoproteins mismanaging self and non-self?[Why tag this textI think this is really interesting how the cells within our bodies communicate with one another. [Generalself explanatory-cell identity[Why tag this textQuestion 4: Receptors, pumps, cell-adhesion molecule.Receptors are usually designed for one specific messenger or substrate. They are located within the plasma membrane and allow chemical signals to enter into the cell.Pumps are trnasmembrane proteins that bind to solutes and transfer them to the opposite side of the membrane.Cell-adhesion molecules (CAMs) allow cells to adhere to one another.[Why tag this textSuch an important molecule. Without CAM, cells will lose the signal to thrive and live normally. Such a simple yet complex system for cellular survival. None signal means apoptosis. Multiple signals means the various ways to grow and survive. Kind of remind me of life. Living without direction and purpose is not living. Living to do something is worth living for. [Why tag this textThis protion includes some discussion of immune cells using CAMs in relation to cancer cells. I wonder, are there other examples of immune cells using CAM's? For example, are anti-bodies CAM's? How about macrophages in realtion to pathogens or even just simple Polymorphic Nucleosomes seeping though the capillaries?[Why tag this textAn exciting thing about the CAMs is that, a recent discovery, in some bacteria they are able to move these proteins around the cell membrane to move. They act like the track on a tank, where one piece stays in place on the extracellular material and the cell pulls it along its surface.[Why tag this textKelly Stahl
Lauren Anthe
jennifer lassiter
Alejandra Contreras
Stephanie
Emily
Neema Shekar
Ryan Gallagher
Christina
Jelena Ristic
Sarah Ertl
Jerry S Yang
John
Stephen Minakian
This interests me because I never knew as I studied the cells in high school how much the cytoseleton is. I always thought it justs helped support the cell the same our skeleton shapes and supports our bodies.[Why tag this text]has microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubles[Why tag this textWithin the cytoskeleton there are 3 main things: microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules that each have their own unique purpose.[Why tag this textI never knew that cytoskeleton is composed of microfilamenst, and microtubles.[Why tag this textNothing about the cell is simple- even the fibers of the cytoskeleton are different sizes! [Why tag this textis the Microfilaments the thinnest kind?[Why tag this textcytoskeleton is composed of:[Why tag this textDefiniton of microfilament.[Why tag this textWhat is protein actin?[Why tag this textmicrofilaments - description and what their function is[Why tag this textcovers a wide range of support and protection[Why tag this textThis is a helpful metaphor for understanding the role of phospholipids and plasma membrane. The plasma membrane is the main means of support, while the phospholipids spread to provide a barrier.[Why tag this textSo is it just like a creamy substance that sticks?[Why tag this textThe other day it was discussed in class that muscles didn't multiple when you get larger muscles at the gym, but rather the muscles swell. Is the strength of the muscle then directly correlated to actin?[Why tag this textAre these the same actin microfilaments in muslce that aid in movmenet?[Why tag this textJustin Putterman
Stephanie
Steven Bertschy
Amanda Baxter
Lauren Anthe
Alyssa Harmes
Kaitlynn
Brittany Nycz
Laura Kovach
Kenyetta
Ryan Gallagher
Stephanie
The formation of bone is called ossification (OSS-ih-fih-CAY-shun) or osteogenesis. In the human fetus and infant, bone develops by two methods called intramembranous and endochondral ossification, examined in the following sections.Intramembranous Ossification
The formation of bone is called ossification (OSS-ih-fih-CAY-shun) or osteogenesis. In the human fetus and infant, bone develops by two methods called intramembranous and endochondral ossification, examined in the following sections.Intramembranous OssificationIntramembranous21 (IN-tra-MEM-bra-nus) ossification produces the flat bones of the skull and most of the clavicle (collarbone). Such bones develop within a fibrous sheet similar to the dermis of the skin, so they are sometimes called dermal bones. Figure 7.7 shows the stages of the process.
Bones are always thickening throughout a person's life and this is vital to human growth as well, even though there really is not that much room for the growth. [Why I tagged this]I would like if this is explained more in class. I do not understand even after reading this how the process really works.[Why I tagged thisIf a bone is broken, does the bone develope this way as we get older or is it only in fetus and infants?[Why I tagged thisWhen bone is formed it is called ossification or osteogenesis, which I never knew before. It happens in two different ways, known as intramembranous and endochondral ossification.[Why I tagged thisThis is important to remember because this has to do with the formation of the bone. The two different methods are also important to know which are, intramembranous and endochondral. The intramembranous produces the flat bones of the skull and most of the clavicle. While endochondral is where the bone is preceded by the hyaline cartilage. [Why I tagged thisImportant term to know![General_Do Not UseThe two methodds of bone formation are called intramembranous and endochondral ossification.[Why I tagged thisIf all bones serve the same purpose to the body, and i understand that all bones are different sizes but what exactly is the purpose of having different cartilages? Does it help relate to the movement of each bone?[Why I tagged thisFormation of Bone:Called ossification or osteogenesis. In fetuses/infants, the bone develops by two methods.[Why I tagged thiswhat the formation of bone is called[Why I tagged thisThe formation of bones is ossification by either intramembranous and endochondral. [Why I tagged thisOssification is the formation of bones.[Why I tagged thisosteogenesis is another [Why I tagged thisin order for a bone to develop, does is always develop in two methods?[GeneralMorgan Peil
Michea Jones
Michael Acker
Sophia Wood
Brandon Brandemuehl
PangJeb Vang
Lauren Anthe
Danielle Henckel
Alyssa Harmes
Amanda
Paola Arce
Justin Putterman
Christina
Elastic tissue also takes the form of wavy sheets in the walls of the large and medium arteries. When the heart pumps blood into the arteries, these sheets enable them to expand and relieve some of the pressure on smaller vessels downstream. When the heart relaxes, the arterial wall springs back and keeps the blood pressure from dropping too low between heartbeats. The importance of this elastic tissue becomes especially clear in diseases such as atherosclerosis, where the tissue is stiffened by lipid and calcium deposits (see Deeper Insight 19.4, p. 745), and Marfan syndrome, a genetic defect in elastin synthesis (
When the heart pumps blood into the arteries, these sheets enable them to expand and relieve some of the pressure on smaller vessels downstream. When the heart relaxes, the arterial wall springs back and keeps the blood pressure from dropping too low between heartbeats. The importance of this elastic tissue becomes especially clear in diseases such as atherosclerosis, where the tissue is stiffened by lipid and calcium deposits (see Deeper Insight 19.4, p. 745), and Marfan syndrome, a genetic defect in elastin synthesis (see Deeper Insight 5.1).
Dense irregular connective tissue
Dense irregular connective tissue also has thick bundles of collagen and relatively little room for cells and ground substance, but the collagen bundles run in seemingly random directions.
Dense irregular connective tissue also has thick bundles of collagen and relatively little room for cells and ground substance, but the collagen bundles run in seemingly random directions.
Dense irregular connective tissue also has thick bundles of collagen and relatively little room for cells and ground substance, but the collagen bundles run in seemingly random directions. This arrangement enables the tissue to re
Dense irregular connective tissue also has thick bundles of collagen and relatively little room for cells and ground substance, but the collagen bundles run in seemingly random directions. This arrangement enables the tissue to resist unpredictable stresses.
Dense irregular connective tissue also has thick bundles of collagen and relatively little room for cells and ground substance, but the collagen bundles run in seemingly random directions. This arrangement enables the tissue to resist unpredictable stresses. This tissue constitutes most of the dermis, where it binds the skin to the underlying muscle and connective tissue. It forms a protective capsule around organs such as the kidneys, testes, and spleen and a tough fibrous sheath around the bones, nerves, and most cartilages.
found this to be pretty interesting . Never really thought about that before[Why tag this text]The elasticity of this tissue is essential to our circulatory system. I've always been interested in the way cardiac tissue contracts on its own but I did not know the walls of the arteries were specialized in this way.[Why tag this textThis to me is fascinating. It is interesting that the blood can pump into the arteries and actually expand those parts of the body. I've often wondered how this process worked.[Why tag this textIs this passage saying that if you consume large amounts of calcium and fat soluable foods you are at risk of diseases like atherosclerosis? or blood clots? hardening of the arteries?[GeneralAwh this is sad, my uncle has is. I don't know much about it but can you avoid this...or does it happen over time?[Why tag this textCan outside factors cause this to occur as well?[Why tag this textDense Irregular Tissue. Closely packed again, but the fibers run in random directions. Where: Deeper dermis of skin, fibrous sheathsWhy: Durable, hard to tear, withstands stress[Why tag this textsimilar to the previous type, but still distinguishable. it's name describes it accurately.[Why tag this textDiffers from Dense Regular in that the irregular collagen bundles run in randrom directsions, rather than parallel. [Why tag this textHow does going in a random pattern of directions help protect from stress. And im What exactly would supply this kind of unexpected stress? I also would think to much of this stress could damage of wear out tissues but I am not if that is proven or not.[Why tag this textQuestion 5: Dense regular connective tissue has fibers that run parallel to each other were as dense irregular connective tissue has fibers that appear to run in random directions. The dense regular connective tissue is seen in tendons and ligaments that are long and thin. Therefore the long parallel fibers facilitates the function of these tendons. Dense irregular connective tissue is seen more so in the dermis which is thin and wide, this explains the function of the random fibers.[Why tag this textDescribing what dense irregular tissue is, where it is located, and what its functions are[Why tag this textDefines and explains dense irregular connective tissue and what it is used for and where it can be found.[General-Do not useProbably the most likely part of the body which would need to resist unpredictable stresses.[Why tag this textAmanda Baxter
mary furner
Elizabeth
Kaitlynn
Chelsea Moore
Danielle Henckel
Mia Breidenbach
Emily
Zachary Garrity
Sarah Ertl
Anthony Wheeler
Brandon Brandemuehl
Joe Nimm
The Greeks and Romans coined many of the words still used in human anatomy today: duodenum, uterus, prostate, cerebellum, diaphragm, sacrum, amnion, and others.
The Greeks and Romans coined many of the words still used in human anatomy today: duodenum, uterus, prostate, cerebellum, diaphragm, sacrum, amnion, and others. In the Renaissance, the fast pace of anatomical discovery required a profusion of new terms to describe things. Anatomists in different countries began giving different names to the same structures. Adding to the confusion, they often named new structures and diseases in honor of their esteemed teachers and predecessors, giving us such nondescriptive terms as fallopian tube and duct of Santorini. Terms coined from the names of people, called eponyms,19 afford little clue as to what a structure or condition is.
In hopes of resolving this growing confusion, anatomists began meeting as early as 1895 to devise a uniform international terminology. After several false starts, they agreed on a list of terms titled the Nomina Anatomica (NA), which rejected all eponyms and gave each structure a unique Latin name to be used worldwide.
In hopes of resolving this growing confusion, anatomists began meeting as early as 1895 to devise a uniform international terminology. After several false starts, they agreed on a list of terms titled the Nomina Anatomica (NA), which rejected all eponyms and gave each structure a unique Latin name to be used worldwide. Even if you were to look at an anatomy atlas in Japanese or Arabic, the illustrations may be labeled with the same Latin terms as in an English-language atlas. The NA served for many decades until recently replaced by the TA, which prescribes both Latin names and accepted English equivalents.
This is why many anatomical words are not in 'plain English'.[Why I tagged this]It is easier for me to remember the words because the Greek and Latin roots help to describe where in the body the organ is located, or to what a disease is affecting. [Why I tagged thisgreeks began to name the body structures but the confusion became when other countries tried to name body parts in their own language.[Why I tagged thisThis makes sense why names are in Greek and Latin; it is much easier to have universal names dedicated to each part than have each country name it after a different scientist or doctor.[Why I tagged thisThe reasoning behind why eponyms are flawed, and why we need universal names for anatomy.[Why I tagged thisEponyms def[Why I tagged thisThough eponyms do not give hints as to what a structure or condition is, they can be very helpful. These names are very different from Greek and Latin words. This makes these words unique, and with this uniqueness may make it easier to remember.[Why I tagged thisproblem with eponyms[Why I tagged thisDefinition of eponyms: these aren't words coming from greek or latin.[Why I tagged thisThis does seem silly to name a part of the body after a person instead of it's relationship anatomically in the body. It would not help students and it seems illogical to remember someone's name when there is a more useful name alternative.[Namingwhy TA became the way to name everything, so that it can be universally know [Why I tagged thisNA solves name confusion[Why I tagged thisIt is interesting to know that anatomists gathered worldwide to devise a plan to have a set of interenationally used set vocabulary for medical terms[Why I tagged thisCassi Malko
victor
Laura Kovach
Amanda Baxter
Amie Emrys
Awlareau
Corianne
Gina Erato
Flees Robert John
Danny Duong
The head of an infant could not fit through the mother's pelvic outlet at birth were it not for the fact that the bones of its skull are not yet fused. The shifting of the skull bones during birth may cause the infant to appear deformed, but the head soon assumes a more normal shape.
The head of an infant could not fit through the mother's pelvic outlet at birth were it not for the fact that the bones of its skull are not yet fused. The shifting of the skull bones during birth may cause the infant to appear deformed, but the head soon assumes a more normal shape. Spaces between the unfused cranial bones are called fontanels,29 after the fact that pulsation of the infant's blood can be felt there. The bones are joined at these points only by fibrous membranes, in which intramembranous ossification is completed later. Four of these sites are especially prominent and regular in location: the anterior, posterior, sphenoid (anterolateral), and mastoid (posterolateral) fontanels (fig. 8.17). Most fontanels ossify by the time the infant is a year old, but the largest one?the anterior fontanel?can still be palpated 18 to 24 months after birth.
Is that the reason why the baby's head comes out all cone like? [Why tag this]the head of a baby may seem irregular shaped at first because it needs to squeeze out of the birth canal[Why tag thisI tagged this because I often wondered the science behind being very careful with babies head. Now i understand why. Is it possible for the bones to fuse together before birth? Would that lead to a c section?[Why tag thisDoes this mean that an infant has a higher risk of head injuries too?[Why tag thisThis is why i was a conehead when i was born![General_Do Not UseI find this interesting because i never realized how different the skull of an infant was from an adult. It's cool to think how bones can fuse. How do bones replace cartilage though? does the cartilage just dissolve or is it broken down by something?[Why tag thisThis is very interesting. Full growth of the skull is at 8-9 years. So does the size of the skull directly relate with the use of the brain through infancy?[Why tag thisI tagged this section on the skull in infancy and childhood, because I'm fascinated with the idea that at one point all of us had a deformed head. The body and every part that make it up are unique yet complex. Therefore it is important to recognize that not only is development essential part of life, but also it takes time and should not be rushed.[Why tag thisIt's nice when my courses overlap. Right now in my growth and development class we are talking about birth and role of the infants underdeveloped school in terms of fitting through the pelvic outlet.[Why tag thiscan we get a viedo of how a skull gets through the birth canal? i found this very interensting! kinda like do it your own assemble at home, ya know?[Why tag thisI always think of the pain the mother goes through while giving birth. This sounds very painful for the infant also. [Why tag thisThis is interesting because I did not know that the skull bones could shift buring birth.[Why tag thisIf the shape of an infants head normally settles on its own after transversing the birth canal, why did foreceps cause so much skull mis-shapeness? The skull was pressured into oblong shapes that required external shaping.[Why tag thisThe anterior fontanel is the [Why tag thisAmanda
Tony Sustachek
Anthony Wheeler
Brandon Brandemuehl
Riley Spitzig
Nadin
Juliana Gottwein
Jacob
Elizabeth Stein
Ford Elizabeth Emily
Samantha Herron
Catherine Andersen
Amanda Bartosik
state several functions of the skeletal system
state several functions of the skeletal system;
state several functions of the skeletal system;
distinguish between bone as a tissue and as an organ;
describe the general features of a long bone and a flat bone.
The skeletal system is composed of bones, cartilages, and ligaments joined tightly to form a strong, flexible framework for the body.
The skeletal system is composed of bones, cartilages, and ligaments joined tightly to form a strong, flexible framework for the body. Cartilage, the forerunner of most bones in embryonic and childhood development, covers many joint surfaces in the mature skeleton.
The skeletal system is composed of bones, cartilages, and ligaments joined tightly to form a strong, flexible framework for the body. Cartilage, the forerunner of most bones in embryonic and childhood development, covers many joint surfaces in the mature skeleton. Ligaments hold bones together at the joints and are discussed in chapter 9. Tendons are structurally similar to ligaments but attach muscle to bone; they are discussed with the muscular system in chapter 10.
This is interesting becuase i did not know that the wrist and ankles have a total of 30 short bones which are approximately equal in length and width, which produce gliding movements.[Why I tagged this]Support the body as a whole, protect the brain, spinal cord, heart, lungs, etc. Electrolyte balance, Avid-base balance, and blood formation[Why I tagged thisThe skeleton has six key functions: support, nearly all the bones provide support for the muscles. Protection, the bones enclose and protect major organs such as brain, heart, and spinal cord. Movement gives us the ability to produce actions of muscles on the bones. Electrolyte balance, allows the skeleton to store and releases calcium and phosphate in the body. Acid-base balance, bone tissues buffers the blood against PH changes. Blood formation, allows red bone marrow to produce major blood cells. [Why I tagged thisThe skeleton has atleast 6 functions:Support, protection, movement, electrolyte balance, acid-base balance, and blood formation.[Why I tagged thisIt provides support, protection, movement, homeostasis and storage. [Why I tagged thisOsseous tissue is connective tissue with the matrix hardened by mineralization. The skeletal system is a group of bones and other tissues working together to form an organ of the body.[Why I tagged thisFlat bones are cranial bones, sternum, scapula, ribs, and hip bones. Long bones are mostly the limbs like the humerus, radius, ulna, femur,etc. Flat bones are flat curved plates and long bones are long ridgid levers that produce major body movements[Why I tagged thisSo is the [Why I tagged thisWhat would it be like if our bones stayed majority cartilage and never really harden? Would it still be able to support our weight or no?[Why I tagged thisThe skeletal system reminds me of a part from a movie (because of what the skeletal system is composed of): A man is making shoes out of long twigs says that as a whole, it is stronger, rather than just one; which can break easily (Red Cliff). It needs to be compact and supoorted with more than one to make it strong[Why I tagged thisSkeletal System: Made up of bones, cartilages, and ligaments. [Why I tagged thisThis shows what the skeletal system is made up of[Why I tagged thisDoes this make it more difficult for children to break bones than adults? If so, why do children seem to experience so many more bones than adults; is it just because they play rougher/are not careful?[Why I tagged thisI always thought that cartilage was specifically in just the ears and nose, but to find out that it is also in our bones is interesting. The amount of cartilage that we have in our nose and ear makes it seem minimal since we are able to easily bend our ears and nose, but we can't bend our bones. Does this mean that we have a greater amount of cartilage in our bones?[Why I tagged thisThis interests me because I am curious to know why children are not just born with hardened bones instead of cartilage if they just form into hardened bone anyway. [Why I tagged thisNick Lund
Alyssa Tucker
Ashley Wiedmeyer
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The course of a chemical reaction is symbolized by a chemical equation that typically shows the reactants on the left, the products on the right, and an arrow pointing from the reactants to the products.
For example, consider this common occurrence: If you open a bottle of wine and let it stand for several days, it turns sour. Wine ?turns to vinegar? because oxygen gets into the bottle and reacts with ethanol to produce acetic acid and water.
For example, consider this common occurrence: If you open a bottle of wine and let it stand for several days, it turns sour. Wine ?turns to vinegar? because oxygen gets into the bottle and reacts with ethanol to produce acetic acid and water. Acetic acid gives the tart flavor to vinegar and spoiled wine.
If you open a bottle of wine and let it stand for several days, it turns sour. Wine ?turns to vinegar? because oxygen gets into the bottle and reacts with ethanol to produce acetic acid and water. Acetic acid gives the tart flavor to vinegar and spoiled wine.
If you open a bottle of wine and let it stand for several days, it turns sour. Wine ?turns to vinegar? because oxygen gets into the bottle and reacts with ethanol to produce acetic acid and water. Acetic acid gives the tart flavor to vinegar and spoiled wine. The equation for this reaction isEthanol and oxygen are the reactants, and acetic acid and water are the products of this reaction.
Ethanol and oxygen are the reactants, and acetic acid and water are the products of this reaction. Not all reactions are shown with the arrow pointing from left to right. In complex biochemical equations, reaction chains are often written vertically or even in circles.
Ethanol and oxygen are the reactants, and acetic acid and water are the products of this reaction. Not all reactions are shown with the arrow pointing from left to right. In complex biochemical equations, reaction chains are often written vertically or even in circles.Chemical reactions can be classified as decomposition, synthesis, or exchange reactions.
Important to remember that oxygen is often involved, but not always.[Why tag this text]are we going to be doing chemical equations?[Why tag this textI always thought there was a different chemical process solely to make vinegar. I am surprised that it is actually old wine.[Why tag this textAn example of a chemical reaction [Why tag this text
Intresting on how oxygen makes wine into an acid just my contact.[Why tag this textThis is interesting because i didn't know that wine turns to vinegar becuase oxygen gets into the bottle and reacts with ethenol to produce acetic acid and water. I also didn't know that if you let wine sit out for several days it turns sour, very interesting. [Why tag this textI knew that wine can go bad if left open and thats why you pump the air out and seal them tight, but never knew the exact science to what was happening. Interesting to know what is happening to the wine.[Why tag this textThis explains how ethanol and oxygen react and how water and acetic acide are the products, by using the example of wine and when left open it turns into vinegar due to the oxygen that gets into the bottle.[Why tag this texti never knew that an open bottel of wine can turn into vinegar. [Why tag this textThis is quit amazing, a part of my family has their own small business in making wine, when they produce it, they try to cover and consel it as fast a possible, so they dont spoil the wine. There has been a few times were they have shipped their wine over seas and the constumer did not like the end result, we later figured out that our seals were not on tight enough and the wine was the basement of the ship making it very moist.[Why tag this textI saw a TV show once where they invented a wine top that didn't let any oxygen esacape because they hated even if it had a little bit of oxygen in the bottle.[Why tag this textWhy does acetic acid have a spoiled type of flavor to it? Because of the oxygen gets to it?[Why tag this textI am curious how some reactions can be written in circles or even vertically. At this level of chemistry I find it to be impossible but till then I am curious how it works[Why tag this textmake note of how to write reactions, look in book. study this material. [Why tag this textElizabeth Stein
Madeline
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Thong Xiong
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Nicholas Bruno
Lauren Anthe
Justin Putterman
Kayla Theys
Ashley McBain
Maisey Mulvey
xuntao
Tayelor Neiss
A microtubule (25 nm in diameter) is a cylinder made of 13 parallel strands called protofilaments.
A microtubule (25 nm in diameter) is a cylinder made of 13 parallel strands called protofilaments. Each protofilament is a long chain of globular proteins called tubulin (fig. 3.26). Microtubules radiate from an area of the cell called the centrosome and hold organelles in place, form bundles that maintain cell shape and rigidity, and act somewhat like railroad tracks
A microtubule (25 nm in diameter) is a cylinder made of 13 parallel strands called protofilaments. Each protofilament is a long chain of globular proteins called tubulin (fig. 3.26). Microtubules radiate from an area of the cell called the centrosome and hold organelles in place, form bundles that maintain cell shape and rigidity, and act somewhat like railroad tracks.
A microtubule (25 nm in diameter) is a cylinder made of 13 parallel strands called protofilaments. Each protofilament is a long chain of globular proteins called tubulin (fig. 3.26). Microtubules radiate from an area of the cell called the centrosome and hold organelles in place, form bundles that maintain cell shape and rigidity, and act somewhat like railroad tracks.
A microtubule (25 nm in diameter) is a cylinder made of 13 parallel strands called protofilaments. Each protofilament is a long chain of globular proteins called tubulin (fig. 3.26). Microtubules radiate from an area of the cell called the centrosome and hold organelles in place, form bundles that maintain cell shape and rigidity, and act somewhat like railroad tracks. Motor proteins ?walk? along these tracks carrying organelles and macromolecules to specific destinations in the cell. Microtubules form the axonemes of cilia and flagella and are responsible for their beating movements, and form the mitotic spindle that guides chromosome movement during cell division. Microtubules are not permanent structures. They come and go moment by moment as tubulin molecules assemble into a tubule and then suddenly break apart again to be used somewhere else in the cell. The double and triple sets of microtubules in cilia, flagella, basal bodies, and centrioles, however, are more stable.
This is interesting because we don't generally think of simple things such as what provides the support of our hair and fingernails. I think the knowledge of the makeup of tough protein keratin, in epidermal cells providing the strength of the hair and fingernails is a great fact to know.[Why tag this text]First reading this,I didn't know that hair and fingernails got their strength from filaments. I always thought that hair and nails were made mostly of protein. However after reading the paragraph, I can see now that intermediate filaments are made of protein. So it makes me feel a little better knowing I was halfway right, I just didn't know that filaments were made of protein.[General-Do not useI must have very weak intermediae filaments! I always try to grow my nails and they are so thin and weak and always break[Why tag this textWhy are there exactly 13 protofilaments? [Why tag this textMicrotubles provide structure for the cell. It is one of the reasons that animals don't need a cell wall for structure. They come in bundles so they can break off when need in order to support other areas of the cell. [Why tag this textDefiniton of microtubule[Why tag this textI tagged all of these sections because I thought id talk about how in high school I had to make my own verson of a cell with household good that had the same functions as the organelles inside the cell. For example, I used an old cell phone for the nucleus because it stores information. I also used plastic wrap because for the membrane around the cardboard to protect everything in the cell. [Why tag this textmicrotubule description and function[Why tag this textQuestion 5: Centriole, microtubule, cytoskeleton, and axoneme.Centrioles are short cylindrical assembly of microtubules, they are arranged in 9 groups of 3 microtubules each.Microtubules are cylinders made of parallel strands called protofilaments.Cytoskeleton is a network of protein filaments and cylinders that structurally support the cell.Axoneme is the fibrillar bundle of a flagellum or cilium that usually consists of nine pairs of microtubules arranged in a ring around a single central pair. [Why tag this textso therefore its in the the center of the cell?[Why tag this textWhat gives rise to these motor proteins enabling them to move?[Why tag this textso does that mean they move organelles?[Why tag this textI found this interesting because I would have never expected cells to work in this way.[Why tag this textPlease clarify how centrioles, microtubules, cytoskeleton and axoneme are all related. Is it more a significant relation in terms of form or function?[Why tag this textwhat else are microtubules used for in the cell? why are they not permenant?[Why tag this textSamantha B Johnson
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Secretion
Secretion.
Secretion. Epithelia produce mucus, sweat, enzymes, hormones, and most of the body's other secretions
Secretion. Epithelia produce mucus, sweat, enzymes, hormones, and most of the body's other secretions; glands are composed largely of epithelial tissue.
Secretion. Epithelia produce mucus, sweat, enzymes, hormones, and most of the body's other secretions; glands are composed largely of epithelial tissue.Excretion. Epithelia void wastes from the tissues, such as CO2 across the pulmonary epithelium and bile from the epithelium of the liver.
Secretion. Epithelia produce mucus, sweat, enzymes, hormones, and most of the body's other secretions; glands are composed largely of epithelial tissue.Excretion. Epithelia void wastes from the tissues, such as CO2 across the pulmonary epithelium and bile from the epithelium of the liver.Absorption. Epithelia absorb chemicals from the adjacent medium; nearly all nutrients, for example, are absorbed through the epithelium of the small intestine.Filtration. All substances leaving the blood are selectively filtered through the epithelium that lines the blood vessels; all urinary waste is filtered through epithelia of the kidneys.Sensation. Epithelia are provided with nerve endings that sense stimulation ranging from a touch on the skin to irritation of the stomach.
I did not know that glands were made up of tissues! Im wondering how exactly this tissue produces these bodily fluid and other substances. What properties of this tissue allow them to do this? what substance does the tissue use to produce these things?[Why tag this text]second function of tissue[Why tag this textSO is there any difference in the tissue if one sweats more then someone else?[Why tag this textMucus, Sweat, Enzymes, Hormones. our bodys way of getting sickness out[Why tag this textFunction #2: secretion[Why tag this textIf we didn't have secretion would it make the body build up lots of sweat and mucus? Would this cause us to get sick a lot more?[Why tag this textsince secretion is one of the tissues function then any defect in it would affect its function which is to produce enzymes and hormones and so the organ will be affected too .[Why tag this textI found this intersting because I just have known that one function of epithelial tissue is responsible for body secretions.[Why tag this textto be honest I really did not even know ther was a difference between the two so I am glad that now I understand fully the difference.[Why tag this textThe shape of the cells help understand the function of what the cells do.[Why tag this textThe Epithelia is so interesting to learn about. Before reading this I did not realize how many functions it had and how many things work together to make it work. Epecially our skin or epedermis, becuse i think it is the most important tissue since it protects our organs from everything.[Why tag this textproduces much of the bodies secretions. also many glands where these products are secreted are largely made up of epithelial tissue[Why tag this textIt is amazing to me that epithelia tissues have so many roles. I didn't realize that they are in glands. It's interesting that they can secrete materials while being such good protection for other tissues. [Why tag this textI thought it was interesting that mucus and sweat were under secretions at first, although it makes perfect sense. We tend to overlook the benefits and necessity of those two secretions and focus more on the negatives assocaited with them, such as congestion associated with mucus.[Why tag this textIt is important that epithelial tissue allows for secretion of sweat in order for our bodies to maintain homeostasis when we are too warm (like when running for exercise)[Why tag this textholly kluge
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The function of a lever is to produce a gain in the speed, distance, or force of a motion?either to exert more force against a resisting object than the force applied to the lever (for example, in moving a heavy object with a crowbar), or to move the resisting object farther or faster than the effort arm is moved (as in rowing a boat, where the blade of the oar moves much farther and faster than the handle). A single lever cannot confer both advantages. There is a trade-off between force on one hand and speed or distance on the other?as one increases, the other decreases.The mechanical advantage (MA) of a lever is the ratio of its output force to its input force. If LE is the length of the effort arm and LR is the length of the resistance arm, MA = LE/LR. If MA is greater than 1.0, the lever produces more force, but less speed or distance, than the force exerted on it. If MA is less than 1.0, the lever produces more speed or distance, but less force, than the input.Consider the forearm, for example (fig. 9.8a). The resistance arm of the ulna is longer than its effort arm, so we know from the preceding formula that MA is less than 1.0. The figure shows some representative values for LE and LR that yield MA = 0.15. The biceps muscle puts more power into the lever than we get out of it, but the hand moves farther and faster than the point where the biceps tendon inserts on the radius. Most musculoskeletal levers operate with an MA much less than 1, but figure 9.8b shows a case with MA greater than 1.
I found this segment fascinating because it really illustrates how complex human movement is and how much the human body is like a machine.[Why tag this]Interesting! I like this because i can see how it would apply in the real world.[Why tag thisI thought this section was particularly interesting because I am really interested in biomechanics, and that's what this is. [Why tag thisThe function of a lever is to gain more speed, distance, and force in motion to either move forward or backwards.[Why tag thisI tagged mechanical advantage as we are just about always using it.[Why tag thisDef of the mechanical advantage. I had to read over this a couple times to figure out and undrstand what was trying to be taught.[General_Do Not UseI do not understand what mechanical advantage is from the example and definitons given below. Could explain it differently ?[Why tag thisWould this be the same as torque in physics?[Why tag thismechanical advantage for the function of a lever[Why tag thisThis is important because it tells us that to exert a force one lever has to decrease so that the other can increase.[Why tag thisI think this is intresting because they use the metephore of a lever. I never thought of it like that. It makes it easier to understand the functions and their purpose. However, I feel like it is more complex then just a lever. [Why tag thisLevers are used to increase productivity of the work being done. [General_Do Not Usethat's very important in movement and supporting. But does each joint have MA? [Why tag thisVery nice to know how mechanical advantage helps us with our joints.[Why tag thisTHis can not be exolained better[Why tag thisjoints can all be considered kinds of levers, commonly unknown by most people, just as if a lever wont work a joint wont[Why tag thisElizabeth Stein
Guendel Brandon James
Paola Arce
Richard Cook
lenarch2
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Claire Silkaitis
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Lauren Thiel
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Kaylee Richards
hanouf
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corey
Synchondroses A synchondrosis8 (SIN-con-DRO-sis) is a joint in which the bones are bound by hyaline cartilage. An example is the temporary joint between the epiphysis and diaphysis of a long bone in a child, formed by the cartilage of the epiphyseal plate.
Synchondroses A synchondrosis8 (SIN-con-DRO-sis) is a joint in which the bones are bound by hyaline cartilage. An example is the temporary joint between the epiphysis and diaphysis of a long bone in a child, formed by the cartilage of the epiphyseal plate. Another is the attachment of the first rib to the sternum by a hyaline costal cartilage (fig. 9.4a). (The other costal cartilages are joined to the sternum by synovial joints.)
ynchondroses A synchondrosis8 (SIN-con-DRO-sis) is a joint in which the bones are bound by hyaline cartilage. An example is the temporary joint between the epiphysis and diaphysis of a long bone in a child, formed by the cartilage of the epiphyseal plate. Another is the attachment of the first rib to the sternum by a hyaline costal cartilage (fig. 9.4a). (The other costal cartilages are joined to the sternum by synovial joints.)Symphyses
SymphysesSymphyses In a symphysis9 (SIM-fih-sis), two bones are joined by fibrocartilage (fig. 9.4b, c). One example is the pubic symphysis, in which the right and left pubic bones are joined by the cartilaginous interpubic disc. Another is the joint between the bodies of two vertebrae, united by an intervertebral disc. The surface of each vertebral body is covered with hyaline cartilage. Between the vertebrae, this cartilage becomes infiltrated with collagen bundles to form fibrocartilage. Each intervertebral disc permits only slight movement between adjacent vertebrae, but the collective effect of all 23 discs gives the spine considerable flexibility.
I had never considered the epipheseal plate area of a long bone to be a joint. I think that is because we use adult skeletons in the majority of the work we do, and the long bones just look continuous.[Why Tag This?]I am glad that we did tissues first because it is all coming together now and I can relate things and see how it works. It also makes ths bones and joints and such easier to understand.[Why Tag This?here he talks about the squamous suture between the temporal and parietal bones, but he doesnt tie in what we have learned in the histology chapter. why does this specific type of tissue bind together these bones? if the tissue is squamous that means it most likely allows for the passage of fluids... i thought all joints were fused with some kind of cartilage, like the babys skull at birth has fontanelles. The synchondroses joint is bound by hyaline cartilage, which eases joint movement and acts as a precursor to bone in the fetal skeleton. The symphyses joint has fibrocrtilage, which is pecialized for resisting compression. This is ideal for vertabrae because they are compressed throughout the day when we walk.[Why Tag This?If this is broken in childhood, can it affect the growth and development of the child?[Why Tag This?A joint in which the bones are bound by hyaline cartilage is called a sychondrosis[Why Tag This?definition of synchondrosis[Why Tag This?never knew this until reading this[Why Tag This?synchondroses description - which is one of the two types of cartilaginous joints[Why Tag This?so its a temporary joint?[Why Tag This?When these joints are broken, in the case of cpr, how quickly do the repair? Does this happen at the same rate of healing as, for example, the knee. [Why Tag This?The fibrocartilage of this joint plays in the role for child birth in females. The cartilage expands and allows for easier passage in child birth, but it doen't seem like the cartilage is extremely plyable. Does it stay attatched during this process or does it break and regrow?[Why Tag This?This is interesting to me because I always thought that the pubic bones were fused together into one bone and never though that it was actually an interpubic disc that kept it together.[Why Tag This?If the fibrocartilage that is found between your vertebrae were to be worn down would that cause backaches? Also does Fibrocartilage that is worn down also give you a greater risk in haveing a herniated disc?[Why Tag This?symphyses decription, which is the second type of cartilaginous joints[Why Tag This?When two bones are joined together by fibrocartilage it is called a symphysis.[Why Tag This?is this what helps expand during child birth?[Why Tag This?Kelly Stahl
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Muscles that act on the pectoral girdle originate on the axial skeleton and insert on the clavicle and scapula. The scapula is only loosely attached to the thoracic cage and is capable of considerable movement (fig. 10.22)?rotation (as in raising and lowering the apex of the shoulder), elevation and depression (as in shrugging and lowering the shoulders), and protraction and retraction (pulling the shoulders forward and back). The clavicle braces the shoulder and moderates these movements.
Muscles that act on the pectoral girdle originate on the axial skeleton and insert on the clavicle and scapula. The scapula is only loosely attached to the thoracic cage and is capable of considerable movement (fig. 10.22)?rotation (as in raising and lowering the apex of the shoulder), elevation and depression (as in shrugging and lowering the shoulders), and protraction and retraction (pulling the shoulders forward and back). The clavicle braces the shoulder and moderates these movements.[image #1]
The scapula is only loosely attached to the thoracic cage and is capable of considerable movement (fig. 10.22)-rotation (as in raising and lowering the apex of the shoulder), elevation and depression (as in shrugging and lowering the shoulders), and protraction and retraction (pulling the shoulders forward and back).
What muscle is known as the [Why Tag This]The axial skeleton is more focused on rotation and support and not so much movement. The only movement is is responsible for is elevation and depression (shrugging) and protaction and retraction (shoulders back and forth).[Why Tag ThisWhat tissues are in the muscles?[Why Tag ThisMuscles of the pectoral girdle originate on the skeleton and insert into the clavicle and scapula. These muscles fall into anterior or posterior groups. Axial Musxles: Axial muscles originate in the axial skeleton. Scapular Muscles: Originate from the scapula.[Why Tag Thisi feel like it would make it seem stiff[Why Tag ThisI thought it was interesting to know that the scapula is loosely connected to the thoracic cage because it needs to be able to provide movement of the arm such as rotation, elevation, and depression. The photo underneath this passage is also helpful because it gives an example of how each movement works. [Why Tag ThisMy father just had shoulder surgery on monday because he had tears in his rotator cuff. How do they repair that? How do muscles break down like that?[Why Tag ThisLateral rotation, elevation, medial rotation, depression, retraction, and protration are all the movements that the scapula is capable of. [Why Tag ThisThe clavicle and scapula are the insertion points for the muscles that act on the pectoral girdle. [Why Tag ThisThe shoulder is loosely connected in order to provide maximum rotation and range of motion.[Why Tag Thismuscles acting on the shoulder - view image #1[Why Tag ThisThe human body is amazing. It's cool how the scapula remains in place, although it is loosely attached, by the skin. It also is a reason why injury is of a higher risk.[Why Tag ThisDoes our scapula experience as much action as it is capable of? It seems like, despite its capability, I don't feel like I use my scapula as many ways as possible.[Why tag thisThe scapula and clavicle are responsible for many movements people use daily- shrugging and lowering shoulders and pulling shoulders forward and back. [Why Tag ThisSo what attaches it? muscle? I wonder what happens if you break this or it becomes unattached. How are some people double jointed in their shoulder? I wonder if it has something to do with the scapula.[Why Tag Thisso all the muscles in the chest region are based off of these two bones?[Why Tag ThisAshley McBain
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Fibrous Joints
A fibrous joint is also called a synarthrosis4
A fibrous joint is also called a synarthrosis4 (SIN- ar-THRO-sis) or synarthrodial joint. It is a point at which adjacent bones are bound by collagen fibers that emerge from one bone, cross the space between them, and penetrate into the other (fig. 9.2). There are three kinds of fibrous joints: sutures, gomphoses, and syndesmoses.
A fibrous joint is also called a synarthrosis4 (SIN- ar-THRO-sis) or synarthrodial joint. It is a point at which adjacent bones are bound by collagen fibers that emerge from one bone, cross the space between them, and penetrate into the other (fig. 9.2). There are three kinds of fibrous joints: sutures, gomphoses, and syndesmoses. In sutures and gomphoses, the fibers are very short and allow for little or no movement. In syndesmoses, the fibers are longer and the attached bones are more movable.
This standing out to me because I have always known that certain bones fuse together but I still dont understand wha subtance of properties allow them to do so? Is there a substance that assists in fusing them?[Why Tag This?]How does this take place? What are the stages that occur to make this happen?[Why Tag This?why do they become a synostosis?[Why Tag This?Fibrous Joint: Synarthrosis joint. adjacent bones are bound by collagen fibers that emerge from one bone. Three kinds; sutures, gomphobes, and syndesmoses. Syndesmoses=long fibers.Sutures: immobile or only sligtly movable joints. Closely bind the bones of the skull to each other. Serrate sutures=wavy lines, bones firmly interlock. Lap/Squamous sutures=bones have overlapping beveled edgesPlane/Butt sutures:two bones have straight, non-overlapping edges. Gomphoses: Tooth to the socket. Syndesmoses: Fibrous joint where two bones are bound by long collagenous fibers. [Why Tag This?bound by fibrous tissue to connect bones[Why Tag This?These sections of text are important because the information below these headings describe the types of joints in our body. These joints are responsible for allow us to move as well as protect certain areas of our bodies.[Why Tag This?In FIGURE 9.2, it shows that the the parietalbones in the skull are not actually touching, but held closely together by fibers. Is this right? I always thought the bones grew and attached to eachother so there was no space inbetween.[Why Tag This?bound together by collagen fibers.sutures, gomphoses, and syndesmoses are the three types.very short and allow little to no movement[Why Tag This?Had to know for the quiz[Why Tag This?what a fibrous joint is[Why Tag This?definition of fibrous joints[Why Tag This?I had a high ankle sprain ones and the doctor said i had injuried my introsseous membran and this is a firbrous joint, so does that mean that all like ankle sprains are injury to fibrous joints? [Why Tag This?Fibrous joints: two bones are connected by collagen fibers. [General---Do Not UseFibrous joints are called synarthrodial joints. This would be adjacent bones that are connected through collagen fibers [Why Tag This?description of a fibrous joint[Why Tag This?Maisey Mulvey
Anthony Wheeler
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Amanda
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Unstable isotopes are therefore called radioisotopes, and the process of decay is called radioactivity (see Deeper Insight 2.1).
very element has at least one radioisotope.
All of us contain radioisotopes such as 14C and 40K?that is, we are all mildly radioactive!
Many forms of radiation, such as light and radio waves, have low energy and are harmless.
Many forms of radiation, such as light and radio waves, have low energy and are harmless.
Many forms of radiation, such as light and radio waves, have low energy and are harmless. High-energy radiation, however, ejects electrons from atoms, converting atoms to ions; thus, it is called ionizing radiation. It destroys molecules and produces dangerous free radicals and ions in human tissues. In high doses, ionizing radiation is quickly fatal. In lower doses, it can be mutagenic (causing mutations in DNA) and carcinogenic (triggering cancer as a result of mutation).
Many forms of radiation, such as light and radio waves, have low energy and are harmless. High-energy radiation, however, ejects electrons from atoms, converting atoms to ions; thus, it is called ionizing radiation. It destroys molecules and produces dangerous free radicals and ions in human tissues. In high doses, ionizing radiation is quickly fatal. In lower doses, it can be mutagenic (causing mutations in DNA) and carcinogenic (triggering cancer as a result of mutation).Examples of ionizing radiation include ultraviolet rays, X-rays, and three kinds of radiation produced by nuclear decay: alpha (a) particles, beta (ß) particles, and gamma (?) rays. An alpha particle is composed of two protons and two neutrons (equivalent to a helium nucleus), and a beta particle is a free electron. Alpha particles are too large to penetrate the skin, and beta particles can penetrate only a few millimeters. They are relatively harmless when emitted by sources outside the body, but they are very dangerous when emitted by radioisotopes that have gotten into the body.
Why do these isotopes of an element each differ in behavior if they are very similiar?[Why tag this text]Question 6: The biological half-life is shorter than its physical half-life because the biological half-life also takes into account loss by radioactivy decay and excretion.[Why tag this textIsotope/Radioisotope: All elements have isotopes, and the isotopes that are unstable are called radioisotopes and they give of radiation. [Why tag this textI was unaware that people were mildly radioactive. I figured that we contain isotopes, but never put two and two together. I wonder if this is why we can be exposed to some radioactivity and not be harmed. [Why tag this textWould the degree of radioactivity vary person to person, or would it be consistent because we're made of the same materials?[Why tag this textWhat effect does a tanning bed have on our skin? Is that light or radio waves?[Why tag this textAlthough these two are very low in harmful effects, many other forms of radiation such as ultra violet rays are seriously harmless. But then again, you see how this can sometimes be prescribed as a form of vitamin d.[Why tag this textThis is tagged because I thought it was interesting. Light and radio wave, high-energy destroys molecules and produces dangerous ions in human tissue. This probably explains why going tanning isn't good for a person. [Why tag this textI tagged this part of the text, because I find the topic of radiation very fascinating. After reading this short paragraph, I immediately thought of my roommate last semester who would go to a tanning salon every other couple days or if not that then at least once a week. The beds that you lay in are commonly known for increasing your chances of getting skin cancer. I'm shocked that people know this yet still go.[Why tag this textwhat are the consequences of a person working in a radiation plant over a period of time?[Why tag this textRadiation is a fascinating subject and I find it is interesting that wave of energy can take such a toll on your body[Why tag this textCancer runs in my family and i'm curious as to how it works and why it is [Why tag this textI thought this was interesting because you hear about cancer everyday but I never knew the scientific approach of how it destroys our molecules which produces dangerous free radicals in the tissue. I'm wondering how much radiation it takes for a person to produces these dangerous radicals. Such as the use of tanning beds or being in the sun. [Why tag this textNot all forms of radiation are harmful to humans ... many times people, including me, automatically consider any type of radiation extremely harmful[Why tag this textI would like to know how radiation contributes as a cause and treatment of cancer. Most commonly, radiation from the sun causes skin cancer, but there are also recommended levels from xrays. I wonder what the incidence of cancer is in xray technicians and how our guidelines have changed. Curie helped train technicians, but died due to exposure radiation herself. Radiation therapy as a treatment kills both the cancer cells and surrounding healthy tissues. Preventing cancer means avoiding all forms of radiation as much as possible.[Why tag this textSarah Ertl
Danielle Henckel
lucas hubanks
Chelsea Moore
Ashley McBain
Cassie Marsh
GiaLee
Juliana Gottwein
victor
Nick Lund
Holland
Alyssa Tucker
Anthony Wheeler
Amanda Baxter
Lateral and Posterior Muscles of the Hip.
Lateral and Posterior Muscles of the Hip. On the lateral and posterior sides of the hip are the tensor fasciae latae and three gluteal muscles. The fascia lata is a fibrous sheath that encircles the thigh like a subcutaneous stocking and tightly binds its muscles. On the lateral surface, it combines with the tendons of the gluteus maximus and tensor fasciae latae to form the iliotibial band, which extends from the iliac crest to the lateral condyle of the tibia (see fig. 10.34, table 10.14). The tensor fasciae latae tautens the iliotibial band and braces the knee, especially when the opposite foot is lifted.The gluteal muscles are the gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, and gluteus minimus (fig. 10.33). The gluteus maximus is the largest of these and forms most of the lean mass of the buttock. It is an extensor of the hip joint that produces the backswing of the leg in walking and provides most of the lift when you climb stairs. It generates its maximum force when the thigh is flexed at a 45° angle to the trunk. This is the advantage in starting a foot race from a crouched position. The gluteus medius is deep and lateral to the gluteus maximus. Its name refers to its size, not its position. The gluteus minimus is the smallest and deepest of the three.
These figures give descriptions of the muscles of the hip. In each table, the muscles are listed with their functions and origin/insertion points. This helps in differentiating between the different muscles.[Why Tag This]Would an increase of muscle mass make us run faster, or just have stronger legs for things like lifting?[Why Tag ThisHow do muscles form? Where in the body do they start from?[Why Tag ThisIf you where to fracture your hip bone completly would the mucsles on your hip bone and the ones that depend on the hip bone to move be affected from the fracture? would the muscles end up growing weeker? Also if you were to fracture your hip could that bring back en injury such as compartment syndrom? The reason i ask these questions is that my 18 year old freind fractured her hip will she was running, about 2 months after she had surgury for her hip her leg compartmet syndrom came back because the fuchsia closed up in her legs causeing the pressure to build up. I want to know if it was caused by her fractured hip. [Why Tag ThisIt states that it doesnt refer to the position, but the size. But its interesting that the deepest of the three is the smallest, then the medius is the next deepest, then the gluteus maximus is closest to the surface. Seems to me that it referes to both; size and position. [Why Tag ThisI have learned that the muscles in the leg are very long and connect a lot of the bones together. The leg muscles are the strongest so that is why they must be able to hold everything up and together.[Why Tag ThisThe distinct shapes and sizes of these muscles, as discussed in class, are evidence of evolutionary advancement in humans. Animals with these similar muscles have no need to stand upright and support body weight as humans do, and therefore their gluteal muscles and fasciae are differently shaped and much smaller.[Why Tag ThisThe gluteus maximus is the largest of the gluteal muscles. The gluteal muscles are really important for producing the backswing of the leg while walking and providing lift for the movement of the leg. [Why Tag ThisHow many muscles make up this location of the body?[Why Tag ThisThe hips have always been very fasinating to me. They serve as so many important characteristics to humans. Thy have to do with reproduction and the movment to help us walk. [Why Tag ThisThe hips consists of three muscles - the fascia lata, gluteus maximus and the tensor fasciae. The gluteus maximus consists of the buttocks, it is used for protection and adbsorption of shocks to the back. It is also the largest muscles in the body. [Why Tag ThisIt is interesting that the iliotibial band muscle is used everytime we take a step and the knee of the opposite foot is braced. [Why Tag Thislateral muscles of the hip[Why Tag ThisCan you explain this a little more?[Why Tag ThisWould you say that this is one of the most biggest muscles because it is used mostly when we walk or run?[Why Tag ThisJoseph Skarlupka
mainkao
sarah
Jenna
Ashley McBain
Alina Gur
Michael Franzini
Lauren Anthe
Sophia Wood
Linda Xiong
Neema Shekar
Alyssa Harmes
Maisey Mulvey
The solvency of water also makes it the body's primary means of transporting substances from place to place.
To be soluble in water, a molecule must be polarized or charged so that its charges can interact with those of water
To be soluble in water, a molecule must be polarized or charged so that its charges can interact with those of water.
To be soluble in water, a molecule must be polarized or charged so that its charges can interact with those of water. When NaCl is dropped into water, for example, the ionic bonds between Na+ and Cl- are overpowered by the attraction of each ion to water molecules. Water molecules form a cluster, or hydration sphere, around each sodium ion with the Od - pole of each water molecule facing the sodium ion. They also form a hydration sphere around each chloride ion, with the Hd + poles facing it. This isolates the sodium ions from the chloride ions and keeps them dissolved
To be soluble in water, a molecule must be polarized or charged so that its charges can interact with those of water. When NaCl is dropped into water, for example, the ionic bonds between Na+ and Cl- are overpowered by the attraction of each ion to water molecules. Water molecules form a cluster, or hydration sphere, around each sodium ion with the Od - pole of each water molecule facing the sodium ion. They also form a hydration sphere around each chloride ion, with the Hd + poles facing it. This isolates the sodium ions from the chloride ions and keeps them dissolved
Stems: hyroPHILIC means love and hydroPHOBIC means fear[Why tag this text]I remember the distinction between hydrophillic and hydrophobic being easy if one keeps in mind the literal translation of the greek/latin bases of these words. Hydrophillic literally means [Why tag this textThis is very interesting and I feel will come in very handy in the future like it seems like it would be on a quiz. But I like how the words are similar like hyrodphillic6 means it dissolves in water and hydrophobic7 means it is not soluable by water. The wording behind hyrdophobic7 also is like phobia not liking or scared and its like phobia of the water because it would drowned and not become one in the same.[Why tag this textI was just curious to explore why the body might reject water at times (e.g. the stomach flu) and throw it back up. I understand becoming dehydrated as you might urinate it all out because your body is trying to filter it, but why throw it back up if you are trying to help your body's internal stability at homeostasis?[Why tag this textagain, the body is so depended on water to help form all of the systems and work correctly [Why tag this textthis is the only way a substance can be soluble in water. if the charges of a substance do not interact correctly with those of water then it will not dissolve. i'm assuming this is a substance such as sand does not dissolve in water.[General-Do not useQuestion: So if the molecule is non polar, it would not be soluble in water?[Why tag this textwhy is it that if the molecule is non plar that it cannot be soluble?[Why tag this textto be soluble in water:[Why tag this textI thought this was interesting because it reminded me of when I am cooking or heating up a pot of hot water for my noodles. As the water is on the stove I pour some salt into the water so that it would cook the noodles faster. Does the sodium ions and chloride ions have anything to do with the this? [Why tag this textNever knew the science going on when you are dissolving a substance in water. Interesting that the bond between the sodium and chlorine is actually broken up because each is actually more attracted to the water molecules.[Why tag this textThis interested me because I didn't think there was anything chemically involved in Salt mixing with water[Why tag this textNaCl dissolves in water this way...[Why tag this textHow would your body charge a molecule? Does this refer to an induced dipole?[Why tag this textThis is why things dissolve in water-- each individual element is more attracted to the water than the other element.[Why tag this textAlina Gur
Jeremy
Alyssa Harmes
Emily Zuelzke
Lauren Anthe
Samantha B Johnson
Leonard Wilkerson
Justin Putterman
GiaLee
Nicholas Bruno
Madeline
Alexandra Schmit
Joe Nimm
Laura Kovach
Identify the three joints found at the elbow and name the movements in which each joint is involved.
What keeps the femur from slipping backward off the tibia
What keeps the femur from slipping backward off the tibia?
What keeps the tibia from slipping sideways off the talus?
Arthritis31 is a broad term for pain and inflammation of a joint and embraces more than a hundred different diseases of largely obscure or unknown causes. In all of its forms, it is the most common crippling disease in the United States; nearly everyone past middle age develops arthritis to some degree. Physicians who treat arthritis and other joint disorders are called rheumatologists.
it is on the anterior side of the arm, and passes through the superior margin of the glenoid cavity, and keeps the humeral head in place[Why tag this]it keeps the shoulder stable when the arm is in rotation[Why tag thisThe biceps brachii tendon acts as a taut strap that presses the humeral head against the glenoid cavity[Why tag thisproximal radioulnar-not involved in hinge, supports radius and ulnahumeroulnar joint-where the humeral notch joins the ulnar notcholecranon bursa-in control of side-side movements of the elbow[Why tag thisThe elbow joint is formed by three bones, the humerus, radius, and ulna. Articulations between the trochlea of the humerus with the ulna and the capitulum of the humerus with the head of the radius comprise the joint. The elbow is an example of a hinge joint, or a joint that moves in only one direction.[Why tag thisfive tendons[Why tag thisThe ACL prevents the femur from slipping backward off the tibia. There is a test that can be performed to determine if the ACL has been torn. This is the front drawer test, which makes the tibia slide anterior to the knee if the ACL is torn. [Why tag thisthe tendon of the semimembranosus muscle is what keeps the femur from sliding back off the thigh[Why tag thisThe anterior cruciate ligament keeps the femur from slipping backwards off the tibia[Why tag thisThe PCL keeps the femur from slidding backward it also prevents the tibia from being displaces backward[Why tag thisthe malleoli overhang on the talus keeps it from moving side-to-side, prevents unrestricted motion[Why tag thisMy grandma literally has arthritis in every bone of her body but the skull.[General_Do Not Usedifferent types of arthritis, affects people differently [Why tag thisinflamation of a joint [Why tag thispain and inflammation of a joint[Why tag thisdoesn't everyone develop some kind of arthritis at some point in their life[Why tag thisRachel Feivor
Kimberly Loney
Belaynesh
Awlareau
Jungas
lenarch2
Brittany Nycz
Amanda
Lauren Anthe
The body is composed of only four primary classes of tissue: epithelial, connective, nervous, and muscular tissue. Histology, the study of tissues
The body is composed of only four primary classes of tissue: epithelial, connective, nervous, and muscular tissue. Histology, the study of tissues, is the subject of chapter 5.
Cells are the smallest units of an organism that carry out all the basic functions of life; nothing simpler than a cell is considered alive. A cell is enclosed in a plasma membrane composed of lipids and proteins. Most cells have one nucleus, an organelle that contains its DNA. Cytology, the study of cells and organelles, is the subject of chapters 3 and 4.
Knowing the different types of tissues can aide in the diadnosing process[Why I tagged this]What is the difference between all the tissues and where are they throughout the body?[Why I tagged thisthe four primary classes of tissues of the body[Why I tagged thisthere are four classes when dealing with tissue.[Why I tagged thisIt is amazing that humans are able to factually claim that cells are the smallest living units of an organism. Science has come a far way and tehcnology has allowed for this discovery. [Why I tagged thisCells[Why I tagged thislevel 4.[Why I tagged thissmallest unit of life[Why I tagged thisCrazy to wrap your mind around, that even though something so small like cells have a huge part in the organism that can carry out and something so big like life itself[Why I tagged thisWithout cells, the body wouldn't be constructed of tissues, organs and organ systems. Cells make humans living which is extremely important since this is something that makes humans exist.[Why I tagged thiscells are the smallest pieces of an organism and they do the basic functions of life. cells have one nucleus. this is called an organelle.[Why I tagged thisThe cell is the building block of life and is the smallest living organism. Cells make up all living things, as the cell theory states by Schleiden and Schwann.[Why I tagged thisCell def[Why I tagged thisI thought this was important because it explains what a Cell is and the main parts that make up a cell[Why I tagged thisI love that Red blood cells have no nucleus, yet they carry out an essential function!It is important in nutrition to remember every cell requires protein and fat. [Why I tagged thisdef/ex. of cells[Why I tagged thisLauren Thiel
victor
lindsay krueger
Jonathan Rooney
Melissa
Jelena Ristic
Brendan Semph
Maisey Mulvey
Lauren Gwidt
Christina Colarossi
Amie Emrys
Danny Duong
Amanda Baxter
Corianne
The strength of a muscle and the direction of its pull are determined partly by the orientation of its fascicles. Muscles can be classified according to fascicle orientation as follows (fig. 10.2):
The strength of a muscle and the direction of its pull are determined partly by the orientation of its fascicles. Muscles can be classified according to fascicle orientation as follows (fig. 10.2): Fusiform8 muscles are thick in the middle and tapered at each end. The biceps brachii of the arm and gastrocnemius of the calf are examples of this type. Muscle strength is proportional to the diameter of a muscle at its thickest point, and fusiform muscles are relatively strong.
[image #1]
FIGURE 10.2 Classification of Muscles According to Fascicle Orientation.The fascicles are the ?grain? visible in each illustration.
I had no idea there was such a wide classification of different muscles. While it makes sense that based upon different functions and locations muscle shapes would vary, I had no idea they could be grouped into these 7 common types.[Why tag this]Do muscles pull in oposition to one another?[Why tag thisIf one muscle is stronger than it's corresponding muscle is that what causes torn ligaments or muscles?[Why tag thisI find this important because when I took the Chapter 10 quiz, I didn't understand what each of the muscle shapes stood for. This tells me that it determines the strength of each muscle and the direction in which they pull.[Why tag thisWhat determines the shape of the facicles? [Why tag thisI wasn't aware of the many different shapes muscles can be. As each muscle functions specifically to move a certain way, the shape affects its ability to do so. However, the text doesn't really explain exactly how each shape affects the muscles' function, only that more fibers means more strength. I would like to know more about muscle shape in relation to function.[Why tag thisIt's interesting to know that muscle strength is correlated with the diameter of the muscle at it's thickest point.[Why tag thisSo you can recognize the musles by there fascicle orientation ?[Why tag thisThe different shapes of muscles provide different functions. Understanding the different muscle shapes and and the muscles they form helps to comprehend the functions that they perform.[Why tag thisDo other animals have these same different fascicles and muscle shapes? Do they correlate with the same areas as they do on human bodies? For instance, could a parallel muscle be where a fuisform muscle normally is on our bodies?[Why tag thisI am really looking forward to learning about muscles, so this chapter really interests me. This specific statement interests me because even though some muscles can be very small, how can they be so strong?[Why tag thisso basically the big muscles?[Why tag thismuscle shapes continued...[Why tag thisfusiform-thick in middle, tapered at endparallel-uniform width, elongated strapstriangular-fan shaped, broad at one end and narrow at otherpennate-feather shaped musclecircular-form rings around certain body openings[Why tag thisI found this helpful because when we start to learn more about muscles this will help better identify them and know what shape they are and put them into groupings[Why tag thisThis is going to require a good many rereads! [Why tag thisEthan Kelly
Ashley McBain
Lauren Thiel
Alma Tovar
Amanda Bartosik
Sarah
soha
Maria Stephans
Jacob Balkum
Samantha Herron
Lauren Anthe
Alyssa Harmes
Jonathan Lowe
Kaitlyn Britten
Liz Casper
Muscles of the Anterior Abdominal Wall
Unlike the thoracic cavity, the abdominal cavity has little skeletal support. It is enclosed, however, in layers of broad flat muscles whose fibers run in different directions, strengthening the abdominal wall on the same principle as the alternating layers of plywood.
Unlike the thoracic cavity, the abdominal cavity has little skeletal support. It is enclosed, however, in layers of broad flat muscles whose fibers run in different directions, strengthening the abdominal wall on the same principle as the alternating layers of plywood. Three layers of muscle enclose the lumbar region and extend about halfway across the anterior abdomen
Unlike the thoracic cavity, the abdominal cavity has little skeletal support. It is enclosed, however, in layers of broad flat muscles whose fibers run in different directions, strengthening the abdominal wall on the same principle as the alternating layers of plywood. Three layers of muscle enclose the lumbar region and extend about halfway across the anterior abdomen (fig. 10.14). The most superficial layer is the external abdominal oblique. Its fibers pass downward and anteriorly. The next deeper layer is the internal abdominal oblique, whose fibers pass upward and anteriorly, roughly perpendicular to those of the external oblique. The deepest layer is the transverse abdominal (transversus abdominis), with horizontal fibers. Anteriorly, a pair of vertical rectus abdominis muscles extend from sternum to pubis. These are divided into segments by three transverse tendinous intersections, giving them an appearance that body builders nickname the ?six pack.?
are the spare ribs the same as the false ribs?[why i tagged this]external abdominal obliqueinternal abdominal obliquetransverse abdominal rectus abdominis[Why tag thisIs it because of the little support and that our organs are enclosed by layers of muscle, that it is harder to lose weight in the abdominal region? [Why tag thisThis is important part to know about the muscles. It makes it apparent in the begining saying that the abdominal cavity has little support. Which i find intresting, because it seems like normally you would want to have a lot of support in that area. Since there are so many important parts to the human anatomy located there. [Why tag thisThis reminds me of how wicker baskets have multiple layers that run parallel of each other, so the walls of the basket could be supported by itself. The material of the walls are so weak that only having one layer would allow the basket to be easily crushed[Why tag thisNow I understand where the term [Why tag thisThe abdominal cavity doesn't have much skeletal support but does have layers of muscles for support and strenght. The most external muscle layer is the external abdominal oblique.It's also interesting to see how a [Why tag thisThe abdominal cavity does not have a lot of skeletal support so it is fairly unprotected. There are threes layers of muscles that closes the abdomen. The three layers from most superior to inferior are the external abdominal obique, internal abdominal obique and the transverse abdominal. Inside the pair of vertical rectus abdominis muscle is three transverse tendinous intersection that gives body builders the [Why tag thisWithout much skeletal support this explains why core strength is so important. And it also explains the appearance of a 6 pack[General_Do Not UseThe abdominal cavity has very little skeletal support instead it is enclosed in layers of broad flat muscles whose fibers run in different directions, making them strong. [Why tag thisYou would think the abdominal cavity would have tons of support. Although it does not house the most important organs in the body, the organs which are a part of this cavity are major when it comes to digestion. With such little support, one may fear of having problems easily caused by outside sources.[Why tag thismuscles of the anterior abdominal wall - has little skeletal support - made up of layers[Why tag thisI really like the metaphor in the section comparing the muscles of the abdominal wall to the layers of plywood. Each of the different layers coalesce to strengthen one another and provide a whole. This image really helped me understand the complex positioning of the muscles. [Why tag thiswhy three layers? does each layer do a different function?[Why tag thisThese layers make what we call a [Why tag thisI never really new the structure of the abdominal muscles. I know what a six pack looks like from the view outside of the skin, however now I know that there are multiple layers, and the six pack comes from the three transverse tendinous intersections.[Why tag thisAmanda
Elizabeth
Sophia Wood
Matthew Robert Schmidt
Rebecca Hoefs
Kimberly Granada
Linda Xiong
Brandon Brandemuehl
Michael Franzini
Cassie Marsh
Alyssa Harmes
Jonathan Rooney
Lauren Anthe
Brianna Brugger
Paige Schlieve
genetic activity of the cell as individual genes are turned on and off.
Whole chromosomes migrate to new territories as a cell develops
When a cell is preparing to divide, it makes an exact copy of all its nuclear DNA by a process described later, increasing its allotment to about 4 m of DNA.
When a cell is preparing to divide, it makes an exact copy of all its nuclear DNA by a process described later, increasing its allotment to about 4 m of DNA. Each chromosome then consists of two parallel filaments called sister chromatids. In the early stage of cell division (prophase), these chromatids coil some more until each one becomes another 10 times shorter and about 700 nm wide.
When a cell is preparing to divide, it makes an exact copy of all its nuclear DNA by a process described later, increasing its allotment to about 4 m of DNA. Each chromosome then consists of two parallel filaments called sister chromatids. In the early stage of cell division (prophase), these chromatids coil some more until each one becomes another 10 times shorter and about 700 nm wide. Thus, at its most compact, each thread of chromatin is 10,000 times shorter but 350 times thicker than the DNA double helix. Only now are the chromosomes thick enough to be seen with a light microscope.
When a cell is preparing to divide, it makes an exact copy of all its nuclear DNA by a process described later, increasing its allotment to about 4 m of DNA. Each chromosome then consists of two parallel filaments called sister chromatids. In the early stage of cell division (prophase), these chromatids coil some more until each one becomes another 10 times shorter and about 700 nm wide. Thus, at its most compact, each thread of chromatin is 10,000 times shorter but 350 times thicker than the DNA double helix. Only now are the chromosomes thick enough to be seen with a light microscope. This compaction not only allows the 4 m of DNA to fit in the nucleus, but also enables the two sister chromatids to be pulled apart and carried to separate daughter cells without damage to the DNA.
I don't get this, what does it mean by when the chromosomes turn on or off?[Why tag this text]What makes the genes turn on and off?[Why tag this textmoving from the edge to the core as genes are activated.[Why tag this textReplication is one of a main function of DNA.[Why tag this textNeed to know steps to cell division. Early stage is called prophase[Why tag this textThis is another main function[Why tag this textIs it an exact copy or is it slightly worse due to the law that everything tends to disorder? Because if it does get worse then technically evolution moves things to getting worse...think about it.[Why tag this textThe different physical forms of DNA allow the cell to organize and replicate getetic material more easily. Its interesting to see how even on a cellular level the body is able to find the best way to deal with a specific problem.[Why tag this textWhen the DNA divides to make a copy of the proteins it makes 2 sister chromatids which pull apart to make daughter cells.[Why tag this textwhen a cell is preparing to divide[Why tag this textWhat are the purpose of sister chomatids and why do they need to eventually pull apart from the DNA? [Why tag this textThe process in which a cell goes through as it is preparing to divide[Why tag this textCell division is a complicated phenomenon.[Why tag this textso the nuclues organazies the DNA information and makes a copy of it?[Why tag this textOne of the four stages in cell division: Prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase[Why tag this textIts interesting that even on a cellular or smaller level physics and problems of space still come in to play with physical changes in layout still being required for the DNA to fit in the nucleus during this phase.[Why tag this textSami
Amanda
Dee Lor
Stephanie
Julia
andrew baker
Joe Nimm
Linda Xiong
Alyssa Harmes
Michelle Porter
Anthony Wheeler
Michael Franzini
Lauren Anthe
Emily Orange
Daniel Althaus
The tibiofemoral (knee) joint is the largest and most complex diarthrosis of the body (figs. 9.28 and 9.29). It is primarily a hinge joint, but when the knee is flexed it is also capable of slight rotation and lateral gliding. The patella and patellar ligament also articulate with the femur to form a gliding patellofemoral joint.
This section is particularly interesting to me because I have a few family members with knee problems and I see how the pain effects their everyday life. I'd like to understand the anatomy of the knee better and how to prevent injuries/ degeneration.[Why tag this]I found this part the most interesting becasue I have patella femoral syndrome, which is a complication in the joint causing the knee cap to be crooked and to grind against the femur. [Why tag thisthe tibio femoral joint is the largest and most complex diathrosis of the body.[Why tag thisThese headings are important because they help to locate the different joints and their descriptions. The joints described are mainly parts of the appendicular skeleton, but a few are from the axial. [Why tag thisThe knee joint: Also called the tibiofemoral joint, largest joint of body. Mainly a hinge joint. Has patella and patellar ligaments. Stabilized mainly by the quadriceps tendon. ACL and PCL. Knee has at least 13 bursae. [Why tag thisI highlighted this because I think it is important to hear about the details of the knee joint since it is the largest joint in the body.[Why tag thisKnee is complex joint in the body, primarily hinge but also capable of slight roatation. [Why tag thisThis section is interesting to me because I used to play soccer when I was younger and a lot of my teammates suffered from an ACL tear at some point of their soccer careers. Fortunately, I never tore any of my knee ligaments. [Why tag thisIs this dual nature of the knee what allows us to hop from side to side.[Why tag thisDoes its complexity make it weaker or more suseptable to injury than other joints?[Why tag thisIt would make sense that this is a very complex joint that serves many purposes, because, unlike most mammals, we have to walk on two legs instead of four. Our knees must be very strong, yet able to bend readily in order to walk and run. However, if our knees bent completely in two directions, we would have a really hard time walking and keeping balance so we kneed that extra structure. [Why tag thisOver time, the wearing away of cartilagous joints occurs as a result of increased age. As a result, one will find walking difficult and painful. It is known that in order to ease the pain of these joints, doctors often give cortizone shots, or steriod injections to patients in order to decrease the inflammation of the affected joints. [Why tag thisThe knee joint is the largest and most complex diarthrosis of the body, and it operates as mostly a hinge joint.[Why tag thisthe knee joint - largest and most complex diarthrosis of the body[Why tag thisI enjoy reading and analyzing the patella because 12 years ago I stuck a thornapple thorn through the patella and was till able to be mobile afterwards. After having is scoped and the fb removed, I have cartilage that calcified and hinders my running.[Why tag thiswell that makes sense since the body is depended on the knee [Why tag thisGuendel Brandon James
Rachel Feivor
Maria Stephans
Danielle Henckel
Lauren Thiel
Ethan Kelly
Kasey Kallien
Samuel Nichols
Andrea
Mia Breidenbach
Petra Stevanovic
Michael Acker
Alyssa Harmes
Ryan Gallagher
Lauren Anthe
Aristotle (384?322 bce) was one of the first philosophers to write about anatomy and physiology.
Aristotle (384?322 bce) was one of the first philosophers to write about anatomy and physiology. He believed that diseases and other natural events could have either supernatural causes, which he called theologi, or natural ones, which he called physici or physiologi
Aristotle (384?322 bce) was one of the first philosophers to write about anatomy and physiology. He believed that diseases and other natural events could have either supernatural causes, which he called theologi, or natural ones, which he called physici or physiologi.
Aristotle (384?322 bce) was one of the first philosophers to write about anatomy and physiology. He believed that diseases and other natural events could have either supernatural causes, which he called theologi, or natural ones, which he called physici or physiologi.
Aristotle (384-322 bce) was one of the first philosophers to write about anatomy and physiology. He believed that diseases and other natural events could have either supernatural causes, which he called theologi, or natural ones, which he called physici or physiologi.
Aristotle (384-322 bce) was one of the first philosophers to write about anatomy and physiology. He believed that diseases and other natural events could have either supernatural causes, which he called theologi, or natural ones, which he called physici or physiologi.
Aristotle (384?322 bce) was one of the first philosophers to write about anatomy and physiology. He believed that diseases and other natural events could have either supernatural causes, which he called theologi, or natural ones, which he called physici or physiologi. We derive such terms as physician and physiology from the latter
Aristotle (384?322 bce) was one of the first philosophers to write about anatomy and physiology. He believed that diseases and other natural events could have either supernatural causes, which he called theologi, or natural ones, which he called physici or physiologi. We derive such terms as physician and physiology from the latter. Until the nineteenth century, physicians were called ?doctors of physic.? In his anatomy book, On the Parts of Animals, Aristotle tried to identify unifying themes in nature.
Aristotle (384?322 bce) was one of the first philosophers to write about anatomy and physiology. He believed that diseases and other natural events could have either supernatural causes, which he called theologi, or natural ones, which he called physici or physiologi. We derive such terms as physician and physiology from the latter. Until the nineteenth century, physicians were called ?doctors of physic.? In his anatomy book, On the Parts of Animals, Aristotle tried to identify unifying themes in nature. Among other points, he argued that complex structures are built from a smaller variety of simple components
Aristotle (384-322 bce) was one of the first philosophers to write about anatomy and physiology. He believed that diseases and other natural events could have either supernatural causes, which he called theologi, or natural ones, which he called physici or physiologi. We derive such terms as physician and physiology from the latter. Until the nineteenth century, physicians were called
I highlighted this for two reasons one is that i never knew aristotle was into anatomy I thought he did things that pertained to stars. And I thought he was into phylosophy it was just very interesting and different to me to be reading about him [Why I tagged this]One of the first philosophers.[Why I tagged thisVery important piece of information because he was the first to write about antomy and physiology![Why I tagged thisAristotle[Why I tagged thisI tagged this because I find it interesting how people from our history have helped us improve and get to where we are today. Its really different how he thought diseases might have been caused by the supernatural. [Why I tagged thisAristotle was an early author and important figure.[Why I tagged thisAristotles contribution and what he did during his time for medicine[Why I tagged thisAristotle was another contribtor in the swich to natural causing disease. One of many to write about anatomy and developed the term for the modern version of physiology.[Why I tagged thisIt is important to have a rough understanding of when these ideas of anatomy and physiology started forming. Though they have changed greatly over time, they still were based on the same ideas of the body and natural causes of illness or injury.[Why did I tag thisaristotle was a philospher who wrote about anatomy and physiology. he thought diseases had supernatural causes.[Why I tagged thisAristole was the first philosopher to ever write about anatomy ad physiology. He believed that diseases could have supernatural causes which he referred to as theologi, or natural ones which was known as physici or physiologi. [Why I tagged thisTheology is an interesting feild, in my country, people still believe in theology and whether some deseases are caused by nature or fate. For example, heart attack and internal bleeding happen suddenly and cannot be considered as deseases like AIDS or HPV.[why i tagged thisI tagged this section because it is the first explanation of anatomy and physiology[Why I tagged thisIt is important to understand that the early physicians and philosophers sometimes believed in supernatural causes for ailments. [Why I tagged thisThis explains the contributions of Aristotle of what he did for the medical field by looking and connecting how nature has similar themes throughout it[Why I tagged thisAristotle was one of the first people to write about anatomy and physiology. Supernatural causes were theologi, and natural ones were Physici. Complex structures are made of simple ones[Anatomy and PhysiologySue Xiong
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A law of nature is a generalization about the predictable ways in which matter and energy behave. It is the result of inductive reasoning based on repeated, confirmed observations. Some laws are expressed as concise verbal statements, such as the law of complementary base pairing: In the double helix of DNA, a chemical base called adenine always pairs with one called thymine, and a base called guanine always pairs with cytosine (see p. 117). Other laws are expressed as mathematical formulae, such as Boyle's law, used in respiratory physiology: Under specified conditions, the volume of a gas (V) is inversely proportional to its pressure (P)?that is, V 8 1/P.
A theory is an explanatory statement or set of statements derived from facts, laws, and confirmed hypotheses.
A theory is an explanatory statement or set of statements derived from facts, laws, and confirmed hypotheses.
A theory is an explanatory statement or set of statements derived from facts, laws, and confirmed hypotheses. Some theories have names, such as the cell theory, the fluid-mosaic theory of cell membranes, and the sliding filament theory of muscle contraction. Most, however, remain unnamed. The purpose of a theory is not only to concisely summarize what we already know but, moreover, to suggest directions for further study and to help predict what the findings should be if the theory is correct.
This is consistent with what I have learned before. Laws are statements and theories are explanations of natural events or phenomena. [Why I tagged this]It is important to know what a theory is. [Why I tagged thisDescribing actual meaning of scientific theory.[Why I tagged thisStates what a theory is. [Why I tagged thisQuestion 3: There is more information in a theory because a theory ususally involves multiple facts or statements instead of a singular independent idea.[Why I tagged thisIts important to know what a theory is and how it is different from a law[Why I tagged thisa theory is made from facts and a hypotheses that has been tested.[Why I tagged thisTheory def[Why I tagged thisIt is important to know the definition of a theory and that a theory is not a known fact. [Why I tagged thisdef. theory[Why I tagged thisIt is important to remember that theories are made from many scientific facts.[Why I tagged thisI thought this was important because it explains what a theory is and gives the examples of some of the many theories that we currently have[Why I tagged thisMatthew Robert Schmidt
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Name at least five tissues found in a bone.
List three or more functions of the skeletal system other than supporting the body and protecting some of the internal organs.
Name the four bone shapes and give an example of each.
Explain the difference between compact and spongy bone,
Explain the difference between compact and spongy bone, and describe their spatial relationship to each other.
State the anatomical terms for the shaft, head, growth zone, and fibrous covering of a long bone.
Containes blood vessels that provide nourishment.[Why I tagged this]Compact bone tissueHarvasian canalSpongy tissue[Why I tagged thisblood, bone marrow, cartilage, adipose tissue, nervous tissue[Why I tagged thisBlood, cartilage, adipose tissue, nervous tissue, and fibrous connective tissue.[Why I tagged thisosseous tissue, blood tissue, adipose tissue, nervous tissue and fibrous connective tissue are some of the main types of tissue found in bone[Why I tagged thisSome functions of the skeletal system include movement, electrolyte balance, acid-base balance, and blood formation. The function of movement includes limb movement, breathing, and other movements that are produced by the action of muscles on the bones. In regards to electrolyte balance, the skeleton stores calcium and phosphate ions and releases them into the tissue fluid and blood according to the body's physiological needs. Acid-base balance is an important function of the skeletal systems because the bone tissue buffers the bloos against excessive pH changes by absorbing or releasing alkaling phosphate and carbonat salts. Lastly, in regards to blood formation, red bone marrow is the major producer of blood cell, including cells of the immune system.[Why I tagged this#NAME?[Why I tagged thisLong bone- limbs (arms, legs)Flat bone- cranial bonesShort bone- carpal and tarsal bonesIrregular bone- vertebrae[Why I tagged this
long bone= femur and humerusshort bone= carpals and tarsalsflat bone= frontal and parietalirregular bone= sphnoid and ethmoid[Why I tagged thisFlat bones- curved by wide and thin, protects soft organs. Long bones- longer than wide, rigid levers acted upon by muscles. Short bones- equal length and width, glide across one another in multiple directions. Irregular bones- shapes that do not fit in any other category.[Why I tagged thisBone shapes include long bones, short bonesm flat bones, and irregular bones. Examples of long bones include the femur and the humerus. Short bones include the tarsals and carpals. Flat bones include the ribs, scapulae, and bones of the skull. Lastly, irregular bones include the vertebrae and many facial bones.[Why I tagged thisBones have different shapes for different functions. The four bone shapes are long bones, flat bones, short bones and irregular bones. An example of a long bone are the tibia or humerus. An example of a flat bone are the cranial bones. An example of a short bone are the carpal and tarsal bones and an example of an irregular bone is the bones of the verterbrae. [Why I tagged thisirregular-sphenoid, vertebraeshort-carpal/tarsallong-femurflat-cranial[Why I tagged thisCompact bone is consistent in the majority of the human body, while spongy bone is generally [Why I tagged thisCompact bone is comprised of tightly packes tissue that is strong, solid, and is resistant to bending. Spongy bone on the other hand, consists of numberous branching bony plates, and can be found within compact bone.[Why I tagged thiscompact bone-outer shell of dense white osseous stissue that encloses the bone and bone marrowspongy bone-more loosely organized form of osseous tissue, occupies central space just inside compact bone[Why I tagged thisshaft-diaphysis, long main middle section of long bone, provides leveragehead-epiphysis, expanded part of shaft at the ends of bones, strengthens joint and attaches ligaments[Why I tagged thisBelaynesh
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We can, however, consider a statement as proven beyond reasonable doubt if it was arrived at by reliable methods of observation, tested and confirmed repeatedly, and not falsified by any credible observation.
We can, however, consider a statement as proven beyond reasonable doubt if it was arrived at by reliable methods of observation, tested and confirmed repeatedly, and not falsified by any credible observation. In science, all truth is tentative; there is no room for dogma
We can, however, consider a statement as proven beyond reasonable doubt if it was arrived at by reliable methods of observation, tested and confirmed repeatedly, and not falsified by any credible observation. In science, all truth is tentative; there is no room for dogma. We must always be prepared to abandon yesterday's truth if tomorrow's facts disprove it.
The Hypothetico?Deductive MethodMost physiological knowledge was obtained by the hypothetico?deductive method. An investigator begins by asking a question and formulating a hypothesis?an educated speculation or possible answer to the question. A good hypothesis must be (1) consistent with what is already known and (2) capable of being tested and possibly falsified by evidence. Falsifiability means that if we claim something is scientifically true, we must be able to specify what evidence it would take to prove it wrong. If nothing could possibly prove it wrong, then it is not scientific.
argument, doubt.[Why I tagged this]This sounds familiar...like the definition of a hypothesis.[Why I tagged thisWhat are examples of dogma in the world of science? What theories have been disproven in history?[Why I tagged thisThis is what scientific is. Repeated testing and observing over and over.[Why I tagged thisI just really like this quote[Why I tagged thisNO absolute truth[Why I tagged thisIf new evidence comes up, you have to start all over again and test the evidence[Why I tagged thisI like this science saying! I think it is a word of wise and it should be posted in every medical facility[Why I tagged thisProves that we shouldn't always belive what we read and that the field and facts are constantly changing [Why I tagged thisI find it interesting that while most people consider science to be founded on facts that have been proven true, it is more based upon statements that have yet to be proven untrue.[Why I tagged thiswhat does this mean? [kelly stahlScience's [Why I tagged thisVery true. Good definition of modernization of science in relation to people.[Why I tagged thisI think this is very important because we are constantly coming up with new ideas and new explanations. Once there is a new fact or way of doing things you need to adapt to that. [Why I tagged thisThis line stood out to me becuase it bascially says that one should always keep an open mind when doing any research in science[Why I tagged thisThis concept is applicable to all aspects of life! Not just science. You must believe something is true until proven otherwise, but then also remain acknowledge and trust new findings.[truuuuGood definition of the hypotherico-deduction method and also falsifiability. [Why I tagged thisChristina Colarossi
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The matrix of osseous tissue is, by dry weight, about one-third organic and two-thirds inorganic matter.
The matrix of osseous tissue is, by dry weight, about one-third organic and two-thirds inorganic matter.
The matrix of osseous tissue is, by dry weight, about one-third organic and two-thirds inorganic matter. The organic matter, synthesized by the osteoblasts, includes collagen and various protein?carbohydrate complexes such as glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans, and glycoproteins. The inorganic matter is about 85% hydroxyapatite, a crystallized calcium phosphate salt [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]; 10% calcium carbonate (CaCO3); and lesser amounts of magnesium, sodium, potassium, fluoride, sulfate, carbonate, and hydroxide ions. Several foreign elements behave chemically like bone minerals and become incorporated into osseous tissue as contaminants, sometimes with deadly results (see Deeper Insight 7.1).
The matrix of osseous tissue is, by dry weight, about one-third organic and two-thirds inorganic matter. The organic matter, synthesized by the osteoblasts, includes collagen and various protein?carbohydrate complexes such as glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans, and glycoproteins. The inorganic matter is about 85% hydroxyapatite, a crystallized calcium phosphate salt [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]; 10% calcium carbonate (CaCO3); and lesser amounts of magnesium, sodium, potassium, fluoride, sulfate, carbonate, and hydroxide ions. Several foreign elements behave chemically like bone minerals and become incorporated into osseous tissue as contaminants, sometimes with deadly results (see Deeper Insight 7.1). Apply What You Kn
The Matrix:Organic Matter: Collagen, protein-carb complexes.Inorganic: Calcium phosphate salt, calcium carbonate.[Why I tagged this]about 1/3 organic and 2/3 inorganic matter[Why I tagged thisHow is this possible?[Why I tagged thisIs this why the osseous tissue is so hard and rigid?[Why I tagged thisI understand from the quiz that northern latitudes have less Ca absorbtion, but I don't understand why.[Why I tagged thisOsseous tissue is only about 1/3 organic matter. All of the organic matter in bone is formed by the bone producing osteoblasts. [Why I tagged thisBone tissue by dry weight is more inorganic material than organic material. These desposits of minerals are used amongst other things as a way to stabilize blood pH levels.[Why I tagged thisWhat is the difference between inorganic matter? are they both chemical types?[Why I tagged thisIs there any cell that dosent contain matrix?[Why I tagged thisnote.[Why I tagged thiswhere does the Inorganic matter come from? Is it created in our body or does it come from our diet. [Why I tagged thisthe matrix is made up of organic and inorganic matter; what the organic and inorganic matter are composed of[Why I tagged thisWhat do they mean by organic and inorganic. I read what they are made up of, but does that mean that tissue is made with chemicals when it it made inorganiclly?[Why I tagged thisThis means 1/3 (organic) of the materials make the bone more flexible and resist pulling. While the other 2/3 (inorganic) of the materials provide hardness and resist pushing. [Why I tagged thisI find it intereting that the matrix that makes up osseous tissue is made up of mostly Inorganic matter. Why is that? [Why I tagged thisWhere would we get the inorganic materials for the matrix?[Why I tagged thisJustin Putterman
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Mixed glands, such as the two pairs of salivary glands in the chin, contain both serous and mucous cells and produce a mixture of the two types of secretions. Cytogenic34 glands release whole cells. The only examples of these are the testes and ovaries, which produce sperm and egg cells.
Modes of Secretion Glands are classified as merocrine or holocrine depending on how they produce their secretions. Merocrine35 (MERR-oh-crin) glands, also called eccrine36 (EC-rin) glands, have vesicles that release their secretion by exocytosis, as described in chapter 3 (fig. 5.32a). These include the tear glands, pancreas, gastric glands, and many others. In holocrine37 glands, cells accumulate a product and then the entire cell disintegrates, so the secretion is a mixture of cell fragments and the substance the cell had synthesized prior to its disintegration (fig. 5.32b). Only a few glands use this mode of secretion, such as the oil-producing glands of the scalp and certain glands of the eyelid. Holocrine secretions tend to be thicker than merocrine secretions.
Glands are classified as merocrine or holocrine depending on how they produce their secretions. Merocrine35 (MERR-oh-crin) glands, also called eccrine36 (EC-rin) glands, have vesicles that release their secretion by exocytosis, as described in chapter 3 (fig. 5.32a). These include the tear glands, pancreas, gastric glands, and many others. In holocrine37 glands, cells accumulate a product and then the entire cell disintegrates, so the secretion is a mixture of cell fragments and the substance the cell had synthesized prior to its disintegration (fig. 5.32b). Only a few glands use this mode of secretion, such as the oil-producing glands of the scalp and certain glands of the eyelid. Holocrine secretions tend to be thicker than merocrine secretions.
I always thought that mucus was the secretion.[Why tag this text]didnt know water was absorbed to produce mucus[Why tag this texttypes of secretion[Why tag this textSo only if it has a creamy look it's from the Cytogenic gland???[Why tag this textI tagged this because I dont really know much about the endocrine system but this gave me a better understanding about the secretions. I knew we all had them just dont really know where they came from and this helped.[Why tag this textThis is tagged because it is another link off of the types of glands and it is important to know that specific organs and glands have different ways of secretion. This leading to my understanding how the different ways organs secrete makes them easier to distinguish in the types of glands.[Why tag this textModes of Secretion:Merocrine: AKA eccrine, have vesicles that release via exocytosis. Tear glands, pancreas, gastricHolocrine:Accumulate product and entire cell breaks apart to release it. [Why tag this textI find the holocrine gland to be strange and quite intriguing. It supports the idea that all cells are created for a specific purpose. The cells of this gland are formed just to create a substance and then die and be secreted. Such a strange existence. This reminds me of the cells of the epidermis which are keratinized. [Why tag this textglands can either secrete by exocytosis or by a disintigrating cell full of a product.[Why tag this textDifferent glands have different functions, based on those functions they have different modes of secretion and different fluids that they secrete. [Why tag this textI didn't realize that there were two ways for glands to produce their secretions. Merocrine glands use exocytosis and holocrine glands disintegrate. I just thought glands secreted the first way. [Why tag this textmeaning all glands?[Why tag this textImportant to remember the two types[General-Do not useModes of secretion[Why tag this textQuestion 4: Merocrine glands have vesicles that allow the release of their secretion by exocytosis. Holocrine glands accumate a product and then the entire cell disintegrates, therefore the secretion is mixture of cell fragments and the substance within the cell. Merocrine glands include tear glands. Holocrine glands include oil-producting glands of the scalp.[Why tag this textWhat does the little number after the word mean?[Why tag this textMacKenzie
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What is the functional significance of a long bone being wider at the epiphyses than at the diaphysis?
The principal features of a long bone are its shaft, called the diaphysis4 (dy-AF-ih-sis), and an expanded head at each end called the epiphysis5
The principal features of a long bone are its shaft, called the diaphysis4 (dy-AF-ih-sis), and an expanded head at each end called the epiphysis5 (eh-PIF-ih-sis). The diaphysis provides leverage, and the epiphysis is enlarged to strengthen the joint and provide added surface area for the attachment of tendons and ligaments.
The principal features of a long bone are its shaft, called the diaphysis4 (dy-AF-ih-sis), and an expanded head at each end called the epiphysis5 (eh-PIF-ih-sis). The diaphysis provides leverage, and the epiphysis is enlarged to strengthen the joint and provide added surface area for the attachment of tendons and ligaments. The joint surface where one bone meets another is covered with a layer of hyaline cartilage called the articular cartilage. Together with a lubricating fluid secreted between the bones, this cartilage enables a joint to move far more easily than it would if one bone rubbed directly against the other. Blood vessels penetrate into the bone through minute holes called nutrient foramina (for-AM-ih-nuh); we will trace where they go when we consider the histology of bone.
I always thought that yellow and red bone merrow were located in differnt bones not the same[Why I tagged this]the epiphysis is enlarged to strengthen the joint and provide added surface area for the attachment of tendons and ligaments[Why I tagged thisThe epiphysis is enlarged in order to strengthen the joint and provide added surface area for the attachment of tendons and ligaments, whereas the diaphysis primarily provides for leverage.[Why I tagged thisA long bone is wider at the epiphyses to provide strength to joints and increase surface area for tendon and ligament attachment.[Why I tagged thisThe epiphysis is wider because it contains a spongy bone. Spongy bone is more useful at the site of insertion, to strengthen the joint and provide surface area for attachment of tendons and ligaments [Why I tagged thisThe epiphysis contains red bone marrow. The increased surface area allows for more red blood cell production, and production of immune cells. It allows creates a stronger joint. [Why I tagged thisImportant feature of the long bone[Why I tagged thisMain feature of the long bone is the shaft which include the diaphysis and epiphysis. The diaphysis is used to provide support where as the epiphysis helps strengthen the joints and provide necessary attachment for tendons and ligaments. [Why I tagged thisThe long bone is wider at the epiphyses than at the diaphysis because the epiphyses meet at the joint. The joint needs to absorb impact, so the larger surface area on the epiphysis provides more coverage of hyaline cartilage, for cushioning impact. The joint needs attachment points to connect tendons and ligaments, which is easier with more surface area on the epiphysis. If the epiphysis was not large enough, cartilage and attachments would tear more easily because they wouldn't be connected well enough to resist strain. This is an essential part of anatomy to prevent painful bone breakdown, as seen in those without any cartilage in the knee joint.[Why I tagged thisalso to distinguish between flat and long bones. Focus on the bone if it's compressed in one deminsion, if yes then the bone is flat, not long.[Why I tagged thisIs it harder then to move or fix a bone if the diaphysis is fractured or the epiphysis is fractured? how could one do so if possible??[Why I tagged thisprincipal features of a long bone: shaft (diaphysis) and epiphysis[Why I tagged thisAs I read this book, I continued to be amazed as the manner in which the human body has evoled over time; there are so many nuiances that have been dealt with and for which adjustments have been made, evolutionarily. With every chapter I read there is almost always at least one outloud [Why I tagged thisThe length of the lever arm in the lever system determines the strength that can be produced. So if you put the same muscles in your legs on your arms, your arms would create less force even though the muscles are the same because your leg bones are longer.[Why I tagged thisthey are used for connection, but what happens if a diphysis isnt present causing no leverage on the epiphysis?[Why I tagged thisThis tells us how our body functions by movement. One providing leverage, and another providing strength.[Why I tagged thisThis plays a vital role in support/balance for the skeleton and shows the unity of form and function.[Why I tagged thisjess Tegelman
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Oxidation
Oxidation is any chemical reaction in which a molecule gives up electrons and releases energy
Oxidation is any chemical reaction in which a molecule gives up electrons and releases energy.
Oxidation is any chemical reaction in which a molecule gives up electrons and releases energy. A molecule is oxidized by this process, and whatever molecule takes the electrons from it is an oxidizing agent (electron acceptor).
Oxidation is any chemical reaction in which a molecule gives up electrons and releases energy. A molecule is oxidized by this process, and whatever molecule takes the electrons from it is an oxidizing agent (electron acceptor).
Oxidation is any chemical reaction in which a molecule gives up electrons and releases energy. A molecule is oxidized by this process, and whatever molecule takes the electrons from it is an oxidizing agent (electron acceptor). The term oxidation stems from the fact that oxygen is often involved as the electron acceptor.
Oxidation is any chemical reaction in which a molecule gives up electrons and releases energy. A molecule is oxidized by this process, and whatever molecule takes the electrons from it is an oxidizing agent (electron acceptor). The term oxidation stems from the fact that oxygen is often involved as the electron acceptor. Thus, we can sometimes recognize an oxidation reaction from the fact that oxygen has been added to a molecule.
Oxidation is any chemical reaction in which a molecule gives up electrons and releases energy. A molecule is oxidized by this process, and whatever molecule takes the electrons from it is an oxidizing agent (electron acceptor). The term oxidation stems from the fact that oxygen is often involved as the electron acceptor. Thus, we can sometimes recognize an oxidation reaction from the fact that oxygen has been added to a molecule. The rusting of iron, for example, is a slow oxidation process in which oxygen is added to iron to form iron oxide (Fe2O3). Many oxidation reactions, however, do not involve oxygen at all. For example, when yeast ferments glucose to alcohol, no oxygen is required; indeed, the alcohol contains less oxygen than the sugar originally did, but it is more oxidized than the sugar
Oxidation is any chemical reaction in which a molecule gives up electrons and releases energy. A molecule is oxidized by this process, and whatever molecule takes the electrons from it is an oxidizing agent (electron acceptor). The term oxidation stems from the fact that oxygen is often involved as the electron acceptor. Thus, we can sometimes recognize an oxidation reaction from the fact that oxygen has been added to a molecule. The rusting of iron, for example, is a slow oxidation process in which oxygen is added to iron to form iron oxide (Fe2O3). Many oxidation reactions, however, do not involve oxygen at all. For example, when yeast ferments glucose to alcohol, no oxygen is required; indeed, the alcohol contains less oxygen than the sugar originally did, but it is more oxidized than the sugar:
Oxidation is any chemical reaction in which a molecule gives up electrons and releases energy. A molecule is oxidized by this process, and whatever molecule takes the electrons from it is an oxidizing agent (electron acceptor). The term oxidation stems from the fact that oxygen is often involved as the electron acceptor. Thus, we can sometimes recognize an oxidation reaction from the fact that oxygen has been added to a molecule. The rusting of iron, for example, is a slow oxidation process in which oxygen is added to iron to form iron oxide (Fe2O3). Many oxidation reactions, however, do not involve oxygen at all. For example, when yeast ferments glucose to alcohol, no oxygen is required; indeed, the alcohol contains less oxygen than the sugar originally did, but it is more oxidized than the sugar:Reduction is a chemical reaction in which a molecule gains electrons and energy. When a molecule accepts electrons, it is said to be reduced; a molecule that donates electrons to another is therefore called a reducing agent (electron donor). The oxidation of one molecule is always accompanied by the reduction of another, so these electron transfers are known as oxidation?reduction (redox) reactions.
It is so cool how these two reactions work together to form one thing. Our body is made up of all these connections and its amazing to learn all of them and think deeper.[Why tag this text]Why are some many things in the universe connect to something else. Potential and kinetic energy, proton and electrons, males and females, catabolism and anabolism. There seems to be quite the deeper logic behind how and why things work the way they do. Balancing out everything.[Why tag this textOxidation:A chemical reaction in which a molecule gives up electrons and releases energy. The energy that is released [in the form of electrons] is picked up by an oxidizing agent. [Why tag this textImportant to remember that oxygen is often involved, but not always.[Why tag this textImportant in chemical reactions[General-Do not useThe electron in this case is released and then most likely goes onto another reaction, and then another. Reactions like said, always happen because of constant motion. This is what I found interesting in this line.[Why tag this textoxidation is when there is a chemical reaction where a molecule gives up electrons and then releases energy.[Why tag this textIs this always slow or always fast?[Why tag this textOxidations happens when the reaction loses an ion to create energy[General-Do not useoxidation is releasing energy and oxidizing is gaining energy[Why tag this textAssuming that oxidation has negative effects on the body as we are told to eat foods with antioxident benifits, is there a way to eat more chemically stable foods to reduce the amount of oxidation or is it just inevitable?[Why tag this textOxidation: chemical reactions in which a molecule gives up electrons and releases energy. Oxidizing agent: whatever molecule takes the electron (electron acceptor)[Why tag this textDefining and explaining what oxidation is [Why tag this textI am still a little confused about oxidation. How does it occur within our bodies and why is it important?[Why tag this textThree type of chemical reactions are metabolism, oxidation, and reduction, each reaction is require large amount of energy needed.[Why tag this textOxidation and Reduction[Why tag this textQuestion 3: Oxidation is a chemical reaction where a molecule gives up electrons, this is exergonic. Reduction is a chemical reaction where a molecule gains an electron, this is endergonic.[Why tag this textFlees Robert John
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inorganic elements that are extracted from the soil by plants and passed up the food chain to humans and other organisms.
Minerals constitute about 4% of the human body by weight. Nearly three-quarters of this is Ca
Minerals constitute about 4% of the human body by weight. Nearly three-quarters of this is Ca and P; the rest is mainly Cl, Mg, K, Na, and S. Minerals contribute significantly to body structure. The bones and teeth consist partly of crystals of calcium, phosphate, magnesium, fluoride, and sulfate ions. Many proteins include sulfur, and phosphorus is a major component of nucleic acids, ATP, and cell membranes.
Minerals constitute about 4% of the human body by weight. Nearly three-quarters of this is Ca and P; the rest is mainly Cl, Mg, K, Na, and S. Minerals contribute significantly to body structure. The bones and teeth consist partly of crystals of calcium, phosphate, magnesium, fluoride, and sulfate ions. Many proteins include sulfur, and phosphorus is a major component of nucleic acids, ATP, and cell membranes. Minerals also enable enzymes and other organic molecules to function. Iodine is a component of thyroid hormone; iron is a component of hemoglobin; and some enzymes function only when manganese, zinc, copper, or other minerals are bound to them. The electrolytes needed for nerve and muscle function are mineral salts.
Minerals constitute about 4% of the human body by weight. Nearly three-quarters of this is Ca and P; the rest is mainly Cl, Mg, K, Na, and S. Minerals contribute significantly to body structure. The bones and teeth consist partly of crystals of calcium, phosphate, magnesium, fluoride, and sulfate ions. Many proteins include sulfur, and phosphorus is a major component of nucleic acids, ATP, and cell membranes. Minerals also enable enzymes and other organic molecules to function. Iodine is a component of thyroid hormone; iron is a component of hemoglobin; and some enzymes function only when manganese, zinc, copper, or other minerals are bound to them. The electrolytes needed for nerve and muscle function are mineral salts.
extracted by plants and passed up the food chain by humans, this is known as minerals .[Why tag this text]I did not know this, it was never explained to me. I was always told we just have these things.[Why tag this textI found this interesting because i was unaware that calcium made up that much of the body. Being lactose intolerant, i have to find different ways to obtain my calcium. [Why tag this textI didn't realize that minnerals contributed so much more than just to our bones and teeth. When I thought of minerals I usually thought of calcium and fluoride. There's a lot more that minerals do for the body then just help with our bones.[Why tag this textThis is important to know because it outlines the importantance of elements and minerals in the human body by explaining their function and by giving examples of these.[Why tag this textMinerals make a up structure in our body such as bones and teeth. They even help control our hormones and muscle functions.[General-Do not useSome chemical elements are considered minerals. This section describes how certain minerals function in thebody.[Why tag this textThis is important because it exlains how inorganic elements get in our body becuase of plants extracting them. Even though they are inorganic, they still play an important role for are bones and teeth.[Why tag this textI never think about how important minerals are to the body! This piece of explaining what a select number of minerals do for the body caught my eye! I understand why taking vitamins and such is so helpful now.[General-Do not useI wonder what would happen if you are missing/lacking one of these elements in your body.[Why tag this textI understand we are going to learn more about this in later chapters but is everything made up of elements on the periodic table? What is important for us to know?[Why tag this textThere is actually a bacteria in Mono Lake California that uses arsenic as a replacement to phosphorus for many of its metabolic functions and even in the backbone of its DNA. It still utilizes phosphorus and even prefers it but due to its enriched environment it makes use of the abundant arsenic. This is possible since phosphorus and arsenic are in the same family in the periodic table of elements causing similar behavior as atoms. Many questions come to mind about how such an organism can deal with such a toxic element. What are the possibilities of how a cell can form and function? Can carbon be replaced with silicon? Or sulfur with selenium? What becomes the free radical? How would antioxidants make their distinction? Could these organisms tolerate a higher spectrum of radiation or could they only tolerate lower levels since their atoms would be easier to excite? This truly opens perspective of what may/can be possible for life outside of the Earth. [Why tag this textI also know that Iodine helps for regulating metabolism[Why tag this textI thought that iodine helped fight off fungi and other infections of the skin, when i was younger i had an iodine deficencey.[why tag thisI find this intresting because I have a iron deficiency so I have to go to a hemoglobin doctor to pump iron into my blood and make sure my blood is okay.[Why tag this textAre mineral salts used for chemical or electrical signaling in nerve cells, or both?[Why tag this textWhat are mineral salts compared to minerals?[Why tag this textSarah Kallas
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White fat provides thermal insulation, anchors and cushions such organs as the eyeballs and kidneys, and contributes to body contours such as the female breasts and hips. On average, women have more fat relative to body weight than men do. It helps to meet the caloric needs of pregnancy and nursing an infant, and having too little fat can reduce female fertility.Brown fat is found in fetuses, infants, and children; it accounts for up to 6% of an infant's weight, and is concentrated especially in fat pads in the shoulders, upper back, and around the kidneys. It stores lipid in the form of multiple globules rather than one large one. It gets its color from an unusual abundance of blood vessels and certain enzymes in its mitochondria. Brown fat is a heat-generating tissue. It has numerous mitochondria, but their oxidative pathway is not linked to ATP synthesis. Therefore, when these cells oxidize fats, they release all of the energy as heat. Hibernating animals accumulate brown fat in preparation for winter.
Although to much fat is bad, having fat is necessary especially in women. Not only that but it keeps the body warm and gives support. [Why tag this text]According to this statment, women that have too little fat often have issues with fertility. I have also heard before that very thin women or athletes such as runners sometimes do not menstrate and therefore cannot conceive a child. I wonder if this in turn leads women to put on weight if they are hoping to become pregnant? I also found it interesting that there are two types of fats known as white and brown fats. My other question is why does brown fat occur only in infants? I feel that we still possess some of the enzymes in our adult bodies that give the fat its brown color. [Why tag this textDeeper detail about the two kinds of fat in humans (white fat and brown fat). Where each are found and what each of them does. [Why tag this textAlways thought fat was bad but this proves that everyone needs at least some fat to help the body preserve and function better. [Why tag this textInteresting explanation as to why women typically have more body fat than men do.[Why tag this textalways thought it was the opposite that men have more fat relative than women [Why tag this textThis is explaining how and the reason for women having on average more fat in respects to their body weight. Informs you that its for pregnancy and nursing. Didn't know that and interesting because good information if trying to have a kid. The other part is about brown fat which is found in fetuses and children. It explains how it is a heat generating tissue. It releases all energy as heat. Interesting because they other species with brown fat are hibernating animals preparing for winter [Why tag this textIn any type of Science class, it is always mentioned that if a female has too little fat it can reduce fertility, but I have never heard of what too much fat can cause from a standpoint on fertility.[Why tag this textThis explains why competitive female athletes with low body fat percentages skip their monthly period and often times do not develope as quickly (think olympic gymnasts) [Why tag this textSo does this mean that brown fat is not present in adults? This statement makes it seems as though it is only present in fetuses, infants and children. However, because brown fat generates heat, it seems likely adults would need it as well.[Why tag this textBrown fat is not very common/abundant except in certain cases. It is a heat generating tissue.[Why tag this textNever knew about brown fat.[Why tag this textThis is interesting because my little cousin is very chunky and fat, but I know now that this is brown fat and not white fat mostly. His fat produces heat and he always feels warm to me at least. I know that these cells have more mitochondria than regular fat cells that are not connected to the ATP system.[Why tag this textI always thought that fat was all the same, I didn't think that there were differnt types. Brown fat seems like its super interesting. Hope we go over this in class.[Why tag this textThis section of the text was something new to me. I did not know that there were two types of fat nor did I know that they were specific to adults and children separately. It makes sense that fetuses, infants, and children need a higher concentration of fat in the shoulders. upper back, and around the kidneys because new mothers are advised to lay babies on their backs to sleep. Without the extra [Why tag this textThis is why babies are such hot pockets!! I never knew why they generated so much heat. When does the process occur in which our bodies turn from brown fat to white fat? [Why tag this textWhy is brown fat only in infacts and children? Does it ever stay there for longer from a problem?[Why tag this textJonathan Rooney
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Endocrine31 glands lose contact with the surface and have no ducts. They do, however, have a high density of blood capillaries and secrete their products directly into the blood. The secretions of endocrine glands, called hormones, function as chemical messengers to stimulate cells elsewhere in the body. Endocrine glands include the pituitary, thyroid, and adrenal glands.The exocrine?endocrine distinction is not always clear. The liver is an exocrine gland that secretes one of its products, bile, through a system of ducts, but secretes hormones, albumin, and other products directly into the bloodstream. Several glands, such as the pancreas, testis, ovary, and kidney, have both exocrine and endocrine components. Nearly all of the viscera have at least some cells that secrete hormones, even though most of these organs are not usually thought of as glands (for example, the brain and heart).
Endocrine are really important. Without these glands many hormones would not be secreted. These hormones control many different things throughout the body like metabolism for example. [Why tag this text]A gland is a cell or organ that secretes substances for use elsewhere in the body or for elimination as waste. Glands are composed predominantly of epithelial tissues. Endocrine and Exocrine Glands originate as invaginations of a surface epithelium. Endocrine glands lose contact with the surface and have no ducts and unicellular glands are secretory cells found in an epithelium that is predominantly nonsecretory. [Why tag this textThis shows the difference between endocrine and exocrine glands. Endocrine glands lose their contact with the surface and just direct their secretions into the blood stream itself. [General-Do not useEndocrine Glands: secrete directly into the bloodExocrine Glands: secrete to the surface. ex: sweat, tear, mammary.[Why tag this textSince endocrine glands have no ducts and secrete their products, horomones, directly into the blood, is this the reason for women having crazy pms? If a woman has a heavier cycle does that mean more horomones are released and she is more hopped up on pms craziness?[PMSAlso went over this in bio and health classes and weight class.[Why tag this textendocrine glands lose all their contact with the surface and they have no ducts. they have high density of blood.[Why tag this textThe endocrine system is key in regulating hormones. If any of it is to be disturbed, it could lead to changes in the body and the attitude of the person.[Why tag this textendocrine glad - description/comparison to exocrine[Why tag this textI do not understand the purpose of these two? I need a better explanation of what they are exactly.[Why tag this textso endocrine is one of the most important? i assume so since they go directly into the blood stream[Why tag this textThe way in which endocrine glands secrete differentiates it from exocrine glands[Why tag this textCompared to the broad concept of glands, breaking down the glands further brings together a better understanding of the overall concept of gland function. The endocrine glands are particularly of my interest since I have both type one diabetes and thyroid issues. It brings a perspective of how my cells are maybe not completely communicating within the organ that it pertains to, leading to my deficenties.[Why tag this textThis is important to note. Hormone imbalances can cause a lot of problems with the physiology of the body. It is like the endocrine glands are responsible for keeping the internal structure in check and the exocrine glands are responsible for making sure anything left over and unwanted from inside is taken care of and gotten rid of. [Why tag this textI have this tagged because I have my thyroid levels tested every 6 months. The woman in my family tend to either have hypo or hyper thyroidism. I did not know that the test they ran would be for whether or not my thyroid produced hormones or not. I only knew that it tested my levels. I did however know that the thyroid was responsible for other functions in the body.[Why tag this textI have a deficiecency in my thyroid and have to take Levothyroxine for it[Why tag this textThe pituitary, thyroid and adrenal glands help balance horomones!![Why tag thisAnisa Janko
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Brendan Semph
Keratinocytes
Keratinocytes (keh-RAT-ih-no-sites) are the great majority of epidermal cells. They are named for their role in synthesizing keratin.
Keratinocytes (keh-RAT-ih-no-sites) are the great majority of epidermal cells. They are named for their role in synthesizing keratin. In ordinary histological specimens, nearly all visible epidermal cells are keratinocytes.
Melanocytes
Melanocytes also occur only in the stratum basale, amid the stem cells and deepest keratinocytes. They synthesize the brown to black pigment melanin. T
Melanocytes also occur only in the stratum basale, amid the stem cells and deepest keratinocytes. They synthesize the brown to black pigment melanin. They have branching processes that spread among the keratinocytes and continually shed melanin-containing fragments from their tips. The keratinocytes phagocytize these fragments and accumulate melanin granules on the ?sunny side? of the nucleus. Like a parasol, the pigment shields the DNA from ultraviolet radiation.
Melanocytes also occur only in the stratum basale, amid the stem cells and deepest keratinocytes. They synthesize the brown to black pigment melanin. They have branching processes that spread among the keratinocytes and continually shed melanin-containing fragments from their tips. The keratinocytes phagocytize these fragments and accumulate melanin granules on the ?sunny side? of the nucleus. Like a parasol, the pigment shields the DNA from ultraviolet radiation. Page 184
The fact that the epidermis doesnt have blood vessels makes sense since it is so cclose to the surface of the skin but I didn't know it had few nerve endings as well[Why tag this text]Majority of the cells[Why tag this textnearly all visible epiderman cells are these[Why tag this textdefinition of keratinocytes[Why tag this textI know that these have something to do with skin pigment and skin cancer: my mom has a lot of dark spots from being in the sun too much when she was younger. [Why tag this textso are people who are albino lacking these cells then?[Why tag this textWhat is it about the melanin that protects the cells from the radiation?[Why tag this textThis is interesting because in the northern states and wisconsin we are all about getting in a tanning bed where there is an abundance of UV radiation, making these cells work twice as hard to protect us. [Why tag this textso this is what causes the skin to darken and get tan?[Why tag this textdefintion of melanocytes[Why tag this textWhen tanning in the sun or in a tanning both, does this process make more melanocytes to give you more of a tan or darker look?[Why tag this textMelanocytes give the color of the skin[Why tag this textmelanocytes cause our skin to be pale or tan. [Why tag this textSo people who are albino, are they missing these cells or do these cells simply not function correctly?[Why tag this textbranching processes sounds a lot like a neuron[Why tag this textIs there any type of drug or other means to increase the amount of melanin in people to prevent UV radiation? Or a way to improve the efficiency of melanin somoene has?[Why tag this textI am kind of confused by the defintion of melatin and keratin. I thought keratin was supposed to just be apart of the melatin and skin pigment. I also thought they were two completley different aspects of the epidermis and dermis. I dont understand how the melatin can be apart of the keratin when it is located in the dermis, and the keratin is located in the epidermis. [Why tag this textJelena Ristic
amanda neupert
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There is a stupendous amount of DNA in one nucleus?about 2 m (6 ft) of it in the first half of a cell's life cycle
There is a stupendous amount of DNA in one nucleus?about 2 m (6 ft) of it in the first half of a cell's life cycle and twice as much when a cell has replicated its DNA in preparation for cell division.
There is a stupendous amount of DNA in one nucleus?about 2 m (6 ft) of it in the first half of a cell's life cycle and twice as much when a cell has replicated its DNA in preparation for cell division.
There is a stupendous amount of DNA in one nucleus?about 2 m (6 ft) of it in the first half of a cell's life cycle and twice as much when a cell has replicated its DNA in preparation for cell division. It is a prodigious feat to pack this much DNA into a nucleus only about 5µm in diameter?and in such an orderly fashion that it does not become tangled, broken, and damaged beyond use.
t is a prodigious feat to pack this much DNA into a nucleus only about 5µm in diameter?and in such an orderly fashion that it does not become tangled, broken, and damaged beyond use. Here, we will examine how this is achieved.
In nondividing cells, the chromatin is so slender that it usually cannot be seen with the light microscope. With a high-resolution electron microscope, however, it has a granular appearance, like beads on a string (fig. 4.4a). Each ?bead? is a disc-shaped cluster of eight proteins called histones. A DNA molecule winds around the cluster for a little over one and a half turns, like a ribbon around a spool, and then continues on its way until it reaches the next histone cluster and winds around that one (fig. 4.4b). The average chromatin thread repeats this pattern almost 800,000 times, and thus appears divided into segments called nucleosomes. Each nucleosome consists of a core particle (the spool of histones with the DNA ribbon around them) and a short segment of linker DNA leading to the next core particle. Winding the DNA around the histones makes the chromatin thread more than five times as thick (11 nm) and one-third shorter than the DNA alone.
It is incredible how six feet of DNA can fit into one nucleus and still not be visible to the human eye. [why i tag this]Now that is fascinating. A single cell 10 to 15 micrometers. In it a 5 micrometer nucleus that contains roughly 6 feet of deoxyribonucleic acid. That's longer than I am standing erect (approx. 5' 7[Why tag this textIf cells are some small, microscopic small than how does 2m of DNA fit into the nucleus.[Why tag this textIf cells are so small, i can imagine the nucleus must be even smaller how can 6ft of DNA fit inside it? It must be very tightly packed[Why tag this textIt's astonishing that there is enough space to replicate all of that DNA in a place as small as a cell.[Why tag this textI found this to be the most interesting fact stated in this text. It is incredible that 2 meters of DNA can fit in one nucleus.[Why tag this textWhat would happen if the DNA got tangled or damaged?[Why tag this textits crazy to think something so microscopic that we can't see it with our naked eye can hold a thread of molecules that we also can't visibly see, as long as I am![Why tag this textI tagged this section of the text because I am amazed, once again, at how spectacular the human body is. It is phenomenal at how much DNA consists in such a tiny, tiny enclosed area known as the nucleus. [Why tag this textIt seems odd that DNA can fit inside the nuclues. I would think that the DNA would be destroyed. This reminds me of trying to get a sleeping bag back in its original package. It usually never fits perfectly inside again[Why tag this textSo when cells are not under going mitosis or meiosis, it is just floating around in squiggly lines? Were do the histone proteins go?[Why tag this textthe properties of nondividing cells [Why tag this textdescription about chromatin[Why tag this textDefinition of histones: the [Why tag this textChromomes are made up of chromatins (protein) and DNA. The chromatins appear as beads on strings, and around each [Why tag this textI think the organization of the DNA helix is really facinating. I am anxious to understand the mobility of the structure within the context of human life. How are the genes exposed and used while being wrapped or unwrapped? How do environmental factors impact the organization of DNA at the histone level.[Why tag this textthe heirarchy of dna[Why tag this textJustin Morgan
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Axial Muscles. Nine muscles cross the shoulder joint and insert on the humerus. Two are considered axial muscles because they originate primarily on the axial skeleton?the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi (figs. 10.15, 10.23, and 10.24). The pectoralis major is the thick, fleshy muscle of the mammary region, and the latissimus dorsi is a broad muscle of the back that extends from the waist to the axilla. These muscles bear the primary responsibility for attaching the arm to the trunk and are the prime movers of the shoulder joint.
is there adifferent in the thicknees of the muscles between men and women ?[Why Tag This]I tagged this section becaue it informed me about the axial muscles. I learned that the axial muscles are the mainly respoinsible for attaching the arm to the trunk and the prime movers of the shoulder joint. [Why Tag ThisThis gives good information on the pectoralis major[Why Tag ThisWhy are rotator cuff injuries so common? [Why Tag ThisI think this important because it's important to know what these 9 muscles are. [Why Tag ThisI find it really intersting that just in that small segment of the body, there are 9 muscles. I used to always think of it as being maybe 2 or 3 that acted against each other for various movements.[Why Tag ThisIt seems unusual that there are 9 muscles affecting one bone, especially a bone that you wouldn't think has that many attachments. [Why Tag ThisI am curious to kknow which of these muscles (along with ligaments) are injured when someone dislocates their shoulder? Is it because these muscles are weaker and don't firmly keep the scapula and humerus together?[Why Tag This( muscles cross the shoulder joint and insert into the humerus. Two are axial muscles - pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi. [Why Tag ThisSo would the pectorialis be considered apart of the axial skelton considering its location? Also would the pectoralis major be loacted on or apart of the humerus. When I hear the term pecctoralis major I think of this as being located near the sternum or chest bone. Where is the exact location of the pectoralis major?[Why Tag ThisThere are nine muscles that cross the shoulder joint. One of which is the pectoralis major which is very thick and fleshy. The latissiums dorsi is the think muscle that runs along the back and extends to the waist. The deltoid is another part of the scapular muscle is shaped like a thick triangular. This is where drug injections are placed. I want to know why this is? [Why Tag ThisI thought that the scapular muscles would be the muscles responsible for the shoulder joint not the axial muscles. But since they attach the arm to the trunk or base that would make most sense for them to be the prime movers of the shoulder. So would the axial muscles be the one you tear when you sprain or pull your shoulder?[Why Tag ThisKnowing the different muscles that act on the arm is important in understanding the motions that our arms can perform. The first two that are talked about here originate from the axial skeleton but still allow for movement in the appendicular.[Why Tag ThisThe Pectoralis major and the latissimus dorsi are orginated on the humerus but are considered axial[General_Do Not UseTo remember axial skeleton- think of y-axis on a graph because it goes down the middle[Why Tag ThisThe ones that hurts after shovelling heavy, wet Wisconsin snow.[Why Tag ThisI just thought of a randum question. So mens pecks are like girls breasts soooo how can this one guy I know have 3 [Why Tag ThisPaola Arce
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Rebecca Hoefs
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Robert Hooke (1635?1703), an Englishman, designed scientific instruments of various kinds and made many improvements in the compound microscope
Robert Hooke (1635?1703), an Englishman, designed scientific instruments of various kinds and made many improvements in the compound microscope.
Robert Hooke (1635?1703), an Englishman, designed scientific instruments of various kinds and made many improvements in the compound microscope.
Robert Hooke (1635?1703), an Englishman, designed scientific instruments of various kinds and made many improvements in the compound microscope. This is a tube with a lens at each end?an objective lens near the specimen, which produces an initial magnified image, and an ocular lens (eyepiece) near the observer's eye, which magnifies the first image still further. Although crude compound microscopes had existed since 1595, Hooke improved the optics and invented several of the helpful features found in microscopes today?a stage to hold the specimen, an illuminator, and coarse and fine focus controls. His microscopes magnified only about 30 times, but with them, he was the first to see and name cells. In 1663, he observed thin shavings of cork and observed that they ?consisted of a great many little boxes,? which he called cellulae (little cells)
Robert Hooke (1635?1703), an Englishman, designed scientific instruments of various kinds and made many improvements in the compound microscope. This is a tube with a lens at each end?an objective lens near the specimen, which produces an initial magnified image, and an ocular lens (eyepiece) near the observer's eye, which magnifies the first image still further. Although crude compound microscopes had existed since 1595, Hooke improved the optics and invented several of the helpful features found in microscopes today?a stage to hold the specimen, an illuminator, and coarse and fine focus controls. His microscopes magnified only about 30 times, but with them, he was the first to see and name cells. In 1663, he observed thin shavings of cork and observed that they ?consisted of a great many little boxes,? which he called cellulae (little cells) after the cubicles of a monastery (fig. 1.4).
Robert Hooke (1635?1703), an Englishman, designed scientific instruments of various kinds and made many improvements in the compound microscope. This is a tube with a lens at each end?an objective lens near the specimen, which produces an initial magnified image, and an ocular lens (eyepiece) near the observer's eye, which magnifies the first image still further. Although crude compound microscopes had existed since 1595, Hooke improved the optics and invented several of the helpful features found in microscopes today?a stage to hold the specimen, an illuminator, and coarse and fine focus controls. His microscopes magnified only about 30 times, but with them, he was the first to see and name cells. In 1663, he observed thin shavings of cork and observed that they ?consisted of a great many little boxes,? which he called cellulae (little cells) after the cubicles of a monastery (fig. 1.4). He later observed thin slices of fresh wood and saw living cells ?filled with juices.? Hooke became particularly interested in microscopic examination of such material as insects, plant tissues, and animal parts. He published the first comprehensive book of microscopy, Micrographia, in 1665.
obert Hooke (1635-1703), an Englishman, designed scientific instruments of various kinds and made many improvements in the compound microscope.
cellular level[Why I tagged this]Hooke looked at corks which brought science to the cellular level. We looked at his works and cork under a microscope in my high school AP Biology class[Why I tagged thisRobert Hooke and the microscope[Why I tagged thisRobert Hooke designed compound microscope. This is very interesting to me because without the microscope there would be so many undiscovered diseases and science would not be as far as it is today.[Why I tagged thisImproved the microscope to what it is today, which is an important piece of equipment in science.[Why I tagged thisHooke was an important inventor for instruments of modern medicine. The microscope was a huge steop forward in studying form and function.[Why I tagged thisIt amazes me that something that is so influential in medical knowledge today was so much taken for granted when first developed. It makes me wonder what seemingly less important theories, tools etc. of today will be hailed as earth-shattering discoveries in the future.[Why I tagged thisRobert Hooke was responsible for the invention of the microscope and discovered the world of cells which is think is very important[Why I tagged thisI just think he is an important person and I have never heard about him before. I can't inmagine how hard or how long it took him to design each tool[Why I tagged thisallowed scientists to look at the body from a cellular level by inventing the microscope! VERY IMPORTANT.[Why I tagged thisHooke starts looking at cell level[Why I tagged thisThis was a remarkable point in the world of science because scientists began understanding that the body consisted of more than just flesh, tissues, organs, muscles, and bones. There were microscopic organisms called cells. [Why I tagged thisInteresting to know for lab!!![Why I tagged thisRobert Hooke was interested in the development of the microscope. With his improvements to the compound microscope he was able to see at thirty times and was the first person to witness the wonders of the cell.[Why I tagged thisquestion 1Galen saw science as a way to discover. it was not concrete and it was ever changing. He warned that he could be wrong but his followers didnt listen to him. They took the book literally and praised it as lawQuestion 2Vesalius did dissection himself. He pointed out that much of the anatomy described by Galen was wrong. He was also the one to publush the first illustrations for teaching anatomy. His findings and illustrations are even used today and helped begin the legacy of modern medicine, including milestones such as Gray's Anatomy.Question 3They were the inventors of the microscope. They were the first to observe that living things were made of cells. their inventions paved the way for the cell theory. It also led to the discovery of microscopic organisms.I found it very interesting that within the last 50 years their have been more advances in medicine than in the past 2500 years. It is amazing to think of what will happen in the next 50 years.[Why I tagged thisA great contribution to the fields of science.[Why I tagged thishook was famous for microscopic analysis of the cells. First studied wood before moving on to other organisms including human cells[Why I tagged thisBrianna Brugger
Melissa
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Mia Breidenbach
Sarah Hudson
Danny Duong
Kaitlynn
Nicholas Bruno
Corianne
Jonathan Rooney
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Thomas Hensler
Riley Spitzig
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Fibrous connective tissue is divided into two broad categories according to the relative abundance of fiber: loose and dense connective tissue. In loose connective tissue, much of the space is occupied by ground substance, which is dissolved out of the tissue during histological fixation and leaves empty space in prepared tissue sections. The loose connective tissues we will discuss are areolar and reticular tissue (table 5.4). In dense connective tissue, fiber occupies more space than the cells and ground substance, and appears closely packed in tissue sections. The two dense connective tissues we will discuss are dense regular and dense irregular connective tissue
Fibrous connective tissue is divided into two broad categories according to the relative abundance of fiber: loose and dense connective tissue. In loose connective tissue, much of the space is occupied by ground substance, which is dissolved out of the tissue during histological fixation and leaves empty space in prepared tissue sections. The loose connective tissues we will discuss are areolar and reticular tissue (table 5.4). In dense connective tissue, fiber occupies more space than the cells and ground substance, and appears closely packed in tissue sections. The two dense connective tissues we will discuss are dense regular and dense irregular connective tissue
Fibrous connective tissue is divided into two broad categories according to the relative abundance of fiber: loose and dense connective tissue. In loose connective tissue, much of the space is occupied by ground substance, which is dissolved out of the tissue during histological fixation and leaves empty space in prepared tissue sections. The loose connective tissues we will discuss are areolar and reticular tissue (table 5.4). In dense connective tissue, fiber occupies more space than the cells and ground substance, and appears closely packed in tissue sections. The two dense connective tissues we will discuss are dense regular and dense irregular connective tissue (table 5.5).
Fibrous connective tissue is divided into two broad categories according to the relative abundance of fiber: loose and dense connective tissue. In loose connective tissue, much of the space is occupied by ground substance, which is dissolved out of the tissue during histological fixation and leaves empty space in prepared tissue sections. The loose connective tissues we will discuss are areolar and reticular tissue (table 5.4). In dense connective tissue, fiber occupies more space than the cells and ground substance, and appears closely packed in tissue sections. The two dense connective tissues we will discuss are dense regular and dense irregular connective tissue (table 5.5).[image #1]
I tagged this text because it helps define the basic characteristics of the different types of connective tissue.[Why tag this text]2 main types of fibrous connective tissue: loose and dense.loose=lots of ground substance/space between cells. This is aerolar and reticularDense: fiber occupies more space, closely packed. This is dense regular and dense irregular tissues[Why tag this textthis is where the information on fibrous tissues types (loose and dense) begin, which is the part that connects all the information on fibrous tissue together[Why tag this textImportant to know the difference. Loose contains more ground substance, whereas dense contains less.[Why tag this textLoose connective tissues consist of Areolar and Reticular tissuses. Dense connective tissuses consist of regular and irregular dense connective tissuses.[Why tag this textfibrous connective tissue is broken into two categories. these categories are loose and dense connective tissue.[Why tag this textIt describes the way that the firbous connective tissue is categorized. then goes on to describe the difference. [Why tag this textGave a clear undersgtanding of fibrous connective tissue and also broke it down into categories that helped alot.[Why tag this textLabels and contrasts the difference between loose connective tissuse and dense connective tissues.[Why tag this textIt defines the differences between loose connective tissue and dense connecive tissue[Why tag this textThe different types of fibrous connective tissue. there is two types: loose and dense. they both act in different ways[Why tag this textAn important categorization of fibrous connective tissue.[Why tag this textThere are two types of fibrous connective tissues - loose and dense connective tissues. They are both very different in many ways. Loose connective tissues are less dense and the enpty spaces are mostly of ground substances. Dense Connective tissues takes up more space than the ground substances. [Why tag this text2 types of loose tissue in which there is lots of ground substance[Why tag this textI like to consider loose areolar connective tissue as a birds nest. The appearance looks like a bunch of twigs with stones. Of course, not anyone sees this.[Why tag this textSince loose areolar connective tissue and loose reticular connective tissue look very similar, It is important to see the difference between the two. In reticular loose connective tissue, it is evident that the collagen fibers do not jump over each other like they do in loose areolar connective tissue.[Why tag this textDanielle Henckel
Jonathan Lowe
Emily
Jonathan Baures
lindsay krueger
lenarch2
kayla
Brandon Brandemuehl
TRAVIS
Anthony Wheeler
Michael Franzini
Alyssa Harmes
Linda Xiong
Stephanie
Brett Sullivan
The Hip Joint
The coxal (hip) joint is the point where the head of the femur inserts into the acetabulum of the hip bone (fig. 9.26). Because the coxal joints bear much of the body's weight, they have deep sockets and are much more stable than the shoulder joint. The depth of the socket is somewhat greater than you see on dried bones because of a horseshoe-shaped ring of fibrocartilage, the acetabular labrum, attached to its rim. Dislocations of the hip are rare, but some infants suffer congenital dislocations because the acetabulum is not deep enough to hold the head of the femur in place. If detected early, this condition can be treated with a harness, worn for 2 to 4 months, that holds the head of the femur in the proper position until the joint is stronger (fig. 9.27).
The coxal (hip) joint is the point where the head of the femur inserts into the acetabulum of the hip bone (fig. 9.26). Because the coxal joints bear much of the body's weight, they have deep sockets and are much more stable than the shoulder joint. The depth of the socket is somewhat greater than you see on dried bones because of a horseshoe-shaped ring of fibrocartilage, the acetabular labrum, attached to its rim. Dislocations of the hip are rare, but some infants suffer congenital dislocations because the acetabulum is not deep enough to hold the head of the femur in place. If detected early, this condition can be treated with a harness, worn for 2 to 4 months, that holds the head of the femur in the proper position until the joint is stronger (fig. 9.27).
These headings are important because they help to locate the different joints and their descriptions. The joints described are mainly parts of the appendicular skeleton, but a few are from the axial. [Why tag this]The coxal joint is the point wherer the head of the femur inserts into the acetabulum of the hip bone. [Why tag thisHip joint: Also called the coxal joint. Head of femur inserts into hole of hip bone. Have much deeper sockets. Have many ligaments. The iliofemoral, pubofemoral, ischiofemoral. [Why tag thisIs this joint different (larger or maybe more elastic) on women than on men to facilitate easier labor?[Why tag thisWhat makes it so you can pop your hip or anything out of place?[Why tag thisCoxal has deep pockets to support all of the weight upon it[Why tag thisthe hip joint; dislocations (which are rare) and why they occus[Why tag thisThe coxal (hip) joints have deep sockets for the head of the femur to fit into which gives a firm anchoring for bearing most of the body's weight. [Why tag thisThis is awesome, when I was 12 years old, I fell one day and the joint in my hip fell out, it was very very painful, when I got to the ER they took an x-ray, my right hip bone fell completely out, and in my left hip was on the verge of falling out, after i had 11in nails put in both hips. We found out later that I had osteoporosis from being lactose intolerant. This picture here is really amazing to see up close.[Why tag thisSo the weight of the body mainly effects the hips and ankles?[Why tag thisAnother important concept of how form fits function, a reason as to why we can push so much more weight with our lower body than our upper body and why so many people are prone to shoulder injuries when trying to lift heavy weights.[Why tag thisthe hips bear majority of the body's weight and have deeper sockets. [Why tag thisWhen people have different range of mobility in their hip joints does that mean that perhaps the hip socket is shallower for a greater range of motion and deeper for less?[Why tag thisI didn't know that babies could be born with a hip injury, especially since hip dislocations are rare.[Why tag thisThis is the image in thebook with liitle babies legs wrapped up I thought it had something to with being bowl legged[Why tag thisIs this considered a birth defect? And what happens if this is not detected and corrected early?[Why tag thisRachel Feivor
Danielle Henckel
Jessica Ryback
Nicole Korstanje
Ethan Kelly
Alyssa Harmes
Michael Franzini
Kayla Theys
Lauren Anthe
xiong thao
Noelle
Bonnie Watson
kaulor
Channelle Colbert
Hannah Lucas
Figure 7.2 shows a flat bone of the cranium. It has a sandwichlike construction with two layers of
Figure 7.2 shows a flat bone of the cranium. It has a sandwichlike construction with two layers of compact bone enclosing a middle layer of spongy bone. The spongy layer in the cranium is called diploe9 (DIP-lo-ee). A moderate blow to the skull can fracture the outer layer of compact bone, but the diploe may absorb the impact and leave the inner layer of compact bone unharmed. Both surfaces of a flat bone are covered with periosteum, and the marrow spaces amid the spongy bone are lined with endosteum.
How long do these plates take to fuse, are there different stages?[General_Do Not Use]Is this epiphyseal plate larger in people who grow to be very tall? Or, does it just depleat much slower?[Why I tagged thisIt amazes me that there are spaces at the ends of bones where the bone grows in length. I guess I never really thought about how bones grew in length. I always thought that they just lengthened. After reading this, I made the conncection that the epiphyseal plates must be what the doctors refer to as the growth plates. THis makes sense because this is where the growth arises.[Why I tagged thisThis reminds me of the rings on a tree trunk that tell you the age of the tree.. which obviously makes me think of the circular matrix structure and lamallae in compact bone![Why I tagged thisWhat triggers the bone to stop growing? Is it possible to inject cells to encourage or continue bone growth? For example, to reduce the effects of some forms of dwarfism?[Why I tagged thisDoes a persons height depend on how big their epiphyseal plates are? Is that something that is encoded in our DNA?[Why I tagged thisSo if your bones can only grow in length at this area, how do your bones get fatter? For example, when you are born, your femur is much skinner than when you are an adult.[Why I tagged thisThis to me is very cool. That if I take an x-ray of my eiphyseal plate i will be able to see where my plate use to be when I was young. Because the epiphyseal line marks where the plate used to be. [Why I tagged thisHow do bones grow along the epiphyseal plate? Is the epiphyseal line in the diagram depleted or not?[Why I tagged thisI know this is the growth plate, but when a doctor looks to see if some one will not grow any more and say that the plates are clossed. Does this mean that the plates arent there anymore or do they actually close up like a scab would heal?[Why I tagged thisAt what age do the bones not grow anymore?[Why I tagged thisBecause of the fact that there is only a specified amount of hyaline cartilage separating the epiphysis and diaphysis up until adulthood, would this imply that the size of the adult bone can be estimated by how much cartilage is present? If so, would this mean that the length of bones, and therefore overall height of an individual has already been determined aside from any external factors (nutrition, etc.)?[Why I tagged thisThis is fascinating; I had wondered if the cranial bones contained both compact and spongy bone when we were covering the cranium in lab. How do all three layers of each piece of the cranium accurately fuse in the correct orientation and with such precision as to form a single, smooth cranium in adulthood? This is absolutely amazing. [Why I tagged thisSo incredible that our bodies are made like this. That our skulls which protect the brain are actually made with different layers. So that if you take a blow to the head you may fracture the outer most layer but the inner layer could still be unharmed protecting the brain.[Why I tagged thisFlat bone of the cranium= sandwichlike construction [Why I tagged thisIt's amazing that we have this protection system for our very vulnerable brains. The skull bone, at first glance doesn't seem like it would be that great of a protection system, but the middle layer of spongy bone adds extra support to the compact bone. Do all mammals have this feature on their skull?[Why I tagged thisAre the different layers primarily for protection? the first layer of hard bone takes the blow and and spreads it out through the spongy bone so that an injury may be less substantial.[Why I tagged thisaubrey
Kirsten Majstorovic
Rebecca Sherer
David Faber
Nicole Latzig
Heather Archibald
chanel
Riley Spitzig
Justin Rosinski
Anthony Wheeler
Chelsea Moore
David Orr
Nicholas Bruno
Noelle
Mia Breidenbach
Bonnie Watson
It takes 1,836 electrons to equal 1 amu, so for most purposes we can disregard their mass. A person who weighs 64 kg (140 lb) contains less than 24 g (1 oz) of electrons.
takes 1,836 electrons to equal 1 amu, so for most purposes we can disregard their mass. A person who weighs 64 kg (140 lb) contains less than 24 g (1 oz) of electrons. This hardly
A person who weighs 64 kg (140 lb) contains less than 24 g (1 oz) of electrons. This hardly means that we can ignore electrons, however. They determine the chemical properties of an atom, thereby governing what molecules can exist and what chemical reactions can occur. The number of electrons equals the number of protons, so their charges cancel each other and an atom is electrically neutral.Page 45
It was always difficult for me to understand chemical reactions and atoms. How such a small element can have so much impact on how different reactions can take place. Yet it is very intersting and how the matters can affect humans and the wellfare of our bodies.[Why tag this text]This is intresting to me because electrons weigh so much less than protons and neutrons but still hold a important role in the atom itself.[Why tag this textI thought this was very important, so I highlighted it so that I could put it in my head. [Why tag this textThis is confusing [Why tag this textequal 1 amu[Why tag this textBizarre that something so important to our chemical makeup is so small, and that it can cancel out the proton charge though it's 1/1836ths its weight.[Why tag this textWe study them because they hold such an important role in structure and function.[Why tag this textIf electrons are so small and light, what is the point in studying them? [Why tag this textThis makes you realize just how small electrons in atoms are.[Why tag this textElectrons serve very important purpose. Number of electrons equals number of protons.[Why tag this textElectrons control much of what makes each atom itself.[Why tag this textThis is a big deal that electrons can determine this because if this didn't exist or we didn't know that it did exist we would not know which chemical could react to the other and in the long run everything we just be based of experience and lets be honest we don't want to base everything off experience because some of these chemicals could result in you being seriously injured. [Why tag this text
I think it is extremely interesting that something so small can make such an impact on how the entire atom can react to other atoms and what reactions will occure.[Why tag this textI found this important because it tells that neurtal atoms all have the same protons and electrons. It explains that in order for the atom to be electrically neutral, the charges (+ for proton, - for electron) has to cancel each other.[Why tag this textElectrically neutral meaning that the number of electrons equal the same number of protons, and their charges cancel out one another.[Why tag this textThong Xiong
kayla
Maisey Mulvey
Paola Arce
Stefanie
andrew baker
Ashley McBain
Samantha B Johnson
Stephanie
Paige Schlieve
Grace
Laura
Leonard Wilkerson
People who find scientific terms confusing and difficult to pronounce, spell, and remember usually feel more confident once they realize the logic of how terms are composed. A term such as hyponatremia is less forbidding once we recognize that it is composed of three common word elements: hypo- (below normal), natr- (sodium), and -emia (blood condition).
A term such as hyponatremia is less forbidding once we recognize that it is composed of three common word elements: hypo- (below normal), natr- (sodium), and -emia (blood condition). Thus, hyponatremia is a deficiency of sodium in the blood.
A term such as hyponatremia is less forbidding once we recognize that it is composed of three common word elements: hypo- (below normal), natr- (sodium), and -emia (blood condition). Thus, hyponatremia is a deficiency of sodium in the blood. Those word elements appear over and over in many other medical terms: hypothermia, natriuretic, anemia, and so on. Once you learn the meanings of hypo-, natri-, and -emia, you already have the tools at least to partially understand hundreds of other biomedical terms.
A term such as hyponatremia is less forbidding once we recognize that it is composed of three common word elements: hypo- (below normal), natr- (sodium), and -emia (blood condition). Thus, hyponatremia is a deficiency of sodium in the blood. Those word elements appear over and over in many other medical terms: hypothermia, natriuretic, anemia, and so on. Once you learn the meanings of hypo-, natri-, and -emia, you already have the tools at least to partially understand hundreds of other biomedical terms. Inside the back cover, you will find a lexicon of the 400 word elements most commonly footnoted in this book.
Scientific terms are typically composed of one or more of the following elements:
Scientific terms are typically composed of one or more of the following elements: At least one root (stem) that bears the core meaning of the word. In cardiology, for example, the root is cardi- (heart). Many words have two or more roots. In cardiomyopathy, for example, the roots are cardi- (heart), my- (muscle), and path- (disease). Combining vowels that are often inserted to join roots and make the word easier to pronounce. In cardiomyopathy, each o is a combining vowel. Although o is the most common combining vowel, all vowels of the alphabet are used in this way, such as a in ligament, e in vitreous, i in fusiform, u in ovulation, and y in tachycardia. Some words, such as intervertebral, have no combining vowels. A combination of a root and combining vowel is called a combining form; for example, chrom- (color) + o (a combining vowel) make the combining form chromo-, as in chromosome. A prefix may be present to modify the core meaning of the word. For example, gastric (pertaining to the stomach or to the belly of a muscle) takes on a variety of new meanings when prefixes are added to it: epigastric (above the stomach), hypogastric (below the stomach), endogastric (within the stomach), and digastric (a muscle with two bellies). Page 21 A suffix may be added to the end of a word to modify its core meaning. For example, microscope, microscopy, microscopic, and microscopist have different meanings because of their suffixes alone. Often two or more suffixes, or a root and suffix, occur together so often that they are treated jointly as a compound suffix; for example, log (study) + y (process) form the compound suffix -logy (the study of).
Where did this fact come front? i hope its true[Why I tagged this]This is always helpful to me to remember terms. It helps to know what things mean and how it is all related. [Why I tagged thisIt is interesting to see that by pulling apart the word each part of it means something different that makes one meaning of the new word.[Why I tagged thisHelps me to break down the meaning of the word[Why I tagged thisI can relate to this because after taking medical terminology I have had some experience in deciphering quite a few medical terms[Why I tagged thisHyponatremia is a commonly used term, once you learn the root words medical termionolgy is fun[Why I tagged thisBreaking the words apart is the easiest way to learn medical terms because if you know the word parts you can break apart the hardest words[Why I tagged thisI find this important because by learning these 3 parts of the words we can figure out what other words mean when i see them again i will understand that part of the word is going to mean a certain thing[Why I tagged thisI have used similar methods in my high school anatomy class by breaking the terms down into different segments. [Why I tagged thisHaving already taken several science and medical based courses, it is very important to know most of these word elements. It will eliminate a lot of stress on your behalf because you will be able to break the word down into smaller parts opposed to freaking out about a huge word.[Why I tagged thisTo break down complex words, scientific terms are mainly composed of these parts:1) root- core meaning2) combining vowels- join roots (a, e, i, o, u)3) prefix- edit root word at the beginning4) suffix- edit root word at the end[Why I tagged thisThis is a concept that we will continue to see in the future. Learning all of the different prefixes and suffixes will definitely make thing easier when studying vocab.[Why I tagged thisscientific terms are made up of roots, combining vowels, prefixes and suffixes[Why I tagged thisthe origins of scientific terms[Why I tagged thisscientific term elements[Why I tagged thisSci terms breakdown[Why I tagged thisIt is very important to know the different elements of scientific terms because if you learn the meaning of the term through the different elements it is composed of. [Why I tagged thisBonnie Watson
Lauren Thiel
Emily
Danny Duong
Amanda Baxter
Sami
sarah
Jonathan Rooney
Kimberly Loney
Christina Colarossi
Alejandra Contreras
lindsay krueger
Flees Robert John
Corianne
Amie Emrys
Kayla Cowan
Others were fervently at work on DNA, including Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins at King's College in London. Using a technique called X-ray diffraction, Franklin had determined that DNA had a repetitious helical structure with sugar and phosphate on the outside of the helix. Without her permission, Wilkins showed one of Franklin's best X-ray photographs to Watson. Watson said, ?The instant I saw the picture my mouth fell open and my pulse began to race.? It provided a flash of insight that allowed the Watson and Crick team to beat Franklin to the goal. Combining what they already knew with the molecular geometry revealed by Franklin's photo, they were quickly able to piece together a scale model from cardboard and sheet metal that fully accounted for the known geometry of DNA. They rushed a paper into print in 1953 describing the double helix, barely mentioning the importance of Franklin's 2 years of painstaking X-ray diffraction work in unlocking the mystery of life's most important molecule. Franklin published her findings in a separate paper back to back with theirs.
Others were fervently at work on DNA, including Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins at King's College in London. Using a technique called X-ray diffraction, Franklin had determined that DNA had a repetitious helical structure with sugar and phosphate on the outside of the helix. Without her permission, Wilkins showed one of Franklin's best X-ray photographs to Watson. Watson said, ?The instant I saw the picture my mouth fell open and my pulse began to race.? It provided a flash of insight that allowed the Watson and Crick team to beat Franklin to the goal. Combining what they already knew with the molecular geometry revealed by Franklin's photo, they were quickly able to piece together a scale model from cardboard and sheet metal that fully accounted for the known geometry of DNA. They rushed a paper into print in 1953 describing the double helix, barely mentioning the importance of Franklin's 2 years of painstaking X-ray diffraction work in unlocking the mystery of life's most important molecule. Franklin published her findings in a separate paper back to back with theirs.For this discovery, Watson, Crick, and Wilkins shared the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1962. Nobel Prizes are awarded only to the living, and in the final irony of her career, Rosalind Franklin had died in 1958, at the age of 37, of a cancer possibly induced by the X-rays that were her window on DNA architecture.
Uracil would be the base that would pair with Adenine in RNA as Thymine would pair with Adenine in DNA.[Why tag this text]This was an interesting piece to read, it took that many peoples research to figure out the structure.[General-Do not useIts so interesting that Rosalind Franklin's 2 years of painstaking x-ray diffraction work in unlocking the mystery of life's most important molecule. Also its sad that she died and didn't get a Nobel Prize for the great work she did.[Why tag this textI think it is important to learn about Rosalind Franklin and her role in DNA. She was the one that essentially found the structure of DNA and was never given credit. Instead Crick and Watson get all of the credit. I think it's important to acknowledge Rosalind Franklin's important work. [Why tag this textA very good RN friend of mine has been wait listed for the CRNA program at Rosalind Frankin College in North Chicago and just found out this week she will be admitted. Funny timing as I was reading this... did not know the significance of her work until now.[Why tag this textEnjoy reading about the history of medical and scientific findings. Never knew the Watson and Crick the two that get the credit for determining the double helical structure of DNA, never actually did an experiment themselves to find this out. They were shown a picture of Franklins work. Who never even got a share of the nobel prize because she had died from cancer which probable came from her work.[Why tag this textThe collaboration of these scientists led to one of the greatest discoveries. It is dissapointing that Rosalin Franklin did not live to accept the nobel prize. It seems that the most pioneering scientists died young because of the lack of knowledge at the time about harmful substances or rays. Marie Curie also exposed herself to toxic materials.[Why tag this textIt's nice this text book gives Rosalind Franklin credit for their discovery, especially since she had her research essentially stolen and then died before she could get credit for it.. I've had plenty of biology textbooks that did not.[Why tag this textAll through highschool I wondererd how they determined the shape of DNA. Now I know. X-ray Diffraction?? [Why tag this textWasn't this the era of when men were sexist and women were looked down upon on? It just surprises me that Rosalind Franklin got pretty far just to be a female scientists.[Why tag this textI feel as if this statement is very important because if Wilkins did not show the X-ray to Watson, then the structure of DNA might have not been discovered until many years later than what it was. [Why tag this textSugar and phosphate are found on the outside of the helix on DNA.[Why tag this texttypical[Why tag this texti probablly would have felt the exact same way[Why tag this textSo Watson and Crick plagiarized Franklins' work and cited it as their own discovery....seems pretty shady and the fact that she didn't get the Noble Peace Prize, but her partner that sold her out did... that just isn't right. If we did that we would fail the course, and in todays time a scientist wouldn't be able to do that without serious repercussions from the scientific community. It's sad that their means of discovery isn't treated as if they did anything wrong, and instead are praised for it.[Why tag this textThat sucks. She is still highly recognized but she could have been more famous if this wasn't a man's world.[Why tag this textI tagged this just because i wanted to say that I don't understand people that discover things like this? Is it just brains that they are born with to love this high-tech brain throbbing stuff? VERY INTERESTING![Why tag this textErin Griph
Anisa Janko
Kayla Cowan
Shannon Stinson
Nicholas Bruno
Amanda Baxter
Sophie
krista
mainkao
Samantha Herron
Michael Franzini
Caitlin R.
Lauren Anthe
Brendan Semph
Melissa
Kaitlynn
FIGURE 5.3[image #9] Cell Shapes and Epithelial Types.Pseudostratified columnar epithelium is a special type of simple epithelium that gives a false appearance of multiple cell layers.
Table 5.2 (containing figs. 5.4 to 5.7) summarizes the structural and functional differences between the four simple epithelia, and table 5.3 (figs. 5.8 to 5.11) compares the major types of stratified epithelia.
Table 5.2 (containing figs. 5.4 to 5.7) summarizes the structural and functional differences between the four simple epithelia, and table 5.3 (figs. 5.8 to 5.11) compares the major types of stratified epithelia. In these and subsequent tables, each tissue is represented by a photograph and a corresponding line drawing with labels.
Table 5.2 (containing figs. 5.4 to 5.7) summarizes the structural and functional differences between the four simple epithelia, and table 5.3 (figs. 5.8 to 5.11) compares the major types of stratified epithelia. In these and subsequent tables, each tissue is represented by a photograph and a corresponding line drawing with labels. The drawings help to clarify cell boundaries and other relevant features that may otherwise be difficult to see or identify in photographs or through the microscope. Each figure indicates the approximate magnification at which the original photograph was made. Each is enlarged much more than this when printed in the book, but selecting the closest magnification on a microscope should enable you to see a comparable level of detail (resolution).
figure 5.3 makes me understand this much more[Why tag this text]stratified epithelia[Why tag this textHow do all the cells stick together in stratified epithelium?[Why tag this textI am a more visual person and this is so helpful because I get confused at the varieties of epithelium classes and shapes.[Why tag this textthis image is an important image to come back to for it explains the types of cells in the most basic representation[why I tagged thisVery key in distinguishing between simple and stratified as well as determining different cell shapes in a micrsoscope. Helpful for lab[Why tag this textis there a particular system or tissue where pseudostratified columnar are more prevalent?[Why tag this textIs there some type of advantage to this false appearence?[Why tag this textIt would be good to know this for the lab section because this is important in histology.[Why tag this textEven though there are many different types of epithelial tissue with varying shapes and locations, they all work together in order to complete their own specific functions that benefit our body as a whole.[Why tag this textI found this interesting because it went into a great amount of information compared to my anatomy class in high school and it made it a lot more easier to be able to understand[Why tag this textThis paragraph helps to summarize the charts surrounding it. It is important in understanding the basic information about the simple epithelia and their characteristics.[Why tag this textDescribes what the figures below are, and what they contain[Why tag this textThis table helps give insight to what different epithelium tissues will look like under a microscope. This will be helpful because we will know what to look for once we actually look into the microscope in lab.[Why tag this textI tagged this because while I was in lab yesterday we had to play around with microscopes. I chose to took at all the different types of tissues and the one that really caught my eye was stratified squamous epithelium. It caught my eye because I did not know that our tongues were made out of this tissue. Our tongue is a very large muscle and I had no clue this tissue was present.[Why tag this textI understand that there are structural and functional differences between the different types of epithelial tissues and reasons for why they may be located in the body where there are. But I am curious as to why, what about the structures influences the functional differences? I would like further (or more indepth) clarification. [Why tag this textI understand that there are structural and functional differences between the various types of epithelial cells and reasons as to why they might be located in the body where they are. However I want to know why, what about their structure influences the differences in location and function? I would appreciate a more indepth discussion/ comparison.[Why tag this textholly kluge
Ashley McBain
Mauly Her
Nick Lund
Ethan Kelly
Flees Robert John
Chelsea Moore
Joseph Skarlupka
Christina Colarossi
Nicole Korstanje
Maria Stephans
Anthony Wheeler
Patrick O'Connell
Jenna
Alina Gur
How does the structure of a plasma membrane depend on the amphiphilic nature of phospholipids
How does the structure of a plasma membrane depend on the amphiphilic nature of phospholipids?
Distinguish between integral and peripheral proteins.
Explain the differences between a receptor, pump, and cell-adhesion molecule
Explain the differences between a receptor, pump, and cell-adhesion molecule.
How does a gate differ from other channel proteins? What three factors open and close membrane gates?
What roles do cAMP, adenylate cyclase, and kinases play in cellular function?
Identify several reasons why the glycocalyx is important to human survival
Identify several reasons why the glycocalyx is important to human survival.
I think the flagella doesn't move like the cilium because it needs to be more powerful than the cilium to do it's job.[Why tag this text]I remember learning about receptors in high school anatomy and phisiology. I find it interesting how cells use chemical signals to communicate with each other. [Why tag this textthe hydrophobic tail in the middle allows the membrane to stay fluid[Why tag this textThe movements of it keeps the membrane fluid[Why tag this textIntegral proteins penetrate into the phospholipid bilayer or all the way through it.Peripheral proteins do not protrude into the phospolipid layer but adhere to one face of the membrane[Why tag this textintegral proteins-penetrate into phospholipid bilayer and possibly all the way through, drift freelyperipheral proteins-do not protrude into phospholipid layer, but do adhere to one face of the membrane[Why tag this textIntegral proteins penetrate into the phospholipid bilayer or all the way through it, and the peripheral proteins adhere to the membrane instead.[Why tag this textintegral proteins go through the phosholipid bilayer, sometimes all the way through, which when this happens its also known as transmembrane proteins. these integral proteins move freely in the film produced by the phospholipid. peripheral proteins on the other hand do not enter the phosholipid at all but cling onto the membrane, where it anchors to a transmembrane protein. although they are different, both proteins work together as a team. [Why tag this textIntegral proteins penetrate into the phospholipid bilayer or all the way through it. These have hydrophilic regions in contact with the water on both sides of the membrane, and hydrophobic regions that pass back and forth through the lipid of the embrane. Many of these proteins drift about freely in the phospholipid film, while others are anchored to the cytoskeleton. Peripheral proteins are typically anchored to a transmembrane protein as well as to the cytoskeleton.[Why tag this textreceptor-obtain chemical signals which cells communicate, usually specific to one kindpump-mechanism for active transport of ions through cellular membranecell-adhesion molecule-how cells adhere to one another and to extracellular material[Why tag this textReceptor is more like the messanger, carrier (pump) are transmembrane proteins that bind to glucose, electrolytes, and other solutes and transfer them to the other side of the membrane, and cell-adhere to one another and to extracellular material through membrane proteins.[Why tag this textA receptor is similiar to a reciever and a messanger, for example- by binding to chemical messangers (like hormones) sent by other cells. The pump are proteins that bind to electrolyte and other solutes and transfer from one side of the membrane to the other, and cell-adhesion molecule transfers from one cell to another and to extracellular material through membrane proteins.[Why tag this textSome channels are always open, whereas others are gates that open and close under certain circumstances. Ligand-gated, Voltage-gated, and Mechanically gated[Why tag this textgate-channels that open and close under specific circumstances, wheareas channels are always open3 stimuli-ligand-gated channels, voltage-gaed channels, and mechanically gated channels[Why tag this textAdenylate cyclase removes two phosphate groups from ATP and converts it to cyclic AMP, the second messanger. cAMP then activates enzymes called kinases in the cytosol. Kinases adds phosphate groups to other cellular enzymes.[Why tag this textProtects from chemical and physical injury, enables the immune system to recognize and selectively attack foreign organisms, defense against cancer, forms the basis for compatibility of blood transfusions, binds cells together so tissues do not fall apart, fertilization, and guides embryonic cells to their destination in the body.[Why tag this textprotection from physical & chemical injury, enables immune system to attack foreign organisms (including cancer), forms basis for transplants, binds cells and tissues together, allows humans to be fertile, and helps guide embryonic cells[Why tag this textKristen
Jonathan Lowe
Kenyetta
Trevor
jess Tegelman
Kimberly Loney
Ashley Wiedmeyer
Name the major components of the axial skeleton. Name those of the appendicular skeleton.
Explain why an adult does not have as many bones as a child does. Explain why one adult may have more bones than another.
Briefly describe each of the following bone features: a condyle, crest, tubercle, fossa, sulcus, and forame
Briefly describe each of the following bone features: a condyle, crest, tubercle, fossa, sulcus, and foramen.
The Skull, auditory ossicles, hyoid bone, vertebral column, and the thoracic cage[Why tag this]axial skeleton-skull, neck, vertebrae, ribsappendicular skeleton-arms, legs, pelvis[Why tag thisThe major components of the axial skeleton are the skull, spinal chord, rib cages, sternum and sacrum. The major components of the appendicular skeleton is the fumer, clavicle, ulna, radius, humerous, and the tarus and phalanges.[Why tag thisThe axial skeleton is the skull bones, facial bones, auditory, verebral column, and thoracic cage.The appendicular skeleton is the pectoral girdle,upper limbs,hip bone, and lower limbs.[Why tag thisI honestly do this all the time and always think what else is actually there. I sprained of my ankles back in high school and never really let it properally heal. Years later it is still clearly bigger than the other. I rub it sometimes and I can actually feel squishy stuff and sometimes I think swear I feel really hard tiny balls. Now I am seriously wondering if and considering them to be sesamoid bones![Why tag thisThe appendicular skeleton is the limbs attached to the axial skeleton. The axial skeleton consists of 80 bones out of the 206, where as the appendicular contains 126. The axial skeleton provides protection to the vital organs and brain.[Why tag thisThe major components of the axial skeleton are the skull, auditory ossicle, hyoid bone, vertebral column, and the thoracic cage. The major components of the appendicular skeleton are upper and lower limb bones and the pectoral and pelvic girdle.[Why tag thisThe axial skeleton, which forms the central supporting axis of the body, includes the skull, auditory ossicles, hyoid bone, vertebral column, and thoracic cage. The appendicular skeleton includes the bones of the upper limb and pectoral girdle and the bones of the lower limb and pelvic girdle.[Why tag thisBones of the upper limbs, bones of the lower limbs, bones of the pectoral girdle, and the bones of the pelvic girdle[Why tag thisAs we grow older, our bones fuse together. We are born with 270 bones but as our muscles and bones develop, they fuse together. Adults may have a different number of bones due to lack of the bones fusing together.[Why tag thisOne adult may have more bones than another because of the extra bones some may have like the sutural or the wormian bones[Why tag thisAt birth we have about 270 bones, but as we age some bones fuse together (pelvic girdle). The fusion of bones is usually complete by the mid 20s and results in an average of 206 bones. Being an average, some adults have less and some have more bones than others. One reason for this variation is the development of sesamoid bones, which are bones that form within some tendons in response to strain. Another for adult variation is that some people have extra bones in the skull called sutural or wormian bones.[Why tag thisadults have less bones than children because some small, rounded bones help tendons find their place that they have to be to function properly[Why tag thisA child has more bones because not all bones are completely fused together. An adult may have more bones than another due to the varies numbers of sutural bones in the skull.[Why tag thiscondyle-rounded knob that articulates with another bonecrest-narrow ridgetubercle-small, rounded processfossa-shallow, broad, or elongated basinsulcus-groove for a tendon, nerve or blood vesselforamen-hole through a bone, usually round[Why tag thisA condyle is is a rounded knob, a crest is a narrow ridge, a tubercle is a small, rounded process, a fossa is a shallow basin, a sulcus is a groove, and a foramen is a hole through a bone.[Why tag thisCondyle- a rounded knob that articulates with another bone (occipital condyles of the skull)Crest-a narrow ridge (iliac crest of the pelvis)Tubercle-a small, rounded process (greater tubercle of the humerus)Fossa- a shallow, broad, or elongated basin (mandibular fossa)Sulcus- a grove for a tendon, nerve, or blood vessel (intertubercular sulcus of the humerus)Foramen- a hole through a bone, usually round (foramen magnum of the skull)[Why tag thisJonathan Lowe
payoua
Veronika Scates
Rebecca Sherer
Belaynesh
Erin Griph
Kimberly Loney
Ashley McBain
Elizabeth
Second Messengers
Second Messengers Second messengers are of such importance that they require a closer look.
Second Messengers Second messengers are of such importance that they require a closer look. You will find this information essential for your later understanding of hormone and neurotransmitter action. Let's consider how the hormone epinephrine stimulates a cell. Epinephrine, the ?first messenger,? cannot pass through the plasma membrane, so it binds to a surface receptor. The receptor is linked on the intracellular side to a peripheral protein called a G protein (fig. 3.9). G proteins are named for the ATP-like chemical, guanosine triphosphate (GTP), from which they get their energy. When activated by the receptor, a G protein relays the signal to another membrane protein, adenylate cyclase (ah-DEN-ih-late SY-clase). Adenylate cyclase removes two phosphate groups from ATP and converts it to cyclic AMP (cAMP), the second messenger (see fig. 2.30b, p. 72). Cyclic AMP then activates enzymes called kinases (KY-nace-es) in the cytosol. Kinases add phosphate groups to other cellular enzymes. This activates some enzymes and deactivates others, but either way, it triggers a great variety of physiological changes within the cell. Up to 60% of currently used drugs work by altering the activity of G proteins.
Second Messengers Second messengers are of such importance that they require a closer look. You will find this information essential for your later understanding of hormone and neurotransmitter action. Let's consider how the hormone epinephrine stimulates a cell. Epinephrine, the ?first messenger,? cannot pass through the plasma membrane, so it binds to a surface receptor. The receptor is linked on the intracellular side to a peripheral protein called a G protein (fig. 3.9). G proteins are named for the ATP-like chemical, guanosine triphosphate (GTP), from which they get their energy. When activated by the receptor, a G protein relays the signal to another membrane protein, adenylate cyclase (ah-DEN-ih-late SY-clase). Adenylate cyclase removes two phosphate groups from ATP and converts it to cyclic AMP (cAMP), the second messenger (see fig. 2.30b, p. 72). Cyclic AMP then activates enzymes called kinases (KY-nace-es) in the cytosol. Kinases add phosphate groups to other cellular enzymes. This activates some enzymes and deactivates others, but either way, it triggers a great variety of physiological changes within the cell. Up to 60% of currently used drugs work by altering the activity of G proteins.
Second Messengers!Second messengers are caused when a messenger binds to a surface receptor [protein] and triggers a second messenger being produced in the cytoplasm. Can use a g-proein, which is a peripheral protein thatget their energy from GTP.[Why tag this text]I tagged this because I did not extend further on second messengers in my response to the question other than simply mentioning it and this deserves a little bit more attention, I think, because the protein functioning as a second messenger has an important role for the body: recieves messages from the first messenger (epinephrine) and activates kinase to either activate or deactivate other enzymes to result in various metabolic effects in a cell.[Why tag this textWhat is the cell's first souce of messangers? [Why tag this textI am a little confused on the process of second messengers and would like more explanation.[Why tag this textPrior to reading this section, I had never heard of second messangers. When breaking down the function of second messengers and how they benefit the cell, it is clear that these messangers play a major part in cell function. The image following this tagged reading better illustrates the process second messengers go through and helped me better understand the role that they play.[Why tag this textThis is a very complex chain of events, it seems that if one thing were to go wrong it would throw the whole system off. For example what if the enzyme does not break down the hormone after the receptor is done with it? [Why tag this textQuestion 6: cAMP, adenylate cyclase, and kinases.cAMP, adenylate cyclase, and minases are considered second messengers they allow for a signal to transfer into the cell to its targeted location. They also help to amplify the incoming signal.[Why tag this textG proteins have a huge role in the cell. After the long process they are the cause of many changes within the cell and are of much importance. [Why tag this textSecond messengers remind me of the game telephone that i used to play when i was younger. It has to go through everything else first.[Why tag this textIt is interesting how every single part of our body has a function. As insignifican as this function can be, it is still needed. For example, sticky mucus helps Cilia beat freely. Which is a needed function of the respiratory system. [Why tag this textI recognize this hormone from previously studying psychology. Epinephrine, also known as adrenalin, is secreted by the adrenal glands and is involved in the [Why tag this textWhy can't it pass through the first messenger?[Why tag this textAlso very informative--especially about the target use of 60% of drugs. G protien and pharmecutical manipulation of this molecular structure, plays a greater part in a substantial portion of contemporary man's life than most of us know or are aware of. [Why tag this texti found this interesting, how the first messenger cant pass through the membrane but can be converted to a second messeneger. i feel like this is something i would want to learn more about[Why tag this textThe diagram states that when the receptor releases the G protein, the G protein goes on to travell freely in the cytoplasm and can have the desired effect in this diagram or various other effects. What are some of the other effects the G protein can cause while traveling in the cytoplasm?[Why tag this textDakota Francart
Abigail
Amanda Bartosik
Kasey Bowers
Joshua Collier
Sarah Ertl
Bailey Johnson
Nicole Korstanje
Alma Tovar
Alina Gur
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Justin Morgan
Lauren Anthe
David Faber
I have chosen this part of the section because I have done many experiments that had to be tested with pH level strips. This was very interesting to me when I was performing experiements. I learned that water is neutral. I also remember some acidic substances and they are vinegar and lemon juice. pH levels are the best part of the experiment in my opinion. Its interesting to see what things are most acidic or a base. Some things are predictable, but some may be surprising. [Why tag this text]this is where the chapter explains the differences between acids and bases[Why tag this textI thought of pepto-bismol here, it works as a drain cleaner for your stomach in a way.[Why tag this textThis is interesting because I once got battery acid on my hands when I was littler. My mom washed off my hands with water to get rid of it. I think that was the best way to get it off? how long can the acid be on your hands before it becomes really dangerous?[Why tag this textFor this class, is it important to know the whole periodic table and formulas? Or do we just have to understand the concept behind everything?[Why tag this textDefines what makes an acid an acid and ties it into the PH Scale[General-Do not useAcids: Proton donorBases: Proton Acceptors.[Why tag this textwhat an acid and base are[Why tag this textIf some foods are so highly acidic how is are stomach able to handle them?[Why tag this textexplains that a proton is the main donor of an acid and a base[Why tag this textThis shows the difference between an acid and a base[Why tag this textSame as the definitions of a Bronstead acid/base from chem102[Why tag this textExplains the difference between what makes an acid and what makes a base.[Why tag this textAcid is a proton donor- releases a proton (H+). Base is a proton acceptor-accepts H+[Why tag this textSo acids take to become an acids but a base just accepts to become a base? What is the difference in process?[Why tag this textI do not get this. Please explain.[Why tag this textI never knew how much acids and bases we normally use on a daily bases. When you say acids and bases, I automatically think that acids are more harmful than bases, but when you look at different products and group them into acid or basic. Bases are more harmful then acid products.[Why tag this textJonathan Lowe
David
Riley Spitzig
Sami
Brandon Brandemuehl
Danielle Henckel
Alyssa Harmes
Kayla Theys
Lauren Anthe
Alexandra Schmit
Joe Nimm
Nicholas Bruno
Stephanie
Madeline
PangJeb Vang
kaulor
Organic
Organic chemistry is the study of compounds of carbon
Organic chemistry is the study of compounds of carbon.
Organic chemistry is the study of compounds of carbon. By 1900, biochemists had classified the organic molecules of life into four primary categories:
Organic chemistry is the study of compounds of carbon. By 1900, biochemists had classified the organic molecules of life into four primary categories: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
Organic chemistry is the study of compounds of carbon. By 1900, biochemists had classified the organic molecules of life into four primary categories: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. We examine the first three in this chapter but describe the details of nucleic acids, which are concerned with genetics, in Chapter 4.
Organic chemistry is the study of compounds of carbon. By 1900, biochemists had classified the organic molecules of life into four primary categories: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. We examine the first three in this chapter but describe the details of nucleic acids, which are concerned with genetics, in Chapter 4.Carbon is an especially versatile atom that serves as the basis of a wide variety of structures. It has four valence electrons, so it bonds with other atoms that can provide it with four more to complete its valence shell. Carbon atoms readily bond with each other and can form long chains, branched molecules, and rings?an enormous variety of carbon backbones for organic molecules. Carbon also commonly forms covalent bonds with hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur.Carbon backbones carry a variety of functional groups?small clusters of atoms that determine many of the properties of an organic molecule. For example, organic acids bear a carboxyl (car-BOC-sil) group, and ATP is named for its three phosphate groups. Other common functional groups include hydroxyl, methyl, and amino groups (fig. 2.14).
About polymerization ... the joining of monomers to form a polymer Also examples of it[Why tag this text]Completely separate, I know, but I am curious as to why the word [Why tag this textI honestly didn't know that that was what organic chemistry was. I had heard of it plenty of times, but had just assumed it was a bunch of natural stuff.[Why tag this textin this section a lot of this is interesting to me because many of these things we actually eat in food that we have everyday[Why tag this textThe definition of organic chemistry is important because in order to be informed about the topic, the definition of it is necessary.[Why tag this textcarbon is the main source of organic chem. therefor carbs, lipids, and proteins are the primary categories because they all contain carbon[Why tag this textOne of my chemistry teacher's biggest pet peeve is the naming of [Why tag this textMost of the times hydrogen is included in that organic molecule[Why tag this textThis is something i would like to learn more about and i find it interesting that they included some history to go along with this.[Why tag this textWhat organic chemistry is ... which leads to carbon[Why tag this textI never knew that organic chemistry only studied compounds of carbon and could be broken down into such simple terms. Organic molecules of life have 4 categories: carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids.[Why tag this textNever knew what organic chemistry actually was the study of. Knew people who took it, but never realized what actually meant or anything about the four primary categories of organic molecules[Why tag this textcompounds of carbon are studied by organic chemistry.[Why tag this textSo carbon is important because every living thing is made up of carbon. Nice![Why tag this textI chose this because this stood out to me the most because I had to learn this by heart in my anat and phis class in high school. Sometimes it may be confusing becasue amino acids are in 3 different categories and that may mess people up. Overall these categories are pretty explanatory. [Why tag this textAre these four categories what ALL organic molecules fall under?[Why tag this textthis is part of the answer to the [Why tag this textChelsea Moore
Leah Hennes
samantha
Leonard Wilkerson
Holland
Sarah Cherkinian
Paige Immel
Lauren Anthe
Stephanie
Nicholas Bruno
lindsay krueger
PangJeb Vang
Jenna
Samantha B Johnson
Tayelor Neiss
Few doctors attended medical school or received any formal education in basic science or human anatomy. Physicians tended to be ignorant, ineffective, and pompous.
Few doctors attended medical school or received any formal education in basic science or human anatomy. Physicians tended to be ignorant, ineffective, and pompous. Their practice was heavily based on expelling imaginary toxins from the body by bleeding their patients or inducing vomiting, sweating, or diarrhea. They performed operations with filthy hands and instruments, spreading lethal infections from one patient to another and refusing, in their vanity, to believe that they themselves were the carriers of disease.
Few doctors attended medical school or received any formal education in basic science or human anatomy. Physicians tended to be ignorant, ineffective, and pompous. Their practice was heavily based on expelling imaginary toxins from the body by bleeding their patients or inducing vomiting, sweating, or diarrhea. They performed operations with filthy hands and instruments, spreading lethal infections from one patient to another and refusing, in their vanity, to believe that they themselves were the carriers of disease. Countless women died of infections acquired during childbirth from their obstetricians. Fractured limbs often became gangrenous and had to be amputated, and there was no anesthesia to lessen the pain. Disease was still widely attributed to demons and witches, and many people felt they would be interfering with God's will if they tried to treat it.
Scary to think that doctors weren't trained like they are now because we rely on them for all our health issues.[Why I tagged this]thank god I did not live back during these times!![Why I tagged thismedicine practices still crude[Why I tagged thisThis shows how much the practice of medicine has changed. How sanitary and different doctors do things now compared to back then.[Why I tagged thisThis whole paragraph is important because although scientists were beginning to learn about cells, microscopes, anatomy and physiology, it shows how their practices were still very unestablished and how much they still did not know about germs, disease, and how to cure people.[Why I tagged thisI wish I could be a doctor without going to medical school. times have changes so much and with advancements tragic stories such as this no longer happen, well i hope not. Why would people believe that it was against gods will for them to get better? Yeah they got ill but couldnt they see it was from the poor treatment they were recieving?[Why I tagged thisAccidentally deleted my post...ok so in short, just making a point that today we have come so far along in the medical field and we should be thankful for what we now have today. I do have to wonder if any patients came out better than when they went to the doctor back then. Point being that we need to know what we are talking about and doing.[Why I tagged thisScientific knowledge is usless if it is not learned and applied. The advaces of science in other fields were useful in anatomy and physiology. Which is why people need to take courses in other fields not just in their own career so they could complement their specific field.[Why I tagged thisI thought this was interesting in how we used to use these techniques as medical practices in curing illnesses[Why I tagged thisI tagged this because I'd found this quite interesting. One, it would be really scary and risky to go to the hospital now if they didn't have the correct tools, knowledge, Doctors, nurses, beds, medicine and so on. Two, just from reading this, I got the chills because it was so [Why I tagged thisWhen did they discover that this was ineffective? Who was the person who decided that too many people were dying and the practices had to be changed? Would be interesting to find out.[Why I tagged thisI remember learning in Public Health 101 las semester that physicians in that time would even attach leaches to the patients' bodies in order to [Why I tagged thisIt's hard to believe that not one person thought of wearing gloves to solve this problem. When people looked at the cadavers, what did they assume was the cause of death? Was there even a thought of it being the people trying to treat them?[Why I tagged thisDue to lack of advances in medicine, people suffered greatly. Superstitions and hardened beliefs were part of the culture.[Why I tagged thisHow didn't they realize that there poor hygiene was causing death and illnesses to spread?[Why I tagged thisthankfully we have come quite far.[Why I tagged thisNote the religion aspect once again. [Why I tagged thisBrianna Brugger
Corianne
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andrew baker
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OMMENTS:___________________
FIGURE 5.34
FIGURE 5.34Stages in the Healing of a Skin Wound.
Severed blood vessels bleed into the cut. Mast cells and cells damaged by the cut release histamine, which dilates blood vessels, increases blood flow to the area, and makes blood capillaries more permeable. Blood plasma seeps into the wound, carrying antibodies and clotting proteins. A blood clot forms in the tissue, loosely knitting the edges of the cut together and inhibiting the spread of pathogens from the site of injury into healthy tissues. The surface of the blood clot dries and hardens in the air, forming a scab that temporarily seals the wound and blocks infection. Beneath the scab, macrophages begin to phagocytize and digest tissue debris. New blood capillaries sprout from nearby vessels and grow into the wound. The deeper portions of the clot become infiltrated by capillaries and fibroblasts and transform into a soft mass called granulation tissue. Macrophages remove the blood clot while fibroblasts deposit new collagen to replace it. This fibroblastic (reconstructive) phase of repair begins 3 to 4 days after the injury and lasts up to 2 weeks. Surface epithelial cells around the wound multiply and migrate into the wounded area, beneath the scab. The scab loosens and eventually falls off, and the epithelium grows thicker. Thus, the epithelium regenerates while the underlying connective tissue undergoes fibrosis, or scarring. Capillaries withdraw from the area as fibrosis progresses. The scar tissue may or may not show through the epithelium, depending on the severity of the wound. The wound may exhibit a depressed area at first, but this is often filled in by continued fibrosis and remodeling from below, until the scar becomes unnoticeable. This remodeling (maturation) phase of tissue repair begins several weeks after injury and may last as long as 2 years.
How tissues repair themselves. Two ways: regeneration(where the dead or damaged cells are replaced by the same type of cells and Fibrosis ( replacing the damanged tissue with scar tissue)[Why tag this text]Also, Image #1: Very timely and very accurate. Also, very helpful.. now I know what's going on beneath those sutures![Why tag this textRegeneration is the best method of healing because it will restore the function, while fibrosis replaces the tissue with scar tissue that won't restore function, just hold the organ together.[Why tag this texti find it interesting that musclar and adipose tissues are the only tissues that dont readliy increase their number of cells, but increase the size of the cells[Why tag this textDiagram of stages of healing[Why tag this textI recently cut myself and needed four stitches. It is so interesteing to see the the process at the tissue level and reflect back on what I experienced first hand. How it looked on day one, to day three and then at wound closure. It would be interesting at some to consider how nutrition to help or hinder the healing process of wound like this.[Why tag this textThis is really neat because we see this as it happens outside our bodies, but to understand whats going on fully is cool. It'll be interesting to know what kind of tissue repair is going on, and the details of the process next time this happens. [Why tag this textNice story of how tissues may repair themselves.[Why tag this textI worked with a senior that had diabetes and I was unable to cut her nails in case of me accidentally cutting her skin. They said that she would bleed a lot if this were to happen because she is diabetic. Why is it that people who are diabetic bleed easily and why is it hard to stop the bleeding? [Why tag this textfirst step of repairing an injury[Why tag this textI find it fascinating to think of how fast the body works. We get a cut and there is instantly blood but to think of the process the blood goes through is very interesting. The internal world of the body is constantly working. The heart never has a break from beating and the blood is constantly flowing. There are constantly cells regenerating on our own skin and we don't even notice. [Why tag this textWould this be considered to be both positive and negative feedback. Positive, with the release of histamine dilating the blood vessels, and negative in that the blood carries antibodies to help fight infection.[Why tag this textAs a nutritionist, I would like to see mention of how vitamin K plays a role in blood clotting, and I'm interested in patients who have abnormal blood clotting. [Why tag this textThis is what blood clot does after there is a cut or burn.[Why tag this textThis shows how regeneration and fibrosis work together. This also shows how important regeneration and fibrosis are. Without these we would never heal from our wounds.[Why tag this textI find that interesting that our tissue has 2 different types of way to heal. I thought all of our tissue healed in a certain way. I did not relise that our tissue depending how much it is damaged heals in a certain way. I wonder if that is why when you burn your self and cut your self they heal at different speeds.[Why tag this textIs this why they make an anti histamine?? [Why tag this textjennifer lassiter
Guendel Brandon James
eric voelker
Catherine Andersen
Michelle
Michael Franzini
Paula
Lauren Anthe
Bonnie Watson
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Amanda Baxter
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sarah
Alexis Blaser
The exocrine?endocrine distinction is not always clear. The liver is an exocrine gland that secretes one of its products, bile, through a system of ducts, but secretes hormones, albumin, and other products directly into the bloodstream. Several glands, such as the pancreas, testis, ovary, and kidney, have both exocrine and endocrine components.
The exocrine?endocrine distinction is not always clear. The liver is an exocrine gland that secretes one of its products, bile, through a system of ducts, but secretes hormones, albumin, and other products directly into the bloodstream. Several glands, such as the pancreas, testis, ovary, and kidney, have both exocrine and endocrine components. Nearly all of the viscera have at least some cells that secrete hormones, even though most of these organs are not usually thought of as glands (for example, the brain and heart).
exocrine-excretes things through ductsendocrine-excretes things through capillaries directly into blood?[Why tag this text]Is it really important to know the distinction between the two? [Why tag this textWhen I took anatomy and physiology in high school I would always get confused on if some of these organs were endocrine or exocrine glands. I would always forget that they were both.[Why tag this textexocrine gland description; comparison to endocrine[Why tag this textI tagged this part of the text because exocrine and endocrine glands do very different things and this particular part of the text does a good job distinguishing which parts of the body has which type of gland.[Why tag this textI tagged this because I feel that it is important to differentiate between the exocrine system and the endocrine system[Why tag this textI didnt know that a gland could be both exocrine and endocrine, but it seems like an effective way for glands to function. This makes a lot of sense especially in regards to the reproductive glands.[Why tag this textThe liver is one very important exocrine gland that performs many vital functions for our body.[Why tag this textWhat other hormones does the Endocrine system secrete besides the ones listed above? [endocrine systemI found it interesting that several glands have both exocrine glands and endocrine glands. An example is the liver; it secretes bile through ducts(exocrine) and it also secretes hormones into the bloodstream(endocrine).[Why tag this textI tagged this because it answers my question on where the glands are located. However, it gets confusing because the glands can both be found in the same organs. [Why tag this textAre these glands that contain endocrine and exocrine components a completely different type of gland?[Why tag this texti find it interesting that so many organs have both components[Why tag this textKnowing what glands have both compnents of exocrine and endocrine glands is really useful knowledge, Why do certain things such as hormones in the example go straight to the blood stream? and not through ducts?[Why tag this textGood couple lines of refreshers.[General-Do not useI did not know that the panceas was also considered an exocrine gland. I knew it was part of the endocrine system and did not know it could belong to two systems.[Why tag this textWait, so the brain and heart are glands? As I consider this the brain has the pituitary gland that secretes hormones but what does the heart secrete? Is it adrenaline? [Why tag this textSami
Samantha Herron
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Caitlin
Kyle Le
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lucas hubanks
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aubrey
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lenarch2
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Amanda Fitzmaurice
This arboreal9 (treetop) habitat probably afforded greater safety from predators, less competition, and a rich food supply of leaves, fruit, insects, and lizards. But the forest canopy is a challenging world, with dim and dappled sunlight, swaying branches, and prey darting about in the dense foliage. Any new feature that enabled arboreal animals to move about more easily in the treetops would have been strongly favored by natural selection. Thus, the shoulder became more mobile and enabled primates to reach out in any direction (even overhead, which few other mammals can do). The thumbs became fully opposable?they could cross the palm to touch the fingertips?and enabled primates to hold small objects and manipulate them more precisely than other mammals can.
Any new feature that enabled arboreal animals to move about more easily in the treetops would have been strongly favored by natural selection. Thus, the shoulder became more mobile and enabled primates to reach out in any direction (even overhead, which few other mammals can do). The thumbs became fully opposable?they could cross the palm to touch the fingertips?and enabled primates to hold small objects and manipulate them more precisely than other mammals can.
Any new feature that enabled arboreal animals to move about more easily in the treetops would have been strongly favored by natural selection. Thus, the shoulder became more mobile and enabled primates to reach out in any direction (even overhead, which few other mammals can do). The thumbs became fully opposable?they could cross the palm to touch the fingertips?and enabled primates to hold small objects and manipulate them more precisely than other mammals can. Opposable thumbs made the hands prehensile10?able to grasp branches by encircling them with the thumb and fingers (fig. 1.5). The thumb is so important that it receives highest priority in the repair of hand injuries. If the thumb can be saved, the hand can be reasonably functional; if it is lost, hand functions are severely diminished.
the shoulder became more mobile and enabled primates to reach out in any direction (even overhead, which few other mammals can do). The thumbs became fully opposable?they could cross the palm to touch the fingertips?and enabled primates to hold small objects and manipulate them more precisely than other mammals can. Opposable thumbs made the hands prehensile10?able to grasp branches by encircling them with the thumb and fingers (fig. 1.5). The thumb is so important that it receives highest priority in the repair of hand injuries. If the thumb can be saved, the hand can be reasonably functional; if it is lost, hand functions are severely diminished.
Important to know our order of orgin.[Why I tagged this]It is important to understand that our environment can slowly produce changes in our body throughout time. [Why I tagged thispeople used to have a function that suites their current environment so people should adapt to it, survive, reproduce and pass their genes to the next generation and if something new occurs to the environment, the next generation will mostly be affected and then over time the next generation will adapt to the new environment, and that's how evolution works.[why i tagged thisProves Darwin's theory of natural selection[Why I tagged thisQuestion 2: These 2 characteristics helped our primate relatives to better survive and function in the tree tops. A fully mobile shoulder allowed for more fluid movement amonst the tree banches and an apposable thumb allowed them to be able to grip the branches. These 2 characteristics together allowed these primates to thrive in the tree tops, avoid predators and have plentiful food sources.[Why I tagged thisOne, this is the answer to number 4; two, this is extremely interesting to know and we seem to take this evolutionary adaptation for granted and don't realize how much of a difference one measely opposable thumb can make... [Why I tagged thisevolution due to arboreal environment[Why I tagged thisYet the shoulders are one of the weak points on our bodies and where most injuries occur...[Why I tagged thisWhat we got from our tree-dwelling ancestors[Why I tagged thisThis I thought was important because it explains how natural selection played a part in making primates stand out from other mammals[Why I tagged thisWhat we got from our tree-dwelling ancestors and why.[Why I tagged thisThese essential changes to the way primates move allowed the species to survive. Darwin found many changes to anatomy of animals over time.[Why I tagged thisOne characteristic that decifers mammals from other species.[Why I tagged thisI find this interesting because it shows how one finger can effect all the action in our hand.[Why I tagged thisThis is just something I have never heard of before. I will pay close attention the next time I see someone missing fingers, to see if they have a thumb or not![Why I tagged thisThis is interesting because until you really think about it, we use our thumbs for a lot and if we were to lose it our hand abilities would almost be completely lost. It's like we take our thumbs for granted. [Why I tagged thisRealizing what is most important on our bodies [Why I tagged thisJonathan Rooney
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Ibn Sina (980?1037), known in the West as Avicenna or ?the Galen of Islam.? He studied Galen and Aristotle, combined their findings with original discoveries, and questioned authority when the evidence demanded it. Medicine in the Mideast soon became superior to European medicine. Avicenna's textbook, The Canon of Medicine, was the leading authority in European medical schools for over 500 years.
Chinese medicine had little influence on Western thought and practice
Chinese medicine had little influence on Western thought and practice until relatively recently
Chinese medicine had little influence on Western thought and practice until relatively recently;
Chinese medicine had little influence on Western thought and practice until relatively recently; the medical arts evolved in China quite independently of European medicine.
Chinese medicine had little influence on Western thought and practice until relatively recently; the medical arts evolved in China quite independently of European medicine. Later chapters of this book describe some of the medical and anatomical insights of ancient China and India.
Ibn sina- an important medical scholar in the muslim culture. Important because he went beyond limits and questioned authority and past scholars[Why I tagged this]Ibn Sina[Why I tagged thismuslim imp[Why I tagged thisIbn Sina's contribution by taking Galen and Aristotle's work with questioning instead of dogma[Why I tagged thisThis was interesting to me because it talks about how Ibn Sina contributed to the medical field and that he actually took Galens advice and questioned things and not just accepted them like most people did[Why I tagged thisThis marked a point where Middle eastern medicine was growing more advanced than European medicine for hundreds of years. This is an important point in history.[Why I tagged thisShows Avicenna's contributions.[Why I tagged thisIbn Sina; Avicenna; [Why I tagged thisThese last few paragraphs show how different each religion was at finding new information about the medical field. It gives the reader an idea of how long and hard it was to begin understanding the human body. Even today, many different religions believe different things about medicine and treatments. [Why I tagged thisA good way to try to find more answers. [Why I tagged thisThe revealing of Avicenna's textbook being used for over 500 years in the practice of medicine still proved as stated earlier how slow the advancements were prior to the last century in medicine. We all know that textbooks barely last a semester now before new medical techniques are being established and enforced around the world.[Medical Advancementsthis is surprising because China is one of the leaders in the world today, but I am not sure if they are leaders in medicine today[Why I tagged thisIt nice to see that even though we are all human, different regions had there own ways to cure medicine. I hope we get to learn about Native American medicine too.[Why I tagged thischinese medicine wasn't very affecdtive on the western part of the world.[Why I tagged thisThis is an interesting fact to me because I never realized the impact that China had on medicine. The fact that [Why I tagged thisthis was a shock to me becuase I always thought that chinese had a big part of medicince only beucase tehy have such an impact on americans today[Why I tagged thisI found this interested between different cutlures, both have very little similarity in the medical world.[Why I tagged thisMelissa
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BurnsBurns are the leading cause of accidental death. They are usually caused by fires, kitchen spills, or excessively hot bath water, but they also can be caused by sunlight, ionizing radiation, strong acids and bases, or electrical shock. Burn deaths result primarily from fluid loss, infection, and the toxic effects of eschar (ESS-car)?the burned, dead tissue.Burns are classified according to the depth of tissue involvement (fig. 6.13). First-degree burns involve only the epidermis and are marked by redness, slight edema, and pain. They heal in a few days and seldom leave scars. Most sunburns are first-degree burns. [image #3] Figure 6.13Burns.(a) First-degree burn, involving only the epidermis. (b) Second-degree burn, involving the epidermis and part of the dermis. (c) Third-degree burn, extending through the entire dermis and often involving even deeper tissue.Second-degree burns involve the epidermis and part of the dermis but leave at least some of the dermis intact. First- and second-degree burns are therefore also known as partial-thickness burns. A second-degree burn may be red, tan, or white and is blistered and very painful. It may take from 2 weeks to several months to heal and may leave scars. The epidermis regenerates by division of epithelial cells in the hair follicles and sweat glands and around the edges of the lesion. Severe sunburns and many scalds are second-degree burns.Third-degree burns are also called full-thickness burns because the epidermis, all of the dermis, and often some deeper tissues (muscle and bone) are destroyed. (Some authorities call burns that extend to the bone fourth-degree burns.) Since no dermis remains, the skin can regenerate only from the edges of the wound. Third-degree burns often require skin grafts (see Deeper Insight 6.5). If a third-degree burn is left to itself to heal, contracture (abnormal connective tissue fibrosis) and severe disfigurement may result.
Burns:Leading cause of accidental death?! I though that was car accidents. Eschar=burned, dead tissue. Burns usually kill by fluid loss and infection and eschar effects. First degree burns are only the epidermis, minor burns.Second degree burns: Epidermis and part of dermis, may leave scarsThird Degree: Full thickness, gets epidermis, dermis and maybe some bone/muscle. Often require skin grafts. [Why tag this]leading cause of accidental death[Why tag thisI found this information to be very important because I never knew that burns were the leading cause of accidental death. Due to loss of fluid, infection and toxic effects this is usually the outcome of burns result in deaths. Burns have been specifically classified into different categories due to the depth of the tissue involvement. First-degree burns include only burning the epidermis layer of skin, and usually heal within a few days. Second-degree burns involve the epidermis and part of the dermis layer of skin. Lastly third degree burns, which are also referred to as [Why tag thisintersting [Why tag thisit's important to know that The first degree burns involve only the epidermis [Why tag thisWhen treating severe burns, Why is so much fluid lost? How do doctors make sure that they lose minimal amounts of fluid when treating burns?[Why tag thisInteresting fact. Information could help in protective measures from accidental death[Why tag thisVery interesting, I'd always thought it was car crashes[Why tag thisI had always thought that falls were the leading cause of accidental death. Interesting little fact.[Why tag thisI had no idea that this was true. More people die of burns than car accidents?[Why tag thisAll burns?[Why tag thisFirst degree are only in the epidermis. Second degree are mainly in the epidermis and sometimes in the dermis. And third degree burns are in the dermis which is why they are so difficult to treat. Damage to the dermis layer is very difficult to turn back from.[Why tag thisAlso had no idea that burns were the leading cause of accidental death[Why tag thisI did not know that burns were the leading cause I would have thought it was from falling.[Why tag thisI knew that burns were bad what i did not know is that they could lead to accidental death. Do they need to accidental deaths because of sun burn, and sun burn gives you cancer or is it because of another reason?[Why tag thisDoes skin tone play a role in burns, meaning that.Do burns affect the same way for all skin colors?[Why tag thisIt was extremely interesting that burns were the leading cause of accidental death. I knew that they caused a lot, but I didn't know it was that many. I thought it would have been someting else like driving.[Why tag thisJustin Putterman
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The ground substance contains water, gases, minerals, nutrients, wastes, hormones, and other chemicals. This is the medium from which all cells obtain their oxygen, nutrients, and other needs, and into which cells release metabolic wastes, hormones, and other products.
wouldn't all sections contain nutrients, wastes and hormones?[Why tag this text]Ground substance is most essential to the epithelial tissue due and is always present.[Why tag this textSays what the ground substance is made up of, States that this is where cells obtain their needs.[Why tag this textThe ground substances are important to note because they are essential for cell functions.[Why tag this textGround substance: where cells get oxygen/nutrients[Why tag this textwhat a ground substance contains[Why tag this textMatrix is composed of the ground substance, which give the cells what it needs. By having the right nutrients, the cells can function properly.[Why tag this textthe ground is were a cell receives oxygen and nutrients to help it keep living and protecting[Why tag this textI tagged this because it seemed to really emphasize it's importance to cells and live itself. [Why tag this textBreaks down a tissue into its components.[Why tag this textI tagged this because the passing of nutrients, oxygen, wastes, ets is extremly important in the functioning of the body. So this medium in the tissues is an important function.[Why tag this textThis would be something that I note in my notebook. Its an important fact that some people may wonder about.[Why tag this textI didn't realize how extremely important tissues were to cellular function.[Why tag this textI didn't know that the extracellular meium was what supplied oxygen and nutrients. I thought that was what the blood vessels did.[Why tag this textI find this interesting because I never knew where the cells obtained everything they needed. Now I know that the matrix is very important and I didn't even know about it![Why tag this textground substances creates a medium in which cells can gain all that they need[Why tag this textThis is fascinating to me how much are cells actually do. I didn't realize the type of things are cells really did on a daily bases, and how they maintain are bodies in such a way. [Steven N BertschyAndrea
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The upper limb is divided into four segments containing a total of 30 bones per limb: The brachium49 (BRAY-kee-um), or arm proper, extends from shoulder to elbow. It contains only one bone, the humerus. The antebrachium,50 or forearm, extends from elbow to wrist and contains two bones: the radius and ulna. In anatomical position, these bones are parallel and the radius is lateral to the ulna. The carpus,51 or wrist, contains eight small carpal bones arranged in two rows. The manus,52 or hand, contains 19 bones in two groups: 5 metacarpals in the palm and 14 phalanges in the fingers.
Helpful for quiz and breaking eveything down.[Why tag this]Gives information on the upper limb and all that it is made up of[Why tag thisit is strange to think that only 30 of the bones of the body are in the upper limb when there are 206 bones in the body[Why tag thisWhy is there so much organization? thats just more to remember
I didn't know there was a total of 30 bones per limb, which i probably should have known but I think its crazy because an arm does not seem THAT complex.[uhuhI highiighted this because I think the upper limb is very significant. It includes the brachium, the antebrachium, the carpus, and the manus. Each limb containing 30 bones.[Why tag this30 bones in the entire arm and 19 of them are in the hand.[Why tag thisGood to know about the upper 30 bones.[Why tag thisThe names of the bones in the upper limb. [Why tag thisbranchium, antebranchium, carpus, and manus[Why tag thisI found this interesting because when looking at the upper limb one would not think that it was made up of 30 bones. But when you factor in all the tiny bones of the hand, this number starts to make more sense. [Why tag thisThis definetaly helped with the quiz and is where I kept going to when I was quizing myself.[Why tag thisThis allowed me to make the connection of how identical the upper and lower limbs are. I had never given it any thought as to how identical they are, but after reading this it hit me. It makes sense that these two would be anatomically and functionally similar, because they are what allows the body to move and function.[Why tag thisI highlighted this because I will remember the term brachium as arm because when I was younger, it was the only bone I broke. [Why tag thisthe upper limb is divided into four segments[Why tag thisSarah Faust
Holland
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Claude Bernard
Claude Bernard (1813?78) observed that the internal conditions of the body remain quite constant even when external conditions vary greatly.
Claude Bernard (1813?78) observed that the internal conditions of the body remain quite constant even when external conditions vary greatly. For example, whether it is freezing cold or swelteringly hot outdoors, the internal temperature of the body stays within a range of about 36° to 37° C (97° ?99° F).
For example, whether it is freezing cold or swelteringly hot outdoors, the internal temperature of the body stays within a range of about 36° to 37° C (97° -99° F).
Walter Cannon
Walter Cannon
Walter Cannon (1871?1945) coined the term homeostasis for this tendency to maintain internal stability.
Homeostasis has been one of the most enlightening theories in physiology. We now see physiology as largely a group of mechanisms for maintaining homeostasis, and the loss of homeostatic control as the cause of illness and death. Pathophysiology is essentially the study of unstable conditions that result when our homeostatic controls go awry.
Do not, however, overestimate the degree of internal stability. Internal conditions are not absolutely constant but fluctuate within a limited range, such as the range of body temperatures noted earlier.
Do not, however, overestimate the degree of internal stability. Internal conditions are not absolutely constant but fluctuate within a limited range, such as the range of body temperatures noted earlier. The internal state of the body is best described as a dynamic equilibrium (balanced change), in which there is a certain set point or average value for a given variable (such as 37° C for body temperature) and conditions fluctuate slightly around this point.
Claude Bernard[Why I tagged this]Observed that the body remains quite constant, even when we are jumping or running the body's internal conditions stay the same and dont move.[Why I tagged thisyour body must remain stable so that all organs and systems can cooperate.[Why I tagged thisThis is important because Clauder Bernard observed the ability of our bodies to stay in homeostasis[Why I tagged thisI think it is so interesting that the human body adapts in the ways it does to maintain homeostasis.[Why I tagged thiscoined term for homeostasis, very importent becuase thats the point that our body needs to stay at and if we dont know our set point can harm our body.[Why I tagged thisWalter Cannon[Why I tagged thisWalter Canon is important becuase he came up with the word homeostasis[Why I tagged thiswhen patients have a fever, it can be considered a loss of homeostasis.[Why I tagged thisI highlighted this portion because it has always interested me that the human body has its limits and needs to be kept at certain conditions in order to function properly. It also amazes me how if such as a small thing like a virus could make the slightest changes to our internal system and ruin us.[Why I tagged thistheory of homestasis' effect on physiology[Why I tagged thisWhat physiology essentially is, just broken down a little. It's good to remember the body is made to mantain homeostasis.[Why I tagged thisWhat are the most common homeostatic functions that shut down during the causes of a natural death? [Why I tagged thisNot quite sure of exactly what this means[Why I tagged thisstudy for unstable conditions, [Why I tagged thisI tagged this because there are different types of physiology. It is nice to have this particular type highlighted and easy to find.[Why I tagged thisImportant to note.[Why I tagged thisThis is important to consider during the Spring semester when people start coming down with the flu. Knowing the normal range for the body's temperature fluctuation could be vital when trying to determine if you should see a doctor or not.[Why I tagged thisGabriela
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Metabolism15 is the sum of all this internal chemical change. It consists of two classes of reactions: anabolism,16 in which relatively complex molecules are synthesized from simpler ones (for example, protein synthesis), and catabolism,17 in which relatively complex molecules are broken down into simpler ones (for example, protein digestion). Metabolism inevitably produces chemical wastes, some of which are toxic if they accumulate. Metabolism therefore requires excretion, the separation of wastes from the tissues and their elimination from the body.
There is a constant turnover of molecules in the body; few of the molecules now in your body have been there for more than a year. It is food for thought that although you sense a continuity of personality and experience from your childhood to the present, nearly all of your body has been replaced within the past year.
definition- nonliving things to not take in molecules from the environment and change them for structure or energy. Anabolism is how we build proteins from amino acids. Catabolism is how the body converts food into glucose for storage.[Why I tagged this]2 types of metabolism[Why I tagged thismetabolism consists of two classes of reactions, anabolism and catabolism[Why I tagged thisImportant to know.[Why I tagged thisExplaination of what metaolism is and how it works[Why I tagged thisMetabolism is a large contributor of why we are here since it causes reactions in the body that help the body's overall function. These things, such as requiring excretion, that make the eliminate harmful toxins from the body. [Why I tagged thisvocab word[Why I tagged thisimportant to know the difference between the two, and which process is more complex than the other.[Why I tagged thisvocab word. [Why I tagged thisThis gives us a glimpes of how complex we are and how many different systems we need to function properly in order for us to survive. [Why I tagged thisurination[Why I tagged thisWhat happens to the old molecules that are replaced in the body? Do they die off?[Why I tagged thisI never realized this before. This is why it is so important and interesting to study the human body, because you find out things that seem to be pretty relevant to life and the make up of the body, but you may never have known this before.[Why I tagged thisThis is interesting! I never knew this. I had no idea that this was caused by metabolism. What else does metabolism contribute to?[Why I tagged thisThis is so amazing! You always that you're body is constantly changing and constantly working, but it is incredible that we can reform ourselves that much and not even remotely notice any physical pains.[Why I tagged thislets us know there is always change going on in us[Why I tagged thiswhat does it mean by this?[Why I tagged thisthis is very interesting. I thought your body is the same throughout your whole life, but the constant growing and changing proves differently.[Why I tagged thisjess Tegelman
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Define centriole, microtubule, cytoskeleton, and axoneme. How are these structures related to one another?
INSIGHT
It is virtually certain that mitochondria evolved from bacteria that invaded another primitive cell, survived in its cytoplasm, and became permanent residents.
It is virtually certain that mitochondria evolved from bacteria that invaded another primitive cell, survived in its cytoplasm, and became permanent residents. Certain modern bacteria called rickettsii live in the cytoplasm of other cells, showing that this mode of life is feasible. The two unit membranes around the mitochondrion suggest that the original bacterium provided the inner membrane, and the host cell's phagosome provided the outer membrane when the bacterium was phagocytized.
It is virtually certain that mitochondria evolved from bacteria that invaded another primitive cell, survived in its cytoplasm, and became permanent residents. Certain modern bacteria called rickettsii live in the cytoplasm of other cells, showing that this mode of life is feasible. The two unit membranes around the mitochondrion suggest that the original bacterium provided the inner membrane, and the host cell's phagosome provided the outer membrane when the bacterium was phagocytized.Several comparisons show the apparent relationship of mitochondria to bacteria. Their ribosomes are more like bacterial ribosomes than those of eukaryotic (nucleated) cells. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is a small, circular molecule that resembles the circular DNA of bacteria, not the linear DNA of the cell nucleus. It replicates independently of nuclear DNA. Mitochondrial DNA codes for some of the enzymes employed in ATP synthesis. It consists of 16,569 base pairs (explained in chapter 4), comprising 37 genes, compared with over 3 billion base pairs and about 20,000 to 25,000 genes in nuclear DNA.
It is virtually certain that mitochondria evolved from bacteria that invaded another primitive cell, survived in its cytoplasm, and became permanent residents. Certain modern bacteria called rickettsii live in the cytoplasm of other cells, showing that this mode of life is feasible. The two unit membranes around the mitochondrion suggest that the original bacterium provided the inner membrane, and the host cell's phagosome provided the outer membrane when the bacterium was phagocytized.Several comparisons show the apparent relationship of mitochondria to bacteria. Their ribosomes are more like bacterial ribosomes than those of eukaryotic (nucleated) cells. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is a small, circular molecule that resembles the circular DNA of bacteria, not the linear DNA of the cell nucleus. It replicates independently of nuclear DNA. Mitochondrial DNA codes for some of the enzymes employed in ATP synthesis. It consists of 16,569 base pairs (explained in chapter 4), comprising 37 genes, compared with over 3 billion base pairs and about 20,000 to 25,000 genes in nuclear DNA.When a sperm fertilizes an egg, any mitochondria introduced by the sperm are usually destroyed and only those provided by the egg are passed on to the developing embryo. Therefore, mitochondrial DNA is inherited almost exclusively through the mother. While nuclear DNA is reshuffled in every generation by sexual reproduction, mtDNA remains unchanged except by random mutation. Biologists and anthropologists have used mtDNA as a ?molecular clock? to trace evolutionary lineages in humans and other species. Mitochondrial DNA has also been used as evidence in criminal law and to identify the remains of soldiers killed in combat. It was used in 2001 to identify the remains of the famed bandit Jesse James, who was killed in 1882. Anthropologists have gained evidence from mtDNA that of all the women who lived in Africa 200,000 years ago, only one has any descendants still living today. This ?mitochondrial Eve? is ancestor to us all.
Rough and smooth endoplasmic differ from one another because rough endoplasmic reticulum has ribosomes while the smooth ER does not. The rough ER are mainly found in cells that use a large amount of protein such as the digestive glands. The reason to this is becasue the Rough ER produces proteins and synthesize them so it makes more sense that there would be more Rough ER in places that require more protens. Smooth ER on the other hand is more commonly found in kidneys and liver cells. Smooth Er is faster at detoxifing alcohol and other drugs. [Why tag this text]Smooth ER is no ribosomes (smooth surface) and Rough ER is with ribosomes on the outer surface[Why tag this textRough EF produces the proteins of the plasma membrane they are either packaged in other organelles such as lysosomes. Smooth ER is long term proliferates and detoxifies the drugs and toxins in the body.[Why tag this textIn areas of rough endoplasmic reticulum, the cisternae are parallel, flattened sacks covered in granules called ribosomes. Rough endoplasmic reticulum is responsible for protein synthesis and the manufacturing of cellular membranes. In areas of smooth endoplasmic reticulum, the cisternae are more tubular, branch more extensively, and lack ribosomes. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum if responsible for lipid synthesis, detoxification, and calcium storage.[Why tag this textRough-contains ribosomes, helps with protein synthesis and cell membrane manufacturingSmooth-have no ribosomes, in charge of lipid synthesis and detoxification[Why tag this textCentriole-Short cylindrical bodies, each composed of a circle of nine triplets of microtubulesMicrotubule-Hollow protein cylinders (25nm diameter) radiation from centrosomesCytoskeleton-A network of protein filaments and cylinders that structurally support a cell, determine its shape, organize its contents, direct the movement of materials within the cell; and contribute to movements of the cell as a wholeAxoneme-The central strand of a cilium or flagelium, its composed of an array of microtubules, typically in nine pairs around two singlesThey all have something to do with cylinders. They all have something to with filaments and each other[Why tag this textcentriole-short cylindrical bodies, form mitotic spindle during cell divisionmicrotubule-hollow protein cylinders, form axonemes, etccytoskeleton-give cells shape and apperanceaxoneme-central stand of cilium or flagellumall of these organelles are part of cellular reproduction[Why tag this textCentriole is a short cylindrical assembly of microtuvules arranged in 9 groups. cytoskeleton is the skeleton of the cell it provides the shape.[Why tag this textcentriole: cylinder shaped cell structure found in most eukaryotic cells, though it is absent in higher plants and most fungimicrotubule: component of the cytoskeleton, found throughout the cytoplasm. These tubular polymers of tubulin can grow as long as 25 micrometrescytoskeleton: cellular scaffolding or skeleton contained within a cell's cytoplasm[General-Do not useI thought this was an interetsing passage because I would like to know how scientist know that mitochondria has evolved. My guess is that when the technology to even see a mitochondria came available, the organelle had already been devoloped to what it most likely is now. So, what evidence do scientist have to be able to say that it has evolved? It sounds like just suggestive evidence instead of proof. [Why tag this textHow have scientist come to the conclusion that it is virtually certain that mitochondria evolved from bacteria that invaded another primitive cell, survived in its cytoplasm, and become permanent residents?[Why tag this textit is amazing that mitochondria were bacteria that became a part of the cells we know today and have continued to stay that way. this opens up the possbility of other bacteria could do the same thing and our bodies could become more adaptive. [Why tag this textI never knew that the mitochondria evolved from bacteria. This is interesting.[Why tag this textIs this an example of natural selection? If mitochondria evolved from bacteria did it go through natural selection? It is strange to think of something so small as an organelle within a cell to have evolved. [Why tag this textI found this to be interesting that mitochondria used to be bacteria that invaded cells and took up permanent residence in that cell. I remember hearing about this in one of my biology classes that I took and it has stuck with me to this day[Why tag this textAgain, I really like how the book adds outside material to the book to both keep me interested, and take the information that I just learned and expand on it.[Why tag this textI would love to learn more about the origin of mitochondria. It is said that cells can only come from other cells- but organelles can come from bacteria?? This is an interesting theory as to why it has two membranes. [Why tag this textWOW!! That is very interesting to think about. There are organisms living inside of a cell... which is also made up of cells. I wonder how far the cycle goes?[Why tag this textKenyetta
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Nadin
A chemical element is the simplest form of matter to have unique chemical properties.
A chemical element is the simplest form of matter to have unique chemical properties. Water, for example, has unique properties, but it can be broken down into two elements, hydrogen and oxygen, that have unique chemical properties of their own.
A chemical element is the simplest form of matter to have unique chemical properties. Water, for example, has unique properties, but it can be broken down into two elements, hydrogen and oxygen, that have unique chemical properties of their own.
A chemical element is the simplest form of matter to have unique chemical properties. Water, for example, has unique properties, but it can be broken down into two elements, hydrogen and oxygen, that have unique chemical properties of their own. If we carry this process any further, however, we find that hydrogen and oxygen are made of protons, neutrons, and electrons?and none of these are unique.
A chemical element is the simplest form of matter to have unique chemical properties. Water, for example, has unique properties, but it can be broken down into two elements, hydrogen and oxygen, that have unique chemical properties of their own. If we carry this process any further, however, we find that hydrogen and oxygen are made of protons, neutrons, and electrons?and none of these are unique. A proton of gold is identical to a proton of oxygen. Hydrogen and oxygen are the simplest chemically unique components of water and are thus elements.
A chemical element is the simplest form of matter to have unique chemical properties. Water, for example, has unique properties, but it can be broken down into two elements, hydrogen and oxygen, that have unique chemical properties of their own. If we carry this process any further, however, we find that hydrogen and oxygen are made of protons, neutrons, and electrons?and none of these are unique. A proton of gold is identical to a proton of oxygen. Hydrogen and oxygen are the simplest chemically unique components of water and are thus elements.Each element is identified by an atomic number, the number of protons in its nucleus. The atomic number of carbon is 6 and that of oxygen is 8, for example. The periodic table of the elements (see appendix C) arranges the elements in order by their atomic numbers. The elements are represented by one- or two-letter symbols, usually based on their English names: C for carbon, Mg for magnesium, Cl for chlorine, and so forth. A few symbols are based on Latin names, such as K for potassium (kalium), Na for sodium (natrium), and Fe for iron (ferrum).There are 91 naturally occurring elements on earth, 24 of which play normal physiological roles in humans. Table 2.1 groups these 24 according to their abundance in the body. Six of them account for 98.5% of the body's weight: oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, and phosphorus. The next 0.8% consists of another 6 elements: sulfur, potassium, sodium, chlorine, magnesium, and iron. The remaining 12 elements account for 0.7% of body weight, and no one of them accounts for more than 0.02%; thus they are known as trace elements. Despite their minute quantities, trace elements play vital roles in physiology. Other elements without natural physiological roles can contaminate the body and severely disrupt its functions, as in heavy-metal poisoning with lead or mercury
I highlighted this because i feel it is important to know what our bodys are made up of.[Why tag this text]I always find it very interesting that a mere proton can completely change the identity of an element - something so small and simple, but it makes a huge difference. The difference of a proton not only can change what the element is, but also its reactivity levels and even the type (metal vs nonmetal). To me, I think it is so crazy to think that this is true - this proves that big things truly can come in small packages! [Why tag this textDefinition of chemical element.[Why tag this textSo H2O is molecule or compund because I always mix between molecules and compounds[Why tag this textLists the chemical elements found in the human body.[Why tag this textThis explains what an element is and what it is made up of. Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons[Why tag this textexplaning the chemical elements [Why tag this textit's good definition for chemical element and give perfect example on water[Why tag this textits interesting that all elements are different but yet so many are a like and when formed they can all make different things.[Why tag this textAll elements are make up of protons, neutrons, and electrons. Proton carry positive charge, neutron carry zero charges, and electron carry negative charges.[Why tag this textI tagged this because I think it is very interesting that every element has a unique structure. Even one small difference can change it into something completely different. [Why tag this textI like how this text described what a chemical element was and used a good example in k5 wording. Even though I already knew what a chemical element is, this text makes it easy to understand for someone who doesn't.[Why tag this textThis section came pretty easy to me because of taking chemistry in high school, although I always love good review[Why tag this textBrief explanation on chemical elements and how they are the simplest form of matter to have unique chemical properties[Why tag this textIt's crazy to think that elements so varied from one another are all composed of the same identical things.[Why tag this textExplains unique properties and what the breakdown of an element is.[General-Do not useI never relised just how much chemesty is in my body. WHen i think of chemesty i think of chemicals i never related it to my body, but i should have relized that most of the elements and chemicals we talk about in chemistry is part of our body.[Why tag this textDakota Francart
Alexandra Schmit
hanouf
Brandon Brandemuehl
Justin Putterman
Adam Alshehab
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Lauren Anthe
Sue Xiong
Megan Page
Michea Jones
Ann
Anthony Wheeler
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lenarch2
sarah
1. Differentiation is the development of a unspecialized cell or tissue one with a more specific structure and function. A normal process which cells mature. And metaplasia is the transformation of one mature tissue type into another.2.hyperplasia and hypertrophy3.Atrophy is the shrinkage or lack of tissue through a loss in cell size or number. What you don't use you lose. So, if your muscle or limb is casted up it is immobilized. Necrosis is premature,patholoical tissue death which come from trauma, toxins, and infection. For example Gangrene it comes from a lack of blood flow, usually involving an infection. Apoptosis or programmed cell death, is a normal death of cells that have completed their function and best serve the body by dying and getting out of the way. dissolves the webbing between the fingers and toes during embryonic development.4. Regeneration is the replacement of dead or damaged cells by the same type of cells as before. Regeneration restores normal cellular funtion to organs. Fibrosis is the replacement of damaged tissues, composed of mainly collagen produced by fibroblasts. The scare tissue helps an organ together.[Why tag this text]differentiation-development of a more specialized form and functionmetaplasia-is a change from one type of mature tissue to another[Why tag this textDifferentiation is the development of a relatively unspecialized cell or tissue into one with a more specific structure and function. When metaplasia is the transformation of one mature tissue type into another. [Why tag this textDifferentiation is the development of a more specialized form and function. Metaplasia is the transformation of an already matured tissue to another[Why tag this text
Differtation: development of unspecialized cell or tissueMetaplasis: trandformation of already matured cells[Why tag this textDifferentiation: The development of a more specialized cell. Metaplasia: The transformation of an already mature cell to another type of cell[AnswerHyperplasia and Hypertrophy[Why tag this texthyperplasia (cell multiplication growth); hypertrophy (enlargement of cells); neoplasia (tumor development)[Why tag this textThe respective term for the tissue growth by increasing the cell size or cell number is called hyperplasia. [Why tag this textthe two kinds of tissue growth are: 1. hyperplasia- the process in which cell multiply. and 2.Hypertrophy- the enlargement of the cells (ie. adipocytes in an obese person)[Why tag this textThe two terms are hyperplasia and hypertrophy. Hyperplasia is the regenration of cells and Hypertrophy is the enlargement of cells. [AnswerIncrease in cell size - hypertrophyIncrease in cell number - Hyperplasia[Tissue GrowthHyperplasia tissue growth is the multiplication of cells, therefore it can only occur in cells that can divide. Hypertrophy is the enlargement of preexisting cells of excessive work. Like our muscle can enlarge through excessive use like weight lifting which results in a hypertrophy tissue growth. Or even deficiencies throughout our body, like sclerosis of valves within the heart can cause excessive work for the heart to push blood through that affected area resulting in hypertrophy in tissue of the heart making the valve within the heart larger leaving the heart less space for blood. [Why tag this textatrophy-smaller, weaker tissue caused from loss of cells; occurs from normal aging and/or lack of use of organnecrosis-premature tissue death caused by something unexpected (trauma, toxins, etc); gangrene is tissue necrosis caused from insufficient blood supplyapoptosis-normal cell death after function is completed and die to get out of the way[Why tag this textAtrophy: This form of tissue loss pertains to when cells shrink and happens when a cells is stopped being used. The example would be in muscle when it ceases to be used, or during aging, it shrinks in size. Necrosis: Is premature death of cells due to an outside influence. For example a toxin or trauma influencing the cells to perish. Apoptosis: This form is the built in [AnswerAtrophy is shrinking of tissues caused by cell size or losing of cells.Necrosis is dead cells due to harmful substances in the body.Apoptosis deals with the [Why tag this textAtrophy is just the shrinkage of tissue through the loss of cell size or number. This occurs with senile atrophy with aging where the loss of tissue naturally happens as you age. However, atrophy isn't always detrimental to the human body. If your don't use a specific muscle as in disuse atrophy, it would die off not requiring the nutrients and proteins it normally would, thus allowing the other tissues being used to thrive off the nutrients and proteins that are now free to consume. Necrosis is the premature and pathological tissue death due to trauma, toxins, infection, and so on. Gangrene is a prime example where the blood supply is cut off leading to infection and the death of the cells and tissue of the infected gangrene area. Then apoptosis is simply the programmed death of a cell. They complete their function and do the body a favor by dying off and getting out of the way. Which are then swept up by macrophages and are hardly ever seen. [Why tag this textAtrophy is the death of cells do to either old age or unuse. Muscle Atrophy would be an example of unuse causing the cells to die. Necrosis is the death of cells do to harmful substances such as toxins in the body. An example would be smokingApoptosis is the death due to the [Why tag this textJonathan Lowe
Christeen Tuck
Hauser Joseph Alan
Alanna Hatch
Eric Wichman
Abigail
Ashley Wiedmeyer
Daniel Althaus
Guendel Brandon James
We examine the first three in this chapter but describe the details of nucleic acids, which are concerned with genetics, in Chapter 4.
Carbon
Carbon is an especially versatile atom that serves as the basis of a wide variety of structures
Carbon is an especially versatile atom that serves as the basis of a wide variety of structures.
Carbon is an especially versatile atom that serves as the basis of a wide variety of structures. It has four valence electrons, so it bonds with other atoms that can provide it with four more to complete its valence shell.
Carbon is an especially versatile atom that serves as the basis of a wide variety of structures. It has four valence electrons, so it bonds with other atoms that can provide it with four more to complete its valence shell. Carbon atoms readily bond with each other and can form long chains, branched molecules, and rings?an enormous variety of carbon backbones for organic molecules. Carbon also commonly forms covalent bonds with hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur.
4 catergories of organic molecules[Why tag this text]It is amazing that there are only these 4 categories in our complex bodies, it is more amazing that these categories all have their own small groups of building blocks that make them all similar.[Why tag this textThe four primary categories of organic molecules[Why tag this textthis may seem like a 4th organic compound but is it not because its more associated with genetics versus the human body itsself?[Why tag this textCarbon! It has 4 valence electrons, meaning it binds with outher atoms that can provide it with 4. Carbon atoms are prone to making large chains. [Why tag this textthis is where information about carbon and what good/bad it does for the human body begins[Why tag this texti remember by physics teacher had a poster that said something about how we're all made of carbon[Why tag this textWhy is Carbon so versatile?[Why tag this textCarbon atoms can bond in numerous ways due to their four valence electrons.[Why tag this textI never realized the importance of Carbon since I know its such a common element I didn't realize it was so important.[Why tag this textexplains that versatile atoms have 4 electrons [Why tag this textCarbon is what makes up what organic chemistry is. It is a very versatile atom so it bonds whith a lot of other elements which is why we can make a who chemistry revolved around it. [Why tag this textCarbon is found nearly everywhere and serves a easy bonding element.[General-Do not useThis explains carbon's role in the body well by showing its versatility and compatibility with other atoms and molecules.[Why tag this textImportant to remember Carbon is the backbone of organic compounds. [Why tag this textDescription of what carbon is, and some breif detail on carbon[Why tag this textcarbon has four valence electrons. carbon is also able to make covalent bonds.[Why tag this textIt is very interesting how the carbon based molecules can have multiple structural states. For instance, diamond (strongest natural structural orientation), gas as in CO2, and soot.[Why tag this textStephen Minakian
Lauren Anthe
MARIAH
Danielle Henckel
Jonathan Lowe
Ann
Ripley
Jonathan Baures
Stephanie
Sophia Wood
lenarch2
Cody Andrews
Ethan Kelly
Anthony Wheeler
lindsay krueger
Rachel
Lysosomes
Lysosomes A lysosome36 (LY-so-some) (fig. 3.30a) is a package of enzymes bounded by a single unit membrane. Although often round or oval, lysosomes are extremely variable in shape. When viewed with the TEM, they often exhibit dark gray contents devoid of structure, but sometimes show crystals or parallel layers of protein. At least 50 lysosomal enzymes have been identified. They hydrolyze proteins, nucleic acids, complex carbohydrates, phospholipids, and other substrates. In the liver, lysosomes break down stored glycogen to release glucose into the bloodstream. White blood cells use their lysosomes to digest phagocytized bacteria. Lysosomes also digest and dispose of surplus or nonvital organelles and other cell components in order to recycle their nutrients to more important cell needs; this process is called autophagy37 (aw-TOFF-uh-jee). Lysosomes also aid in a process of ?cell suicide.? Some cells are meant to do a certain job and then destroy themselves. The uterus, for example, weighs about 900 g at full-term pregnancy and shrinks to 60 g within 5 or 6 weeks after birth. This shrinkage is due to autolysis,38 the digestion of surplus cells by their own lysosomal enzymes. Such programmed cell death is further discussed in chapter 5.
I've heard about them but i didn't know what they are [Why tag this text]package of enzymes bounded by a single unit membrane[General-Do not useA good way to remember lysosome is to remember that the root word, lyse, means [Why tag this textQuestion 2: Cell ComponentsNucleus: is the largest organelle in a cell and is usually the only one visible with a light microscope. The function is to contain the cells DNA and RNA.Mitochondria: are organelles specialized for synthesizing ATP. The come in a variety of shapes including spheroidal, rod-shaped, kidney-shaped, and threadlike.Lysosomes: is a package of enzymes bounded by a single unit membrane. They function in hydrolysis of proteins, nucleic acids, complex carbohydrates, phospholipids and others.Centriole: is a short cylindrical assembly of microtubules and are arranged in nine groups of three microtubules. They function in cell division.[Why tag this textLYSOSOMES DESCRIPTION AND FUNCTION[Why tag this textWell what the H#)) happens to these guys in cancer cells? Are they simple unable to perform their job? Are they even present?[Why tag this textLysossomes are enzymes bound in a singe unit membrane. Its interesting to me to read about lysosomes know that I've already read about waht exactly enzymes are because all the terms and parts are now starting to come together and you can tell how everything is so interrelated. [Why tag this textso in other words they are the packaging system for the proteins[Why tag this textLysosomes are interesting because they are full of enzymes that are able to do different functions to help the body. For instance they can hydrolyze proteins, and other substrates, break down glycogen in the liver, digest bacteria or even aid in cell suicide. There are more than one thing that one small organelle can do. I also thought that it was interesting that lysosomes they can shrink the uterus during pregnancy.[Why tag this textThe whole act of a lysosome getting rid of waste is very interesting. [Why tag this textLysosomes not only vary in shape but they also hydrolase enzymes that break down waste materials[why i tag thisAlso called suicidal bags, lysosomes also help maintain homeostasis by remobing and destroying particles that are no longer needed by the cell or that need to be broken down to help the cell further. If 50 have been identified, I wonder how many scientists have not yet identified, because to me this seems like a high number. Is each enzyme geared toward a different substance, and are all of them found in every cell, or does it depend on cell differentiation?[Why tag this textI'm a little confused on what allows the lysosomes to digest/dispose of materials/waste. Is it the enzymes it is made of that allow it to do these proccesses? [Why tag this textSo do uterine cells have more lysosomes, or do those cells just work in overtime after birth since it's a rare event?[Why tag this textlysosomes digest and dispose of surplus or non vital organelles and other cell components in order to recycle their nutrients to more important cell needs[General-Do not useI can't imagine that when cells are made by the different processes, that every time they are correct. Cell suicide probably happens a lot. This is a subject that very interesting. Just as everyone is unique, I wonder how many different forms of basically the same cell there are.[Why tag this textlike cancer cells they can kill themselves when treatment doesn't work which gives it its name of [Why tag this textI thought this was intersting, because i always wondered how the uterus returned to it's size after giving birth or having been pregnat. To think it only takes about 5-6 weeks is pretty amazing espically since it's been stretched for about 9 months.[Why tag this textRachel Feivor
Awlareau
Sarah Ertl
Alyssa Harmes
John
Stephanie
Lauren Anthe
Linda Xiong
Brett Sullivan
Brittany
Heather LeDoux
Rachael Van Keulen
Sophie
mary furner
kaulor
The law of complementary base pairing shows that we can predict the base sequence of one DNA strand if we know the sequence of the other.
The law of complementary base pairing shows that we can predict the base sequence of one DNA strand if we know the sequence of the other. More importantly, it enables a cell to reproduce one strand based on information in the other.
The law of complementary base pairing shows that we can predict the base sequence of one DNA strand if we know the sequence of the other. More importantly, it enables a cell to reproduce one strand based on information in the other. The fundamental steps of the replication process are as follows
The law of complementary base pairing shows that we can predict the base sequence of one DNA strand if we know the sequence of the other. More importantly, it enables a cell to reproduce one strand based on information in the other. The fundamental steps of the replication process are as follows (fig. 4.14):
The law of complementary base pairing shows that we can predict the base sequence of one DNA strand if we know the sequence of the other. More importantly, it enables a cell to reproduce one strand based on information in the other. The fundamental steps of the replication process are as follows (fig. 4.14):
able to predict the base sequence after knowing one strand of DNA[Why tag this text]still do not understand how the DNA replicate?[Why tag this textI was told that its really hard to know what dna looks like without a microscope so How do we know so much about how its made?[Why tag this textBefore a cell divides it has to duplicate its DNA, therefore we have DNA replication. DNA Helicase opens up the helix, this is called the replication fork [when the two sides are open like a zipper]DNA polymerase move along each strand, read the exposed bases and match the nucleotides up by sequence. DNA ligase connects the two. [Why tag this textbase pairing shows that we can predict the base sequence of one DNA strand if we know the sequence of the other.[Why tag this textDNA replication is confusing. We should go over this in class. [Why tag this textThis is why I think that figuring out how transcription was a great accomplishment because therefore we can determine the order.[Why tag this textThis is a very effective way for a cell to operate and makes me wonder if this is exactly how the first living organelle had it or if it evolved to this. [Why tag this textA goes with T (U in RNA) and C with G. For example the start codone is AUG or TAC in the DNA[Why tag this textThis is a main factor in how to predict a sequence with a DNA strand but by knowing this you know forsure a step you can take to make sure you are following the right f=procedure[Why tag this textThis is good to know and when you know this, you can then determine if someone will have a birth defect or something, if a pair is paired with the wrong compliment, or you can predict also what sequence an RNA strand will have... [Why tag this textIt is fascinating that you can predict a base sequence of DNA if we know the sequence of the other[Why tag this textDue to complementary base pairing cells can reproduce one strand based on info in the other. [Why tag this textthis interest me and i for sure want to be able to learn more about this process[Why tag this textI highlighted this because it is important to see how DNA strands can reproduce and the process they have to go through to do so.[Why tag this textThis is how DNA is replicated[Why tag this textIs there ever a time where we would not be able to predict the base sequence of one DNA strand?[Why tag this textJasmin James
Gabriela
Danielle Henckel
Rachel Feivor
Stephanie
Grace
Rebecca Powers
Brendan Semph
Jeremy
Dakota Francart
Leah Daul
Lauren Anthe
Lauren Thiel
Trevor
lindsay krueger
Hair grows fastest from adolescence until the 40s.
Hair grows fastest from adolescence until the 40s.
Hair grows fastest from adolescence until the 40s. After that, an increasing percentage of follicles are in the catagen and telogen phases rather than the growing anagen phase. Follicles also shrink and begin producing wispy vellus hairs instead of thicker terminal hairs.
Hair grows fastest from adolescence until the 40s. After that, an increasing percentage of follicles are in the catagen and telogen phases rather than the growing anagen phase. Follicles also shrink and begin producing wispy vellus hairs instead of thicker terminal hairs. Thinning of the hair, or baldness, is called alopecia27
Hair grows fastest from adolescence until the 40s. After that, an increasing percentage of follicles are in the catagen and telogen phases rather than the growing anagen phase. Follicles also shrink and begin producing wispy vellus hairs instead of thicker terminal hairs. Thinning of the hair, or baldness, is called alopecia27 (AL-oh-PEE-she-uh). It occurs to some degree in both sexes and may be worsened by disease, poor nutrition, fever, emotional stress, radiation, or chemotherapy. In the great majority of cases, however, it is simply a matter of aging.
I'm glad I finally know the rate that hair grows on average because this is always something I have wanted to know[Why tag this]Important in application in everyday life.[Why tag thisWhy do certain hairs (like on the scalp) grow and grow and grow and you can obtain hair all the way down to your feet, but the hair on your arms stay relatively short. Is it in the DNA, telling it to stop growing?[Why tag thisI find this relatively true because just the other day when we gave my nephew a trim and now it's groing so long already! And my mother who is almost 50, has had the same hair length ever since she trimmed it. Which was like months ago![Why tag thisWhy does hair seem to grow fastest in males? Is it just because of a placebo effect on our brains? Males typically have less hair then women, so when it grows back, it just seems like it has been a short amount of time? I'm not sure. Also, is it directly linked with potassium, etc? Are hair supplements proven?[Why tag thisI am confused because my friend's hair stopped growing up and she is 22! Is the hair growing different from one oerson to another?[Why tag thisI tagged this because I find it interesting to know the science behind hair loss because my family has a history of alot of bald grandpas[Why tag thisso when people begin lossing their hair and the baldness occurs before their 40s does that meaning anything?[Why tag thisHair is important to protect the body to keep the body at a normal temperature. So the hair continues to grow fast from the adolesence years until the 40s. After the hair follicles are slowing down they begin to shrink and become thinner called alopecia. It could occure in both gender and could be worsen if the person does not take care of their body or if the person is aging.[Why tag thisDarn this paragraph really diappointed me, I'm definately not 40 and my hair is contantly falling out I can't imagine when I reach the catagen and telogen phase. So they mention the reasons for baldness but is heredity also one of them? [Why tag thisWhat are the chemicals used to increase hair growth for those with alopecia? this makes me curious as to what kind of research has been done to find ways for patients to grow back hair after chemotherapy. Often times the hair that grows back after chemotherpay is thinner and weaker. [Why tag thisI am very interested in the fact that once you reach approximately age 40 your hair begins to spend more time in the catagen and telogen phases. Why does the body naturally do this? What is the point of this cycle changing? Do hair growth products reverse this trend by increasing the time spent in the anagen phase? [Why tag thisMy dad is bald and my grandpa is bald, so I take some solace in the fact that this happens to most people in varying degrees.[Why tag thisWhen people start balding and get hair grafts done, I was curious to know how hair grafting works and if it really works at all?[Why tag thisWhy older people begin to have thinning hair and often go bald[Why tag thisOne of my mom's friends had to go through chemotherapy and lost all of her hair, so I guess you could say she had alopecia.[Why tag thisDoes chemo actually cause the anagen phase to become dysfunctional? What is is about chemo that does this?[Why tag thisthinning or baldness may occur due to some of these factors[Why tag thisEthan Kelly
Heather Archibald
mainkao
Cassie Marsh
lujain
Tony Sustachek
Lauren Anthe
Linda Xiong
maria lira
Amanda Baxter
Jonathan Rooney
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Tayelor Neiss
Nicole Latzig
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Alyssa Harmes
In cardiac muscle and most smooth muscle, gap junctions allow electrical excitation to pass directly from cell to cell so that the cells contract in near unison. Gap junctions are absent from skeletal muscle.
We often get our best insights into the importance of a structure from the dysfunctions that occur when it breaks down.
We often get our best insights into the importance of a structure from the dysfunctions that occur when it breaks down.
We often get our best insights into the importance of a structure from the dysfunctions that occur when it breaks down. Desmosomes are destroyed in a disease called pemphigus vulgaris29 (PEM-fih-gus vul-GAIR-iss), in which misguided antibodies (defensive proteins) called autoantibodies attack the desmosome proteins, especially in the skin and mucous membranes. The resulting breakdown of desmosomes between the epithelial cells leads to widespread blistering of the skin and oral mucosa, loss of tissue fluid, and sometimes death.
We often get our best insights into the importance of a structure from the dysfunctions that occur when it breaks down. Desmosomes are destroyed in a disease called pemphigus vulgaris29 (PEM-fih-gus vul-GAIR-iss), in which misguided antibodies (defensive proteins) called autoantibodies attack the desmosome proteins, especially in the skin and mucous membranes. The resulting breakdown of desmosomes between the epithelial cells leads to widespread blistering of the skin and oral mucosa, loss of tissue fluid, and sometimes death. The condition can be controlled with drugs that suppress the immune system, but such drugs compromise the body?s ability to fight off infections.
Gap junctions in the cardiac muscle allows us to perform any muscle contraction such as moving by allowing electrical excitation to pass directly from cell to cell.[Why tag this text]Important to know what allows contraction.[Why tag this textIt makes sense that there are no gap junctions in skeletal muscles because they are voluntary. If electrical excitation could pass freely between skeletal muscle cells, then they would fire involuntarily, and we would lose control of of motor functions. [Why tag this textPrimary function of gap junctions in one sentence. This can be used to decifer it from tight junctions and dermosomes.[Why tag this textit is interesting to know that Gap Junctions are not in skeletal muscle, because they are the [Why tag this textWhy are gap junctions absent from skeletal muscle?[Why tag this textI wonder what medical breakthroughs have been born from studying system dysfunctions?[Why tag this textInteresting but true way of thinking. You don't truely know or learn how important something is until you realize what happens without it[Why tag this textI find this similiar to the autoimmune disease where antibodies attack the good cells in the body. Very interesting to how disease pemphigus vulagris destroys desmosomes proteins in the skin and mucous membranes.[Why tag this textits interesting to see that even within the human body and the history of science, that the model of evolution is similar. . . if it aint broke, don't fix it model. This is kind of like the comparative method of learning. Seeing the differences to try to make it better. Evolution is similar in that it is trying to make a environmental stress better suited for the species. [Why tag this textWithout junctions the individual cells could be viewed as foreign. This makes sense because the pathogens are not organized into tissues but are mostly single celled organisms. Therefore JUnctions allow the body to distinguish self from non-self.[Why tag this textThis was a very interesting fact to know and I was curious to know that if the drugs used to fight the disease suppress the body's immune system would they be just as compromised as a person with HIV?[Why tag this textI have never heard of this disease, however this sounds brutal. I was interested to see what it looks like so i went on google to see a picture. It looked like white warts and almost like your skin is burned. I am going here to become a nurse and these kind of things interest me very much.[Why tag this textThis is interesting to me that there is a disease where desmosomes in specific are destroyed. How common is this disease? This shows how important every part of the human body is and how one thing not functioning could have a signficant affect on the body.[Why tag this textThis seemed very interesting to me as I read it. I have never heard of Desmosomes and it's facinating to see how antibodies can be misguided and then preety much killll the desmosomes, which are good.[Why tag this textI tagged this because my step mom was just diagnosed with a mild case of Lupus. Lupus ia also an autoimmune disease where the body attacks itself by mistake and therefore I would like to find out more information on autoimmune diseases[Why tag this textDesmosomes definition and action[Why tag this textNever heard of this before, even did a little extra googling to investigate![Why tag this textEmily
Corianne
Lauren Gwidt
Cassandra Shultz
Kayla Orta
Nicholas Bruno
xuntao
Jerry S Yang
Matthew Robert Schmidt
Danny Duong
Kelly Stahl
Bailey Johnson
Kaitlynn
Tony Sustachek
Alexandra Schmit
Elizabeth
There are 91 naturally occurring elements on earth, 24 of which play normal physiological roles in humans.
There are 91 naturally occurring elements on earth, 24 of which play normal physiological roles in humans. Table 2.1 groups these 24 according to their abundance in the body. Six of them account for 98.5% of the body's weight: oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, and phosphorus.
There are 91 naturally occurring elements on earth, 24 of which play normal physiological roles in humans. Table 2.1 groups these 24 according to their abundance in the body. Six of them account for 98.5% of the body's weight: oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, and phosphorus. The next 0.8% consists of another 6 elements: sulfur, potassium, sodium, chlorine, magnesium, and iron.
There are 91 naturally occurring elements on earth, 24 of which play normal physiological roles in humans. Table 2.1 groups these 24 according to their abundance in the body. Six of them account for 98.5% of the body's weight: oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, and phosphorus. The next 0.8% consists of another 6 elements: sulfur, potassium, sodium, chlorine, magnesium, and iron. The remaining 12 elements account for 0.7% of body weight, and no one of them accounts for more than 0.02%; thus they are known as trace elements.
There are 91 naturally occurring elements on earth, 24 of which play normal physiological roles in humans. Table 2.1 groups these 24 according to their abundance in the body. Six of them account for 98.5% of the body's weight: oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, and phosphorus. The next 0.8% consists of another 6 elements: sulfur, potassium, sodium, chlorine, magnesium, and iron. The remaining 12 elements account for 0.7% of body weight, and no one of them accounts for more than 0.02%; thus they are known as trace elements. Despite their minute quantities, trace elements play vital roles in physiology. Other elements without natural physiological roles can contaminate the body and severely disrupt its functions, as in heavy-metal poisoning with lead or mercury
It is amazing how 24 naturally occuring elements have a role in the human body. Although I dislike chemistry, we are made from chemistry itself, such as elements. Without the elements, we would not be how we are.[Why tag this text]I didn't know that so many elements played key roles in maintaining our bodies.[Why tag this textIt is hard to believe that in everything that makes up a human being, only 24 elements are involved. [Why tag this text I find this part of the text interesting since it has to do with the elements that are in our bodies. These elements are ones we are born with and should work on keeping them at good levels. For example, if we don't intake a lot of iron, we could be at risk of getting anemia.[Why tag this textI found this interesting because I didn't know 24 elements on the earth played a role in humans. That's more than I thought.[Why tag this textThis is a huge ratio of what is on the earth and what exactly exists in us! Almost a third of the earth's elements are found in one single entity.[Why I tagged this91 natural elements,[Why tag this textI think this is a commonly overlooked fact in biology because we commonly see it as chemistry. If we stop to think about we all know that atoms make up everything, but we never think that they make up our entire body. It is especially extraordinary that 6 of them make up 98.5% of our body weight.[Why tag this textIt is fascinating to learn and to think about the fact that the entire human body is entirely composed of such small parts. The majority of which are just a mere six elements![Why tag this textI did not know that we were made up mostly of so few elements. Its seems like we should be easy to understand with so few materials.[Why tag this textThis section describes the elements that are found working in the human body.[Why tag this textI tagged this because I thought this was very interesting how theses elements plays a role on our body weight. I never really saw the connection between chemistry and biology but I now know from this passage. [Why tag this textbefore I started to read I saw the chapter was on chemisty and I thought [Why tag this texti tagged this section because this is very ibteresting to me. learning about natural elements and chemicals in my years of growing up i never knew how much some of these elements played a role in our own body. well of course i knew oxygen and carbon and things like that were essential to life but some i wouldve never thought about such as chlorine i didnt know how that worked in our body[Why tag this textnever knew of the 24 elements that played physiological roles in humans. Knew of some of the more obvious ones such as oxygen, carbon and hydrogen. But never knew how many more actually were part of humans and that the effects of some into the body can seriously disrupt the bodies function[Why tag this textNatural elements on earth ... broken down into how useful they are[Why tag this textThis lists the elements that make up a human body and what percentages in which they make up of human body weight.[Why tag this textThinking of how many things compose the world around us, I would assume that there would be a lot more elements. I find the number of 91 elements outstanding and quite frankly, I find this hard to believe. When breaking down my thinking, however, it makes a little more sense to me when you think of certain elements making up almost everything on Earth (such as oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, etc.).[Why tag this textSamantha B Johnson
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Yet anatomy atlases and textbooks can easily give the impression that everyone's internal anatomy is the same. This simply is not true. Books such as this one can teach you only the most common structure?the anatomy seen in about 70% or more of people. Someone who thinks that all human bodies are the same internally would make a very confused medical student or an incompetent surgeon.
Yet anatomy atlases and textbooks can easily give the impression that everyone's internal anatomy is the same. This simply is not true. Books such as this one can teach you only the most common structure-the anatomy seen in about 70% or more of people. Someone who thinks that all human bodies are the same internally would make a very confused medical student or an incompetent surgeon.
Yet anatomy atlases and textbooks can easily give the impression that everyone's internal anatomy is the same. This simply is not true. Books such as this one can teach you only the most common structure?the anatomy seen in about 70% or more of people. Someone who thinks that all human bodies are the same internally would make a very confused medical student or an incompetent surgeon.Some people lack certain organs
Some people lack certain organs.
Some people lack certain organs.
Some people lack certain organs. For example, most of us have a palmaris longus muscle in the forearm and a plantaris muscle in the leg, but these are absent from others. Most of us have five lumbar vertebrae (bones of the lower spine), but some people have six and some have four.
Some people lack certain organs. For example, most of us have a palmaris longus muscle in the forearm and a plantaris muscle in the leg, but these are absent from others. Most of us have five lumbar vertebrae (bones of the lower spine), but some people have six and some have four. Most of us have one spleen and two kidneys, but some have two spleens or only one kidney. Most kidneys are supplied by a single renal artery and are drained by one ureter, but some have two renal arteries or ureters.
Some people lack certain organs. For example, most of us have a palmaris longus muscle in the forearm and a plantaris muscle in the leg, but these are absent from others. Most of us have five lumbar vertebrae (bones of the lower spine), but some people have six and some have four. Most of us have one spleen and two kidneys, but some have two spleens or only one kidney. Most kidneys are supplied by a single renal artery and are drained by one ureter, but some have two renal arteries or ureters. Figure 1.8 shows some common variations in human anatomy, and Deeper Insight 1.2 describes a particularly dramatic and clinically important variation.
It is remarkable that this is true. I think about this and see it everyday.[Why I tagged this]Where are the regions in the body with the most variation in anatomical structure from person to person?[Why I tagged thisimportant to keep in mind as we continue reading the text. When you start looking at real organisms and people, it isn't going to be the same across the board.[Why I tagged thisNot anatomically all the same[Why I tagged thisI find it strange that I haven't considered this concept much before. I was aware that there was variation in internal structure, however I always attributed that to ailments altering the natural state of the body. Only now have I come to the realization that there are differences that are perfectly natural and healthy also. [Why I tagged thisThis is important to know because when you do tests or studies, or diagnose a patient you have to know that not every one of your patients' anatomy is be exactly the same. This is also very important in surgeries.[General---Do Not UseDo genetics affect whether you are born missing organs or with additional organs?[Why I tagged thisYet another reason why anatomy students must study more than just one body's structure and function-- differences and anamolies must be accounted for. [Why I tagged thissome people dont have every organ when they are born.[Why I tagged thisMy dad had to get his spleen removed because of a bicycle accident [Why I tagged thisQuestion 4: It is not sufficient to analyze just one cadaver because each individual differs. One could get the wrong idea because the cadaver that they evaluate may be vastly different in muscle length, organ content, or even blood supply. Evaluating multiple cadavers is essential for a full and complete understanding of human anatomy.[Why I tagged thisNo two humans are exactly alike.[Why I tagged thisIf people have different internal structures it's important for medical doctors to know.[Why I tagged thisThis was important because it gave some examples of anatomical variation[Why I tagged thisi never know this, and i am sure there are a ton more examples too.[Why I tagged thisI found this interesting. What causes this variation? Who gets the variations, and how gets the [Why I tagged thisHow dangerous could these variations be to someone?[Why I tagged thisCould this have to do with natural selection and evolution? Perhaps we will see in the future if these differences are beneficial? [Why I tagged thisJonathan Rooney
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About 4 days after fertilization, the developing embryo enters the blastocyst stage. The blastocyst is a hollow ball with an outer cell mass that helps form the placenta and other accessory organs of pregnancy, and an inner cell mass that becomes the embryo itself (see fig. 29.4, p. 1106).
About 4 days after fertilization, the developing embryo enters the blastocyst stage. The blastocyst is a hollow ball with an outer cell mass that helps form the placenta and other accessory organs of pregnancy, and an inner cell mass that becomes the embryo itself (see fig. 29.4, p. 1106). Cells of the inner cell mass are called pluripotent stem cells; they can still develop into any cell type of the embryo, but not into the accessory organs of pregnancy.
The blastocyst is a hollow ball with an outer cell mass that helps form the placenta and other accessory organs of pregnancy, and an inner cell mass that becomes the embryo itself (see fig. 29.4, p. 1106). Cells of the inner cell mass are called pluripotent stem cells; they can still develop into any cell type of the embryo, but not into the accessory organs of pregnancy. Thus their developmental plasticity is already somewhat limited.
Adult stem cells occur in small numbers in mature organs and tissues throughout a person's life
Adult stem cells occur in small numbers in mature organs and tissues throughout a person's life.
Adult stem cells occur in small numbers in mature organs and tissues throughout a person's life. Typically an adult stem cell divides mitotically; one of its daughter cells remains a stem cell and the other one differentiates into a mature specialized cell. The latter cell may replace another that has grown old and died, contribute to the development of growing organs (as in a child), or help to repair damaged tissue. Some adult stem cells are multipotent
Adult stem cells occur in small numbers in mature organs and tissues throughout a person's life. Typically an adult stem cell divides mitotically; one of its daughter cells remains a stem cell and the other one differentiates into a mature specialized cell. The latter cell may replace another that has grown old and died, contribute to the development of growing organs (as in a child), or help to repair damaged tissue. Some adult stem cells are multipotent?able to develop into two or more different cell lines, but not just any type of body cell.
Adult stem cells occur in small numbers in mature organs and tissues throughout a person's life. Typically an adult stem cell divides mitotically; one of its daughter cells remains a stem cell and the other one differentiates into a mature specialized cell. The latter cell may replace another that has grown old and died, contribute to the development of growing organs (as in a child), or help to repair damaged tissue. Some adult stem cells are multipotent?able to develop into two or more different cell lines, but not just any type of body cell. Certain multipotent bone marrow stem cells, for example, can give rise to red blood cells, five kinds of white blood cells, and platelet-producing cells. Unipotent stem cells have the most limited plasticity, as they can produce only one mature cell type. Examples include the cells that give rise to sperm, eggs, and keratinocytes (the majority cell type of the epidermis).
It is amazing to me that even after just four days the body is already making preparations and changes for a baby that is barely existant. What triggers the body to let it know to make two new cells? Does the sperm create the cells or the woman? Do they work together?[why tag this]I think the fact that one cell especially dealing with pregnancy and having this cell become an actual person within nine months is quite fascinating. How the embryonic cell becomes fertile and goes through its stages of pregnancy and provides more than just a baby, but protect and provide for its needs is fascinating. [Why tag this textThis is what is fascinating about stem cell research. This gives scientist unlimited potential to help cure diseases. It shows the complexity of stem cell research. [Why tag this textThe blastocyst stage is very fascinating because this blastocyst is what preety much makes babys actully become babies![Why tag this textThis was brought up in chapter one about how if getting an abortion at such an early stage is really a murderer or just the killin of a cell.[Why tag this textBlastocyst[Why tag this textI had just learned about this in Bio 152 last semester and I found it very interesting. [Why tag this textblastocysts have an outer cell mass that helps make the placenta and accessory organs in pregnancy. inner cell masses are called pluripotent stem cells. they can be created into any cell type of the embryo. BUt not accessory organs of pregnancy.[Why tag this textAre stem calls at this point considered to be adult because they are only pluripotent? If not, this would mean that embryonic stem cells are not always totipotent.[Why tag this textAre stem cells a necessity for all people?[Why tag this textI don't understand when the adult stem cells take over the entire body? Is there any point when we have no embryonic cells?[Why tag this textExplains the second type of stem cell which is the adult stem cell, it is not as common.[Why tag this textadult stem cells happen in small numbers in mature organs and tissue in a person's life. some of them are multipotent where they can develope into two or more different cell lines.[Why tag this textEmbryonic stem cells form during prenancy in which they can develop into any type of fully differentiated human cell. And as for adult stem cells, it's develop and change in the mature organs and tissues. Some adult stem cells can develop into two or more different cell lines.[Why tag this textthe two types of stem cells[Why tag this textwhat adult stem cells are[Why tag this textAdult stem cells[Why tag this textWhat does this cell do? Just replace other dead cells? Why does it have a special name?[Why tag this textkaulor
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The adult hip bone forms by the fusion of three childhood bones called the ilium (ILL-ee-um), ischium (ISS-kee-um), and pubis (PEW-biss)
The adult hip bone forms by the fusion of three childhood bones called the ilium (ILL-ee-um), ischium (ISS-kee-um), and pubis (PEW-biss), identified by color in figure 8.36.
The adult hip bone forms by the fusion of three childhood bones called the ilium (ILL-ee-um), ischium (ISS-kee-um), and pubis (PEW-biss), identified by color in figure 8.36.
The adult hip bone forms by the fusion of three childhood bones called the ilium (ILL-ee-um), ischium (ISS-kee-um), and pubis (PEW-biss), identified by color in figure 8.36. The largest of these is the ilium, which extends from the iliac crest to the center of the acetabulum. The iliac crest extends from an anterior point or angle called the anterior superior spine to a sharp posterior angle called the posterior superior spine. In a lean person, the anterior superior spines form visible anterior protrusions at a point where the front pockets usually open on a pair of pants, and the posterior superior spines are sometimes marked by dimples above the buttocks where connective tissue attached to the spines pulls inward on the skin
The adult hip bone forms by the fusion of three childhood bones called the ilium (ILL-ee-um), ischium (ISS-kee-um), and pubis (PEW-biss), identified by color in figure 8.36. The largest of these is the ilium, which extends from the iliac crest to the center of the acetabulum. The iliac crest extends from an anterior point or angle called the anterior superior spine to a sharp posterior angle called the posterior superior spine. In a lean person, the anterior superior spines form visible anterior protrusions at a point where the front pockets usually open on a pair of pants, and the posterior superior spines are sometimes marked by dimples above the buttocks where connective tissue attached to the spines pulls inward on the skin
The adult hip bone forms by the fusion of three childhood bones called the ilium (ILL-ee-um), ischium (ISS-kee-um), and pubis (PEW-biss), identified by color in figure 8.36. The largest of these is the ilium, which extends from the iliac crest to the center of the acetabulum. The iliac crest extends from an anterior point or angle called the anterior superior spine to a sharp posterior angle called the posterior superior spine. In a lean person, the anterior superior spines form visible anterior protrusions at a point where the front pockets usually open on a pair of pants, and the posterior superior spines are sometimes marked by dimples above the buttocks where connective tissue attached to the spines pulls inward on the skin (see fig. B.15, p. 393).
The adult hip bone forms by the fusion of three childhood bones called the ilium (ILL-ee-um), ischium (ISS-kee-um), and pubis (PEW-biss), identified by color in figure 8.36. The largest of these is the ilium, which extends from the iliac crest to the center of the acetabulum. The iliac crest extends from an anterior point or angle called the anterior superior spine to a sharp posterior angle called the posterior superior spine. In a lean person, the anterior superior spines form visible anterior protrusions at a point where the front pockets usually open on a pair of pants, and the posterior superior spines are sometimes marked by dimples above the buttocks where connective tissue attached to the spines pulls inward on the skin (see fig. B.15, p. 393).[image #2]
How many bones is a child originally born with and how many of them fuse together? [Why tag this]Doesn't the hip bone widen more for women then men due to mentral cycles and pregnancy?[Why tag thisWhen do these bones fuse together?[Why tag thisHow and why do these bones fuse together?[Why tag thisAre there 3 separate bones in children to make childbirth easier?[Why tag thisHow is it possible that the bones fuse together?[why tag this text?Good to know. Didn't know that at all.[Why tag thisIf those bones don't fuse then there will be major back poblems? Or would it be something that would hinder a person from walking?[Why tag thisI find it interesting that as children we have more bones than we do as adults and when we grow older they fuse together. Would it be beneficial in anyway for someone to have certain bones not fuse together so that people may be more flexible?[Why tag thisThe adult hip bone is made when the three bpnes from your child hood connect which are the ilium, ischium, and the pubis.[Why tag thisI tagged this area focusing on hip bones, because it is fascinating to learn that our adult hip bones are the result of the ilium, ischium, and pubis, which are all childhood bones essentially fusing together to form one.[Why tag thisSo were the 3 bones (Ilium Ischium Pubis) origionally seperate? What did this look like and how did it make up the pelvis? Are there any markings to distinguish from the sections? and are these considered seperate bones still or simply sections?[Why tag thisHow many pounds per square inch does it take to break a hip bone? I feel like the hips are quite a dense and large bone that is not easily breakable but I hear of people breaking hips all the time![Why tag thisWhat processes do the bones needs to undergo to fuse together?[Why tag thisis it possible that one of the three other bones be larger then the ilium when born and stay that way?[Why tag thisYears ago I broke off my iliac crest. While doing a slide tackle in soccer the muscle somehow wrapped around it and when I went to stand up contracted and snapped it off. It was painful. To this day it is visable, however, the Orthopedic Dr. assured me it had just reattached to a different site on the pelvic girdle.[Why tag thisI tagged this text because it is interesting to learn where these markings on our bodies come from. Certain bones and tissue attachments make distinct protrusions on our bodies.[Why tag thisAre the dimples only due to being lean or is there a hereditary component? I know lean people who do not have these as well as large people who do.[Why tag thisMaisey Mulvey
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Science was severely repressed in the Christian culture of Europe until about the sixteenth century,
Science was severely repressed in the Christian culture of Europe until about the sixteenth century, although some of the most famous medical schools of Europe were founded during this era
Science was severely repressed in the Christian culture of Europe until about the sixteenth century, although some of the most famous medical schools of Europe were founded during this era. Their professors, however, taught medicine primarily as a dogmatic commentary on Galen and Aristotle, not as a field of original research.
Science was severely repressed in the Christian culture of Europe until about the sixteenth century, although some of the most famous medical schools of Europe were founded during this era. Their professors, however, taught medicine primarily as a dogmatic commentary on Galen and Aristotle, not as a field of original research. Medieval medical illustrations were crude representations of the body intended more to decorate a page than to depict the body realistically. Some were astrological charts that showed which sign of the zodiac was thought to influence each organ of the body (fig. 1.2). From such pseudoscience came the word influenza, Italian for ?influence.?
Still is pretty repressed.....[Why I tagged this]why?[Why I tagged thisLearned about this in Ap Europ. Hist. Science was suppressed and banned because people believed that it was against religious views[Why I tagged thisThe main chapter point of how the culture at the time held back study and research.[Why I tagged thisThe author fails to mention how Christianity specifically repressed science. When he mentions that Christian Culture was repressing science without anything to actually back it up, he seems to be just expressing his bigotry of christianity. The examples of cultural repression he mentions are the remnants of Europe once being pagan. The author should have just said European culture. This passage also shows how medical schools that are relevant today were just starting to pop up, and how medical dogma was still plaguing Europe. [Why I tagged thismost famous medicle schools founded in 16th century[Why I tagged thisThis was interesting to me that Galen even said that he might be wrong and of course Aristole could have been to but professors in England still taught from their findings.[Why I tagged thisNot science, simply restating Aristotle and Galen[Why I tagged thisContinued to teach what Aristotle and Galen believed - even though some of it was wrong. (rather than researching themselves)[Why I tagged thisIt is very important to see that the world of medicine is a science and is constantly changing. As one theory is dispproved for a factual theory with evidence to support it. [Why I tagged thisSo where the obersavtions that were made wrong about the human body? Did this cause them to contradict themselves?[Why I tagged thisInteresting - kind of going back to how people used to believe that disease was caused by the gods. - now believe that zodiac signs influenced the ogran of the body.[Why I tagged thisI thought this was interesting because the thought of attaching zodiac signs to body parts is unusual to me but it is also interesting that the word for influenza came about due to this[Why I tagged thisI would be interested to see how this theory came about. What exactly was their proof behind astrology affecting the body? [Why I tagged thisThis is interesting to me. I never knew that zodiac signs and astrology was used to determine parts of the body and different diseases. [Why I tagged thisInteresting! I wonder why the flu was given this name? Would be interesting to find out why. [Why I tagged thisVery interesting and changed my thought on this![Why I tagged thisOrigin of the term Influenza, I think this is interesting because I always find it interesting to find out where medical terms come from.[originjess Tegelman
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Reticular tissue is a mesh of reticular fibers and fibroblasts.
Reticular tissue is a mesh of reticular fibers and fibroblasts. It forms the structural framework (stroma) of such organs as the lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, and bone marrow.
Reticular tissue is a mesh of reticular fibers and fibroblasts. It forms the structural framework (stroma) of such organs as the lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, and bone marrow. The space amid the fibers is filled with blood cells.
Reticular tissue is a mesh of reticular fibers and fibroblasts. It forms the structural framework (stroma) of such organs as the lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, and bone marrow. The space amid the fibers is filled with blood cells. If you imagine a kitchen sponge soaked with blood, the sponge fibers are analogous to the reticular tissue stroma.
Dense regular connective tissue is named for two properties: (1) the collagen fibers are closely packed and leave relatively little open space, and (2) the fibers are parallel to each other. It is found especially in tendons and ligaments. The parallel arrangement of fibers is an adaptation to the fact that tendons and ligaments are pulled in predictable directions by musculoskeletal stresses. With some minor exceptions such as blood vessels and sensory nerve fibers, the only cells in this tissue are fibroblasts, visible by their slender, violet-staining nuclei squeezed between bundles of collagen. This type of tissue has few blood vessels, so injured tendons and ligaments are slow to heal.
Reticular Tissues:Network of reticular fibers/cells. Has Leukocytes.It forms the stroma/framework for lymphatic organsFound in lymph nodes, spleen, thymus and bone marrow[Why tag this text]Sounds about right in that it's what sponges do.[Why tag this textthe other component of loose connective tissue and how to distinguish it.[Why tag this textSo this sucks in liquids if I'm understanding it correctly?[Why tag this textgood to know for my other classes and other quizes for me[General-Do not useReticular tissue has blood that fills the space amid the fibers.[Why tag this textwhat reticular tissue is[Why tag this textDefines Reticular tissue as a loose connective tissue.[General-Do not useDescribing what reticular tissue is and what it does[Why tag this textDense properties are known for the packed collagen with little space between and the parallel fibers to adapt to the contracting of the muscles. The dense regular connective tissues are found in tendons and ligaments. It has little blood vessels which means that dense regular connective tissues heals slowly. [Why tag this textDense Regular Connective Tissue:Collagen Fibers are closely packed and parallel to each other. Scarce blood vessles. FibroblastsWhere: Tendons and LigamentsWhy: Tightly bind things[Why tag this textThis could be why tendons don't have blood vessels running through them. A blood vessel would weaken the overall strength of the tendon.[Why tag this textwhy dense regular connective tissue is name - two properties[Why tag this textdescribes the difference of the two firbous connective tissue[Why tag this textQuestion 5: Dense regular connective tissue has fibers that run parallel to each other were as dense irregular connective tissue has fibers that appear to run in random directions. The dense regular connective tissue is seen in tendons and ligaments that are long and thin. Therefore the long parallel fibers facilitates the function of these tendons. Dense irregular connective tissue is seen more so in the dermis which is thin and wide, this explains the function of the random fibers.[Why tag this textdense regular connective tissue's appearance and where to find it. this is a tight-fitting tissue[Why tag this textDefines Dense connective tissue and where it is usually located.[General-Do not useDefining dense regular connective tissue. The two properties it's named for. Explains its appearance[Why tag this textandrew baker
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The Skull, Lateral Views (External and Internal)
APR Module 5: Skeletal System: dissection: skull: lateral
The skull contains several prominent cavities
The skull contains several prominent cavities
The skull contains several prominent cavities (fig. 8.7). The largest, with an adult volume of about 1,350 mL, is the cranial cavity, which encloses the brain. Other cavities include the orbits (eye sockets), nasal cavity, oral (buccal) cavity, middle- and inner-ear cavities, and paranasal sinuses
The skull contains several prominent cavities (fig. 8.7). The largest, with an adult volume of about 1,350 mL, is the cranial cavity, which encloses the brain. Other cavities include the orbits (eye sockets), nasal cavity, oral (buccal) cavity, middle- and inner-ear cavities, and paranasal sinuses. The sinuses are named for the bones in which they occur (fig. 8.8)?the frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary sinuses.
The skull contains several prominent cavities (fig. 8.7). The largest, with an adult volume of about 1,350 mL, is the cranial cavity, which encloses the brain. Other cavities include the orbits (eye sockets), nasal cavity, oral (buccal) cavity, middle- and inner-ear cavities, and paranasal sinuses. The sinuses are named for the bones in which they occur (fig. 8.8)?the frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary sinuses. They are connected with the nasal cavity, lined by mucous membranes, and filled with air. They lighten the anterior portion of the skull and act as chambers that add resonance to the voice. The latter effect can be sensed in the way your voice changes when you have a cold and mucus obstructs the travel of sound into the sinuses and back.
The skull contains several prominent cavities (fig. 8.7). The largest, with an adult volume of about 1,350 mL, is the cranial cavity, which encloses the brain. Other cavities include the orbits (eye sockets), nasal cavity, oral (buccal) cavity, middle- and inner-ear cavities, and paranasal sinuses. The sinuses are named for the bones in which they occur (fig. 8.8)?the frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary sinuses. They are connected with the nasal cavity, lined by mucous membranes, and filled with air. They lighten the anterior portion of the skull and act as chambers that add resonance to the voice. The latter effect can be sensed in the way your voice changes when you have a cold and mucus obstructs the travel of sound into the sinuses and back.
Is this also why our voices sound different and louder to us, since our voices are resonating around our skull.[Why tag this]This is interesting because I thought the skull was just one giant bone. I knew there were little bones in there but not this many.[Why tag thisthe skull has so many bones...why? how does this skull differ from an infants skull?[Why tag thisIt amazing how many bones we have in our skull, big and small. [GeneralWhat are the cavities needed for? [Why tag thisit is amazing how many cavities are in the skull[Why tag thisThis is an example of how important cavities and just the ones that lye in our cranium[General_Do Not UseIt is amazing to me how the body is made. Specifically, every bone has a reason for its structure. For example, in the skull, the orbits are created as eye sockets, to protect our eyes. Imagine having no eye sockets, and how many problems that would cause, and how dangerous it would be. [Why tag thisThere are three main cavities in the brain. The cranial cavity is the largest and contains the brain, the eye sockets hold the eyes so they are actually two separate cavities and the nasal cavity is connected to the sinuses and thus is filled with air. [Why tag thisWhen saying this is the largest cavity, does that include thickness? The brain is such an important structure, it would make sense for it to be the most protected.[Why tag thisThat is a large number for the cranial cavity[Why tag thisOverview of all the skull cavaties.[Why tag thislargest cavity of the cranium[Why tag thisThere is so much going on in the skull. can you explain it some more [Why tag thisIs that why we call mucus mucus ? from where it comes from? then where do we get the names for the stuff that builds up in or nose? and what is all of that made from??[Why tag thisI will need surgury to open up my sinuses, but what causes them to become narrow?[Why tag thisDo people who have [Why tag thisI thought this text was pretty interesting because my one friend always has a cold or some kind of sinus blockage. She always has that nasalily voice. There must be something wrong within her nasal cavity? Maybe something to do with the mucous membrance malfunctioning?[Why tag thisMelissa
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Cilia Cilia (SIL-ee-uh; singular, cilium11) (fig. 3.11) are hairlike processes about 7 to 10 µm long.
Cilia Cilia (SIL-ee-uh; singular, cilium11) (fig. 3.11) are hairlike processes about 7 to 10 µm long. Nearly every human cell has a single, nonmotile primary cilium a few micrometers long. Its function in some cases is still a mystery, but apparently many of them are sensory, serving as the cell's ?antenna? for monitoring nearby conditions. In the inner ear, they play a role in the sense of balance; in the retina of the eye, they are highly elaborate and form the light-absorbing part of the receptor cells; and in the kidney, they are thought to monitor the flow of fluid as it is processed into urine. In some cases, they open calcium gates in the plasma membrane, activating an informative signal in the cell. Sensory cells in the nose have multiple nonmotile cilia that bind odor molecules.
Cilia (SIL-ee-uh; singular, cilium11) (fig. 3.11) are hairlike processes about 7 to 10 µm long. Nearly every human cell has a single, nonmotile primary cilium a few micrometers long. Its function in some cases is still a mystery, but apparently many of them are sensory, serving as the cell's ?antenna? for monitoring nearby conditions. In the inner ear, they play a role in the sense of balance; in the retina of the eye, they are highly elaborate and form the light-absorbing part of the receptor cells; and in the kidney, they are thought to monitor the flow of fluid as it is processed into urine. In some cases, they open calcium gates in the plasma membrane, activating an informative signal in the cell. Sensory cells in the nose have multiple nonmotile cilia that bind odor molecules.Motile cilia are less widespread, occurring in the respiratory tract, uterine (fallopian) tubes, internal cavities (ventricles) of the brain, and short ducts (efferent ductules) associated with the testes. There may be 50 to 200 cilia on the surface of one cell. They beat in waves that sweep across the surface of an epithelium, always in the same direction (fig. 3.12), propelling such materials as mucus, an egg cell, or cerebrospinal fluid. Each cilium bends stiffly forward and produces a power stroke that pushes along the mucus or other matter. Shortly after a cilium begins its power stroke, the one just ahead of it begins, and the next and the next?collectively producing a wavelike motion. After a cilium completes its power stroke, it is pulled limply back by a recovery stroke that restores it to the upright position, ready to flex again.
Cillia: Hairlike processes, almost every single cell has a single cilium, but we don't know why. In the ear cillia healp with balance, in the eye they help with receptor cells, in the kidney they are though to monitor urine processing. There are also motile cilia, which can be found in the respiratory tract, fallopian tubes, internal cavities of the brain and short ducts of the testes. Their purpose is to propel things by beating in waves. Ciliary movement is caused by the axoneme, which is made of microtubules, arranged in a 9+2 structure. [Why tag this text]unknown to what the function is[General-Do not usecilia is latin for eyelashs[Why tag this textThis very cool how the body/nature has made antennas way before we as humans ever built the steel ones.[Why tag this textQuestion 8: Microvilli and cilia.Microvilli are extensions of the plasma membrane. There function is to increase cell's surface area.Cilia function as antenna and assist in monitoring nearby conditions and sensing.[Why tag this textWhats is the difference of cilia and microvilli, and how do we set them a part in pictures?[Why tag this textIts amazing to know that something so small can do alot of work. It just goes to show you that even something so small can have a big part in helping our body work.[Why tag this textwhat cilia is and its function[Why tag this textI think that cilia is one of the most important things to have. Its job is very important![Why tag this textI thought that this was interesting, the primary function of cilia is to help clear mucous and dirt allowing us to breathe[why i tag thisIs it true that cilia is mostly found on epithilium tissues? Or are they found on all types of tissues?[Why tag this textI think its interesting that our body is so complicated and complex that even to this day with all our high tech technology that the function of cilia is still a mystery. [Why tag this textI learned in high school that the cilia are very important to help the body with receiving messages about the senses.[Why tag this textThis is interesting, Cilia functions by being a sensory. What about its functions in other cases, is it still a mystery today?? [Why tag this textIf they have so many individual roles throughout the body, why is it such a mystery to the function of cilia? Can't they find a decent set of common characteristics?[Why tag this textIt is interesting how something so small and hairlike could serve such a big purposes. I also did not know that we had cilia in the retina of our eye. [Why tag this textRachel Feivor
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A?T and C?G are called the base pairs.
The fact that one strand governs the base sequence of the other is called the law of complementary base pairing
The fact that one strand governs the base sequence of the other is called the law of complementary base pairing.
The fact that one strand governs the base sequence of the other is called the law of complementary base pairing. It enables us to predict the base sequence of one strand if we know the sequence of the complementary strand.
What would be the base sequence of the DNA strand across from ATTGACTCG? If a DNA
What would be the base sequence of the DNA strand across from ATTGACTCG? If a DNA molecule was known to be 20% adenine, predict its percentage of cytosine and explain your answer.
The way I remember this is that [Why tag this text]Rna can be sequenced the same was as Dna except in Rna the 4th base pair is a U instead of a T. [Why tag this textWhat happens if there is a mutation and an A pairs with another A or a G?[Why tag this textWhat would happen if complementary base pairing did not occur?[Why tag this textThis provides a basis on which we could correctly repair damaged DNA. Are we at a level where we could possibly repair frozen DNA? [Why tag this textQuestion 4: The law of complementary base pairing governs the pattern of base pairing.[Why tag this textmust be corralated: a and t; g and c[Why tag this textWhat kind of mutations occur if the base pairing becomes mix matched?[Why tag this textI must remember this![Why tag this textIt is interesting to see how DNA is structured. You always hear about DNA testing but this actually how it is formed and what they are actually testing.[Why tag this textThe strand across from ATTGACTCG would be TAACTGAGC. If a DNA molecule was known to be 20% adenine, then the percentage of it made up of cytosine could be estimated to be about 30%. If 20% is adenine, then another 20% has to be its pair, thymine; so we already have 40% of the DNA molecule accounted for, leaving 60%. If one were to then assume nearly even distribution between cytosine and guanine, that leaves us with approximately 30% guanine and 30% cytosine.[Why tag this textthe answer would be TAACTGAGC[Why tag this textThe base sequence of the DNA strang across from ATTGACTCG would be, TAACTGAGC. If a DNA molecule was known to be 20% adenine, it would be 20% thymine because they are base pairs. That would mean the remaining 60% of the molecule would be equally split between 30% cytosine and 30% guanine?[Why tag this textCGGTCAGAT would be the base sequence and the percent of cytosine would also be 20% because adenines direct pair is always cytosine so it would make sense that it would be the same percentage. [Why tag this textThe base sequence would be TAACTGAGC. If a DNA molecule was 20% adenine, there would be 30% cytosine. Adenine is a base pair with thymine, so we know 40% of the molecule is accounted for. Cytosine is a base pair with Guanine; and we have 60% unaccounted for. Because of the base pairs we know the molecule is 30% cytosine and 30% guanine. [Why tag this textIt would be TAACTGAGC. The DNA molecule would be 20% cytosine because any adenine present in the molecule would have to be attached or bonded to a cytosine.[Why tag this textmorgan johnson
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Anterior Muscles of the Hip. Most muscles that act on the femur originate on the hip bone. The two principal anterior muscles are the iliacus, which fills most of the broad iliac fossa of the pelvis, and the psoas major, a thick rounded muscle that arises mainly from the lumbar vertebrae (fig. 10.32). Collectively, they are called the iliopsoas and share a common tendon to the femur.
Muscles of Hip and Femur: Most muscles of the femur originate on the hip bone. Gluteal muscles are gluteus maximus, gluteus medius and gluteus minimus. [Why Tag This]I think it is interesting that so many of the muscles in the leg connect back to the hip. Is this why injuries that involve muscles in the leg are very painful and take awhile to recover? [Why Tag ThisI have a friend who broke both of his femurs (compound fractures) in a motorcross accident. When this happens, what exactly happens to the muscles that attach to this bone or any bone that may fully break?[Why Tag ThisI find this interesting because people are constantly in movement, and the femur is a huge part of movement; walking running jogging, jumping, any type of movement requires the movement of the femur. But in this paragraph it says that the hip is where most force goes from the femur. This is interesting to me because the femur is suppsoed to be the strongest and longest bone in the body, so why wouldnt the hip be putting force on the femur instead of the other way around?[Why Tag ThisWhat actually happens when you [Why Tag ThisWith so many muscles acting upon the hip and femur where it orginates in the hip bone, it is easy to see how an injury, over use or under use, disproportionate pull or strength of any one of these muscles can cause pain and/or mobility issues over time. In the fitness industry, I see lots of people who sit all day with severely shortened anterior muscles and lengthened and weakened posterior muscles.[Why Tag ThisThe hip muscles are really important. My athletic trainer has told me because my hip muscles are so tight that is what has been causing my lower back pain and my tight hamstrings[Why Tag ThisWhat if you had a cut deep enough to cut your muscles, how would the muscles recover? Just the same way to how a simple cut recovers?[Why Tag ThisDoes these muscles only extend from the hip or do they originate higher in the body?[Why Tag ThisIt is not very often that you hear of dilocating the femur from its socket. the location of all these muscles clearly shows why that is. [Why Tag ThisThis gives a bit of a background of the actual femur which is located on the hip bone. It is quite important to know the significance of where each bone is from from the beginning. [Why Tag ThisThe Psoas major must be the reason why people who present to the ER complaining of back pain always seem to have trouble lifint their leg (at the hip) off the bed.[Why Tag ThisI tagged this because I would like to learn more about the mucles that connect to the hip because I had an avulsion fracture of my hip 2 years ago and ever since I have been curious as to what exactly happened when I got that injury.[Why Tag ThisThe reason why there are many muscles originating on the hip bone is because different areas of the hip bone act on tendons in different ways.[Why Tag ThisMOST MUSCLES THAT ACT ON THE FEMUR ORIGINATE ON THE HIP BONE[Why Tag ThisWhen someone breaks their hip, do they tear muscle as well? If so what muscles usually tear and have to be repaired. [Why Tag ThisSo there are two major muscels that are connecting the hip and the upper leg?[Why Tag ThisHow are these mucles affected during birth such as water breaking to contractions to the baby exiting through the birth canal?[Why Tag ThisMegan Page
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Sarah Cherkinian
A chemical reaction is a process in which a covalent or ionic bond is formed or broken.
A chemical reaction is a process in which a covalent or ionic bond is formed or broken.
A chemical reaction is a process in which a covalent or ionic bond is formed or broken. The course of a chemical reaction is symbolized by a chemical equation that typically shows the reactants on the left, the products on the right, and an arrow pointing from the reactants to the products
A chemical reaction is a process in which a covalent or ionic bond is formed or broken. The course of a chemical reaction is symbolized by a chemical equation that typically shows the reactants on the left, the products on the right, and an arrow pointing from the reactants to the products.
A chemical reaction is a process in which a covalent or ionic bond is formed or broken. The course of a chemical reaction is symbolized by a chemical equation that typically shows the reactants on the left, the products on the right, and an arrow pointing from the reactants to the products.
A chemical reaction is a process in which a covalent or ionic bond is formed or broken. The course of a chemical reaction is symbolized by a chemical equation that typically shows the reactants on the left, the products on the right, and an arrow pointing from the reactants to the products. For example, consider this common occurrence: If you open a bottle of wine and let it stand for several days, it turns sour. Wine ?turns to vinegar? because oxygen gets into the bottle and reacts with ethanol to produce acetic acid and water. Acetic acid gives the tart flavor to vinegar and spoiled wine.
A chemical reaction is a process in which a covalent or ionic bond is formed or broken. The course of a chemical reaction is symbolized by a chemical equation that typically shows the reactants on the left, the products on the right, and an arrow pointing from the reactants to the products. For example, consider this common occurrence: If you open a bottle of wine and let it stand for several days, it turns sour. Wine ?turns to vinegar? because oxygen gets into the bottle and reacts with ethanol to produce acetic acid and water. Acetic acid gives the tart flavor to vinegar and spoiled wine. The equation for this reaction is
A chemical reaction is a process in which a covalent or ionic bond is formed or broken. The course of a chemical reaction is symbolized by a chemical equation that typically shows the reactants on the left, the products on the right, and an arrow pointing from the reactants to the products. For example, consider this common occurrence: If you open a bottle of wine and let it stand for several days, it turns sour. Wine ?turns to vinegar? because oxygen gets into the bottle and reacts with ethanol to produce acetic acid and water. Acetic acid gives the tart flavor to vinegar and spoiled wine. The equation for this reaction isEthanol and oxygen are the reactants, and acetic acid and water are the products of this reaction. Not all reactions are shown with the arrow pointing from left to right. In complex biochemical equations, reaction chains are often written vertically or even in circles.Chemical reactions can be classified as decomposition, synthesis, or exchange reactions. In decomposition reactions, a large molecule breaks down into two or more smaller ones (fig. 2.13a); symbolically, AB -> A + B. When you eat a potato, for example, digestive enzymes decompose its starch into thousands of glucose molecules, and most cells further decompose glucose to water and carbon dioxide. Starch, a very large molecule, ultimately yields about 36,000 molecules of H2O and CO2..
This reaction changes whatever is reacting (burning paper turns it to ash, backing turns batter to cake)[Why tag this text]Chemical reactions are so unbelievably important that most people don't even know that they are. A chamical reaction isn't just what we see in a test tube or in movies with explosions, but also something that occurs constantly in nature - expecially in our bodies. Without these chemical reactions constantly occuring in our bodies, there is no way that we would exist as living human beings - or any living animal for that matter (Actually not even plants could grow as well as other natural processes in the world).[Why tag this textwhen a covalent or ionic bond is made or broken then a chemical reaction occurs.[Why tag this textKeep in mind; make notecard[Why tag this textreading this made me think about my internal structures and how they use these breaking/forming covalent or ionic bonds to produce the materials we need to support our internal set point of homeostasis out of the food we consume.[Why tag this textThe definition of a chemical reaction is important because we will need to know what it is in order to find out when a chemical reaction has occurred.[Why tag this textChemical reactions can be very simple or very complex depending on what is in the reaction. You can speed up the process of a reaction by increasing the tempurature, or increasing the concentration of a solution.[Why tag this textDescribing what a chemical reaction is[Why tag this textDefinition of chemical reaction: process in which a covalent or ionic bond is formed or broken[Why tag this textThis is important to know because it what we are made out of. We know that a covalent bond is when a metal and a nonmetal bond and Ionic is when two nonmetals bond. These arewhat reactions not only chemical reations but reactions in our body as well. [Why tag this textWhy does acetic acid have a spoiled type of flavor to it? Because of the oxygen gets to it?[Why tag this textI fine this interesting because I always thought that wine was made out of dried up grapes so how is it that it turns into vinegar? Wouldn't it just turn into sour grape juice?[Why tag this textWhen one soultion turns into another soultion[Why tag this textThis is what help breaking down covalent and ionic bond, which processing through chemical reaction.[Why tag this textThis is all easily understood because of the examples they give about wine and the potato. It gives me a good perspective on the whole idea of chemical reactions. This is like when you cook rice too I think. [Why tag this textI have done plenty of chemical reactions dealing with the reactants and the products. I learned that in a chemical reaction the molecules of one substance break apart and join together with those of another substance to create a different compound. If you think about it most chemical reactions are unreversible changes. [Why tag this texti learned a lot about this when i took chemistry but this looks at the process a little more clearly but less in depth. The wine to viniger is the perfect example to show how oxygan reacts with different things[Why tag this textChemical Reactions: Process in which bonds are formed or broken. This is shown by chemical reactants on the left and products on the right, with an arrow pointing to reactants. Can be classified into decomposition, synthesis, or exchange reactions. Decomp=Large molecule breaks down. Synthesis: Molecules combine. Exchange: Molecules exchange atoms or groups of atoms. Reactions can be reversible, which means they can go either way. Its direction is determines by the amount of substances on either side. They go from greater to smaller. [Why tag this textDakota Francart
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The length of the cell cycle varies greatly from one cell type to another. Stomach and skin cells divide rapidly, bone and cartilage cells slowly, and skeletal muscle cells and nerve cells not at all
The length of the cell cycle varies greatly from one cell type to another. Stomach and skin cells divide rapidly, bone and cartilage cells slowly, and skeletal muscle cells and nerve cells not at all.
The length of the cell cycle varies greatly from one cell type to another. Stomach and skin cells divide rapidly, bone and cartilage cells slowly, and skeletal muscle cells and nerve cells not at all.
The length of the cell cycle varies greatly from one cell type to another. Stomach and skin cells divide rapidly, bone and cartilage cells slowly, and skeletal muscle cells and nerve cells not at all. Some cells leave the cell cycle for a ?rest? and cease to divide for days, years, or the rest of one's life. Such cells are said to be in the G0 (G-zero) phase. The balance between cells that are actively cycling and those standing by in G0 is an important factor in determining the number of cells in the body. An inability to stop cycling and enter G0 is characteristic of cancer cells
The length of the cell cycle varies greatly from one cell type to another. Stomach and skin cells divide rapidly, bone and cartilage cells slowly, and skeletal muscle cells and nerve cells not at all. Some cells leave the cell cycle for a ?rest? and cease to divide for days, years, or the rest of one's life. Such cells are said to be in the G0 (G-zero) phase. The balance between cells that are actively cycling and those standing by in G0 is an important factor in determining the number of cells in the body. An inability to stop cycling and enter G0 is characteristic of cancer cells
The length of the cell cycle varies greatly from one cell type to another. Stomach and skin cells divide rapidly, bone and cartilage cells slowly, and skeletal muscle cells and nerve cells not at all. Some cells leave the cell cycle for a ?rest? and cease to divide for days, years, or the rest of one's life. Such cells are said to be in the G0 (G-zero) phase. The balance between cells that are actively cycling and those standing by in G0 is an important factor in determining the number of cells in the body. An inability to stop cycling and enter G0 is characteristic of cancer cells (see Deeper Insight 4.3).
Interphase: phases G1, S, and G2[Why tag this text]so does the size of the cell come into factor when depeneding on the length?[Why tag this textWhat physically properties of a cell contribute to the length of the cell cycle? What makes skin cells different from bone cells in this way?[Why tag this textThis shows how different all cells really are and how it is necessary for them to adjust to our changing, depending on the different functions of our bodies, and the area of the body that the cell is in. [Why tag this textI never knew that cells would rest and stop dividing. I think it would be interesting to do research on what effects when these cells re-join the cell cycle. [Why tag this textIf we were able to get our skeletal muscle cells and nerve cells to divide, would it be possible for us to regenrate limbs that have been lost?[Why tag this text
I chose to highlight this part of the text because this is a section that I think I understand well. We can assume that the length of the cell cycle, would be merely based how strong the cell is, resulting from what it is made from.[Why tag this textI am tagging this text because it helps to visualize the difference of cell cycles in different types of cells. It make sense that there are different amounts of cells in the body, like the text states, due to the length and how often the cell cycle repeats. This also is incorporated with cancer cells, as the [Why tag this textThe pace of the different cell cycles is interesting i didnt know that some cells divided faster than others. G0 is is the rest of making cells. How does this process malfunction to produce cancer?[Why tag this textThis is why studying our DNA is so important. If we can discover how to contol the signals that send a cell into the G0 phase, we can effectively cure cancer. Also, if we can figure out how to eactivate cells in G0, we could potentially find ways to repair and replace tissues that cannot currently be regenerated, like nerve cells.[Why tag this text I wonder if this has to do with our teeth not being able to regrow after maturity?[Why tag this textThis confirms that we can not gain more muscle cells, all that we have is it, but the large muscles come from increased cell size.[Why tag this textIn chapter five it was talking of how some cells divide a lot more rapidly than others. I wonder how the cell knows how fast to divide? Does a cell have some sort of marker telling it what kind of cell it is and how fast to divide?[Why tag this textWhy do some cells divide and others do not?[Why tag this textWhy does this occur?[Why tag this textWhich cells in the body do this?[Why tag this textG-sero phase is a resting period where the cell ceases to divide for a bit. [Why tag this textIs there a way to bring some cells out of this phase? perhaps if there were we could stimulate nerual regeneration in spinal injuries[Why tag this textso when your body stops cycling its the characterisitcs of cancer cells[Why tag this textLauren Anthe
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A pH of 7.20 is slightly alkaline, yet a blood pH of 7.20 is called acidosis. Why do you think it is called this?
The pH of our body fluids has a direct bearing on how we react to drugs.
The pH of our body fluids has a direct bearing on how we react to drugs. Depending on pH, drugs such as aspirin, phenobarbital, and penicillin can exist in charged (ionized) or uncharged forms. Whether a drug is charged or not can determine whether it will pass through cell membranes. When aspirin is in the acidic environment of the stomach, for example, it is uncharged and passes easily through the stomach lining into the bloodstream. Here it encounters a basic pH, whereupon it ionizes. In this state, it is unable to pass back through the membrane, so it accumulates in the blood. This effect, called ion trapping or pH partitioning, can be controlled to help clear poisons from the body.
The pH of our body fluids has a direct bearing on how we react to drugs. Depending on pH, drugs such as aspirin, phenobarbital, and penicillin can exist in charged (ionized) or uncharged forms. Whether a drug is charged or not can determine whether it will pass through cell membranes. When aspirin is in the acidic environment of the stomach, for example, it is uncharged and passes easily through the stomach lining into the bloodstream. Here it encounters a basic pH, whereupon it ionizes. In this state, it is unable to pass back through the membrane, so it accumulates in the blood. This effect, called ion trapping or pH partitioning, can be controlled to help clear poisons from the body. The pH of the urine, for example, can be manipulated so that poisons become trapped there and thus rapidly excreted from the body.
This is interesting to me. I had no idea that such a small change in pH could cause such devistating consequences for the body.[Why tag this text]For me this I am always amazed how the little changes in the body can really lead to diasterious results for us. Though pH 7.2 is slightly basic in normal conditions, I'm not too sure why it called acidosis[Why tag this textAnything less than a blood pH of 7.4 is considered acidosis, anything more is alkaline.[Why tag this textThis is a great point and one I think we forget. This allows the body to rid itself of potentially dangerous chemicals. It also is a good reminder of the importance is staying hydrated and voiding the bladder regularly to help this proces along.[Why tag this textIt is still considered acidosis because it remains more acidic the average pH level in which our body stays at normally. (7.35-7.45)[Why tag this textI tagged this because I did not know that the way drugs react in your body depends on the pH balance of body fluids. In examples such as aspirin, I wonder if it would be absorbed as well if the stomach acid pH is off.[Why tag this texthow the PH of drugs and medicine work to help our body. It got me interested in reading this part and i felt like it stuck with me.[Why tag this textSo if someone takes medicine to inhibit the production of acid in the stomach for acid reflux, would that mean that drugs like aspirin would be less effective? I realize acid is still in the stomach after taking one of those pills, so maybe a slightly acidic environment is enough. [Why tag this textI thought that this was interesting because the pH of of many drugs are different. When drugs are not charged or charged - we can not know if the drug will be able to pass through a membrane or not. But some drugs like asprin needs the acidity of the stomach to be able to pass through a membrane. When the pH of the drug stays in the blood it is called trapping or pH partitioning which can clear body of poinsons. [Why tag this textI would not have thought that pH balance can contribute so much to our overall body makeup. I knew about acids and the stomach, but I never thought about the pH levels of medicine before. [Why tag this textThis paragraph talked about the PH found in our body fluids and this reminded me about the PH of the Vagina. I learned from the doctors that I work with, that the PH of the vagina should be between 3.8-4.5 and if it the number does not fall between that range then you most likely have a vaginal infection. I found this interesting because it talks about the PH in your body. I also find it interesting that now they have vaginal PH kits that you can use to check your PH level at home.[Why tag this textThis is an interesting section because it takes what we just learned about acids and bases and applied it to drugs that we use all the time. [Why tag this textThis is also true with Ibuprofen. My sister has a tumor on her brain stem and before they could do surgery she had to wait three days for the Ibuprofen to clear out of her bloodstream because it was making her blood thin.[Why tag this textI wonder if you eat an acidic fruit or something before you take an aspirin if it will help you feel it faster.[Why tag this textI did not know this about aspirin, I take aspirin all the time, but this is making me think twice about taking it. I will only take it if I absolutely need to.[Why tag this textThis is fascinating because a bodily pH imbalance that occurs following cardiac injury or other metabolic acidosis also reduces the effectiveness of drugs such as aspirin which are used to mitigate the potential damage of that same injury. [Why tag this textThis is cool because we can use our knowledge of physiology to create drugs to fix disease.[Why tag this textThis makes me think of a Chinese finger trap. It goes in easily but once inside it gets trapped. [Why tag this textKyle Le
Catherine Andersen
Hauser Joseph Alan
Kirsten Majstorovic
Lauren Anthe
Sophie
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maria lira
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[image #4]
[image #4]
[image #4] FIGURE 2.12The pH Scale. The pH is shown within the colored bar. H+ molarity increases 10-fold for every step down the scale.Slight disturbances of pH can seriously disrupt physiological functions and alter drug actions (see Deeper Insight 2.2), so it is important that the body carefully control its pH. Blood, for example, normally has a pH ranging from 7.35 to 7.45. Deviations from this range cause tremors, fainting, paralysis, or even death. Chemical solutions that resist changes in pH are called buffers. Buffers and pH regulation are considered in detail in Chapter 24.
Slight disturbances of pH can seriously disrupt physiological functions and alter drug actions (see Deeper Insight 2.2), so it is important that the body carefully control its pH. Blood, for example, normally has a pH ranging from 7.35 to 7.45. Deviations from this range cause tremors, fainting, paralysis, or even death. Chemical solutions that resist changes in pH are called buffers. Buffers and pH regulation are considered in detail in Chapter 24. Apply What You KnowA pH of 7.20 is slightly alkaline, yet a blood pH of 7.20 is called acidosis. Why do you think it is called this?
I don't understand how the scale works in regards to the 1-fold change in H+ concentration.[Why tag this text]It's been a while since I've dealt with the pH scale and I forgot how much of a difference there is between the numbers. Personally, I suffer from frequent acid reflux, which I attribute to my dad's side of the family. My aunt has always said that bananas give her raging heartburn, upon seeing this scale, I realize how acidic bananas are and it makes sense we she reacts so strongly to them.[Why tag this textThis image actually surprised me by what was shown as more acidic and more base. I would have thought milk and eggs would have been switched to where milk was more base and eggs acidic.[Why tag this textWater and protein are the most common colloids in the body. I found the pH scale really interesting becuase i didnt know milk and bananas would be more acidic than bleach and ammonia.[Why tag this textSince gastric juice is so acidic, where would the buffers be located that keep this acid from harming other parts of our digestive tract? In the stomach lining and esophagus?[Why tag this textWhat about a banana's chemical make up is so acidic exactly?[Why tag this textThis figure of the PH scale shows me how much acid that we really have in our bodies.[Why I tagged thisIf I am to use the scientific method to explain if we are able to intake acids or bases, by oberservation I could conclude that we clean with bases and intake a certain amount of pH levels. Too much pH can disrupt the physiological functions of our bodies. However, our bodies do secrete acidic fluids such as hydrochloric acid and gastric juice. The level of acidity is important. [Why tag this textI thought this acid base scale was interesting because I never thought banans would be more acidic than black coffee. I guess when I think about it, a green banana is kind of tart/bitter which would indicate some acidity.[Why tag this textI find it interesting that we can safely consume foods that are acidic up to around a pH of 2, however, if we went to that same point on the basic side (around 12, more basic than ammonia), it would not be safe for us to consume. Why is this?[Why tag this textI was just thinking of how gastric acid is obviously acidic and how when you have an upset tummy or heartburn, people take antacids to neutralize it. The antacids are more basic so that they are able to neutralize the acid. So it just goes to show that, like the book says, even slight disturbances can be disruptive. [Why tag this textHow does the body control pH?[Why tag this texthow does blood regulate pH balance in the body?[Why tag this textNever realized how important it was for the body to regulate its pH value. That even the slightest difference in the bloods pH value not being in the range from 7.35-7.45, a range of only one tenth. Can have such depremental effects such as paralysis or death.[Why tag this textThe fact that blood has a small allowed fluctuation of .1 pH, and deviation from there can cause anywhere from tremors to death is really interesting. Our body's ability to maintain such precise order through buffers and pH regulation seems impossible and yet we do it every day with everything we ingest.[Why tag this textQuestion 2: I think it is called this because a pH of 7.20 is more acidic than the normal pH of blood.[Why tag this textAcidosis means an abnormal condition of acid. Because, rmal blood pH is normally 7.35-7.45, a blood pH of 7.20 is more acidic than regular blood. It is amazing how such a small change can result in such major effects in the body.[Why tag this textI agree - it is amazing how such a small change can cause such a great effect and even cause death.In response to Corianne's comment: Acidosis means an abnormal condition of acid. Because, rmal blood pH is normally 7.35-7.45, a blood pH of 7.20 is more acidic than regular blood. It is amazing how such a small change can result in such major effects in the body.--[Why tag this textJacob
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Listening to a patient for a heart murmur: auscultationStudying the microscopic structure of the liver: cytologyMicoroscopically examining liver tissue for signs of hepatitis: histopathologyLearning the blood vessels of a cadaver: dissectionPerforming a breast self-examination: palpation[Why I tagged this]The method of listening to a patient's heart murmur is auscultation, studying the microscopic structure of the liver is histology, microscopically examining liver tissue is histolpathology, learning the blood vessels of a cadavar is dissection, performing a breast self-examination is palpation.[Why I tagged thisThe method for listening to a patient for a heart murmur would be auscultation. To study the microscopic structure of the liver it would be best to use histology. Microscopically examining liver tissue for signs of hepatitis you should use histopathology. You would use dissection to learn the blood vessels of a cadaver, and you would use palpation to perform a breast self-exam.[Why I tagged thisThe best method for listening to a patient's heart for a murmur would be to use auscultation. To study the microscopic structure of the liver it would be best to use histology. Microscopically examining liver tissue for signs of hepatitis one should use histopathology. Learning the blood vessels of a cadaver dissection should be used, and performing a breast self-examination we should use palpation. [Why I tagged this
The method that would be used to listen to a patient for a heart murmur is auscultation. Studying the microscopic structure of the liver one would use histology. The method used to learn the blood vessels of a cadaver would be dissection. For performing a breast self-examination one would use palpation. [Why I tagged thisThe method of listening to a patient 's heart is Auscultation, studying the microscopic structure of the liver is histology, microscopically examining liver tissue for signs of hepatitis is histopathology, learning the blood vessel of the cadavar is dissection, and performing breast examination is palpation.[Why I tagged thisListening to a heart with a murmur: AusculationMicroscopic structure of liver: CytologyExamining liver tissues: histologyLearning the blood vessels: dissectionPerforming a breat self-examination: Palpation[Why I tagged thisThis would be auscultation.[Why I tagged thisThis would be cytology.[Why I tagged thisThis would be histopathology.[Why I tagged thisHistopathology[Why I tagged thisI find it extremely interesting how differnt species of animals are related and how they evolve over time. Its crazy how one species in one climate/ biome can be related to a species in a comletely differnt one and yet they both have such similar qualities and functions. The reason I highlighted this however is because I am curious how two differnt species of animals that are part of the same ancestry can be in two differnt areas of the world that have almost the same climate and habitat and have be differnt structurally? Does this happen? Also what else effects how a species evolved over time besides the climate and its predators? [Why I tagged thisOne could learn this through dissection.[Why I tagged thisThis diagnostic technique would be palpation.[Why I tagged thisTou Xiong Thao
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DEEPER INSIGHT 4.1Medical HistoryDiscovery of the Double Helix
Credit for determining the double-helical structure of DNA has gone mainly to James Watson and Francis Crick
Credit for determining the double-helical structure of DNA has gone mainly to James Watson and Francis Crick (fig. 4.3). The events surrounding their discovery form one of the most dramatic stories of modern science?the subject of many books and at least one movie.
Credit for determining the double-helical structure of DNA has gone mainly to James Watson and Francis Crick (fig. 4.3). The events surrounding their discovery form one of the most dramatic stories of modern science?the subject of many books and at least one movie.
Credit for determining the double-helical structure of DNA has gone mainly to James Watson and Francis Crick (fig. 4.3). The events surrounding their discovery form one of the most dramatic stories of modern science?the subject of many books and at least one movie. When Watson and Crick came to share a laboratory at Cambridge University in 1951, both had barely begun their careers. Watson, age 23, had just completed his Ph.D. in the United States, and Crick, 11 years older, was a doctoral candidate in England. Yet the two were about to become the most famous molecular biologists of the twentieth century, and the discovery that won them such acclaim came without a single laboratory experiment of
Credit for determining the double-helical structure of DNA has gone mainly to James Watson and Francis Crick (fig. 4.3). The events surrounding their discovery form one of the most dramatic stories of modern science?the subject of many books and at least one movie. When Watson and Crick came to share a laboratory at Cambridge University in 1951, both had barely begun their careers. Watson, age 23, had just completed his Ph.D. in the United States, and Crick, 11 years older, was a doctoral candidate in England. Yet the two were about to become the most famous molecular biologists of the twentieth century, and the discovery that won them such acclaim came without a single laboratory experiment of their own.
I enjoyed reading this part ..[Why tag this text]http://www.harkavagrant.com/index.php?id=240[Why tag this textdetermining the double helical structure of DNA is credited to James Watson and Francis Crick[General-Do not useJames Watson and Francis Crick are credited with discovery[Why tag this textI think it is really important for us to recognize the people who came up with the significant information we learn, because without the discovery, I would not be sitting here learning about it today, in order to become a doctor one day.[Why tag this textThis is interesting because at just 23 years old Watson had completed his Ph.D and was on the verge of discovering something that would shape our knowledge and understanding. Its just amazing that someone that young is so talented.[Why tag this textImportant to know in DNA history level[Why tag this textWatson and Crick are scientists credited with discovering the double helix structure of DNA.[Why tag this textJames Watson and Francis Crick - determined the double helical structure of DNA. (most famous molecular biologists of the twentieth century)[Why tag this textI remember watching a movie about Watson and Crick in 10th grade when we were first beginning to understand DNA and all of its complexities. I think its interesting how they came about determining the double-helical structure with help from Rosalind Franklin. [Why tag this textthats amazing that two college students at the age of 23 came together to find this discover that students today are learning about[Why tag this textImportant to know who dicovered the structure of DNA. I would like to know a little more of how they did it though?[Why tag this textJames Watson and Francis Crick discovered the double-helical structure[Why tag this textcoming up with the double-helical structure for DNA[Why tag this textI heard they stole someone else's work and took credit for it[Why tag this textThis paragraph is so interesting to me! I knew who discoverd it, but never knew how old they were. The fact that crick was 11 years old amazes me. I am so entrigued learning about the history of the double helix now.[Why tag this textWhoa! Francis Crick was a doctoral candidate in Englnad when he was 11 years old?! He must of been incredibly smart, wow. Major shocker.[Why tag this textJames Watson and Francis Crick have contributed so much to science. Without them, we would not have known so much about DNA so early in time. [Why tag this textAmie Emrys
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Standing too suddenly or improperly lifting a heavy weight, however, can strain the erector spinae, cause painful muscle spasms, tear tendons and ligaments of the lower back, and rupture intervertebral discs. The lumbar muscles are adapted for maintaining posture, not for lifting. This is why it is important, in heavy lifting, to kneel and use the powerful extensor muscles of the thighs and buttocks to lift the load
Standing too suddenly or improperly lifting a heavy weight, however, can strain the erector spinae, cause painful muscle spasms, tear tendons and ligaments of the lower back, and rupture intervertebral discs. The lumbar muscles are adapted for maintaining posture, not for lifting. This is why it is important, in heavy lifting, to kneel and use the powerful extensor muscles of the thighs and buttocks to lift the load.
Standing too suddenly or improperly lifting a heavy weight, however, can strain the erector spinae, cause painful muscle spasms, tear tendons and ligaments of the lower back, and rupture intervertebral discs. The lumbar muscles are adapted for maintaining posture, not for lifting. This is why it is important, in heavy lifting, to kneel and use the powerful extensor muscles of the thighs and buttocks to lift the load.
so therefore do the back muscles play any role to standing up?[Why tag this]Do all muscles work best when partially contracted or do some work fine whether stretched or relaxed?[Why tag thisThis is very useful information because I work out 5 times a week and I have lifted a heavy object to fast and been caused pain. Having this in mind next time I work out will be useful.[Why tag thisThis section brings up that injury can occur to your back, but for me it also leads into the question of alignment and poor posture. It seems like most people suffer from back pain of some sort, and I was wondering what kinds of things lead to back pain, and what can be done to help avoid it other than lift weights and improve your posture. This also leads to if chiropractors actually help or not?[Why tag thisI can relate to this because I work at a place where continuous heavy lifting is involved, and I try and help my employees see that by not properly lifting it can strain the back, but this has provided me with more insight.[Why tag thisIs this the same as pulling a muscle? Or does pulling a muscle come from stretching that muscle an excessive amount?[Why tag thisI tagged this because I knew there was a reason why people say say don't lift with your back but it is very interesting to learn the science about it. Also if I become a physical thereapist dealing with back injuries with probably be a common injury so this knowledge will be inportant to have.[Why tag thisI can understand the improperly lifting can cause back problems but i was unaware that suddenly getting up could cause similar problems.[Why tag thisIf weight has been dispersed in the thighs and butt why does the erector spinae become damaged if an individual stands upt too quickly?[Why tag thishow back injuries can occur especially in heavy lifting[Why tag thisI had a bad experience with this. This is a true statement. [Why tag thisThe lumbar can be easily damaged by pushing too much pressure on the lower back. It is important to use your thighs and keep your back straight when lifting something heavy. [Why tag thisThis is what is causing my lower lumbar pain and what the physical therapist tries to strengthen during our sessions[General_Do Not UseI find tht in movement the most injuries occur in the lumbr spine. People forget that these muscles should be used for stabalization. I'm not even sure that I was aware of this. When lifting something heavy I think people often use the lumbar spine instead of a straight back bending at the hips and knees.[Why tag thisThis is interesting to me that just by standing up to fast you can really injure your back. I always wondered the reason behind using your leg muscles while you lift heavy objects.[Why tag thisI can relate to this because in my CNA class we learend to lift heavy objects by bending out knees instead of bending over and lifting using our back muscles. This is the exact reason. Also, back injuries seem to be vey painful by the time you get old and frail. My dad shot his back out in a car accident and now he can't be as active as he used to be.[Why tag thisWhen someone says they [Why tag thisstanding or improperly lifting a heavy weight can strain the erector spinae. Lumbar muscles are adapted for mainting posture not for lifting. [Why tag thisso how would you treat this?[Why tag thisLeah Hennes
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This gives water a set of properties that account for its ability to support life: solvency, cohesion, adhesion, chemical reactivity, and thermal stability.Page 51
water has a big impact in the survival of life. [Why tag this text]Isnt water already formed from a hydrogen bond? so are they being attached to themselves?[Why tag this textI was unaware of all the functions that water carries out to support life. I've never knew how many properites water had to supoort life. I've always known the importance of water but never was told in detail what waters function was in life. [Why tag this textWhen reading about elements or compounds, water, of course, is always mentioned regarding the unique properties it holds. I am curious if there is another element or compound with as many unique or unusal characteristics[Why tag this textWater is what keeps us alive. It amazes me that something that we do not think twice about in our daily lives is what our lives depend on, we need it as much as we need oxygen...without out it we would cease. Is it possible to create water physically? I ask this, because people say one day we won't have enough water. [Why tag this textanother example of biological significance[Why tag this textProperties of water: solvency, cohesion, adhesion, chemical reactivity, and thermal stability[Why tag this textIt is amazing to me that water has so many abilities that are all necessary for life. [Why tag this textWater is an amazing substance. The fact that it can do so much is astounding.[Why tag this textThis is probably one of the reasons why it's believed that life started in the water. But I still do not have clear how those specific properties give water the ablility to support life? what would happen if water was missing one of its properties?[Why tag this textAn explination as to why our bodies are made up of so much water.[Why tag this textI had no idea that water consisted of so many factors or that it was so complex.[Why tag this textIn high school we did an activity where we droped droplets of water one at a time on a penny to see how many we could get. And because water is very adhesive, we were able to fit may droplets on the penny. [Why tag this texti find it surprising how much the properties of water are actually accountable for our life support. I used to just think of it as hydrogen and oxygen but after reading this it made me realize how much water takes into count.[Why tag this textNow that I understand these properties, it gives me more insight as to why I need water on a daily basis not just for healthy living, but in order for us to survive properly. [Why tag this textHow would your body charge a molecule? Does this refer to an induced dipole?[Why tag this textI know that water is essential in life, however I did not know that different chemicals in our bodies can be put into water and separate, so that the chemicals can be used for other things.[Why tag this textIt is amazing to think of everything that goes into why water is so essential to life. It is kind of simple to think that we just get thirsty and therefore we are almost 'drying out' in a way so we drink water and thats it. We need it because without water we can't break down compounds into electrolytes and some of those electrolytes are essential for protein formation. Its very much the idea of a chain is only as strong as its weakest link. Take out one component and nothing else works.[Why tag this textwow, i did not know this. That seems like such a small range and major consequences for any deviation. What are some factors that would cause this change to occur in the blood.[Why tag this textKayla Theys
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Psychosomatic effects (effects of the subject's state of mind on his or her physiology) can have an undesirable effect on experimental results if we do not control for them. In drug research, it is therefore customary to give the control group a placebo (pla-SEE-bo)?a substance with no significant physiological effect on the body.
placebo (pla-SEE-bo)?a substance with no significant physiological effect on the body. If we were testing a drug, for example, we could give the treatment group the drug and the control group identical-looking sugar tablets. Neither group must know which tablets it is receiving. If the two groups showed significantly different effects, we could feel confident that it did not result from a knowledge of what they were taking.
Experimenter bias
Experimenter bias.
Experimenter bias. In the competitive, high-stakes world of medical research, experimenters may want certain results so much that their biases, even subconscious ones, can affect their interpretation of the data
Experimenter bias. In the competitive, high-stakes world of medical research, experimenters may want certain results so much that their biases, even subconscious ones, can affect their interpretation of the data.
Experimenter bias. In the competitive, high-stakes world of medical research, experimenters may want certain results so much that their biases, even subconscious ones, can affect their interpretation of the data. One way to control for this is the double-blind method.
Experimenter bias. In the competitive, high-stakes world of medical research, experimenters may want certain results so much that their biases, even subconscious ones, can affect their interpretation of the data. One way to control for this is the double-blind method. In this procedure, neither the subject to whom a treatment is given nor the person giving it and recording the results knows whether that subject is receiving the experimental treatment or placebo. A
Experimenter bias. In the competitive, high-stakes world of medical research, experimenters may want certain results so much that their biases, even subconscious ones, can affect their interpretation of the data. One way to control for this is the double-blind method. In this procedure, neither the subject to whom a treatment is given nor the person giving it and recording the results knows whether that subject is receiving the experimental treatment or placebo. A researcher might prepare identical-looking tablets, some with the drug and some with placebo; label them with code numbers; and distribute them to participating physicians. The physicians themselves do not know whether they are administering drug or placebo, so they cannot give the subjects even accidental hints of which substance they are taking. When the data are collected, the researcher can correlate them with the composition of the tablets and determine whether the drug had more effect than the placebo.
This is an example of the placebo effect I just mentioned in my last annotation. An example of a psychosomatic effect could be a patient's noticably improved mood as a result of a researcher telling the patient that a drug would eliminate their depression symptoms, when in actuality the drug administered was a sugar pill. [Why I tagged this]psychosomatic definition[Why I tagged thisThis is somewhat confusing to me..[Why I tagged thisIs this referred to as the independent variable then?[Why I tagged thisThese effects can alter the results significantly in a study, so we need to eliminate them as much as possible.[Why I tagged thisEven if a person takes the placebo instead of the drug, isn't it possible that they still may have an outcome that is similar to the drug? I thought state of mind played a bigger role. For example, how women who convince themselves they are pregnant start showing signs of pregnancy.[Why I tagged thisDoes this help get the best results with them not knowing which drug they are taking?[Why I tagged thisplacebo- substances that have no significant physiological effect on the body[Why I tagged thisDefines a way in which the control group and experimental group can be separated. [Why I tagged thisThis is important to know because it eliminates the psychosomatic effect that could effect the results of the data being collected[Why I tagged thisthis clarified it. If a person knew they were taking a drug instead of a placebo, they may act differently than they would if they were to not know.[Why I tagged thisExperimentor bias[Why I tagged thisThe existence of experimenter bias makes it necessary for another individual to seperate placebo from the actual drug before a physician disperses it. [Why I tagged thisyou should try to never have experimental bias becuase if you do your results could be very off do to you wanting to see a result to come true even though it may not[Why I tagged thisQuestion 2: Some sources of bias include experimenter bias. This is where the researcher wants a certain outcome for the test so much that they influence the outcome. This can occur conscious or subconsciously. Some ways of limiting this would be with the use of placebos and a double-blind study.[Why I tagged thisThis is important because it explains how experimenter bias may altar the interpretation of data collected by the experimenter if they aren't careful not to keep their biases in check[Why I tagged thisexperimenter bias is when the person conducting the research would like a certain outcome and will do anything to make it happen.[Why I tagged thisExperimenter bias is important to avoid falsified data. Drug companies have strong motives to make money.[Why I tagged thisavoid experimenter bias by using the double blind method. neither the person receiving the pill and the person giving it will know which pill is the placebo[Anatomy and Physiologyvictor
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Syndesmoses
Syndesmoses A syndesmosis6 (SIN-dez-MO-sis) is a fibrous joint at which two bones are bound by relatively long collagenous fibers.
Syndesmoses A syndesmosis6 (SIN-dez-MO-sis) is a fibrous joint at which two bones are bound by relatively long collagenous fibers. The separation between the bones and length of the fibers give these joints more mobility than a suture or gomphosis has. An especially movable syndesmosis exists between the shafts of the radius and ulna, which are joined by a broad fibrous interosseous membrane. This permits such movements as pronation and supination of the forearm. A less movable syndesmosis is the one that binds the distal ends of the tibia and fibula together, side by side (see fig. 9.2c).
I never understood how human teeth has the capacity to detect something as minute as, say a raspberry seed, yet the teeth are so solid and dense. However, this passage here indicates that it is not the teeth doing the sensing, rather it is the periodontal ligaments.[Why Tag This?]What process allows for childhood teeth to become loose enough to fall out and be replaced by the adult teeth? Is it simply the loosening of the collagen fibers, or is it much more complicated than that?[Why Tag This?When a dentist has to remove the molar teeth, what is happening to the fibers and [Why Tag This?What happens to this ligament when we lose our teeth as children? Does the new tooth form a new ligament when it forms or do the baby teeth not have a ligament at all?[Why Tag This?It is interesting to know that our teeth our held in place with the help of a gomphoses joint and this joint allows our teeth to move slightly under the pressure of chewing. What happens to this joint when a child starts to lose their baby teeth?[Why Tag This?Thats kinda cool? so when the dentist talks about roots is he talking about gomphoses?[Why Tag This?I hadn't previously considered that teeth were connected to their sockets by a joint. It makes sense, however, that they are as if there was no movement and the teeth were firmly in place we would often chip them or experience a variety of other issues when biting into anything completely solid.[Why Tag This?if it allows us to feel how hard we are biting down how does it not hurt when we loose a tooth?[Why Tag This?I tagged this because I find it interesting that our teetch actualy move alittle bit when we eat to gauge how hard we bite. If we bite something to hard and it hurts is that us doing some damage ti the periodontal ligament?[Why Tag This?gomphoses definition and functions[Why Tag This?A chart would be really handy here. All the other chapters have one. Why not this?[Why Tag This?There are different types of syndesmomses? picturing this is difficult. Do they permit motion and restrict motion? or does something else restrict the motion?[Why Tag This?Syndesmoses[Why Tag This?what synesmoses is[Why Tag This?syndesmoses definition and location[Why Tag This?so what exactly is the purpose of this joint?[Why Tag This?Between a fibrous joint and a cartilaginous joint, which is stronger?[Why Tag This?Alina Gur
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Inspired by their vision, the French and English governments established academies of science that still flourish today. Bacon and Descartes are credited with putting science on the path to modernity, not by discovering anything new in nature or inventing any techniques?for neither man was a scientist?but by inventing new habits of scientific thought.
When we say ?scientific,? we mean that such thinking is based on assumptions and methods that yield reliable, objective, testable information about nature
When we say ?scientific,? we mean that such thinking is based on assumptions and methods that yield reliable, objective, testable information about nature.
Bacon and Descartes wanted REAL answers, instead of amateurs feeding wrong information to people.[Why I tagged this]I think that Bacon and Descartes would be amazed by how much time and money is put into scientific research today, especially studies funded and supported by the American government.[Why I tagged thisInterested facts about two important people Francis Bacon and Rene Descartes( come up with how science can be related to modernity).[Why I tagged thisWhat habits of scientific thought did these men invent? Can we please discuss this in lecture? This is a critical event in the field of science. [Why I tagged thisThats amaing how the French and English govenments were inspried and that the academics of science still is going on today because of Bacon and Descartes[Why I tagged thisBacon/Descartes-sci method[Why I tagged thisModernized medicine and created a better path for it to fallow. [Why I tagged thisBacon and Descartes begin scientific method[Why I tagged thisIt's not just the innovations and technology that are important to science, but also the thought processes behind it.[Why I tagged thisThis is the scientific method, right? Knowing HOW and WHY it became, not the exact answer.[Why I tagged thisShows the importance both Bacon and Descartes both had on the impact of science.[Why I tagged thisWhat is the difference between scientific thinking and scientific thought?[Why I tagged thisassumptions and methods that explain nature[Why I tagged thisPHEOC: problem, hypothesis, experiment, observation, conclusions.[Why I tagged thisI tagged this because this explains the best definition of scientific. It also shows us what science brings to us. [Why I tagged thisdef. scientific[Why I tagged thisClearly states the meaning and definition of [Why I tagged thisGood to note. We see that this is true by looking at all of these early scientific discoverers. [Why I tagged thisScience is assumptions that are reliable. To be scientific it has to fit the scientific method. [Anatomy and PhysiologyCassi Malko
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Pulled hamstrings
Pulled hamstrings?strained hamstring muscles or a partial tear in their tendinous origins, often with a hematoma (blood clot) in the fascia lata. This condition is frequently caused by repetitive kicking (as in football and soccer) or long, hard running.
Rotator cuff injury?a tear in the tendon of any of the SITS (rotator cuff) muscles, most often the tendon of the supraspinatus. Such injuries are caused by strenuous circumduction of the arm, shoulder dislocation, hard falls or blows to the shoulder, or repetitive use of the arm in a position above horizontal. They are common among baseball pitchers and third basemen, bowlers, swimmers, weight lifters, and in racquet sports. Recurrent inflammation of a SITS tendon can cause a tendon to degenerate and then to rupture in response to moderate stress. Injury causes pain and makes the shoulder joint unstable and subject to dislocation.
Shinsplints
Shinsplints?a general term embracing several kinds of injury with pain in the crural region: tendinitis of the tibialis posterior muscle, inflammation of the tibial periosteum, and anterior compartment syndrome. Shinsplints may result from unaccustomed jogging, walking on snowshoes, or any vigorous activity of the legs after a period of relative inactivity.
Most athletic injuries can be prevented by proper conditioning
Most athletic injuries can be prevented by proper conditioning. A person who suddenly takes up vigorous exercise may not have sufficient muscle and bone mass to withstand the stresses such exercise entails. These must be developed gradually. Stretching exercises keep ligaments and joint capsules supple and therefore reduce injuries. Warm-up exercises promote more efficient and less injurious musculoskeletal function in several ways, discussed in chapter 11. Most of all, moderation is important, as most injuries simply result from overuse of the muscles. ?No pain, no gain? is a dangerous misconception.Muscular injuries can be treated initially with ?RICE?: rest, ice, compression, and elevation. Rest prevents further injury and allows repair processes to occur; ice reduces swelling; compression with an elastic bandage helps to prevent fluid accumulation and swelling; and elevation of an injured limb promotes drainage of blood from the affected area and limits further swelling. If these measures are not enough, anti-inflammatory drugs may be employed, including corticosteroids as well as aspirin and other nonsteroidal agents. Serious injuries, such as compartment syndrome, require emergency attention by a physician.
I've heard that when stretching before working out, the muscles do not start to stretch until 6 seconds of holding that position, that is why stretching for 30 seconds verses 10 actually helps. Is this true?[Why Tag This]pulled both my hamstrings during many years of soccer[Why Tag ThisPulled hammstrings are due to an over stretch.The hammstrings and the quadriceps allow us to walk, run, and perform other activities. [Why Tag ThisA cousin of mine pulled both of his hamstrings in a football game. He woundup black and blue from half way down his calf up both legs. He hasnt missed stretching before a game since.[Why Tag ThisShoulder dislocation often results in damaged nerves or pulled rotator cuff muscles and tendons. [Why Tag ThisThis clarifies why it took so long for my brothers rotater cuff injury to heal. He got in an accident while longboarding.[Why Tag Thisi feel like everyone complains about shinsplits. how can you differentiate between shinsplints and a sore shin?[Why Tag ThisMy teammate has a rare case of shinsplints right now. Our athletic trainer put her in a boot because her arch is lacking support, and the lower part of her tibialis anterior is very inflamed. The boot iwll help because it will hold her foot in a suported position and she won't be using any muscles when walking, which will bring down inflammation. The periosteum of her bone is also sensitive, which is not good because if it becomes too aggrevated it could lead to hairline fractures in the tibia.[Why Tag ThisShinsplints are remarkably painful and can cause permanent bone deformations. [Why Tag ThisI experienced shinsplints when I first started runnning last year. The pain would make my feet feel like bricks and I wouldn't be able to bend my foot upwards. After a month or so of building muscle the pain went away. [Why Tag Thisdo shinsplints ONLY occur after a period of inactivity?[Why Tag Thiswhat about leg cramps or cramps in the foot arch?[Why Tag ThisThis is segment provides very useful and practical applications for my life. When I did sports in high school, my coach always emphasized the importance of stretching and conditioning. Also, the acronym [Why Tag ThisBut couldn't they hurt themselves by exercising to much?[Why Tag ThisThis is definitely true because as I have experienced while running i never stretched my body and ended up fracturing my tibia.[Why Tag ThisI thought this was a very good section to include about how muscle injuries go about being healed. the RICE method was very insightful [Why Tag ThisMy mother is a nurse and she has been telling me this for YEARS.[Why Tag ThisI fractured my foot this past winter and it got infected. The inflammatory drugs didn't work for awhile and my toes began turning blue. Could that have been prevented merely by elevating my foot more?[Why Tag Thishow muscular injuries can be treated - RICE[Why Tag ThisJungas
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The glands of the skin are summarized in table 6.2.
Table 6.2 Cutaneous Glands
How do merocrine and apocrine sweat glands differ in structure and function?
What other type of gland is associated with hair follicles? How does its mode of secretion differ from that of sweat glands?
What is the difference between the breast and mammary gland?
Good information [Why tag this]Understanding the differences in the different glands can help because the glands release different products in order to protect the body.[Why tag thisThis chart shows very simply the purposes of the glands and their names[Why tag thisThe table symplifies how glands operate to make the body functiion and to protect the body from harmful elements. [Why tag thisMerocrine secretion - secrete their product through exocytosis and remain intact after secretion. Apocrine secretion - cells secrete their product by destroying their apex membrane so that the product flows out of the cell into the excretion duct; after secretion the cell regenerates its apex membrane [Why tag thisApocrine sweat glands occur in the groin, anal region, axilla, and areolar, and in mature males, in the beard area. Their ducts lead into nearby hair follicles rather than directly to the skin surface. Merocrine sweat glands on the other hand, are widely distributed over the entire body, but are especially abundant on the palms, soles, and forehead. Their primary function is to cool the body, but they also excrete some of the same wastes as the kidneys. Each is a simple tubular gland with a twisted coil in the dermis or hypodermis, and an undulating or coiled duct leading to a sweat pore in the skin surface[Why tag thismerocrine-function in evaporation and cooling, distributed all over bodyapocrine-function as scent glands, found in pubic regions and male facial hair[Why tag thisApocrine sweat glands fare scent glands that respond to stress adn sexual stimulation. They are not activated until puberty, also in women during the Menstrual cycle they will enlarge as well as shrink. There function is considered to be to secrete sex pheromones. Whereas, the Merocrine sweat glands are widely distrubted over the entire body, but are mainly on the palms, soles, and forehead. There primary function is to cool the body, but they also clear waste from the kidneys. [Why tag thisSebaceous Glands, The differ from the sweat glands because they oil the hair and try to keep it moist and healthy. [Why tag thissebaceous glands are also associated with hair, and they produce oil on the hair[Why tag thisbreasts are found in both male and female where as the mammary gland is only found in women during pregnancy[Why tag thisMammary glands are located in side th breast of a female only and they are milk producing glands. Breasts are found in both male and female[Why tag thisThe breast is found in both women and men, whereas, the mammary gland is only located in women. Mammory glands are the milk producing glands that develop when a women is pregnant. [Why tag thisThe Mammary gland is the Milk-producing glands located in the breast but only found in women. The breast is found in both men and women. But in femailes they rarely contain more then small traces of mammary glands. [Why tag thisThe mammary glands are the milk-producing glands that develop within the female breast during pregnancy and lactation. Mammary glands are modified apocrine sweat glands that produce a richer secretion and channel it through ducts to a nipple for more efficient conveyance to the offspring. Breasts however, are present in both sexes, and even in females they rarely contain more than small traces of mammary glands. [Why tag thismammary gland is only in females and produce milk, whereas breasts are present in both sexes, just bigger in females[Why tag thisBoth males and females have the breast glands, but only females have the mammary gland, the gland that produces milk.[Why tag thisMaria Stephans
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The patella is also a short bone.
Many bones, however, do not fit any of these categories and are collectively considered irregular bones?the vertebrae and the sphenoid and ethmoid bones of the skull, for example.
Figure 7.1 shows the general anatomy of a long bone. Much of it is composed of an outer shell of dense white osseous tissue called compact (dense or lamellar) bone. The shell encloses a space called the medullary (MED-you-lerr-ee) cavity, or marrow cavity, which contains bone marrow. At the ends of the bone, the central space is occupied by a more loosely organized form of osseous tissue called spongy (cancellous) bone. A narrow zone of spongy bone also occurs just inside the compact bone of the shaft and in the middle of most flat, irregular, and short bones. The skeleton is about three-quarters compact bone and one-quarter spongy bone by weight. Spongy bone is always enclosed by more durable compact bone.
This bone is the most fascinating to me. Its so small but it has so many little things that go along with it[Why I tagged this]I thought that the patella was classified as a sesamoid bone?..[Why I tagged thisWhy aren't these bones categorized as short bones?[Why I tagged thisWe learned about this in our previous lab section.[Why I tagged thisWhy don't they make up their own categories instead of collectively being irregular bones? Why aren't vertebrae, for example, their own shape category?[Why I tagged thisWhy would the sphenoid bone and ethmoid bone be categorized as irregular?[Why I tagged thisHow would it effect us if our bones were not contain spongy tissue? [Why I tagged thisCompact bone is strong and made up of many layers. But bones are not solid all the way through. There is yellow marrow is found within the hallowed out walls of compact bone. Spongy bone is not as it sounds. It is hard, but with lots of holes. Spongy bone is where red marrow is kept. Spongy bone is where blood is made![Why I tagged thisWhat consistency is bone marrow tissue? How is it extracted for bone marrow transplants?[Why I tagged thisWhy does the bone contain red and yellow bone marrow? What is the purpose of each?[Why I tagged thisDoes the bone marrow do anything for the support of the bone other than filling the empty space? Or does the compact bone on the edge of the bone do most of support.[Why I tagged thisMedulla - middle. This is a word that was used in our integuementary system chapter. [Why I tagged thisWhat is the functional difference between red and yellow bone marrow?[Why I tagged thisAre the ends of the bones made of spongy bone to cushion the impact that can happen at the site of the joints?[Why I tagged thisAll of the examples of a general bone I have seen are of a long bone. This is fine because it is a good example of most things that are contained in a bone, but do all bones have spongy bone and medullary cavities?[Why I tagged thisIf cancellous bone were to surround compact bone instead, a whole slew of problems would arise. Red and yellow bone marrow would leak out of the trabeculae into the body. The rough, open-ended spicules would probably rub up against surrounding tissues in the body and create stress and inflammation. Those fragile fragments of cancellous bone open to the body would also be prone to a lot more fractures.[Why I tagged thisWhen I was younger I always thought that Spongy bone felt soft and not hard like a bone because of it's name. Now I realize that they named it spongy bone for it's charateristic[Why I tagged thisWhy do we have spongy bone? [Why I tagged thisjennifer lassiter
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Energy is broadly classified as potential or kinetic energy.
Energy is broadly classified as potential or kinetic energy. Potential energy is energy contained in an object because of its position or internal state but that is not doing work at the time. Kinetic energy is energy of motion, energy that is doing work.
Energy is broadly classified as potential or kinetic energy. Potential energy is energy contained in an object because of its position or internal state but that is not doing work at the time. Kinetic energy is energy of motion, energy that is doing work. It is observed in musculoskeletal movements, the flow of ions into a cell, and vibration of the eardrum, for example.
Energy is broadly classified as potential or kinetic energy. Potential energy is energy contained in an object because of its position or internal state but that is not doing work at the time. Kinetic energy is energy of motion, energy that is doing work. It is observed in musculoskeletal movements, the flow of ions into a cell, and vibration of the eardrum, for example.
Energy is broadly classified as potential or kinetic energy. Potential energy is energy contained in an object because of its position or internal state but that is not doing work at the time. Kinetic energy is energy of motion, energy that is doing work. It is observed in musculoskeletal movements, the flow of ions into a cell, and vibration of the eardrum, for example. The water behind a dam has potential energy because of its position.
Energy is broadly classified as potential or kinetic energy. Potential energy is energy contained in an object because of its position or internal state but that is not doing work at the time. Kinetic energy is energy of motion, energy that is doing work. It is observed in musculoskeletal movements, the flow of ions into a cell, and vibration of the eardrum, for example. The water behind a dam has potential energy because of its position. Let the water flow through, and it exhibits kinetic energy that can be tapped for generating electricity. Like water behind a dam, ions concentrated on one side of a cell membrane have potential energy that can be released by opening gates in the membrane. As the ions flow through the gates, their kinetic energy can be tapped to create a nerve signal or make the heart beat.
This is important information because without energy or work we wouldn't be able to do what we do. As humans we are always moving, and we also have very complex body systems. Without energy we would not be able to stimulate our muscles to contract so that we could walk, write, or talk. Also our hearts wouldn't pump, our stomachs wouldn't digest, and our brains wouldn't function.[Why tag this text]It amazes me how much work our body is always doing.[Why tag this textSo we are always [Why tag this textEven when you don't think your body is doing anything, your body is working. There is always something constantly happening. It's crazy how you don't even notice HALF the changes your body is going through. [Why tag this textEverything in the body requires energy to be able to function.[Why tag this textall physical activity is the form of work.[Why tag this textEven the smallest act of the body is considered work like breathing or chewing.[Why tag this text
It's interesting to realize that certain processes in the human body are constantly working even when we are at rest or sleeping. For example the heart muscle decrease by 10 to 30 beats per minute when you are asleep but never stops pumping blood. The immune system produces an increase of certain proteins that can help fight diseases. The eyes achieve the REM(rapid eye movement) during sleep and the brain remains highly active during sleep. It keeps up with the five different cycles of sleep and is constantly shotting signals out to your body telling it what to do. [Why tag this textI like to think of Energy as a Roller Coaster. When your at the top you are anticipating the drop (potential energy meaning you have the possibility to do something). When you finally drop you are doing an action (Kinetic Energy is the energy of motion) but you still have potential energy, albeit a decreasing amount as you go down the track until you flatten out again on the bottom where it is 100% Kinetic energy.[Why tag this textPotential energy is energy inside of an object because of its position or internal state but is not doing work at the time. Kinetic energy is the energy of motion, which is energy that is doing work.[Why tag this text2 different forms of enegry.[Why tag this textI learned all this in a chemistry class I took last semester, so it will be interesting to see how it is used or applied differently in anatomy.[Why tag this textthis important to know what work is and how it is apartof our everyday lives. We know that energy is the capacity to do work and we know that there are two different types of enery. These two types are called Potential and Kinect. These are in our everyday lives and make an impact on what we do. [Why tag this textPotential energy: energy contained in an object because of its position or internal state, not for work its currently doing. Kinetic energy: enrgy of motion and that is doing work[Why tag this textPotential energy is energy contained in an object but is not yet doing work, like a ball at the top of a hill. Kinetic energy is energy already in motion doing work[Why tag this textI remember some of this from a physics class I took years ago. Just like chemistry, I am sure physics plays a larger role in our body than expected. [Why tag this textSo anatomical features contain potential energy because they have the ability to do work just from their structure and components, and physiology is all about the kinetic energy that is being done.[Why tag this textI liked this section because I have already taken a physics class and this tied into that subject talking about potential and kinetic energy.[Why tag this textEnergy= potential and kinetic[Why tag this textRipley
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Which type of skin cancer is most dangerous? What are its early warning signs?
What are the difference between first-, second-, and third-degree burns?
What are the two most urgent priorities in treating a burn victim? How are these needs addressed?
Skin Grafts
Third-degree burns leave no dermal tissue to regenerate what was lost, therefore they generally require skin grafts. The ideal graft is an autograft42 ?tissue taken from another location on the same person's body?because it is not rejected by the immune system. An autograft is performed by taking epidermis and part of the dermis from an
he ideal graft is an autograft42 ?tissue taken from another location on the same person's body?because it is not rejected by the immune system. An autograft is performed by taking epidermis and part of the dermis from an undamaged area such as the thigh or buttock and grafting it to a burned area. This method is called a split-skin graft because part of the dermis is left behind to proliferate and replace the epidermis that was removed?the same way a second-degree burn heals.
uv radiation is the biggest cause of skin cancer[Why tag this]epidermal cells [Why tag thismeloma, the signs are a mole that has the colors of dark tan, blue, red, white[Why tag thismelanoma is the most dangerous type, commonly found in moles on skin with non-uniform color and contour[Why tag thisMelanoma is the most dangerous. Early warning signs include moles changing color and size.[Why tag thisThe depth of the burn, the damage it causes, and its repairability[Why tag thisFirst degree burns only affect the epidermis layer, second degree burns affects the epidermis and part of the dermis, and third degree burn destroys the epidermis, dermis, and some deeper tissue below the dermis.[Why tag thisfirst degree burns are sunburnssecond degree burns are involved with dermis as well, but leave some part of the dermis in tactthird degree burns are types of burns that remove all of the dermis and sometimes muscle[Why tag thisFirst-degree burns involve only the epidermis and are marked by redness, slight edema, and pain. They usually heal within a few days and seldom leave scars. An example of a first-degree burn is the common sunburn. Second-degree burns involve the epidermis and part of the dermis. A second-degree burn may be red, tan, or white and is blistered and very painful. It may take from two weeks to several months to heal and may also leave scars. Examples include servere sunburn and many scalds. Third-degree burns burn the epidermis, all of the dermis, and often some deeper tissues such as muscle and bone. Due to the fact that no dermis remains, the skin can regenerate only from the edges of the wound. These burns often require skin grafts and if left to heal on its own, severe disfigurement may result.[Why tag thisfirst degree occur as if it was a sun burn , second degree begins to blister but only affects the epidermis and the third degree burn happens when the skin blisters and is affecting the epidermis and the dermis layers[Why tag thisfluid replacement and infection control[Why tag thisthe two most priorites are making sure the victim stays hydrated and no infection occurs so making sure the burn stays covered[Why tag thisFluid replacement and infection control. Fluids and extra calories need to be consumed by the patient and they need to be in a germ free environment. [Why tag thisSkin Grafts: Autograft [skin graph from some other part of body]Isograft=identical twinallograft/homograft: Skin from another person, can cause immune rejectionPig skin can be used too, called a heterograft or xenograft. [Why tag thisDo we have the the technology to grow new skin cells for a person such that a skin graph would not have to be tacken from another part of the body?[Why tag thisis this true for all third degree burns?[Why tag thisWhen I worked on the burn unit floor, it was a very neat process to see how someone body would accept the autograft and new skin would form over the burnt portion. I want to read more into this process of autografting and how immune system accepts the skin. [Why tag thisI can relate to this section. A friend of mine fainted at a passenger on a motorcycle. Upon fainting, her leg came off the peg and rested on the exhaust for several seconds, resulting in a severe 3rd degree burn. The burn site required a skin graft. Skin was taken from her hip, put through an airation stretcher and grafted to the burn location on her calf.[Why tag thisI have heard of this before.[Why tag thisLauren Anthe
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Most connective tissues serve to bind organs to each other (for example, the way a tendon connects muscle to bone), form a structural framework for an organ, or support and protect organs.
Most connective tissues serve to bind organs to each other (for example, the way a tendon connects muscle to bone), form a structural framework for an organ, or support and protect organs. Connective tissues vary greatly in vascularity, from rich networks of blood vessels in the loose connective tissues to few or no blood vessels in cartilage.
The purpose of connective tissues; why we need it[Why tag this text]connective tissus is almost like a rubber band for the organs. it binds them. [Why tag this textConnective tissue provides protection for the bones and organs; however, it seems that the body would not be able to [Why tag this textPurpose of connective tissue is either to bind organs togethers, form structural framework for an organ, or support and protect organs.[Why tag this textThe connective tissue is more important when we are talking about anatomy rather that physiology? The connective tissue is maainly responsible for creating the structure, connecting muscle to bone etc. [Why tag this textIs this why they are called coneective tissues?[Why tag this textWithout connective tissue, our organs would have no way of being held in place. [Why tag this textConnective tissue is a huge part of our body. Without it, we wouldn't have a very stable structural framwork. [Why tag this textFunction is a key component in recognizing a type of tissue. Without the function, you wouldn't really know what to odo with simply knowing the type.[Why tag this textImportant to note the role of the connective tissue.[Why tag this textI never knew this! That is amazing! So organs are made up of connective tissues? If they didn't have any then would they not be able to hold themselves together or are the tissues just there to help?[Why tag this textSo connective tissue to an organ is the same as a tendon to a muscle?[Why tag this textFor starters, I tagged this because I didn't realize how many connective tissues there are. Secondly, it describes their purpose which includes framework and protection of organs. [Why tag this textImportant for me in my other classes as well as in this class. Tells what the connective tissue is and its purpose.[Why tag this textprotects organs[Why tag this textdifferent types of connective tissue. some many be blood rich and others may have few to no blood.[Why tag this textConnective tissues are extremely important to the structure of the body. These tissues bind bones and fat into place to best protect your internal organs from damage. The connective tissue also helps protect the body from pathogens with the use of the rih newwork of blood vessels that circulate antibodies throughout the body.[Why tag this textI need a more broad understanding of this sentence. I don't understand it.[Why tag this textI just find this interesting, of why this is? Why is some tissues are their many bloos vessels, and some few or none. [Why tag this textholly kluge
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Ironically, we go to great lengths to wash sebum from the skin, only to replace it with various skin creams and hand lotions made of little more than lanolin, which is sheep sebum.
Ceruminous Glands
Ceruminous GlandsCeruminous (seh-ROO-mih-nus) glands are found only in the external ear canal, where their secretion combines with sebum and dead epidermal cells to form earwax, or cerumen.37 They are simple, coiled, tubular glands with ducts leading to the skin surface. Cerumen keeps the eardrum pliable, waterproofs the canal, kills bacteria, and coats the guard hairs of the ear, making them sticky and more effective in blocking foreign particles from entering the canal.Mammary GlandsThe mammary glands and breasts (mammae) are often mistakenly regarded as one and the same. Breasts, however, are present in both sexes, and even in females they rarely contain more than small traces of mammary gland. The mammary glands, by contrast, are the milk-producing glands that develop within the female breast during pregnancy and lactation. They are modified apocrine sweat glands that produce a richer secretion and channel it through ducts to a nipple for more efficient conveyance to the offspring. The anatomy and physiology of the mammary gland are discussed in more detail in chapter 28.
I used to work at LUSH and they make a variety of products to help balance sebum production. [Why tag this text]I found this really interesting because I've always thought that to have cleaner skin, the oil should be washed completely off. I also use skin creams and did not realize that this is what they are actually made of. We are just replacing our natural oils with the same thing?[Why tag thisThis is so true. But why sheep sebum? Personally, when I use a cleanser, to wash away oils from my skin, and then put on my moisturizer, for some reason that oiliness feels more clean than my own natural skin oils. What is it about sheep sebum that made it so highly sought after in cosmetics?[Why tag thisSo since we are so eager to wash the oil from the skin that the sebum produces, is this the oil that produces acne? In reality from this oil in not bad for us and is part of what we need, but society has taugh us to think oil is bad and is not a norm in society to have it. [Why tag thisI didn't realize that what we replace the sebum our bodies produce is sheep sebum It is essentially the same thing. Its interesting how hard humans work to get rid of out own sebum.[Why tag thisSo dose skin creams affects the sebaceous glands in a negtaive way?[Why tag thisCeruminous glands are found only in external ear glands, and make cerumen [ear wax]. Cerumen waterproofs, and protects. [Why tag thisSpecialized adaptations of normal glands to produce a slightly different chemical secretion for things such as lactation, and to produce earwax[Why tag thissecreation combines with sebum and dead empidermal cells. ex ear wax[Why tag thisInteresting. I did not know ear wax was produced from dead epidermal cells.[Why tag thiswhy is the external ear canal secretion is combined with dead epidermal cell?[Why tag thisWhy is it that in the elderly there is frequently a build up from excessive cerumen? Often i have heard that older adults need to have it removed by a doctor every year. [Why tag thisCeruminous glands: only found in ear... forms ear wax for protection[Why tag thisThis wax has a good function. But too much wax build up still seems bad. But the body seems to not deal with naturally in the best of ways. Ear swabs and ear oil/irrigation type things are needed to clean the ears out.[Why tag thisCeruminous glands are found exclusively in the external ear canal and secrete a mixture of sebum and dead skin cells that forms earwax.[Why tag thisCeruminous glands secretes a sticky substance are called ear wax and they only occur in the external ear canal. They consist of dead cells and sebum that is led up by the ducts in the ear and leads to the surface of the skin. They stay sticky to keep out foreign particle from going into the ear. [Why tag thisWhat in the sebum and the dead epidermal cells causes the ear wax? What causes it to be waterproof? What causes it to kill the bacteria? [Why tag thisWhat happens when too much cerumen collects in the eardrum? Is this what causes ear infections?[Why tag thisMegan Page
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The sympathetic nervous system stimulates them to contract, squeeze the base of the gland, and force perspiration up the duct-particularly under conditions of overheating, nervousness, or arousal.
Sweat production begins in the deep secretory portion of the gland.
Sweat production begins in the deep secretory portion of the gland. Protein-free fluid filters from the blood capillaries into the lumen of the gland.
Sweat production begins in the deep secretory portion of the gland. Protein-free fluid filters from the blood capillaries into the lumen of the gland. Most sodium chloride is reabsorbed from the filtrate as it passes up the duct, but some remains, along with potassium, urea, lactic acid, and ammonia. Some drugs are also excreted in the perspiration. Perspiration is about 99% water and has a pH ranging from 4 to 6, contributing the earlier-mentioned acid mantle that inhibits bacterial growth on the skin. Usually, perspiration evaporates about as fast as it is produced, so it is not noticed; this is called insensible perspiration.
Sweat production begins in the deep secretory portion of the gland. Protein-free fluid filters from the blood capillaries into the lumen of the gland. Most sodium chloride is reabsorbed from the filtrate as it passes up the duct, but some remains, along with potassium, urea, lactic acid, and ammonia. Some drugs are also excreted in the perspiration. Perspiration is about 99% water and has a pH ranging from 4 to 6, contributing the earlier-mentioned acid mantle that inhibits bacterial growth on the skin. Usually, perspiration evaporates about as fast as it is produced, so it is not noticed; this is called insensible perspiration. Under such conditions as heat, exercise, and circulatory shock, more copious sweat is produced and noticeably wets the skin; this is called diaphoresis35 (DY-uh-foe-REE-sis). Insensible perspiration typically amounts to about 500 mL/day, but in diaphoresis, a person can lose as much as a liter of sweat in an hour. In heavy sweating, fluid loss from the bloodstream can be so great as to cause circulatory shock.
This is only caused when the body feels it is in danger of over heating, nervousness, or arousal?[Why tag this]Is this the same process that occurs in people that have overactive sweat glands? If so, what causes the overreaction?[Why tag thisWhat builds the sweat in this part of the gland? [Why tag thisThere are so many ways that the body as to filter out waste. If one filtering system were to stop working would another one overcompensate? [Why tag thisWhen others sweat more or are more prone to leaving yellow sweat stains on there shirts. Is that due to genetics, the deoderant, or what they consume in there diet that does this?[Why tag thishow sweat production begins[Why tag thisSo dose skin creams affects the sebaceous glands in a negtaive way?[Why tag thisWhat causes the sodium-chloride to be separeted along with the others? [Why tag thisThis explains why sweat is taste salty.[Why tag thisWhat kind of drugs do this?[Why tag thisWhen people get fungal infections like athlete's foot, is there an issue with the skin's pH?[Why tag thisdoes the amount of water thats in sweat change depending on how much water we drink daily?[Why tag thisThat's awesome that sweat has a pH in order to be bacterialstatic.[Why tag thisI found this interesting because you do not realize that you are sweating everyday. The only time we notice it if we are overheated or have been excerising. This must be why our feet get sweaty without much physical activity. [Why tag thisI find this very interesting, for I was unaware that perspiration evaporates this quicky. Often, I only think I am perspirating when I am sweating, but that is not the case. I always thought it was visible. [Why tag thisI didn't realize there are two different kinds of sweat, nor how much sweat is actually produced. We tend to only think of sweat as diaphoresis, which makes sense since it's the only kind that we notice.[Why tag thisI think this is interesting because it shows we are constantly sweating, even though we don't notice it. We do notice is when we are working out or are in areas of high temperature. [Why tag thisNever had realized that we are actually sweating a lot more than the times of hot or of hard work. The sweat just typically evaporates as fast as it is produced so it goes unnoticed a lot.[Why tag thisIn patients with extremely low blood sugar I have noticed heavy sweating. How much sweat must be lost from the bloodstream before circulatory shock occurs? Does the sweat loss contribute to the loss of conciousness in these patients?[Why tag thisCassi Malko
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xuntao
Kristin Basche
Amanda Fitzmaurice
samantha
Brandon Neldner
Kayla Cowan
Emily
Sophie
Lauren Thiel
Nicholas Bruno
Amanda Baxter
Organelles are internal structures of a cell that carry out specialized metabolic tasks
Organelles are internal structures of a cell that carry out specialized metabolic tasks. Some are surrounded by one or two layers of unit membrane and are therefore referred to as membranous organelles. These are the nucleus, mitochondria, lysosomes, peroxisomes, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi complex. Organelles that are not surrounded by membranes include the ribosomes, centrosome, centrioles, and basal bodies.
internal structures of a cell that carry out specialized metabolic tasks. [General-Do not use]I've heard about them but i didn't know what they are [Why tag this textOrganelles: Internal structures that carry out specialized metabolic tasks. Nucleus: largest organelle, contains cell's chromosomes, is genetic control center. Has 2 membranes surrounding it [forming the nuclear envelope] with nuclear pores to help things go through. RNA leaves nucleus. Nuclear lamina is a web of filaments that supports the nuclear envelope and pores and also provides points of attachment and organization for the chromosomes annnd plays a role in cell-life-cycle regulation. Nucleus is filled ith nucleoplasm. Chromatin=threadlike matter made of DNA and protein. Nucleoli=masses that create ribosomes.Endoplasmic Reticulum: System of interconnected channels called cisternae which are enclosed by a unit membrane. ER synthesizes steroids and other lipids, makes membranes, detoxifies. Rough ER[produces phospholipids of plasma membrane and proteins and packages/synthesizes proteins]/Smooth ER[detox]Ribosomes: Bits of protein and RNA found in the nucleoli, cytosol, and outer surface of Rough ER. They read genetic messages and assemble amino acids into proteins. Also make enzymes. Golgi Complex: system of cisternae that synthesize carbs and put the finishing touches on proteins/glycoproteins. Packages it into golgi vesicles, which bud off and go off on their own way.Lysosomes: Package of enzymes bound by a single unit membrane. Hydrolize proteins, nucleic acids, complex carbs, phospholipids, etc. Also can break down glycogen to release glucose. Also can digest bacteria. Also engage in autophagy/cell suicide. Produced in golgiPeroxisomes: Produced in ER, use oxygen to oxidize organic molecules which makes hydrogen peroxide. Neutralize free radicals and detoxify.Mitochondria: Organelles specialized for synthesizing ATP. In their matrix they have ribosomes, enzymes and mitochrondrial DNA. Powerhouse of cell. Centrioles: Cylinder of microtubules, help in cell division. Inclusions: Two kinds: Accumulated cell products and foreing bodies. [Why tag this textAll organelles have different functions that perform specific tasks[Why tag this textThe organelles are so interesting and important throughout the body because they are important for human life and function. This was the most interesting section of the chapter because I began to learn more in depth of the organelles. These specific sections are allowing me to keep up and realte chapters to each other, without them I would be overloaded with information. [Why tag this textThis is important because it shows what the organelles are made up of. I never knew that the organelle was the inside of the cell. [Why tag this textIn elementary school we had to construct a cell and show every organelle in the particular cell we received. [Why tag this textOrganelles are dependent on the type of cell. I remember learning that prokaryotic cells differ from other cells in that they lack nuclei and many organelles found in eukaryotic cells. Why is this not discussed?[Why tag this textSecond structure group in cells are organelles which are divided into memraneous and non membraned groups. Membranous ones include nucleus, mitochondria, lysosomes, peroxisomes, endoplasmic reticulum, and golgi complex. Non membraned ones are ribosomes, centrosome, centrioles, and basal bodies. [Why tag this textOrganelles help our cells to specialize thus contributing to the heirarchy from cells to special tissues to organs to organisms.[Why tag this textThis is important to consider because certain parts of the body require more.[Why tag this textWhy are some organelles surrounded by membrane and others are not?[Why tag this textwhat determines whether organelle is surrounded by a unit membrane or not?[Why tag this textSo organelles are surrounded by nucleus, mitochodria, lysosomes, peroxisomes reticulum, and golgi complex.[Why tag this textQuestion 1: Organelles and Inclusions.Organelles are internal structures of a cell that carry out metabolic tasks. Such as mitochondria and golgi complexes.Inclusions are both accumulated cell products and foreign bodies. They include glycogen granules and bacteria.[Why tag this textThe three groups of the cells internal structures are the cytoskeleton, organelles and inclusions. THe cytoskeletoin is a network of protein filaments and cylinders that structurally support a cell, determine it's shape, organize it's contents, direct the movement of materials within the cell and contribute to the movements of the cell as a whole.[Why tag this textOrganelles are what make up the internal structure of a cell. They are what carry out specialized metabolic tasks. [Why tag this textare there anymore than 2 layers?[Why tag this textHussain
Danielle Henckel
Paige Immel
Laura Siecinski
Lauren Thiel
krista
Sarah Hudson
Stephanie
Erica Burns
Rebecca Hoefs
Amanda Baxter
Ethan Kelly
Sue Xiong
Sarah Ertl
Michael Franzini
Nicholas Bruno
Melissa Gile
Lauren Anthe
Other barrier functions. The skin is important as a barrier to water. It prevents the body from absorbing excess water when you are swimming or bathing, but even more importantly, it prevents the body from losing excess water. The epidermis is also a barrier to ultraviolet (UV) rays, blocking much of this cancer-causing radiation from reaching deeper tissue layers; and it is a barrier to many potentially harmful chemicals. It is, however, permeable to several drugs and poisons
Other barrier functions. The skin is important as a barrier to water. It prevents the body from absorbing excess water when you are swimming or bathing, but even more importantly, it prevents the body from losing excess water. The epidermis is also a barrier to ultraviolet (UV) rays, blocking much of this cancer-causing radiation from reaching deeper tissue layers; and it is a barrier to many potentially harmful chemicals. It is, however, permeable to several drugs and poisons (see Deeper Insight 6.1).
important to know name?[General-Do not use]I didnt know that our skin had a protective acidic film. [Why tag this textI knew that the skin had a lot of important functions for the body but i never knew that it did so much to protect us by simply being dry and acidic.[Why tag this textThis section of the text brings back the concepts of osmosis, filtration, and diffusion. This shows us that all of the information presented to us definitely leads to the understanding of new information.[Why tag this textWhen thinking about what the skin does, mind kinda instantly goes to thinking about it protecting the body from bacteria and infections. However don't really think about the really important function it does of keeping water in and out of the body.[Why tag this textIts interesting to learn that the skin is the body's largest and heaviest organ becuase i did not know that. The skin prevents the body from absorbing excess water when swimming or bathing, but also prevents the body from losing excess water. Amazing what the skin does. [Why tag this textThis important because these sections describe the different functions of the skin. Our skin does more than just protect us from the outside world and each function is described in these sections.[Why tag this textanother function is that it works as a barrier[Why tag this textSkin protects the body but can also just as easily be damaged. [Why tag this textI thought this text was interesting because I have never thought about how our skin keeps water out of the body, as well as in the body. Our skin does so much to protect us. I find it also interesting that even though our skin is a great barrier, it is still permeable. [Why tag this textInteresting how the skin keeps your body balanced in water content. [Why tag this textThis semi-permeable characteristic of skin is fascinating. If the skin allowed water to flow into and out of our bodies freely, we would exhibit severe consequences if we encountered hypotonic or hypertonic environments. How is it that our skin regulates this permeability?[Why tag this textbut doesn't sweat glands release excess water through the skin?[Why tag this textWhy is it that our skin dry's out? I understand we have dry and humid seasons, but we have karatin and lipids to create barriers from this happening to keep a barrier intact.[Why tag this textThe hypodermis, even though it is technically not a part of our skin, is the biggest barrier to water because it is made up of adipose tissue, which blocks out water from being absorbed into our body.[Why tag this textI think that it's pretty cool that the skin can not only keep water out, but hold water in, all in such a thin width. [Why tag this textWhen an individule is in water some things still get obsorbed into the skin. For example if one is in alcohol they will get drunk. (saw it on 1000 ways to die). Same with nicotine patches. [Why tag this textWhy does our skin get to pruney when we swim? Is it because we are in a hypotonic/hypertonic environment?[Why tag this textErin Griph
Joe Nimm
Alejandra Contreras
Nicholas Bruno
Anisa Janko
Maria Stephans
Alyssa Harmes
Morgan Peil
Kristen
David Orr
Lauren Anthe
Ryan Gallagher
Christina Colarossi
Cassi Malko
Donald
Samantha B Johnson
The Pelvic Girdle
The terms pelvis and pelvic girdle are used in contradictory ways by various anatomical authorities. Here we will follow the practice of Gray's Anatomy and the Terminologia Anatomica in considering the pelvic girdle to consist of a complete ring composed of three bones (fig. 8.35)?two hip (coxal) bones and the sacrum (which of course is also part of the vertebral column)
The terms pelvis and pelvic girdle are used in contradictory ways by various anatomical authorities. Here we will follow the practice of Gray's Anatomy and the Terminologia Anatomica in considering the pelvic girdle to consist of a complete ring composed of three bones (fig. 8.35)?two hip (coxal) bones and the sacrum (which of course is also part of the vertebral column).
he terms pelvis and pelvic girdle are used in contradictory ways by various anatomical authorities. Here we will follow the practice of Gray's Anatomy and the Terminologia Anatomica in considering the pelvic girdle to consist of a complete ring composed of three bones (fig. 8.35)?two hip (coxal) bones and the sacrum (which of course is also part of the vertebral column). The hip bones are also frequently called the ossa coxae59 (OS-sa COC-see) or innominate60 (ih-NOM-ih-nate) bones; the latter is arguably the most self-contradictory term in human anatomy (the ?bones with no name?). The pelvis61 is a bowl-shaped structure composed of these bones as well as their ligaments and the muscles that line the pelvic cavity and form its floor. The pelvic girdle supports the trunk on the lower limbs and encloses and protects the viscer
The pelvis61 is a bowl-shaped structure composed of these bones as well as their ligaments and the muscles that line the pelvic cavity and form its floor. The pelvic girdle supports the trunk on the lower limbs and encloses and protects the viscera of the pelvic cavity?mainly the lower colon, urinary bladder, and internal reproductive organs.
The male pelvic girdles is shaped narrower and deeper. Were the obturator forman is round. The angle is usually 90 degrees or less. The female pelvic girdles is shaped shallower and wider. It is more movable then the male's. I think this is becuase women have to bear childern. Women obturator is more triangular to oval. [Why tag this]The male pelvic girdle is more triangular than a womens, whose is more rectangular. Women have a narrower sciatic notch than men probably for birthing reasons. [Why tag thisMale pelvic girdles are thicker due to more force from the muscles, whereas females require a shorter and wider pevlis to make childbirth easier and also to carry children. [Why tag thisThe male pelvic girdle is narrower, more massive, rougher and heavier, less movable, heart shaped. The female pelvic girdle is less massive, smooth, delicate, tilted forward, wider and more movable,and oval shaped[Why tag thisEver since I was younger I noticed my hip bones stick out more than males' hip bones. It does make sense, anatomically why, but when I was younger i really didn't understand why. [Why tag thisHow big/ wider are womens hips than mens?[Why tag thisWhile females have differently shaped pelvis, is that only because they are able to have children? Is one formation better able to support weight than the other? is there any other benefit that one might have that the other doesn't?[Why tag thisEach of these bones interacts with another and the way that they interact is why we can move the way we do. Linking these bones helps to understand the body as a whole more than we would be able to withouth knowing about our bones, what they do, and where they are.[Why tag thisPelvic Girdle: Ring of three bones, two hip bones and teh sacrum. Supports the trunk of the lower limbs and encloses and protects the viscera of the pelvic cavity [lower colon, bladder, and internal reproductive organs]. Hip bones join the vertebral column at the sacroilliac joint. Bowl-like shape witht he false pelvis [broader] and the true pelvis [smaller, below]Illiac crest, acatabulum, and obturator foramen. Hip is formed by fusion of ilium, ischium and pubis. Ilium is rough, serves as attachment for muscles of the buttocks and thighs. Pubis is platform for bladder. [Why tag thisDose the pelvic Gridle in women differ from the ones in men due to the pregnancy matter?[Why tag thisWhat would happen if the hip bone that is made up of the three smaller bones would never fuse together?? would it have to be forced together or would a fake hip have to be put in place?[Why tag thisWhat are the other ways used by other anatomical authorities? Will it be important to know?[Why tag thisThe pelvic girdle consists of a complete ring of three bones called the two coxal (hip) bones and the sacrum.[Why tag thisSo it's true that Gray's Anatomy show is actully truthful and factual information? I know that some of it is but that's insane that it all is, I wonder if some of the actors really are doctors or know a lot about the medical feild. I love watching that show, but I haven't watched it since I have been in college this year. I also wonder if the director makes those actors take classes or something to be familar with what they are talking about?[Why tag thisWhy are we following a TV show, aren't those usually incorrect?[Why tag thisWhy don't these have a name based on their function, rather than [Why tag thisI have hip bones that are different heights, how does this happen?[Why tag thisIn what way does the pelvis girdle protects the male organs.[Why tag thisI felt that this was important because it is the central house for walking and the lower limbs. It is where the legs attach to and it also the home of the sacrum and several important organs such as the reproductive organs, bladder, and the colon. [Why tag thisKelly Sanderson
Kaylee Richards
Elizabeth
mary furner
Zawicki Sara Anne Marie
Joseph Skarlupka
Maria Stephans
Danielle Henckel
lujain
lenarch2
Erin Griph
Michael Franzini
Kaitlynn
Sarah Kallas
Laura Kovach
Brianna Brugger
Elvia Rivas
TRAVIS
The molecular weight (MW) of a compound is the sum of the atomic weights of its atoms. Rounding the atomic mass units (amu) to whole numbers, we can calculate the approximate MW of glucose (C6H12O6), for example, asMolecular weight is needed to compute some measures of concentration discussed later.A molecule is held together, and molecules are attracted to one another, by forces called chemical bonds. The bonds of greatest physiological interest are ionic bonds, covalent bonds, hydrogen bonds, and van der Waals forces (Table 2.3).
Molecular weight defined[Why tag this text]Lists the importance of molecular weight and the bonds that hold a molecule together.[General-Do not useBrandon Brandemuehl
I would be inclined to say that spongy bone has more surface area exposed to osteoclast action.[Why I tagged this]Spongy bone, because spongy bone always has more surface area than compact bone.[Why I tagged thisElizabeth
ps brachii
It becomes clear to me that the reason we learned bones and other basic terms in prior chapters was to help us name muscles easier. [Why Tag This]Question: Do we need to know all of these?[Why Tag ThisDanielle Henckel
Any science is more enjoyable if we consider not just the current state of knowledge, but how it compares to past understandings of the subject and how our knowledge was gained. Of all sciences, medicine has one of the most fascinating histories. Medical science has progressed far more in the last 50 years than in the 2,500 years before that, bu
Scientists continually build upon the inventions and discoveries of those who came before them. Robert Hooke improved upon the compound microscope, while Antony van Leeuwenhoek invented a single-lens microscope (Saladin, 5-6). Over 100 years later, Matthias Scheliden and Theodor Schwann used improved microscopes to determine that all organisms are composed of cells. It took another century before their concept was accepted - from this cell theory was developed (Saladin, 6).[Why I tagged this]This was interesting about all the different physicians, for exxample jewish. It seems like every religion made their own medical books to what they thought was true?[Why I tagged thisKaitlynn
he flexor tendons passing through the tunnel are enclosed in tendon sheaths that enable them to slide back and forth quite easily, although this region is subject to painful inflammation?carpal tunnel syndrome?resulting from repetitive motion (see
I find this interesting that carpal tunnel syndrome is resultant of repetitive motion because I always thought that carpal tunnel syndrom was due to bad positioning of the wrists being unsupported causing unnecessary strain.[Why Tag This]so what exactly causes this to occur?[Why Tag ThisLauren Anthe
This is exactly how any nerve connection works throughout the body, not just in the muscles. For example, if any nerve contributing to brain activity is severed in any way (from the spine or anywhere on the body), the signal will not travel the pathway correctly and the brain will be unable to register the message properly to assist in any movement needed.[Why I tagged this]I would like to discuss the possible ways of severing or poisoning a nerve connection, besides the obvious damage to the spinal cord.[Why I tagged thisAshley Wiedmeyer
I find this very interesting because I experience twitching occasionally and I had never known what was causing it.[Why I Tagged This]Contraction Strength of twitches:Increasing the stiumls more doesn't produce stronger twitches. Twitch strength varies with stimulation frequency, the concentration of calcium, the tautness of a muscle, the temperature of a muscle, the pH of the sarcoplasm, and the hydration of the muscle. [Why I Tagged ThisDanielle Henckel
Bone elongation is responsible for the height growth during your lifespan[Why I tagged this]Bone Growth and Remodeling:Bone Elongation: Epiphyseal plates are present and transitions from cartilage to bone. The cartilage is hyaline in the center, and the outside parts begin being replaced by bone. Zone of Reserve Cartilage:Typical hyaline, no signs of bone growth. Farthest from marow cavity.Zone of Cell Proliferation: Chondrocytes MultiplyZones of Cell Hypertrophy: Chondrocytes start to enlarge. Zone of Calcification: Minerals are deposited and provide temporary supportZone of Bone Deposition: Lacunae break down and chondrocytes die. Osteoblasts come in and make bone. [Why I tagged thisDanielle Henckel
basal cell, squamous cell, melanoma.[Why tag this]The three most common forms of skin cancer are basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma. After doing the histology unit all of these names now make sense. I am interested in learning more about skin cancer since i tan and my mom recently had a spot removed on her stomach. [Why tag thiskailey Cortez
Mature red blood cells have none; they are anuclear.
why do red blood cells have no nucleus?[Why tag this text]Well, this contradicts my belief on what each cell must have, then its not a real cell. Are mature red blood cells the only cells that do not have a nucleus? What is the significance for this huge distinction? [Why tag this textElvia Rivas
Regulation of cell volume
This is interesting that there can be more than one function to this. [Why tag this text ]certain membranes can only retain a certain amount of fluid[General-Do not useRachel Feivor
aundice18 is a yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes resulting from high levels of bilirubin in the blood
common in babies. learned about this in Health and Disease[Why tag this text]When i was a baby iwas born with jaunice and had to be wrapped around with a blue light up blanket[Why tag this textJungas
These headings are important because they help to locate the different joints and their descriptions. The joints described are mainly parts of the appendicular skeleton, but a few are from the axial. [Why tag this]The Ankle Joint: Also called the talocrural joint. Has two articulations, a medial joint [between tibnia and talus] and a lateral joint[between fibula and talus]. [Why tag thisDanielle Henckel
FIGURE 10.41Serial Cross Sections Through the Lower Limb.Each section is taken at the correspondingly lettered level in the figure at the left.
I found this very interesting and helpful to look at because I received a better understanding by looking at the picture. Although, I would like to see a real human leg to see what it would look like from this angle.[Why Tag This]New and interesting information here, I enjoyed reading this.[Why tag this]the most familiar type of joint: elbow, knee, or knuckle[Why tag thisJustin Putterman
This unusual multinuclear condition results from the embryonic development of a muscle fiber-several stem cells called myoblasts2 fuse to produce each fiber, with each myoblast contributing one nucleus.
How do satellite cells get the signal that they need to produce new fibers? Where are they? Does the muscle fiber just make them as they need them? Is there something wrong with these cells in older people? They just don't work as fast maybe.[Why I taged this]Is research being done with stem cells to help patients suffering from MS to see if replacement stem cells can help build new muscle?[Why I taged thisCassi Malko
By having many small cells rather than large cells an oragn can become more highly specialized. It also allows for a back up plan. If a few cells die or do not function then there are many more to allow the organ to continue to function. [Why tag this text]Larger cells are too high maintenance. The cells have to be smaller in order to transport nutrients and wastes in and out efficiently. [Why tag this textFord Elizabeth Emily
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When it comes to chemical reactions Dalton's atomic theory stipulates that atoms cannot be created nor destroyed. Instead, the atoms combine in a [ this was discussed in Chemistry and despite the fact that Dalton's theory kept changing it serves as a foundation for understanding how atoms are like the foundation for making up matter."]Zone of reserve cartilage. This region, farthest from the marrow cavity, consists of typical hyaline cartilage that as yet shows no sign of transforming into bone.Zone of cell proliferation. A little closer to the marrow cavity, chondrocytes multiply and arrange themselves into longitudinal columns of flattened lacunae.Zone of cell hypertrophy. Next, the chondrocytes cease to divide and begin to hypertrophy (enlarge), much like they do in the primary ossification center of the fetus. The walls of matrix between lacunae become very thin.Zone of calcification. Minerals are deposited in the matrix between the columns of lacunae and calcify the cartilage. These are not the permanent mineral deposits of bone, but only a temporary support for the cartilage that would otherwise soon be weakened by the breakdown of the enlarged lacunae.Zone of bone deposition. Within each column, the walls between the lacunae break down and the chondrocytes die. This converts each column into a longitudinal channel (white spaces in the figure), which is immediately invaded by blood vessels and marrow from the marrow cavity. Osteoblasts line up along the walls of these channels and begin depositing concentric lamellae of matrix, while osteoclasts dissolve the temporarily calcified cartilage.
This is interesting as well because it shows you a histological view on the zones of metaphysis and what the cells look like when they are becoming bones[Why I tagged this]the five zones of Metaphysis[Why I tagged thisAlyssa Harmes
Neck, Back, and Gluteal Muscles.
It seems like many workouts focus primarily on superficial muscles, especially when viewing the back where there are significantly more deep muscles. Are there any issues that can arrise from having exceptionally strong superficial muscles and average or week deep muscles or do the deep muscles naturally get stronger as the superficial muscles do?[Why tag this]erector spinaesemispinalis thoracisquadratus lumborummultifedus[Why tag thisAmanda
METHODS/OVERVIEW OF MEMBRANE TRANSPORT[Why tag this text]This table gives a very good understanding of both passive and active transportation methods. It is important to know the difference between passive and active transportation is that active uses energy while passive does not. This table also helps define each type of both.[Why tag this textCody Andrews
I find this interesting that slicing is used to help determine various tissues. This will help me out in lab.[Why tag this text]tells us what we should be studying and learning how to do in our lab and outside of lab.[Why tag this textlenarch2
connecive tissue provides protection for organs [Why tag this text]The fatty cushion described for kidneys also works as support to hold the kidneys in place. (Being retro-peretanial) A friend of a friend of mine is a marathon running. He was having pain and slight prutusion from his abdomen while running. After extensive testing, they concluded that he was so lean, that his [Why tag this textRyan Gallagher
What is the bone that has the most muscles attached on it that make that part of the body move?[Why Tag This]so what if the joints can extend beyond normal range?[Why Tag ThisLauren Anthe
Muscle contraction and relaxation occurs in four stages:Exictation: Process in which action potentials in the nerve fiber lead to action potentials in the muscle fiber. It happens when a nerve signal arrives at the synaptic knob and stimulates calcium ions to enter the synaptic knob. The Calcium then stimulates the release of ACH. ACH binds to receptor proteins on the sarcolemma. Polarity is reversed by NA and K diffusing in and out of the cell. Excitation-Contraction Coupling: Events that link the action potentials on the sarcolemma to the activation of the myofilaments. The wave of action potentials spread, opening ion channels on the T Tubules. Calcium binds to troponin of the thin filaments. And exposes the active sites. Contraction: Muscle fiber may shroten. Sliding filament theory is the theory behind muscle contraction. It says that the thin filaments slide over the thick ones, pulling the z discs with them, causing each sarcomere to shorten. The myosin heads initiate this. Releases energy from ATP. Cocking the myosin and forming a crossbridge. Relaxation: Muscle fiber relaxes and returns to resting state. Nerve signals stop, making ACH stop being released. The ACH separates from the receptors, CA goes back where it belongs.[why I Tagged this]Is there a specfic term where the muscle is not in contraction and not in relaxation, but in the middle of the two? because I feel like the muscle is not always doing both of those.[why I Tagged thisKayla Theys
The particles are too large to penetrate selectively permeable membranes.
This chart is an easy way to identify types of solutions, and even gives examples. [Why tag this text]
Its a good thing thats our red blood cells cant cross through our vessels. its a basic property that serves a true purpose. [Why tag this textBlake Marrari
I tagged this text because I thought it was interesting that microvilli give some cells 15-40 times more absorptive surface area. I feel like that is important because it is vital to the framework of the plasma membrane. [Why tag this text]what microvilli are and its function[Why tag this textAlyssa Harmes
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What is [ just being able to give more support?"]Example of sodium and chlorine bonding[Why tag this text]what happens to them phyiscally then? does some reaction occur?[Why tag this textKayla Theys
It requires more than 2 nucleotides to code for each amino acid, because A, U, C, and G can combine in only 16 different pairs (AA, AU, AC, AG, UA, UU, and so on). The minimum code to symbolize 20 amino acids is 3 nucleotides per amino acid, and indeed, this is the case in DNA. A sequence of 3 DNA nucleotides that stands for 1 amino acid is called a base triplet. When messenger RNA is produced, it carries a coded message based on these DNA triplets. A 3-base sequence in mRNA is called a codon. The genetic code is expressed in terms of codons.
We need more than 2 nucleotides for each amino acid.A sequence of 3 DNA nucleotides that stands for 1 amino acid is called a base triplet. When messenger RNA is produces it carries a coded message. A 3 base sequence in mRNA is called a codon, these express the genetic code. [Why tag this text]Because of the code letters, which make us a human being had more than 1 amino acids in us, instead it had 20 and each 20 of them are made up of amin acids.[Why tag this textDee Lor
I really like this example of why temperature affects diffusion. I always wondered why sugar dissolved much quicker in hot tea and now I know it is due to kinetic energy [Why tag this text]Interesting that the book started talking about tea right after I made an annotation relating to tea...The temperature is extremely relevant when brewing tea in terms of diffusion. This is why teas that have to be brewed at higher temperatures don't have to steep quite as long as some teas that have to be brewed in cooler temperatures. [Why tag this textAlina Gur
Why is it called the reticular layer if it's made of dense irregular connective tissue?[Why tag this text]histology[Why tag this textJelena Ristic
About 4 to 5 million years ago, parts of Africa became hotter and drier, and much of the forest was replaced by savanna (grassland). Some primates adapted to living on the savanna, but this was a dangerous place with more predators and less protection. Just as squirrels and monkeys stand briefly on their hind legs to look around for danger, so would these early ground dwellers. Being able to stand up not only helps an animal stay alert but also frees the forelimbs for purposes other than walking. Chimpanzees sometimes walk upright to carry food, infants, or weapons (sticks and rocks), and it is reasonable to suppose that our early ancestors did so too.Page 12
The change in environment forced a change in behavior and form.[Why I tagged this]Very interesting explanation. [Why I tagged thisDakota Francart
crystallization process - calcium, phosphate, and other ions taken from blood plasma and deposited in bone tissue. [Why I tagged this]The collagen fibers become encrusted with other materials that harden the matrix. The crystals form when calcium and phosphate reach a critical value called the solubility product. They then form seed crystals which attract more calcium and phosphate. [Why I tagged thisFord Elizabeth Emily
Many layers of keratinocytes
These keratohyaline granules make it easy to distinguish the stratum gramulosum from the stratum lucidum and stratum spinosum.[Why tag this text]Are the layers different from person to person? It seems like some people have tougher skin, or just dont bruise as easily as others. [Why tag this textFord Elizabeth Emily
If it's long-term energy then how come it doesn't last long?[Why I tagged this]Since it is called long-term energy why is it such a short period, I understand that it has any factors that go along with ATP production, but why so short? & does it matter how healthy a person may be?[Why I tagged thisKayla Theys
Even though everyone is different, the vast majority of us have the same bones for us to locate.[Why tag this]This seems like it's an effective way to go about it[Why tag thisAnthony Wheeler
Are there any other functions for melanin in cells?[Why tag this text]I didnt know that pigment helped sheild from ultraviolent radiation. So the darker your skin the less likely you get skin cancer?[Why tag this textErin Griph
it is composed of 22 bones and sometimes more. Most of these are connected by immovable joints called sutures
You would never think of that big of a number for the skull[Why tag this]i felt that this was very important because it illustrates the whole summary of the skull. It is made up of 22 bones all connected by sutures, this is the entire foundation of the skull.[Why tag thisTRAVIS
Tufts and patches of hair, sometimes with contrasting colors, are important among mammals for advertising species, age, sex, and individual identity. For the less groomed members of the human species, scalp hair may play a similar role. The indefinitely growing hair of a man's scalp and beard, for example, could provide a striking contrast to a face that is otherwise almost hairless. It creates a badge of recognition instantly visible at a distance.The beard and pubic and axillary hair signify sexual maturity and aid in the transmission of sexual scents. We will further reflect on this in a later discussion of apocrine sweat glands, whose distribution and function add significant evidence to support this theory.
A friend of mine has dark brown hair and a red beard, and i often see this combination among other males. Why does this happen.[Why tag this]I thought these two particular theories were interesting because it is an explanation as to why humans have hair other than for basic survival reasons. To think that hair played a role in allowing our ancestors to differentiate between biological sex is fascinating.[Why tag thisJacob
When osteoclast activity is reduced/inhibited, is this what cause an increase in the production of calcium ions in the bloodstream?[Why I tagged this]calcitonin reduces osteoclast activity and liberate less calcium from teh skeleton[Why I tagged thisRachel Feivor
mprovements in technology have resulted in long-lasting prostheses. Over 75% of artificial knees last 20 years, nearly 85% last 15 years, and over 90% last 10 years. The most common form of failure is detachment of the prosthesis from the bone. This problem has been reduced by using porous-coated prostheses, which become infiltrated by the patient's own bone and create a firmer bond. A prosthesis is not as strong as a natural joint, however, and is not an option for many young, active patients.
How long did they use to last? What happens when they just stop working?[Why tag this]its amazing how much technology has come a long way and help us in the world[Why tag thisLauren Anthe
a good example to explain this paragrapgh would be to compare how your body automaticly regulates temperature and does what it needs to survive. if you fall into ice water your body redirects bloodflow from your arms and legs and directs it to the chest and head to remain those sections warm and it does that because it what you need to survive.[Why I tagged this]def. homeostasis[Why I tagged thisCorianne
2041
Is having a sinus infection just an overproduction of mucous? Also, this helps explain why a person may fell they have a [ the blockage of air really does heavy the head."]Can we discuss this in lecture? Also, how is this pump related to the process of sweating during physical activity? If cells can produce more pumps when our thyroid hormones tell the cells that its cold outside and we need to consume more ATP to produce heat, does the reverse happen when the thyroid detects extreme heat? Do these pumps just cease to be active? Do they just dissappear?[Why tag this text]The NaK pump needs energy in order to function in a cell because it is a type of active transport. Osmosis is passive transport and is always happenning in a cell to try and equalize the two sides of a membrane to have the same concentration of water so it would still be going on even if a cell dies because it does not require energy.[Why tag this textChristina Colarossi
The complexity of our skull is really interesting. I never knew we had cavities used to lighten the anterior portion of it. To know that our voice is affected by he resonance added because of these cavities is also something i had never known. Is this why when we hear ourselves on a video or a recording, we sound different than we think we do?[Why tag this]Can we cover sinus infections? Obviously they occur in these cranial cavities, but more specifically what causes it?[Why tag thisBrendan Semph
Adipocytes (AD-ih-po-sites), or fat cells. These appear in small clusters in some fibrous connective tissues. When they dominate an area, the tissue is called adipose tissue.
Adipocytes are also known as fat cells[Why tag this text]What is the function of adipocytes?[Why tag this textAnthony Wheeler
Figure 3.25The Cytoskeleton. (a) Components of the cytoskeleton. Few organelles are shown in order to emphasize the cytoskeleton. Note that all microtubules radiate from the centrosome; they often serve as trackways for motor proteins (kinesin) transporting organelles. (b) Cells with their cytoskeletons labeled with fluorescent antibodies, photographed through a fluorescence microscope.The density of a typical cytoskeleton far exceeds even that shown in part (a).
How would this work in a plant cell?Or do plants even have these?[Why tag this text]When looking at illustrations of cells, it can be very misleading as to the actual number of organelles in the cell itself. Mitochondrion, for example, can be present in numbers ranging from hundreds to thousands in muscle cells.[Why tag this textStephen Minakian
gastrocnemius. (
If we lose a toe, how come it doesn't recover back to normal? Why don't we grow a toe back like how lizards grow their tales back?[Why Tag This]When the gastrocnemius is unattched, why does this happen? Why does it bunch up?[Why Tag Thissamantha
Isometric and Isotonic Contraction
Is complete tetanus the effect that takes place when people are zapped with a stun gun or tazer?[Why I Tagged This]Isometric and Isotonic Contraction:Isometric Contraction is contraction without a change in length. Helps maintain joint stability. Isotonic contractions are contractions with a change in length, but no change in tension. Two forms; concentric and eccentric. Concentric contractions= muscle schortens as it maintains tension. Eccentric contraction- muscle lengthens as it maintains tension[Why I Tagged ThisDanielle Henckel
After reading these two statements, the only thing that came into my mind was the image of 200 little people working inside me. This proves that our body is not able to function off of one cell. It needs a lot of cells to function![Why tag this text]This is because every organelle in the cell body has a specific function. Every cell has a numerous amount of functions it attends to in order to carry out different processes of the body. For example, the organelle, Mitochondria, which is the powerhouse of the cell, generates energy, or ATP for body movement and even a temperature regulator for the body and cell in general.[Why tag this textCassie Marsh
FIGURE 11.2Structure of a Skeletal Muscle Fiber.This is a single cell containing 11 myofibrils (9 shown at the left end and 2 cut off at midfiber). A few myofilaments are shown projecting from the myofibril at the left. Their finer structure is shown in figure 11.3.
During extreme muscular activity, will the color of the muscle change, or does the color of the myoglobin stay the same whether or not there is oxygen stored in it?[Why I taged this]What is the purpose of having 11 myofibrils?[Why I taged thisNicole Korstanje
Lateral flexion is tilting the head or trunk to the right or left of the midline (fig. 9.19c). Twisting at the waist or turning of the head is called right rotation or left rotation when the chest or the face turns to the right or left of the forward-facing zero position (fig. 9.19d, e). Powerful right and left rotation at the waist is important in baseball pitching, golf, discus throwing, and other sports.
The atlas; the atlas pivots around the dens of the axis.[Why tag this]Is this only found in Athletes? [Why tag thisLauren Anthe
Expected Learning Outcomes
This section was most interesting to me because I will be applying what I learned in this section to my future career. I am pre-OT so I will see many of these disorders in my future patients. [Why I tagged this]What is the most common type of fracture?[Why I tagged thisBrandon Neldner
I also know that the female coxic bone doesn't turn inward for the risk of fetal mortality.[Why tag this]Structure of Vertebrae:Body- Centrum [made of spongy bone and red bone marrow covered by a shield of hard bone]Vertebral foramen: Triangular space, form the vertebral canal. Pair of articular processes: Projects upward from one vertebrae to another, resists twisting of spinal cord. [Why tag thisDanielle Henckel
Arthritis Broad term embracing more than 100 types of joint rheumatism.Bursitis Inflammation of a bursa, usually due to overexertion of a joint.Dislocation Displacement of a bone from its normal position at a joint, usually accompanied by a sprain of the adjoining connective tissues. Most common at the fingers, thumb, shoulder, and knee.Gout A hereditary disease, most common in men, in which uric acid crystals accumulate in the joints and irritate the articular cartilage and synovial membrane. Causes gouty arthritis, with swelling, pain, tissue degeneration, and sometimes fusion of the joint. Most commonly affects the great toe.Rheumatism Broad term for any pain in the supportive and locomotory organs of the body, including bones, ligaments, tendons, and muscles.Sprain Torn ligament or tendon, sometimes with damage to a meniscus or other cartilage.Strain Painful overstretching of a tendon or muscle without serious tissue damage. Often results from inadequate warm-up before exercise.Synovitis Inflammation of a joint capsule, often as a complication of a sprain.Tendinitis A form of bursitis in which a tendon sheath is inflamed.Disorders described elsewhereHip dislocation p. 300 Osteoarthritis p. 307Rotator cuff injury p. 374 Knee injuries p. 305Rheumatoid arthritis p. 307 Shoulder dislocation p. 300
table 9.1 - common joint disorders[Why tag this]Very interesting, if you ask me, because I always get confused with the names of the disorders and the actual problem/dysfunction.[Why tag thisDakota Francart
Metabolism is the chemical processes occurring within a living cell or organism that are necessary for the maintenance of life.The two subcategories are Catabolism and Anabolism. Catabolism breaks down organic matter while ananabolism uses energy to construct components of cells.[Why tag this text]the two subdivisions of metabolism are Catabolism and Anabolism. Catabolism is the breakdown of molecules in living organisms into smaller ones. Anabolism is synthesis and storing of the breakdown of molecules.[Why tag this textHayley Smith
Proteoglycans form thick colloids similar to those of gravy, pudding, gelatin, and glue. This gel slows the spread of pathogenic organisms through the tissues. Some proteoglycans are embedded in the plasma membranes of cells, attached to the cytoskeleton on the inside and to other extracellular molecules on the outside. They create a strong structural bond between cells and extracellular macromolecules and help to hold tissues together
another subunit of ground substance which performs the functions of slowing the spread of germs and creating structural bonds[Why tag this text]Proteoglycans form thick colloids that slow the spread of pathogenic organisms, and create a strong structural bond between cells and extracellular macromolcules and help hold tissue together.[Why tag this textStephanie
Can you give more examples of where these reactions occur in the human body?[Why tag this text]Honestly, my energy is running real low. Which brings to my surprise why I'm still up finishing my annotations on Salon...[Why tag this textmainkao
carpal tunnel
Bones that arent seen in the diagram are seen in the xray.[Why tag this]Carpal tunnel syndrome is also common during pregnancy, due to the huge increase in blood volume. It isn't something they warn you about either. (They REALLY should. Pregnant woen are panicky enough to begin with!)[Why tag thisLiz Casper
How does the labyrinth have air spaces inside of it?[Why tag this]Why is that we have that [Why tag thismainkao
The Sacrum The sacrum (SACK-rum, SAY-krum) is a bony plate that forms the posterior wall of the pelvic girdle (fig. 8.26). It was named sacrum for its prominence as the largest and most durable bone of the vertebral column.36 In children, there are five separate sacral vertebrae (S1?S5). They begin to fuse around age 16 and are fully fused by age 26.
Sacrum: Bony plate that forms the back wall of the pelvic girdle. Has a sacral canal which ends in an inferior opening called the sacral hiatus. [Why tag this]The largest and most durable bone of the vertebral column (the sacrum). Actually starts off in childhood as five separate bones until they are fully fused together by the age of 26.[Why tag thisNicholas Bruno
Cleft palate and lip can be surgically corrected with good cosmetic results, but a cleft palate makes it difficult for an infant to generate the suction needed for nursing.
I knew people with this issue and never knew that it causes issues with nursing at birth. Is there a way to predict whether these will join properly or is it just a natural part of human variation?[Why tag this]One of my cousins was born with a cleft palate lip and went through surgery to correct it. Cleft palate does not just hinder a child's ability to nurse in infancy, but if not treated before adolescence (like my cousin's) it can result in a lot of emotional trauma as well.[Why tag thisAlina Gur
I find it strange that color vision isn't more common. It seems to me that many animals would need to be able to identify color for dietary purposes. I don't understand what makes primates different from other mammals in this aspect.[Why I tagged this]Interesting that evolution led to both primates developing color vision to assist in their survival and coloring amongst other organisms assists in their survival, such as displaying toxicity.[Why I tagged thisDavid Faber
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
no response???[Why tag this]Wow, this is really interesting stuff. I had really underestimated the skin and its importance. I had no idea the extent to which other organ systems were dependent on it nor the extent to which vitamin D was utilized by our bodies. [Why tag thisKristofer Schroeckenthaler
1. pectoralis minor; 2. external intercostals; 3. internal intercostals[Why tag this]prectoralis minor, subclavius, and levator scapulae. [Why tag thisSenny Xiong
explains to me why we express the concentrations in milliequivalents per liter. [Why tag this text]So why is the electrolyte concetration in our body so small when they play such an important role with reactions and energy, since they are always talking about resplenishing electrolytes when playing sports?[Why tag this textJustin Rosinski
I never knew what kept the membrane fluid, and this way that it happens is interesting because of the way everything works together with their functions. With the hydrophobic tails avoiding the water and how the amphiphilic molecules arrange themselves into a bilayer.[Why tag this text]this helped me understand the membrane fluids and how they arrange themselves. i feel like knowing that i understand it makes it that much more interesting to me[Why tag this textLauren Anthe
The liver also regenerates remarkably well. Fi
If the liver regenerates, how can there be damage to the liver and liver failure? Can scarring still occur, and if so, then a regenerating liver is false because regeneration restores normal function and scarring does not.[Why tag this text]This is important! I wouldn't be able to enjoy the drinks I do without my livers ability to regenerate. I just hope it doesn't resort to serosis.[Why tag this textRyan Gallagher
Muscle tone is a state of tension in order to stabilize the joint. Nervous system monitors muscle tone in order to maintain joint stability and limt unwanted movements. [Why tag this]If a resting muscle has a state of muscle tension to stabalize the joint, what would happen if this muscle tension was absent?[Why tag thisRachael Van Keulen
Ribs 8 through 12 are called false ribs because they lack independent cartilaginous connections to the sternum. In 8 through 10, the costal cartilages sweep upward and end on the costal cartilage of rib 7 (see fig. 8.27). Rib 10 also differs from 2 through 9 in that it attaches to the body of a single vertebra (T10) rather than between vertebrae. Thus, vertebra T10 has a complete costal facet on its body for rib 10.
When someone breaks a rib from being in a car accident, or even from having a terrible respiratory infection, are these the ribs tat break? It would make more sense, because they are more fragile and don't have the support that the true ribs have.[Why tag this]I didn't know that many of the ribs differed in structure and location.[Why tag thisDavid
lower limb is divided into four regions:[Why tag this]Lower Limb: Divided into 4 regionsfemoral: thigh, extends from hip to knee and has femur. Crural: Knee to ankle, has the tibia and fibulaTarsal: anklePedal: foot, 7 tarsal bones, 5 metatarsals and 14 phalanges in toes. [Why tag thisDanielle Henckel
Since we are the first species to be fully bipedal, our structure obviously isn't perfected yet, but the S shape of our spine definitely helps.[Why tag this]There are only two curves during infancy because it allows for passage through the birth canal. The third curve develops when toddlers begin to walk because it allows for bipedalism. The three curves help balance the weight of the body on two legs to allow for walking that the two curves cannot accomodate.[Why tag thisAmanda Bartosik
Abduction15 (ab-DUC-shun) (fig. 9.13a) is the movement of a body part in the frontal plane away from the midline of the body?for example, moving the feet apart to stand spread-legged, or raising an arm to one side of the body. Adduction16 (fig. 9.13b) is movement in the frontal plane back toward the midline. Some joints can be hyperadducted, as when you stand with your ankles crossed, cross your fingers, or hyperadduct the shoulder to stand with your elbows straight and your hands clasped below your waist. You hyperabduct the arm if you raise it high enough to cross slightly over the front or back of your head.
When someone gets abducted, the person will try to run or wave their hands to get someones attention. Moving hands and legs away from body is abduction[Why tag this]description of abduction[Why tag thisAlyssa Harmes
In circumduction19 (fig. 9.16), one end of an appendage remains fairly stationary while the other end makes a circular motion. If an artist standing at an easel reaches forward and draws a circle on a canvas, she circumducts the upper limb; the shoulder remains stationary while the hand moves in a circle. A baseball player winding up for the pitch circumducts the upper limb in a more extreme ?windmill? fashion. One can also circumduct an individual finger, the hand, the thigh, the foot, the trunk, and the head.
Is this only common in athletes? [Why tag this]description of circumduction[Why tag thisAlyssa Harmes
When you have completed this section, you should be able to describe the structure of DNA and relate this to its function; explain how DNA and proteins are organized to form the chromosomes; and
plain structure of DNA is a double helix[Why tag this text]This text provides the structure of DNA from it's size to the materials it is made out of.[Why tag this textMorgan Peil
how many muscles are attached to the skull?[Why Tag This]dose chewing gum affects the mouth muscle [Why Tag Thislujain
The posterolateral surface of the ilium is relatively rough-textured because it serves for attachment of several muscles of the buttocks and thighs.
So when people have a pinched sciatic nerve is there any way to remedy the problem?[Why tag this]so does that mean that our butt and hip muscles are somewhat connected to our lower spine only and no back muscles at all down there?[Why tag thislenarch2
Is this the muscle a person is referring to when they [Why Tag This]I had been having trouble finding the psoas major in my own body for a long time until recently. In a dance class the psoas major is used so often so I have to be very aware of where it is. When using it I find that there is less grip and strain in other parts of my body. My extension and lift of my leg is easier, because I'm not straining every muscle to lift.[Why Tag ThisNadin
In old age, some cranial sutures become obliterated by ossification and the adjacent cranial bones, such as the parietal bones, fuse.
Does this mean bones that are normally seperated fuse together in older age?[Why Tag This?]Does this cause any mental disorders?[Why Tag This?Anna Christenbury
Most other organelles of the cell, such as mitochondria, are packed into the spaces between the myofibrils.
Fibrosis is the formation of excess fibrous connective tissue in an organ or tissue in a reparative or reactive process (^ Glossary of dermatopathological terms. DermNet NZ) It is said to be a normal/natural healing process for the muscles.[Why I taged this]Because the mitochondria are the powerhouses of the cell and muscle converts this ATP into mechanical energy, is there a reason for why the mitochondria is between the myofibrils, rather than in the myofibri between myofibers since these are the muscle cells? [Why I taged thisEmily
Human egg
I can see why people didnt think of cells, but I just wonder if what we know now about cells is as complete as we think. for example, if we invent a more powerful microscope that can see with a resolution that we dont have yet, then is it possible that we would discover something about a cell's processes that we did not know before?[Why tag this text]We can see human eggs?[Why tag this textStephanie
When I was in remission for breaking my ankle I was told it was very important to keep rubbing my foot to keep the blood circulating to my legs.[Why Tag This]Is this why when someone has poor circulation to their feet they wear compression sleeves?[Why Tag ThisLeah Hennes
The talocrural joint allows for movement in all diractions but is mostly restricted to the horizontal and vertical planes of motion. The ankles are versatile to allow the feet to be positioned in a place where the body is stabilized and balanced with its weight distribution. [Why tag this]ankle joint is made up of two articulations[Why tag thisAlyssa Harmes
Anatomical terminology also frequently follows the Greek and Latin practice of placing the adjective after the noun. Thus, we have such names as the stratum lucidum for a clear (lucidum) layer (stratum) of the epidermis, the foramen magnum for a large (magnum) hole (foramen) in the skull, and the aforementioned pectoralis major muscle of the chest.
anatomical terminology pleaces the adjective after the moun due to the greek and latin way.[Why I tagged this]This I thought was important because it gives examples of how some terms are formed together with the placing of the adjectives and their nouns[Why I tagged thisDanny Duong
It is interesting to see how the muscle changes shape from a cross section view. Also this view gives us a better perspective on the finer muscles that control our hands compaired to the larger muscles that lift the arms.[Why Tag This]So under our skin, there are layers of muscles that is topped on top of the skeleton. I remember my doctor told my sister that she was big boned. Was he just being nice and not trying to call her fat? Or did he really mean it?[Why Tag Thismainkao
Why arent they just in plain english...seriously, just translate everything over. I know these famous guys named them in latin or whatever but it'd save so much time. Move from the old to the new people.[Why I tagged this]Come back from the dead? haha well, just get the pieces of the words down and use the pieces to form words as you do english.[Why I tagged thisEarlier in this chapter, we observed that human anatomy is studied by a variety of techniques?dissection, palpation, and so forth. In addition, anatomy is studied at several levels of detail, from the whole body down to the molecular level.The Hierarchy of ComplexityConsider for the moment an analogy to human structure: The English language, like the human body, is very complex, yet an infinite variety of ideas can be conveyed with a limited number of words. All words in English are, in turn, composed of various combinations of just 26 letters. Between an essay and an alphabet are successively simpler levels of organization: paragraphs, sentences, words, and syllables. We can say that language exhibits a hierarchy of complexity, with letters, syllables, words, and so forth being successive levels of the hierarchy. Humans have an analogous hierarchy of complexity, as follows (fig. 1.7): Page 13 The organism is composed of organ systems, * organ systems are composed of organs, * organs are composed of tissues, * tissues are composed of cells, * cells are composed partly of organelles, * organelles are composed of molecules, and * molecules are composed of atoms.[image #1] FIGURE 1.7The Body's Structural Hierarchy.The organism is a single, complete individual.An organ system is a group of organs with a unique collective function, such as circulation, respiration, or digestion. The human body has 11 organ systems, illustrated in atlas A immediately following this chapter: the integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, circulatory, lymphatic, respiratory, urinary, digestive, and reproductive systems. Usually, the organs of one system are physically interconnected, such as the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra, which compose the urinary system. Beginning with chapter 6, this book is organized around the organ systems.An organ is a structure composed of two or more tissue types that work together to carry out a particular function. Organs have definite anatomical boundaries and are visibly distinguishable from adjacent structures. Most organs and higher levels of structure are within the domain of gross anatomy. However, there are organs within organs?the large organs visible to the naked eye often contain smaller organs visible only with the microscope. The skin, for example, is the body's largest organ. Included within it are thousands of smaller organs: Each hair, nail, gland, nerve, and blood vessel of the skin is an organ in itself. A single organ can belong to two organ systems. For example, the pancreas belongs to both the endocrine and digestive systems.A tissue is a mass of similar cells and cell products that forms a discrete region of an organ and performs a specific function. The body is composed of only four primary classes of tissue: epithelial, connective, nervous, and muscular tissue. Histology, the study of tissues, is the subject of chapter 5.Cells are the smallest units of an organism that carry out all the basic functions of life; nothing simpler than a cell is considered alive. A cell is enclosed in a plasma membrane composed of lipids and proteins. Most cells have one nucleus, an organelle that contains its DNA. Cytology, the study of cells and organelles, is the subject of chapters 3 and 4.Organelles13 are microscopic structures in a cell that carry out its individual functions. Examples include mitochondria, centrioles, and lysosomes.Organelles and other cellular components are composed of molecules. The largest molecules, such as proteins, fats, and DNA, are called macromolecules. A molecule is a particle composed of at least two atoms, the smallest particles with unique chemical identities.The theory that a large, complex system such as the human body can be understood by studying its simpler components is called reductionism. First espoused by Aristotle, this has proven to be a highly productive approach; indeed, it is essential to scientific thinking. Yet the reductionistic view is not the only way of understanding human life. Just as it would be very difficult to predict the workings of an automobile transmission merely by looking at a pile of its disassembled gears and levers, one could never predict the human personality from a complete knowledge of the circuitry of the brain or the genetic sequence of DNA. Holism14 is the complementary theory that there are ?emergent properties? of the whole organism that cannot be predicted from the properties of its separate parts?human beings are more than the sum of their parts. To be most effective, a health-care provider treats not merely a disease or an organ system, but a whole person. A patient's perceptions, emotional responses to life, and confidence in the nurse, therapist, or physician profoundly affect the outcome of treatment. In fact, these psychological factors often play a greater role in a patient's recovery than the physical treatments administered.
There is anatomical variation among all humans. A medical student should observe multiple cadavers in order to familiarize themself with the body and to appreciate anatomical variations.[Why I tagged this]Discusses the Hiearchy of Complexity from top down including: Organism, organ system, organ, tissue, cell, organelle, macromolecule, molecule, and atom (includes definitions and examples).[Why I tagged thisThomas Hensler
It is sad and interesting to think about the fact that something that is used in treatment of one person's disease or medical issues is abused and taken advantage of by others.[Why tag this text]Based off of personal experience, steriod injections are also a form of treatment for the formation of abnormal scar tissue, more commonly known as keloids. Keloids can appear after surgery, or in responce to foreign objects entering the body, such as body piercings. Steriod injections are inserted into the effected area, and over time, the keloid ceases in size, the tissue softens, and the scar tissue eventually stabilizes. One may require more than one steriod injection depending on the location of the keloid, and the severity of it. [Why tag this textPetra Stevanovic
How does a child or adolescent grow in height? Chondrocyte multiplication in zone 2 and hypertrophy in zone 3 continually push the zone of reserve cartilage (1) toward the ends of the bone, so the bone elongates. In the lower limbs, this process causes a person to grow in height, while bones of the upper limbs grow proportionately.
Why do people tend to get shorter as they get older?[Why I tagged this]Can the vertebral column grow as well? Wouldnt this add to a person's height and is this a significant factor in a person's height? I know there are people who have really long torsos and short legs and vice versa. It just seems to me that the length of the vertebral column is also a factor of a person's height and not just the lower limbs.[Why I tagged thisRiley Spitzig
Is this how you would treat vitamin D deficiency?[Why I tagged this]How much exposure to sun is enough to gain required vitamin D without overexposure? This varies by skin type, but is there a general rule of thumb?[Why I tagged thisAndrea
testosterone was given to SS troops in an effort to make them more aggressive?but with no proven success.
It is sad and interesting to think about the fact that something that is used in treatment of one person's disease or medical issues is abused and taken advantage of by others.[Why tag this text]I find this to be interesting. It relates directly to my honors class inwhich we are studying WWll. The nazi soldiers weere ruthless: Hitler did allow retreat. [Why tag this textSarah Kallas
ells divide by two mechanisms called mitosis and meiosis. Meiosis, however, is restricted to one purpose, the production of eggs and sperm, and is therefore treated in chapter 27 on reproduction. Mitosis serves all the other functions of cell division: development of an individual, composed of some 50 trillion cells, from a one-celled fertilized egg; growth of all tissues and organs after birth; replacement of cells that die; and repair of damaged tissues.Four phases of mitosis are recognizable: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase (fig. 4.16).
talks about the difference in mitosis and meiosis[Why tag this text]The four phases of mitosis are prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. Meiosis is the mechanism that produces eggs and sperms while mitosis serves all the other functions of cell division. [Why tag this textMichael Franzini
Why is this a prominent site for drug injections?[Why Tag This]Why is this commonly used for injections?[Why Tag ThisBrandon Neldner
It repairs microfractures, releases minerals into the blood, and reshapes bones in response to use and disuse.
Its neat to think about how we have our own construction crews that continuously repair our [Why I tagged this]note[Why I tagged thisAbbey
FIGURE 9.8Mechanical Advantage (MA).MA is calculated from the length of the effort arm divided by the length of the resistance arm.(a) The forearm acts as a third-class lever during flexion of the elbow. (b) The mandible acts as a second-class lever when the jaw is forcibly opened. The digastric muscle and others provide the effort, while tension in the temporalis muscle and others provide resistance.
We have muscles that exert greater forces.[Why tag this]Good to know.[General_Do Not UseBrandon Brandemuehl
any colloids can change from liquid to gel states?gelatin desserts, agar culture media, and the fluids within and between our cells, for example
Definition of a colloid. Also, it is important to remember that a colloid can change from liquid material to states of gel[Why tag this text]This doesnt make sense to me, How do Colloids change from liquid to gel?[Why tag this textshelby
something that assists this is the fact the the big toe has sesamoid bones (something talked about in the previous sections) on the inferior portion, which allows the toe to have a mechanical advantage for walking upright.[Why tag this]I've always heard that losing your big toe results in a loss of balance. I don't think that's completely true, but this says that losing it has a crippling effect. What are the side effects of losing a big toe? Is it that you cant walk correctly right away?[Why tag thisSamantha
The tarsal and carpal boned are both arranged in proximal and distal groups. The shape and arrangement of these similarly grouped bones are different. The tarsal bones are integrated all throughout the foot because of large amount of weight that the ankle has to bear.[Why tag this]The carpal bones are smaller and the tarsal bones are different due to the fact that they are uniform to the foot shape.[Why tag thisErin Griph
Feeling the muscle move alows you to understand the point of origin along with the movements that it allows you to make.[Why tag this]visuals and physically on yourself aloud or to a partner[Why tag thisAmanda
Let's consider one more example?a case of homeostatic control of blood pressure. When you first rise from bed in the morning, gravity causes some of your blood to drain away from your head and upper torso, resulting in falling blood pressure in this region?a local imbalance in your homeostasis (fig. 1.11). This is detected by sensory nerve endings called baroreceptors in the large arteries near the heart. They transmit nerve signals to the brainstem, where we have a cardiac center that regulates the heart rate. The cardiac center responds by transmitting nerve signals to the heart, which speed it up. The faster heart rate quickly raises the blood pressure and restores normal homeostasis. In elderly people, this feedback loop is sometimes insufficiently responsive, and they may feel dizzy as they rise from a reclining position and their cerebral blood pressure falls. This sometimes causes fainting.
This explains a lot of how you do things and how you body works and responds to its needs and wants. [Why I tagged this]Another example of how our bodies maintain homeostasis by keeping our blood pressure constant by using a negative feedback loop and what may happen if our blood pressure isn't kept constant[Why I tagged thisDanny Duong
Can you explain this a little more? [Why tag this]When the joints swell up and dr say it has to do something with synovial fluids , do they swell because the waste is not getting removed?[Why tag thislenarch2
Its interesting that there is different shape muscles in different placces[Why tag this]7 different tissues[Why tag thisJustin Putterman
Brown fat is a heat-generating tissue. It has numerous mitochondria, but their oxidative pathway is not linked to ATP synthesis. Therefore, when these cells oxidize fats, they release all of the energy as heat. Hibernating animals accumulate brown fat in preparation for winter.
In adults are muscles the only heat-generating tissue? Was this an adaptation because fetuses and infants don't move enough to generate heat in their muscles?[Why tag this text]I annotated this because first I didn't know there was two kinds of fats and learning that babies, childen and hibernating animals use one kind (brown) and adults mainly use the other.(white)[Why tag this textKaitlynn
define the two subdivisions of the skeleton;
the names of the bones and anatomic markings correlate to the types of muscle they are moved by[Why tag this]The axial skeleton is the central supporting axis of the body, including skull, auditory ossicles, hyoid bone, vertebral column, and thoracic cage.The appendicular skeleton is bones of the upper limb and pectoral girdle and the bones of the lower limb and pelvic girdle[Why tag thisNick Lund
There is articular cartilage at the ends of the epiphysis of the bone, but is there any other cartilage left after these processes?[Why I tagged this]So this process happens as an individual gets older?[Why I tagged thisAnthony Wheeler
What other things does the platysma help with?[Why Tag This]what does this mean exactly? skin tauter?[Why Tag ThisKaitlynn
tells location good for test and [Why tag this text]so all the nerve endings are in the dermis, but transfer the feel to the layers of the epidermis?[Why tag this textLauren Anthe
A protein is a polymer of amino acids. An amino acid has a central carbon atom with an amino (?NH2) and a carboxyl (?COOH) group bound to it (fig. 2.24a). The 20 amino acids used to make proteins are identical except for a third functional group called the radical (R group) attached to the central carbon. In the simplest amino acid, glycine, R is merely a hydrogen atom, whereas in the largest amino acids it includes rings of carbon. Some radicals are hydrophilic and some are hydrophobic. Being composed of many amino acids, proteins as a whole are therefore often amphiphilic. The 20 amino acids involved in proteins are listed in Table 2.8 along with their abbreviations.
It is very important to learn about the structure of the protein but it is also important to understand how the protein's structure can affect its function. The different way the protein in assembled and folded can change the destination of the protein and can be essiental in the way our body functions.[Why tag this text]Does this mean that a free radical is a protein?[Why tag this textJoe Nimm
The Nasal Bones Two small rectangular nasal bones form the bridge of the nose (see fig. 8.3) and support cartilages that shape its lower portion. If you palpate the bridge, you can easily feel where the nasal bones end and the cartilages begin. The nasal bones are often fractured by blows to the nose.
Nasal Bones:Inferior Nasal Conchae: Vomer: Interior half of nasal septumMandible: Supports lower teeth jaw. [Why tag this]While reading this short paragraph about the nose, it reminded me about my boyfriend who broke his nose after he got hit by a horse's foot. We went to the ER and they said it was broken and that the bone would heal back together, well it's the same and has never healed. Why is this so?[Why tag thismaria lira
The lateral ligament prevents posterior displacement of the mandible[Why tag this]the two ligaments that support the joint keep it in place plus the joint is highly connected with multiple types of joints[Why tag thisJonathan Lowe
This cluster of several ribosomes reading one mRNA is called a polyribosome
A gene is an abstract unity of heresity by which a trait passes from parent to offspring. A genetic Code is a system that enables these 4 nucleotides to code for the amino acid sequences of all proteins.Codon-Anticodon pairing is less precise than just depicted, it tolerates some mismatches, espicially at the third base of the codon. And Anticodon means-three nucleotides located on one end of the transfer RNA. [Why tag this text]i think its interesting that a cluster of ribosomes can work together to read the same thing to create something.[Why tag this textLauren Anthe
Erythema16 (ERR-ih-THEE-muh) is abnormal redness of the skin. It occurs in such situations as exercise, hot weather, sunburn, anger, and embarrassment. Erythema is caused by increased blood flow in dilated cutaneous blood vessels or by dermal pooling of red blood cells that have escaped from abnormally permeable capillaries, as in sunburn. Pallor is a pale or ashen color that occurs when there is so little blood flow through the skin that the white color of the dermal collagen shows through. It can result from emotional stress, low blood pressure, circulatory shock, cold temperatures, or severe anemia. Albinism17 is a genetic lack of melanin that usually results in milky white hair and skin, and blue-gray eyes. Melanin is synthesized from the amino acid tyrosine by the enzyme tyrosinase. People with albinism have inherited a recessive, nonfunctional tyrosinase allele from both parents. Jaundice18 is a yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes resulting from high levels of bilirubin in the blood. Bilirubin is a hemoglobin breakdown product. When erythrocytes get old, they disintegrate and release their hemoglobin. The liver and spleen convert hemoglobin to bilirubin, which the liver excretes in the bile. Bilirubin can accumulate enough to discolor the skin, however, in such situations as a rapid rate of erythrocyte destruction; when diseases such as cancer, hepatitis, and cirrhosis compromise liver function; and in premature infants, where the liver is not well enough developed to dispose of bilirubin efficiently. A hematoma,19 or bruise, is a mass of clotted blood showing through the skin. It is usually due to accidental trauma (blows to the skin), but it may indicate hemophilia, other metabolic or nutritional disorders, or physical abuse.
blushing[Why tag this text]I wasn't aware that there were so many different things that could be going on in the skin. I knew what Jaundice and a hematoma was but that some of the terms from literature being described as an actual medical term is interesting.[Why tag this textJoe Nimm
This helped me a lot. I had been struggling with how to keep the two terms apart and this will help me remember the difference between the two[Why tag this]Really helpful tip[Why tag thisRebecca Teplitz
As the protector of the brain, the messenger pathways through the skull are important to understand.[Why tag this]an opening, whole or passage especially in a bone[Why tag thisJungas
Muscle fatigue is one of the greatest limitations on athletic performance, and competitive athletes have resorted to various means to circumvent it. In recent years, creatine has been heavily promoted as a performance enhancer for power athletes. Taken orally, creatine increases the level of creatine phosphate (CP) in the muscles, and thus increases the speed of ATP regeneration. Some double-blind, placebo-controlled studies have shown that creatine supplements enhance performance on the treadmill and bicycle ergometer, and in weight-lifting and jumping exercises. However, the risks of creatine supplementation are still not well known. Supplements have been implicated in muscle cramping, electrolyte imbalances, dehydration, gastrointestinal disturbances, water retention, weight gain, stroke, seizures, and severe kidney disease caused by overloading the kidneys with the creatine metabolite, creatinine. The role of creatine is being investigated in the deaths of several athletes who were using the supplement.Creatine supplements are not regulated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, and may vary widely in concentration and purity, making it difficult to know what dosage one is actually getting and whether it may include harmful impurities. Ironically, caffeine abolishes the effect of creatine, yet some companies market drink mixes that contain both caffeine and creatine. Physicians and athletic associations have warned against the use of creatine supplements until the effects of long-term use are better known.Creatine provides no known benefit for endurance athletes, who depend on aerobic respiration rather than the phosphagen system for long-term energy. Many endurance athletes, however, have used a strategy called carbohydrate loading to lessen fatigue. This is a dietary regimen that packs as much as 5 g of extra glycogen into every 100 g of muscle. Although the added glycogen can increase endurance, it is hydrophilic and retains an added 2.7 g of water per gram of glycogen. Some athletes feel that the resulting sense of heaviness and other side effects outweigh the benefit of carbohydrate loading.
Can steroids be used to prevent muscle fatigue?[Why I tagged this]this whole section I found very interesting. I can relate because my bestfriend takes this creatine and thinks it just helps him get bigger. I would like to read this to him. I am also interested in researching this more.[Why I tagged thisKelly Stahl
This is a fibrous sheath that surrounds the entire muscle. On its outer surface, the epimysium grades into the fascia, and its inner surface issues projections between the fascicles to form the perimysium.
surrounds entire muscle, and grades into fascia [Why tag this]description of epimysium[Why tag thisAlyssa Harmes
Ethmoid bone: between the eyes.[Why tag this]Each of these headings is the start to a paragraph that describes the different bones of the skull. Differentiating between these bones helps in identifying the part of the brain that the bone is protecting and can hint towards what that part of the brain does.[Why tag thisMaria Stephans
When you have completed this section, you should be able to
Mr. Petto,I tried answering the Respond question and there is nothing there. It is just a blank page. I logged out and back on and the question is still not there[Why tag this]I believe the reason for this is the melanin but I could be wrong[Why tag thisxiong thao
Can the way or age an infant learns to crawl and walk impact their lumbar shape?[Why tag this]Why do the Cervical and lumbar curvatures form later in a childs life of walking and crawling?[Why tag thisElvia Rivas
This is interesting. I never knew that the origins changed depending on the actions. Is this something that the body has evolved to do? Did we orginally have just a single origin for each muscle, and as we strained muscles doing certain actions and as we had injuries because of certain actions, did the muscles evolve to have multiple origins?[Why tag this]Depending on the movement the point of origin can change for a muscle.[Why tag thisBrianna Franske
The Cell Cycle: Most cells divide into two daughter cells. The cell cycle is divided into 4 main phases.G1: First gap phase, an interval between cell division and DNA replication. This is when a cell synthesizes proteins, grows and carries out tasks.S: Synthesis phase, cells duplicate centrioles and DNAG2:Second gap phase, cell finishes replicating its centrioles and synthesizes enzymesM: Mitotic phase, cell replicates its nucleus and pinches in two to form two cells. [Why tag this text]most cells divide into two daughter cells to that a cell has a life cycle extending from one division to the next (G1,S,G2,M)[Why tag this textRachel Feivor
That must be a huge rubberband. But in all seriousness this makes sense. Sort of like a trampoline maybe? This makes me think of a trampoline because they are bouncy and when you go down the trampoline makes a noise and then holds the weight and flings you back up. I think this is an accurate analogy.[Why I Tagged This]Contraction Phase of the Twitch: Elastic components are taut, the muscle begins to produce external tension and move a resisting object. [Why I Tagged ThisDanielle Henckel
Would an animal such as a cat exhibit a stronger plantar flexion since it needs one to pounce onto prey?[Why Tag This]With little kids who stand exclusively on their toes, is that a result of a problem with their plantar flexion, or is there something else going on there? [Why Tag ThisSophie
Fibers are, of course, just one component of the tissue, which also includes cells and ground substance
What is meant by this statement?[Why tag this text]along with fiber the connective tissue also contains cells and ground substances.[Why tag this textholly kluge
Collagenous (col-LADJ-eh-nus) fibers. These fibers, made of collagen, are tough and flexible and resist stretching. Collagen is the body's most abundant protein, constituting about 25% of the total.
macrophages play a big role in our immune system. they help regulate our body immune system and heal wounds that have occured in our bodies. Psycological they trigger signals letting our bodies to react in a way in which will fit our body types which is important in keeping us healthy.[Why tag this text]Collagenous fibers are defined as being tough, flexible, and not stretch, most abundant protein is colagen[Why tag this textStephanie
you learn this in this section but then more and better in the next section.[Why tag this]Without mechanical advantage, we would not be able to move as quickly with our joints.[Why tag thisMegan Perna
The nuclear envelope disintegrates during prophase and releases the chromosomes into the cytosol. The centrioles begin to sprout elongated microtubules called spindle fibers, which push the centrioles apart as they grow. Eventually, a pair of centrioles comes to lie at each pole of the cell. Some spindle fibers grow toward the chromosomes and become attached to the kinetochore on each side of the centromere (see fig. 4.5). The spindle fibers then tug the chromosomes back and forth until they line up along the midline of the cell.
Where exactly in this cycle do the chromosomes replicate so the daughter cells can each have 46 chromosomes?[Why tag this text]what happens during Prophase[Why tag this textAlyssa Harmes
SKELETAL SYSTEMBone growth and maintenance depend on calcium, which is absorbed from the diet under the influence of calcitriol.MUSCULAR SYSTEMMuscle contraction depends on calcium, which is absorbed from the diet under the influence of calcitriol.NERVOUS SYSTEMThe transmission of nerve signals across synapses depends on calcium, which is absorbed from the diet under the influence of calcitriol.ENDOCRINE SYSTEMHormone secretion depends on calcium as a trigger for exocytosis and, therefore, on calcitriol; the role of epidermal keratinocytes in synthesizing calcitriol is itself an endocrine function.CIRCULATORY SYSTEMThe skin is a major blood reservoir; cutaneous vasoconstriction diverts blood to other organs; skin supports blood volume by retarding fluid loss; dermal vasoconstriction and vasodilation help to regulate blood temperature.LYMPHATIC/IMMUNE SYSTEMDendritic cells of the skin alert the immune system when pathogens breach the epidermal barrier.RESPIRATORY SYSTEMNasal guard hairs block some airborne debris from being inhaled; calcium is required for the secretion of respiratory mucus, which therefore depends on calcitriol.URINARY SYSTEMSkin complements the urinary system by excreting salts and some nitrogenous waste in the sweat; calcitriol promotes reabsorption of calcium by the kidneys.DIGESTIVE SYSTEMBy their role in calcitriol synthesis, keratinocytes influence intestinal absorption of calcium; calcium is needed for the secretion of all digestive enzymes and mucus.REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMCutaneous nerve endings are important in sexual stimulation; mammary glands produce milk; apocrine sweat glands secrete pheromones that affect sexual behavior and physiology; skin stretches to accommodate abdominal growth in pregnancy.
effects that the integumentary system has on all of the other systems[Why tag this]calcium plays an integral role in nearly all of these systems.[Why tag thisThomas Hensler
I thought this was very interesting because I am one of the many people out there who wonder, [ it makes sense as to why Latin was a required class to take in high school. As a student who has taken numerous biology and chemistry classes throughout high school and college]This is very interesting. [Why Tag This]Interesting how it can affect the hyoid without being attached to it.[Why Tag ThisLeah Hennes
This makes sense to the anabolic steroids where things are being built/synthesis. So would steroids be the catalyst? [Why tag this text]These are all different types of reactions and their definition[Why tag this textBrandon Brandemuehl
The deltoid is where they give flu shots and vaccinations. If you dislocate your shoulder it is imperative that you strengthen the deltoid before you do any strenuous activity as to not redamage your shoulder.[Why Tag This]I have always got my shots in this area however I am wondering why specifically this area? What is so special about the deltoid muscle that you are givin shot there?[Why Tag ThisZachary Garrity
I would never think that looking over your shoulder was due to a hyperextension of the muscles,very interesting.[Why Tag This]so does turning your head or looking over your shoulder put any negative/hurtful stress on these neck muscles?[Why Tag ThisAnthony Wheeler
These are the different types of reactions that go on in the human body. [Why tag this text]One of the basic principles that is always taught in science classes is that on a fundamental level biology, chemistry, and physics are truly one science. Oxidation reactions, and all reactions in general, really highlight this for me. These kinds of reactions cannot take place without the subatomic particles like electrons which are in the realm of physics. The whole process from reactants to products is a chemical one and the ramifications are felt in the field of biology. Our own biological processes cannot process without these kinds of reactions taking place.[Why tag this textStephanie Collins
Pronunciation is another stumbling block for many beginning anatomy and physiology students. This book gives simple pro-NUN-see-AY-shun guides for many terms when they are first introduced. You can also hear pronunciations of most of the anatomical terms on the Anatomy & Physiology
its really nice that they give you a simple way to say the workds. I have a really hard time saying words and its nice that they have this[Why I tagged this]i think this is extreamly important. the confusion of one prefix or suffix can affect the whole situation. [Why I tagged thisRoberto C. Bermejo
Does the combination of nucleotides matter in how they are activated? What is the difference between AA and AU?[Why tag this text]It is interesting that the whole code is just a combinstion of 4 different nucleotides forming amno acids[Why tag this textBrendan Semph
and the posterior superior spines are sometimes marked by dimples above the buttocks where connective tissue attached to the spines pulls inward on the skin
This is interesting i never knew why people had those dimples or how that happens.[Why tag this]That explains why I have dimples on my lower back. I have always wondered what those were and how they were created, I just thought they were hereditary.[Why tag thisMaisey Mulvey
Natural selection is the principal theory of how evolution works. It states essentially this: Some individuals within a species have hereditary advantages over their competitors?for example, better camouflage, disease resistance, or ability to attract mates?that enable them to produce more offspring. They pass these advantages on to their offspring, and such characteristics therefore become more and more common in successive generations. This brings about the genetic change in a population that constitutes evolution.
I think that Evolution is really important to learn about and to see what has grown over the years of studies. We can learn a lot about what has happened before us to help us figure out what can help! [Comment ]I thought this was important because it explains the theory of natural selection and how it gets passed along. It also gives examples of natural selection[Why I tagged thisDanny Duong
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One, a doctor or researcher should be willing to [ pictures of one's observations and discoveries should be incorperated in medical discovery"]That is very fast for something to grow. [Why tag this text]Its always intriguing to learn about time in regards to our body. In the previous article there was just a fact about how water can diffuse across a cells membrane at a rate of 100 times its area in a minute and now this statement says that a cilium can gro to its full length in less than an hour, which seems kinda long to me. [Why tag this textRebecca Powers
A saturated fatty acid such as palmitic acid has as much hydrogen as it can carry. No more could be added without exceeding four covalent bonds per carbon atom; thus it is ?saturated? with hydrogen. In unsaturated fatty acids such as linoleic acid, however, some carbon atoms are joined by double covalent bonds (fig. 2.19). Each of these could potentially share one pair of electrons with another hydrogen atom instead of the adjacent carbon, so hydrogen could be added to this molecule. Polyunsaturated fatty acids are those with many C=C bonds. Most fatty acids can be synthesized by the human body, but a few, called essential fatty acids, must be obtained from the diet because we cannot synthesize them
This plus the image below helps me understand how the molecule is [Why tag this text]Is this also explaining the types of fats you would see on nutritional facts. Unsaturated fat, mono and poly unsaturated fats.?[Why tag this textFlees Robert John
Creatine supplements are not regulated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, and may vary widely in concentration and purity, making it difficult to know what dosage one is actually getting and whether it may include harmful impurities. Ironically, caffeine abolishes the effect of creatine, yet some companies market drink mixes that contain both caffeine and creatine. Physicians and athletic associations have warned against the use of creatine supplements until the effects of long-term use are better known.
It seems to be a no brainer that athletes should not be talking these suplements. With the lack of knowledge on whether it even works, and on what the side effects are, there seems to be no reason people should be taking it in the first place. [Why I tagged this]Do most pre-work out supplements contain creatine? I was told that most if not all do and was curious to whether this was true or not?[Why I tagged thisDanny Duong
e for most cell
After ingestion, how long is the digestion period for the uptake of immediate glucose?[Why tag this text]special movements of the head and trunk[Why tag this]Special Movements of the Head and Trunk: Forward bending movements [tilting head forewards],straightening of te trunk or neck, zero position [head forward looking]. Lateral flexion [tilting head to left or right][Why tag thisDanielle Henckel
o accommodate the growing brain, the skull grows more rapidly than the rest of the skeleton during childhood. It reaches about half its adult size by 9 months of age, three-quarters by age 2, and nearly final size by 8 or 9 years.
This why i grew into my head and why it was so large then and in proportion now[General_Do Not Use]I find this very interesting. I did not realize the skull does not reach its full size until age 8 or 9[Why tag thisJessica Hrdina
Oxygen Debt
It was found that Lance Armstrong was on steroids most of his career. Do the steroids play a role in this? If so, how did the steroids keep his lactic acid levels lower? [Why I tagged this]Oxygen Debt: During exercise we acrus an oxygen debt. We bring in more oxygen to replace the body's oxygen reserves, replenish the phophagen system, oxidize lactic acid, and help serve the now elevated metabolic rate. [Why I tagged thisDanielle Henckel
Stout protective guard hairs, or vibrissae (vy-BRISS-ee), guard the nostrils and ear canals and prevent foreign particles from entering easily. The eyelashes can shield the eye from windblown debris with a quick blink. In windy or rainy conditions, we can squint so that the eyelashes protect the eyes without completely obstructing our vision.
These are important in protecting us from incoming pathogens that enter throught the nose, mouth, etc.[Why tag this]another function of hair - keep out particles[Why tag thisAlyssa Harmes
The three types of hair are long, vellus, and terminal. [Why tag this]the three tpes of hair are lang, vellus and terminal hair. Langu is fine,downy, unpigmented hair that appears on the fetus in the last 3 months. The vellus is similarly fine pale hair. Vellus consit of 2/3 of hair on wome. And terminal hai is longer an usually more heavy. I never knew that we have three diferent hair typs.[Why tag thisJungas
Biologists and anthropologists have used mtDNA as a ?molecular clock? to trace evolutionary lineages in humans and other species.
I did not know that mtDNA was inerited from the mother. This is interesting to look at when you look at people having kids. If there is a man and a wife, the man has his mothers mtDNA, but when he has children, that does not get passed down. Is this how there is only one women from Africa from 200,000 years ago who has descendants today.[Why tag this text]The mtDNA of Neaderthals has been sequenced and suggests that they made a small contribution to some modern human populations.[Why tag this textAaron Hersh
I will deffinatly being doing this when I hit the age 25! I am a white female!!! and I am at risk!! I was also a runner for most of my life!! and now have stopped because two knee surgeries on both knees at the same time!!![Why I tagged this]This is very important advice, I would much rather make sure to have a healthy lifestyle in my younger to middle aged years than have osteoporosis in the future. Can eating disorders in teenage years significantly increase a person's risk of osteoporosis later on in life?[Why I tagged thisChristina Colarossi
An uncomplicated fracture heals in about 8 to 12 weeks, but complex fractures take longer and all fractures heal more slowly in older people. The healing process occurs in the following stages (fig. 7.18):
Do certain kinds of fractures take longer than others to heal?[Why I tagged this]I have learned from my own experience that the time that a fracture takes to heal depends on a few things. The type of fracture and how bad it is seems to be is the first things that I feel that a doctor takes in to account. It also depends on where in the body the fracture occurs. when it is in your leg or foot, it can be harder to heal because it is a place that continual pressure is put on. THe persons health can also impact growth rates. I have been put on calcium supplements so that my bones have the nutrients they need. [Why I tagged thisKirsten Majstorovic
Membrane transport.
The role of proteins in the body.[General-Do not use]I have never thought of proteins as importatnt until I read that it has more diverse functions then other macromolecules. I never imagined that portiens had such an impact on our bodies. [Why tag this textkaulor
describe the varied functions of muscles;
The muscles have several different functions, first is movement which moves the body contents such as breathing, digestion, urination and childbirth. Stability helps which prevents unwanted movement and helps keep posture. Control of body opening and passages helps muscles encircling such as the mouth is used for speech and the intake of food. Heat production helps the muscles maintain 85% of ones body heat. Glycemic control helps the muscles absorb ones glucose and stabilize blood concentration [Why tag this]movement, stability, control of body openings and passages, heat production, and glycemic control [Why tag thisMacKenzie
Atomic StructureIn the fifth century bce, the Greek philosopher Democritus reasoned that we can cut matter such as a gold nugget into smaller and smaller pieces, but there must ultimately be particles so small that nothing could cut them. He called these imaginary particles atoms1 (?indivisible?). Atoms were only a philosophical concept until 1803, when English chemist John Dalton began to develop an atomic theory based on experimental evidence. In 1913, Danish physicist Niels Bohr proposed a model of atomic structure similar to planets orbiting the sun (figs. 2.1 and 2.2). Although this planetary model is too simple to account for many of the properties of atoms, it remains useful for elementary purposes.
its shocking how much makes up an atom[Why tag this text]This whole section of the chapter is review for me, I have already learned this information. I loved chemistry in High School and thought it came super natural to me which made me enjoy it even more. Drawing the Bohr Planetary Models of Elements was always fun and entertaining to do in class. Also helped with the learning process.[Generalshelby
One of my coworkers at the Wisconsin Athletic Club actually just underwent ACL reconstruction, and so I watched her go through this very same healing process. However, depending on the patient's age, strength, and health status, recovery times are quite varied. [Why tag this]That is a very long time for an injury to recover from! I can't even imagine. My dad said he did this in high school back in the day. It must be extremely painful.[Why tag thisKelly Stahl
Let's return to the myofibrils just mentioned?the long protein cords that fill most of the muscle cell?and look at their structure at a finer, molecular level. It is here that the key to muscle contraction lies. Each myofibril is a bundle of parallel protein microfilaments called myofilaments (see the left end of figure 11.2). There are three kinds of myofilaments:
Myofilaments: Long protein cords that fill most of the muscle cells. Each myofibril is a bundle of proteins called myofilaments. Thick Filaments: Made up of hundred of myosin filaments. Thin Filaments: composed of fibrous actin. Elastic filaments: Made up of titin. Prevent overstretching, contributes to elastic recoil.Myosin and Actin are contractile proteins, because they shorten the muscle fiber. Tropomyosin and Troponin are called regulatory proteins cuz they act like a switch to determine when the fiber can/cannot contract.Accessory proteins are associated with the thick and thin filaments. They anchor the myofilaments, Regulate their length, and keep them aligned. [Why I taged this]When a person builds muscle does this mean they increase the number of filaments (thick, thin. and elastic) in their muscle fibers? I always heard that you have to [Why I taged thisRiley Spitzig
Thus, GAGs play an important role in regulating the water and electrolyte balance of tissues. The most abundant GAG is chondroitin (con-DRO-ih-tin) sulfate. It is abundant in blood vessels and bones and is responsible for the relative stiffness of cartilage.
what glycosaminoglycan do within the tissue[Why tag this text]This is important because it tells you the base of what glycosaminoglycan's are about and where they are located. They work in vessels and various bones and work on regulating the water throughout your body. [Why tag this textLauren Thiel
the depression near the base of the thumb[Why Tag This]how can you check this point on the wrist?[Why Tag ThisLauren Anthe
These are all different types of reactions and their definition[Why tag this text]These are the different terms regarding chemical reaction.[General-Do not uselenarch2
1,500 lbs/square inch is a crazy number for any amount of pressure, especially in the abdominal cavity.[Why tag this]How is this kind of pressure even possible and all that you get is a hernia?! It seems like a lot worse would happen under that kind of pressure. Is it the way that women's organs are arranged in the pelvic cavity that they don't get hernias as often? [Why tag thisStephanie Collins
If deviation of the septum is actually within the realm of normalcy, then why do people use [Why tag this]I've heard of people having surgery because of a deviated septum. The reading, however, portrays a deviated septum as a common occurance, which must mean that it's not harmful. Why then do people have surgery to fix a deviated septum?[Why tag thisKasey Kallien
How would head movements be affected if vertebrae C1 and C2 had the same structure as C3? What is the functional advantage of the lack of a spinous process in C1?
If this was the case then we as human would not be able to move our heads as much as we do now. It would restrict rotation and also make it harder to move our head up and down. [Why tag this]The head would not be able to do the yes or no motions and the advantage of not having spinous processes is the ability for a more free range of motion avaliable. [Why tag thisErin Griph
The levels! [Why I tagged this]For those who like pneumonic devises that help them to memorize...here is an easy way to remember this hierarchy:A - atomM - moleculeM - macromoleculeO - organelleC - cellT - tissueO - organO - organ systemO - organism[Why I tagged thisCatherine Andersen
When you pop your shoulder out of its socket, does that mean that you're popping the bone out of the joint?[Why tag this]How are these axis determined? [Why tag thisLauren Anthe
interesting[Why tag this]I never knew that this actually had a scientific name, or that in the history behind it, people could be incriminated as witches. [Why tag thisCassi Malko
I tagged this because although I have a terrible time with annonyms, I'm sure that this may be a helpful tool for a lot of other people to help remember the order of the binding sites of the pockets on a ribosome.[Why tag this text]that really does help me remember. A=accepts, p=protein, e=exit[Why tag this textLauren Anthe
this whole section gives you the different features of each bone in the upper limb and pectoral girdle[Why tag this]With these two bones interacting this way, why isn't this a site that's more commonly deteriorated?[Why tag thisLiz Casper
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Lysosomes and peroxisomes are the most interesting thing I have learned throughout this chapter. Their process of destruction, especially [ and the fact that you have cells in your body quite often that become cancerous but quickly destroy themselves using lysosomes. That is truly amazing to me and shows me just how ""smart"" cells can be."]A cell that looks squamous, cuboidal, or columnar in a tissue section, for example, usually looks polygonal if viewed from its upper surface.
looks flat, square, tall and vertical[Why tag this text]explains that the cell tissue matches up with the tissue name: cube, flat or column.[Why tag this textLauren Anthe
TaAn ionic bond is the attraction of a cation to an anion. Sodium (Na+) and chloride (Cl-) ions, for example, are attracted to each other and form the compound sodium chloride (NaCl), common table salt. Ionic compounds can be composed of more than two ions. Calcium has two valence electrons. It can become stable by donating one electron to one chlorine atom and the other electron to another chlorine, thus producing a calcium ion (Ca2+) and two chloride ions. The result is calcium chloride, CaCl2. Ionic bonds are weak and easily dissociate (break up) in the presence of something more attractive, such as water. The ionic bonds of NaCl break down easily as salt dissolves in water, because both Na+ and Cl- are more attracted to water molecules than they are to each other.Page 49
Question 2: Yes I think that ionic bonds are common in the human body because thery are found in several compounds such as NaCl.[Why tag this text]Ionic bonds = attraction between a cation and an anion [Why tag this textAnthony Wheeler
They help to bind adjacent vertebrae together, support the weight of the body, and absorb shock. Under stress?for example, when you lift a heavy weight?the discs bulge laterally. Excessive stress can crack the anulus and cause the nucleus to ooze out. This is called a herniated disc (?ruptured? or ?slipped? disc in lay terms) and may put painful pressure on the spinal cord or a spinal nerve
Intervertebral discs play such an important role because without them we would not be able to absorb the physical stress put our bodies due to running, lifting heavy items, or just daily activities.[Why tag this]How do we treat people with herniated discs or is there no treatment?[Why tag thisDanny Duong
It takes more kenetic energy to break the hydrogen bonds to release the liquid water as a gas, thus the temperature needs to be higher in order to get more energy![General-Do not use]I actually don't get this question ?[Why tag this textsoha
The joint capsule encloses only the lateral and posterior aspects of the knee joint, not the anterior. The anterior aspect is covered by the patellar ligament and the lateral and medial patellar retinacula (not illustrated). These are extensions of the tendon of the quadriceps femoris muscle, the large anterior muscle of the thigh. The knee is stabilized mainly by the quadriceps tendon in front and the tendon of the semimembranosus muscle on the rear of the thigh. Developing strength in these muscles therefore reduces the risk of knee injury.The joint cavity contains two C-shaped cartilages called the lateral and medial menisci (singular, meniscus) joined by a transverse ligament. The menisci absorb the shock of the body weight jostling up and down on the knee and prevent the femur from rocking from side to side on the tibia.The posterior popliteal (pop-LIT-ee-ul) region of the knee is supported by a complex array of extracapsular ligaments external to the joint capsule and two intracapsular ligaments within it. The extracapsular ligaments include two collateral ligaments that prevent the knee from rotating when the joint is extended?the fibular (lateral) collateral ligament and the tibial (medial) collateral ligament?and other ligaments not illustrated.The two intracapsular ligaments lie deep within the joint. The synovial membrane folds around them, however, so that they are excluded from the fluid-filled synovial cavity. These ligaments cross each other in the form of an X; hence, they are called the anterior cruciate28 (CROO-she-ate) ligament (ACL) and posterior cruciate ligament (PCL). These are named according to whether they attach to the anterior or posterior side of the tibia, not for their attachments to the femur. When the knee is extended, the ACL is pulled tight and prevents hyperextension. The PCL prevents the femur from sliding off the front of the tibia and prevents the tibia from being displaced backward. The ACL is one of the most common sites of knee injury (see Deeper Insight 9.4).
what the knee joint encloses and contains[Why tag this]I wish books would relay more information on the knee, because many times in sport the ACL or other ligaments are very popular in getting damaged. [Why tag thisBecky Fleck
Nuclear power plants produce hundreds of radioisotopes that will be intensely radioactive for at least 10,000 years?longer than the life of any disposal container yet conceived.
Half Life:Radioisotopes have half lifes, which is the time it takes for 50% of their atoms to decay to more stable states.[Why tag this text]If this is the case, how do nuclear power plants dispose of radioisotopes?[Why tag this textSarah Hudson
explain what distinguishes excitable tissues from other tissues
Holy crap that is cool!!![Why tag this text]Membrane potential is what distinguishes excitable tissue from other tissue. Membranne potential is an electrical charge, which is the basis for the exicability, which occurs across the plasma membrane of all cells. This is what gives our physiological reaction to stimuli around us. [Why tag this textNadin
Write the plural form of each of the following: villus, tibia, encephalitis, cervix, stoma.
villi, tibiae, encephalitides, cervices, and stomae[Why I tagged this]Question 4: Plural Formsvillus: villitibia: tibiaeencephalitis: encephalitidescervix: cervicesstoma: stomata[Why I tagged thisSarah Ertl
Even when food products are advertised as cholesterol-free, they may be high in saturated fat, which stimulates the body to produce more cholesterol.
Interesting, why do so many foods contain the [Why tag this text]Food labeling is something that I've become increasingly aware of over the years. People rarely understand how the body actually responds to the various things in our foods. We just get these ideas in our heads about what's [Why I tagged thisKristen Grzeca
The mastoid is filled with sinuses that communicate with the middle-ear cavity. It says sinuses are subject to infection. I was wondering when you have a cold is the the part that makes you feel pressure when you are conguested?[Why tag this]I will never take a sinus infection so lightly again! [Why tag thisKristofer Schroeckenthaler
Watson, age 23, had just completed his Ph.D. in the United States, and Crick, 11 years older, was a doctoral candidate in England. Yet the two were about to become the most famous molecular biologists of the twentieth century, and the discovery that won them such acclaim came without a single laboratory experiment of their own.
That is crazy to think he was only 23, that's close to my age and I can't even imagine discoving something so huge and vital to life.[Why tag this text]I was amazed at the age of both these men, it shows how science is in fact for everyone to discover and uncover what is held in other dimensions we have yet to see. At age 19 I still havent made any scientific process but plan to later on in my life.[Why tag this textcorey
thats why our backs/ vertebrea are so crutial and we cannot move out legs when paralized.[Why tag this]I never new that a [Why tag thisCassi Malko
two articulations-a medial joint between the tibia and talus and lateral joint[Why tag this]the talocural joint includes two articulations-a medial joint between the tibia and talus and a lateral joint between the fibula and talus.(both enclosed in one joint)[Why tag thisRachel Feivor
FIGURE 7.16 Negative Feedback Loops in Calcium Homeostasis.(a) The correction of hypercalcemia by calcitonin. (b) The correction of hypocalcemia by parathyroid hormone.
I dont really understand what this image is showing[Why I tagged this]Please explain this more, I am having a hard time understanding this.[Why I tagged thisAmanda Fitzmaurice
The first term refers to alternating light and dark bands, or striations (stry-AY-shuns), created by the overlapping pattern of cytoplasmic protein filaments that cause muscle contraction. The second term, voluntary, refers to the fact that we usually have conscious control over skeletal muscle.
Is there any benefit from striations or does it overlap for protection?[Why tag this text]Interesting how some muscle you move with your mind and some just move without thinking about it. Both action are connected by the nervous system in the muscles and it moves unconcioulsy when a nerve is activated.[Why tag this textxuntao
Enzymes make it possible for unfavorable reactions to take place in organisms. This catalytic property of enzymes is due to the fact that enzymes lower the activation energy for reactions. Without enzymatic activity, most reactions that sustain life would not occur due to the conditions in the body.[Why tag this text]Enzymes are catalysts that speed up chemical reactions in the body.[General-Do not useCody Andrews
Are these the indentations we see when we lock our elbows and turn them to see ?[Why tag this]These pits can also be called depressions. [Why tag thisElizabeth
If shared electrons spend significantly more time orbiting one nucleus than they do the other, they lend their negative charge to the region where they spend the most time, and they form a polar covalent bond (fig. 2.7b). When hydrogen bonds with oxygen, for example, the electrons are more attracted to the oxygen nucleus and orbit it more than they do the hydrogen. This makes the oxygen region of the molecule slightly negative and the hydrogen regions slightly positive. The Greek delta (d) is used to symbolize a charge less than that of one electron or proton. A slightly negative region of a molecule is represented d - and a slightly positive region is represented d +.
I feel these kind of bonds would be LESS useful to the human body, because they are not easily broken apart. Ionic bonds, I think, would help in homeostasis. They could break apart and donate different chemcal elements towards whatever the body is calling for at the moment.[Why tag this text]Molecules become polar when electrons spend more time in one region that another. A slightly negative region is represented by d- and postive region represented by d+[Why tag this textStephanie
What causes some people to bruise more easily than others? Is it due to [Bad blood?]Jelena Ristic
Some noun variations indicate the possessive, such as the rectus abdominis, a straight (rectus) muscle of the abdomen (abdominis,
These words provide a reference as to the literal size of the muscle itself in comparison to surrounding muscles. [Why I tagged this]this verbal correlation will help greatly when stumped[Why I Tagged ThisNick Lund
Joints: where two bones meet. They are named very obviously. The name of the joint is the two bones involved. For example, the joint that meets the radius and the ulna is the radioulnar joint. [Why Tag This?]A joint is any point where two bones meet, and link the bones of the skeletal system into a functional whole. They are named from the bones involved with the joint. Joint serve to support the body, permits effective movement and protects the softer organs.[Why Tag This?Emily Orange
Question 1: A gene is an information-containing sequence of DNA that codes for the production of RNA. The genetic code is a system that allows for the 4 nucleotide sequence to code for amino acids. A codon is a 3 based sequence of mRNA, where an anticodon is the complementary sequence to a codon of mRNA.[Why tag this text]so does the genetic code is based off of the RNA code or the DNA code?[Why tag this textLauren Anthe
The vertebral column consist of 33 vertebrae with intervertebral discs of fibrocartilage between most of them. The vertebrae are divided intro five sections, the cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, and coccyx. The overall column is usually s-shaped. [Why tag this]The vertebral column allows free movement so it allows you to do many simple things. The vertebrae has five different groups which are the neck, chest, lower back, and spine. [why tag this text?Anadin Bunic
The forearm is a perfect example of a lever structure which primary purpouse is to produce a gain in speed, distance or force of a motion. Ex: Weight lifting[Why tag this]This is crazy [Why tag thisLauren Anthe
ucing the need for embryonic cells, another line of intensive research has sought and achieved ways of biochemically inducing adult stem cells to revert to an embryonic level of developmental plasticity
I think we should continue with the research. I don't understand, they detroy them anyways.[Why tag this text]explains why embryonic cells are more important. And i didn't know that there where different sections within eachother.[Why tag this textNicole Korstanje
I am curious as to what constitutes a dense irregular versus regular connective tissue? How is the regulatiry measured?[Why tag this text]I tagged this text because it helps define the basic characteristics of the different types of connective tissue.[Why tag this textMaria Stephans
Elements:Periodic table. Each is composed of protons, neutrons and electrons. [Why tag this text]I tagged this because the whole section is important in my opinion. I find it interesting that there are 91 elements that [Why tag this textLeonard Wilkerson
COMMENTS:_____________
this also is a very distiguishable tissue[Why tag this text]It'a juat amazing how our bones look like up close. And for the small little parts that the bones have, there are names for it. Ahha, it's so weird![Why tag this textmainkao
Thick skin has sweat glands but no hair follicles or sebaceous (oil) glands.
I always wondered why palms and soles didn't possess hair folicles, but assumed perhaps the friction caused by moving and using them so much eliminated visible hair...[Why tag this text]Why doesn't the thick skin have any sweat glands or hair follicles? What prevents it from having them??[Why tag this textXenyen
Bone ElongationBone Elongation To understand growth in length, we must return to the epiphyseal plates mentioned earlier (see fig. 7.9, step 5). From infancy through adolescence, an epiphyseal plate is present at one or both ends of a long bone, at the junction between the diaphysis and epiphysis. On X-rays, it appears as a translucent line across the end of a bone, since it is not yet ossified (fig. 7.11; compare the X-ray of an adult hand in fig. 8.34, p. 264). The epiphyseal plate is a region of transition from cartilage to bone, and functions as a growth zone where the bones elongate. Growth here is responsible for a person's increase in height.[image #5] FIGURE 7.11X-Ray of a Child's Hand.The cartilaginous epiphyseal plates are evident at the ends of the long bones. By adulthood, these will disappear and the epiphyses will fuse with the diaphyses. Long bones of the hand and fingers develop only one epiphyseal plate.The epiphyseal plate consists of typical hyaline cartilage in the middle, with a transitional zone on each side where cartilage is being replaced by bone. The transitional zone, facing the marrow cavity, is called the metaphysis (meh-TAF-ih-sis). In Figure 7.9, step 4, the cartilage is the blue region and each metaphysis is violet. Figure 7.12 shows the histological structure of the metaphysis and the following steps in the conversion of cartilage to bone. [image #6] FIGURE 7.12Zones of the Metaphysis.This micrograph shows the transition from cartilage to bone in the growth zone of a long boneWhich two zones in this figure account for a child's growth in height?Zone of reserve cartilage. This region, farthest from the marrow cavity, consists of typical hyaline cartilage that as yet shows no sign of transforming into bone.Zone of cell proliferation. A little closer to the marrow cavity, chondrocytes multiply and arrange themselves into longitudinal columns of flattened lacunae.Zone of cell hypertrophy. Next, the chondrocytes cease to divide and begin to hypertrophy (enlarge), much like they do in the primary ossification center of the fetus. The walls of matrix between lacunae become very thin.Zone of calcification. Minerals are deposited in the matrix between the columns of lacunae and calcify the cartilage. These are not the permanent mineral deposits of bone, but only a temporary support for the cartilage that would otherwise soon be weakened by the breakdown of the enlarged lacunae.Zone of bone deposition. Within each column, the walls between the lacunae break down and the chondrocytes die. This converts each column into a longitudinal channel (white spaces in the figure), which is immediately invaded by blood vessels and marrow from the marrow cavity. Osteoblasts line up along the walls of these channels and begin depositing concentric lamellae of matrix, while osteoclasts dissolve the temporarily calcified cartilage.The process of bone deposition in zone 5 creates a region of spongy bone at the end of the marrow cavity facing the metaphysis. This spongy bone remains for life, although with extensive lifelong remodeling. But around the perimeter of the marrow cavity, continuing ossification converts this spongy bone to compact bone. Osteoblasts lining the aforementioned channels deposit layer after layer of bone matrix, so the channel grows narrower and narrower. These layers become the concentric lamellae of an osteon. Finally only a slender channel persists, the central canal of a new osteon. As usual, osteoblasts trapped in the matrix become osteocytes.
What makes a bone stop growing and are you able to as a kid to make your bones grow longer by a way of stretching at a younger age?[Why I tagged this]Would this mean that someone who was 6'5 would have had more cartilage growth than someone who was 5'3. Does that also mean that if both parents where 5'3 that the child is more likely to also be 5'3?[Why I tagged thissarah
In order to contract, a smooth muscle cell must open calcium channels in its plasma membrane and allow calcium to enter from the extracellular fluid. Calcium channel blockers prevent these channels from opening, thereby relaxing the arteries, relieving angina, and lowering blood pressure.
If the calcium channels of cells of any tissue aren't working when they're supposed to, is there also something that can be done to fix it?[Why tag this text]Is this similar to how aspirin works in the body?[Why tag this textFlees Robert John
The direction in which a reversible reaction goes is determined by the relative abundance of substances on each side of the equation. If there is a surplus of CO2, this reaction proceeds to the right and produces bicarbonate and hydrogen ions. If bicarbonate and hydrogen ions are present in excess, the reaction proceeds to the left and generates CO2 and H2O. Reversible reactions follow the law of mass action: They proceed from the side with the greater quantity of reactants to the side with the lesser quantity. This law will help to explain processes discussed in later chapters, such as why hemoglobin binds oxygen in the lungs yet releases it to muscle tissue.
Reversible reactions proceed always from side with greater quantity of reactants to side with lesser[Why tag this text]explains the direction of a reversivle reaction and then gives a clear example of it. After reading this i felt like i had a clear and better understand of this[Why tag this textLauren Anthe
About two-thirds of human enzymes require a nonprotein partner called a cofactor. Inorganic cofactors include iron, copper, zinc, magnesium, and calcium ions. Some of these work by binding to the enzyme and inducing it to fold into a shape that activates its active site. Coenzymes are organic cofactors usually derived from niacin, riboflavin, and other water-soluble vitamins. They accept electrons from an enzyme in one metabolic pathway and transfer them to an enzyme in another.
This is most likely why humans spend so much energy to maintain a certain pH and temperature. Without these living conditions, the enzymes in our body wouldn't fuctions properly. But when our body reacts to illness, our internal temperature tends to go up to [Why tag this text]I do not understand why a reduced coenzyme would decrease the speed of chemical reaction. The reduction implies it has gained electrons, so does that mean they cannot transfer electrons from one enzyme to another? [Why tag this textAmanda Baxter
I find this interesting because i had no idea that DNA could be 1 billion nucleotides long. It controls so much and is made up of amino acids[Why tag this text]Explains briefly the function of DNA.[General-Do not useCody Andrews
So this chemical was only found in bones but was later found in other organs of the body? [Why I tagged this]Do people with diabetes have fewer osteoblasts than people without?[Why I tagged thisTony Sustachek
Four bursae occur at the shoulder. Their names describe their locations: the subdeltoid, subacromial, subcoracoid, and subscapular bursae. The deltoid is the large muscle that caps the shoulder, and the other bursae are named for parts of the scapula described in chapter 8
Occuring in the shoulder, their names describe their locations. The deltoid is the larges muscle that caps the shoulder, and the other bursae are named for parts of the scapula. [Why tag this]This was on the quiz[General_Do Not Uselenarch2
the posterior superior spines are sometimes marked by dimples above the buttocks where connective tissue attached to the spines pulls inward on the skin (see fig. B.15, p. 393).
I have those in my back and our super defiante, yet i know someone else who is skinnier then me and doesn't have them at all . Why is that?[Why tag this]I found this really interesting. I would love to learn more about the process. [Why tag thisNicole Coppins
Is mesothelioma a type of cancer that affects these membranes? Deriving from what little I know about mesothelioma, these membranes must be very closely related to inhalation and breathing since workers exposed to asbestos had to inhale the mineral in order to develop the condition.[Why tag this text]Knowing more about where these cells are located and their name provides quite a bit of insight into the connection between asbestos and mesthelioma.[Why tag this textDavid Faber
Why is this call considered for the names of the planes and or joints? [Why tag this]A way i think of remembering the difference between these is that when you adduct your arms, you are [Why tag thisHannah Lucas
The surface of each vertebral body is covered with hyaline cartilage. Between the vertebrae, this cartilage becomes infiltrated with collagen bundles to form fibrocartilage. Each intervertebral disc permits only slight movement between adjacent vertebrae, but the collective effect of all 23 discs gives the spine considerable flexibility.
Slipped discs, why does this happen?[Why Tag This?]so it this what gives the spine the flexible bend it has?[Why Tag This?Lauren Anthe
They found the double helix structure but never had to complete a lab experiment or did they never have to comlete a lab experiment again after the discovery?[Why tag this text]I love to read about women pioneers!!! She was a pioneer molecular biologist who was responsible for understading the DNA stucture.[Why tag this textVeronika Scates
Cool fact[General-Do not use]That makes sense I guess.[Why tag this textKelly Stahl
Does a decomposition reaction release the energy stored in these bonds? Is this reaction the most abundant way free energy is released to the human body?[Why tag this text]are we able to manipulate the amount of free energy stored in our body? If so, can we tap in to it more frequently?[Why tag this textIan Borba
What we got from our tree-dwelling ancestors and why.[Why I tagged this]brain evolution[Why I tagged thisCorianne
The ability to maintain high-intensity exercise for more than 4 to 5 minutes is determined in large part by one's maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max)?the point at which the rate of oxygen consumption reaches a plateau and does not increase further with an added workload. VO2max is proportional to body size; it peaks at around age 20; it is usually greater in males than in females; and it can be twice as great in a trained endurance athlete as in an untrained person. A typical sedentary adult has a maximum of about 35 milliliters of oxygen per minute per kilogram of body weight. Such a person weighing 73 kg (160 pounds) and exercising at maximum intensity might therefore ?burn? about 2.6 L of oxygen per minute, which sets a limit to his rate of ATP production. Elite endurance athletes can have a VO2max of about 70 mL/min./kg. Lance Armstrong's VO2max, however, has measured as high as 83.8 mL/min./kg. Relating this to the rate of ATP production, we can understand why he is the only seven-time winner of the grueling Tour de France bicycle race. In addition, his lactic acid level remained below 6 µL/kg during intense endurance exercise, whereas most elite athletes have levels from 12 to 20 µL/kg.
I learned about the V02max in a Kins class I took last semester but I still don't really understand it. So basically what it is saying is that your body is taking in as much oxygen as possible? [Why I tagged this]During the time this chapter was composed Lance Armstrong did not yet admit to the use of performance enhancing drugs. Would these drugs that he took during his races impact his levels of oxygen uptake? It seems that you would still need a great deal of endurance training and could not rely on the drugs alone to reach Lance's physical capacities. [Why I tagged thisJonathan Rooney
it seems amazing to me that with all these sharp edges along the ribs how when people dont break their ribs they dont automatically punch a hole in vital organs..?[Why tag this]ribs 1-7 are called true ribs because they each have their own costal cartilage connecting to the sternum. ribs 8-12 are called false ribs becase they dont have their own cartilage to connect them to the sternum. ribs 11 and 12 are called floating ribs because they have no transverse costal facets. [Why tag thisjess Tegelman
The Right Hip Bone.The three childhood bones that fuse to form the adult hip bone are identified by color according to the key at the top.
It is interesting that humans still have reminants of a tail. It is more interesting to see it durring the embryonic development stages and then disappear, much like a tadpole turning into a frog.[Why tag this]Before this fusion happens, is there a benefit for children to have these bones separated? Possibly more resistance to injury?[Why tag thisChelsea Moore
dendrites,24 which receive signals from other cells and conduct messages to the neurosoma; and a single, much longer axon, or nerve fiber, which sends outgoing signals to other cells.
I learned in one of my psych classes that [Why tag this text]i learned this in psych last year![Why tag this textJungas
proteinsFiltration Movement of water and solutes through a selectively permeable membrane as a result of hydrostatic pressureSimple diffusion Diffusion of particles through water or air or through a living or artificial membrane, down their concentration gradient, without the aid of membrane carriersOsmosis Net flow of water through a selectively permeable membrane, driven by either a difference in solute concentration or a mechanical forceCarrier-Mediated Transport Movement of material through a cell membrane with the aid of carrier proteinsFacilitated diffusion Transport of particles through a selectively permeable membrane, down their concentration gradient, by a carrier that does not directly consume ATPActive transport Transport of particles through a selectively permeable membrane, up their concentration gradient, with the aid of a carrier that consumes ATPPrimary active transport Direct transport of solute particles by an ATP-using membrane pumpSecondary active transport Transport of solute particles by a carrier that does not in itself use ATP but depends on concentration gradients produced by primary active transportCotransport Transport of two or more solutes simultaneously in the same direction through a membrane by either facilitate
Why is it necessary to have carrier proteins? [Why tag this text]This is a highly useful table. [Why tag this textMichael Franzini
APR Module 2: Dissection: Generalized cell: Overview
IVE NEVER beofre seen a photo of a cell like this..Usualy they were always cartoonish pictures[Why tag this text]If a cell is to big couldnt it just seperate and turn into two cells or if it doesnt pop like a ballon what would be the side effects.[Why tag this textChannelle Colbert
so therfore collagen is what makes the muscle become strong?[Why tag this]Since skeletal muscles are voluntary and therefore for voluntary movement, then what skeletal muscles are not attached to more than one bone and what could their purpose be? [Why tag thisKristofer Schroeckenthaler
Accessory structures associated with a synovial joint include tendons, ligaments, and bursae. A tendon is a strip or sheet of tough collagenous connective tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone. Tendons are often the most important structures in stabilizing a joint. A ligament is a similar tissue that attaches one bone to another. Several ligaments are named and illustrated in our later discussion of individual joints, and tendons are more fully considered in chapter 10 along with the gross anatomy of muscles.
Can you explain this some more? [Why tag this]Structures commonly associated with synovial bones include tendons, ligaments and bursae. [Why tag thisMichael Franzini
[image #3]
I think that this part is important because ot speaks about what the bone consisits of. The only way that you can see these features is if you're looking through a microscope. [Why I tagged this]these images show the different views of the same bone, such as the outer view, inner view, etc and provides a more realistic way of looking at them[Why I tagged thisJonathan Lowe
A single mixture can fit into more than one of these categories. Blood is a perfect example?it is a solution of sodium chloride, a colloid of protein, and a suspension of cells. Milk is a solution of calcium, a colloid of protein, and an emulsion of fat. Table 2.4 summarizes the types of mixtures and provides additional examples.
I did not know a mixture could fit into multiple categories. I am a little confused by this. How can something be a solution (<1nm particles) but also be a suspension (>100nm)? Does it just mean that within one [Why tag this text]This is a good example of chemical mixtures in the body[Why tag this textLauren Anthe
I always wondered why there were added electrolytes in sports drinks and certain water. This will be some valuable information and I will understand the purpose of electrolytes. [Why tag this text]I tagged this section because it is really important to me that I am able to distinguish between them. This is because I have always had trouble understanding each one. Also being able to identify each one as well.[Why tag this textMichea Jones
I think knowing the differences betweeen DNA and RNA is especially important beceause they're quite similar and easy to mix up. [Why tag this text]DNA and RNA only have a small difference and in the type of nitrogenous bases the T in DNA turns into a U in RNA[Why tag this textNicole Korstanje
I did not know that muscles contract. When your lifting weights your muscles and expanding and contracting then.[why I Tagged this]This is a confusing statement to me because contract means shortening or developing tension, or getting tighter. [why I Tagged thisCassi Malko
pre-mRNA[Why tag this text]I am actually really confused by this. What is exacly happening. Does this still have to do with transcription still? I understand that transcription is the process of copying genetic instructions from DNA and RNA. What else is this saying?[Why tag this textSophia Wood
the study of exfoliated cells is called exfoliate cytology. You can easily study exfoliated cells by scraping your gums with a toothpick, smearing this material on a slide, and staining it with iodine. A similar procedure is used in the Pap smear, an examination of exfoliated cells from the cervix for signs of uterine cancer
I find this interesting because I did not know studying things like gum cells had a specific name. I never would have thought the study of exfoliated cells would be a real thing. I do wonder what this all entails however. Is it its own science with very few examples or is it just something that will support other evidence?[Why tag this text]this is interesting because we did this in class and we identified our cheek cells and how they look but they were just exfoilated cells that died off[Why tag this textMARIAH
list and classify eight types of epithelium, distinguish them from each other
Very important to learn and understand now. Much of what we will go over in not only this histology section, but much of the material over the semester will resport back to these tissues.[Why tag this text]The eight types of epithelium are new to me and i havent really learned about them much before. The eight types are simple squamous epithelium(single layer/simplest), simple cuboidal epithelium(single layer of cubelike cells), simple columnar epithelium(single layer of tall cells), pseudostratified ciliated columnar(single layer of cells with different heights), stratified squamous epithelium(thick membrane composed of several cell layers), stratified cuboidal epithelium(2 layers of cubelike cell layers), stratified columnar epithelium(several cell layers), and trasnitional epitheliem(resembles both stratified cells). This really helped me understand the difference betweeen all of these. [Why tag this textkailey Cortez
This is quite interesting, I have heard about Cerebellar paresis which is a dieases that weaken the muscle strenght, does this affect the the cranial area at all? [Why tag this] I think posterior fossa has the most important role in protecting cerebellum which controls movement and ballance in human[Why tag thishanouf
A fatty acid is a chain of usually 4 to 24 carbon atoms with a carboxyl group at one end and a methyl group at the other. Fatty acids and the fats made from them are classified as saturated or unsaturated. A saturated fatty acid such as palmitic acid has as much hydrogen as it can carry. No more could be added without exceeding four covalent bonds per carbon atom; thus it is ?saturated? with hydrogen. In unsaturated fatty acids such as linoleic acid, however, some carbon atoms are joined by double covalent bonds (fig. 2.19). Each of these could potentially share one pair of electrons with another hydrogen atom instead of the adjacent carbon, so hydrogen could be added to this molecule. Polyunsaturated fatty acids are those with many C=C bonds. Most fatty acids can be synthesized by the human body, but a few, called essential fatty acids, must be obtained from the diet because we cannot synthesize them
Can the amount of carbon atoms of fatty acids determine how saturated or unsaturated the fats are?[Why tag this text]About fatty acids Saturated and unsaturated fats [Why tag this textAnthony Wheeler
8147
One exception: Usually when using a catalyst and increasing the concentration, the reaction rate increases, but this is not always the case. There comes a point when the rate becomes limited (reaction rate plateaus) because the catalyst (usually in the form of an enzyme) becomes completely [ the increase in substrate concentration has no effect on the reaction rate. "]They helped to replace superstition with an appreciation of natural law. They bridged the chasm between mystery and medication. Without this intellectual revolution, those who followed could not have conceived of the right questions to ask, much less a method for answering them.
The natural law being?[Why I tagged this]Instead of just looking at what is being collected, we can look deeper and ask why or how we discovered what we found. [Why I tagged thisSami
An intrinsic muscle is entirely contained within a particular region, having both its origin and insertion there. An extrinsic muscle acts upon a designated region but has its origin elsewhere. For example, some movements of the fingers are produced by extrinsic muscles in the forearm, whose long tendons reach to the phalanges; other finger movements are produced by the intrinsic muscles of the hand, located between the metacarpal bones.Muscle Innervation
intrinsic and extrinsic muscles[Why tag this]An intrinsic muscle has its origin and function in the same place while an extrinsic muscle acts upon a certain area but has its origin elsewhere. [Why tag thisMichael Franzini
How is vitamin D synthesized, and what effect does it have on blood calcium concentration
When UV light shines on a lipid present in skin cells, the compound is transformed into vitamin D[Why I tagged this]Vitamin D is synthesized by the liver and kidney by converting it to calcidiol then calcitriol. Calcitriol (the most potent form of vitamin D) acts on the bones, kidneys, and small intestine to raise blood calcium and phosphate levels and promots bone deposition.[Why I tagged thisEmily Orange
It is primarily a hinge joint, but when the knee is flexed it is also capable of slight rotation and lateral gliding.
would this slight capability of rotation and lateral gliding make this joint weaker or stronger (stronger in the sense that this bit of give would prevent serious injuries)?[Why tag this]After breaking my patella, as part of the recovery process the surgeon needed to ensure that all movements of the knee were functioning properly. It was interesting to see the amount of movement the patella had to ensure all proper motion of the knee joint was capable. [Why tag thisDavid Faber
In addition, tiny keratinocyte patches cultured with growth stimulants have produced sheets of epidermal tissue as large as the entire body surface. These can replace large areas of burned tissue.
The placenta?[Why tag this]This is one example of the good studying science and eventually conducting graduate level research provides.[Why tag thisJustin Morgan
i can't believe all these years my grandma made me eat jello so my nails would be strong! now this book tells me its not true....[Why tag this]When women get fake nails put on the nail body is buffed down with a drill. For months after the fack nail is taken off the nail body and free edge become brittle. Is this because of the deficiency on oxygen and blood to the nail body?[Why tag thisClaire Silkaitis
jhbjhv[Why I tagged this]In a good experimental design, there are 2 groups used. There are 2 kinds of groups, the control group and the expiremental group. The control group gets a placebo and the experimental group gets the substance being tested. A large sample size is used and the experiment is conducted as a double blind experiment. [Why I tagged thisKirsten Majstorovic
Knowing that there are over 200 types of cells in the human body really makes me think of our complex bodies and how we may evolve over time.[Why tag this text]It is odd to think about all the different cell shapes in the body and how they each have specific functions. It seems that when we first learned about cells in school, we were taught about their structure and I know that I personally assumed a generic shape. Now, however, we learn that not all cells are the same. Also, not all of them form together the same way. Some like squamous cells in epithelium pack themselves very closely together and others like the discoid cells of blood float in liquid. [Why tag this textKirsten Majstorovic
its amazing how these small units creates human. [Why tag this text]If the cell is the simplest, functional unit of life, what is making everything work that makes the cell work? doesnt everything in the cell have to be alive and functional too?[Why tag this textPatrick O'Connell
I like the pictures for this one, I was having a hard time grasping or visualizing the bonds and the onw unsaturated c=c bond, but the picture made it all clear.[Why tag this text]It is interesting that such a slight difference in geometry of a large molecule can cause such health problems. It is fascinating from a molecular level that organic chemistry governs so many interactions within our own body. I have read research on the limitations of trans fats in foods and have discovered that many foods still contain trans fats without giving proper indication. They do this by reducing the serving size even more so that the amount of trans fats in grams is rounded downward to zero. They could provide the amount in milligrams but this would drive consumers away from the product. What other variant molecules present in food greatly affect the condition of our health?[Why tag this textJacob Balkum
This ia extremely helpful to know and visualize how the sister chromatids join together at the centromere. [Why tag this text]Centomere: pinched spot between two rodlike sister chromatids. Kinetochore: protein plaque that has a roll in cell division[Why tag this textStephanie
ome people have extra bones in the skull called sutural (SOO-chur-ul), or wormian,2 bones (see fig. 8.6).
I always thought of the skull as basic plates. I never knew that little bones could form along the suture lines.[Why tag this]Why do some people have extra bones in their skull?[Why tag thisSarah
a hydrogen bond is a weak attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom and a negative oxygen/nitrogen atom. [Why tag this text]A hydrogen bond is when a positive and a negative atom are attracted or comes together but they end up having a weak advantage in surviving and surpassing. Hydrogen bonds depends on the existence of polar covalent bonds because since hydrogen bonds are already weak by itself, they need the strength of polar covalent bonds to do the job as well.[Why tag this textSandy C. Yang
The relatively shallow anterior cranial fossa is crescent-shaped and accommodates the frontal lobes of the brain. The middle cranial fossa, which drops abruptly deeper, is shaped like a pair of outstretched bird's wings and accommodates the temporal lobes. The posterior cranial fossa is deepest and houses a large posterior division of the brain called the cerebellum.
Took me forever to get this answer right I could not find it in readings to save my life.[Why tag this]I find this really interesting. I've taken a lot of psychology classes that required extensive study of various parts of the brain, yet we never learned that the skull is pretty much made to contour the lobes. It makes sense, but I've never thought of that before.[Why tag thisKristin Basche
in other section[General_Do Not Use]It is interesting that one joint can be multiple kinds of synovial joints.[Why tag thisErin Griph
What to expected after finish reading this section.[Why tag this text]Shows waht the gland does and how it functions, compared to endocrine glands. These glands maintain contact with the surface and then provide their secretion[General-Do not useSamantha B Johnson
FIGURE 10.36PosteriorMuscles of the Hip and Thigh.
These figures give descriptions of the muscles of the hip. In each table, the muscles are listed with their functions and origin/insertion points. This helps in differentiating between the different muscles.[Why Tag This]This picture is easy to understand.[Why Tag Thisbayan
an examination of exfoliated cells from the cervix for signs of uterine cancer
Ohhhh, so that's what a pap smear is. I always wanted to know what it was and now I know.[Why tag this text]Signs of cancer can be seen in exfoliating the cells?[Why tag this textLauren Anthe
I have never thought of proteins as importatnt until I read that it has more diverse functions then other macromolecules. I never imagined that portiens had such an impact on our bodies. [Why tag this text]The role of proteins in the body.[General-Do not useCody Andrews
Plasma cells. Certain lymphocytes turn into plasma cells when they detect foreign agents. The plasma cells then synthesize disease-fighting proteins called antibodies. Plasma cells are rarely seen except in the walls of the intestines and in inflamed tissue.
Mast cells.
Mast cells. These cells, found especially alongside blood vessels, secrete a chemical called heparin that inhibits blood clotting, and one called histamine that increases blood flow by dilating blood vessels.
Plasma cells are what certain lymphocytes turn into. They synthesize antibodies.[Why tag this text]I always hear about people donating thier plasma but never knew what it was. I am glad to now know. I can see why they give people a lot of money to donate this. It must be very valuable especially becuase so many people have a terrible immune system.[Why tag this textI've always heard that you could donate plasma for money at hospitals, but never knew the significance on the matter. Now that i have an understanding that plasma cells turn into antibodies that fight diseases, I can see their importance. What I am questioning now is what do they do with these cells once they extract them? Also, because they are rarely seen is this difficult? [WHY TAG THIS TEXTI hear people giving plasma all the time! If they say you dont need plasma, then why do people give thier plasma away to others, maybe you dont need it now but you might! like others need it[Why tag this textThis is really interesting because I never really knew how the antibodies and defence of the body really worked. Amazing to think how much is actually happening to defend your body against bacteria and diseases. Never knew that the lymphocytes become plasma cells once they detect a foreign substance. After that it creates the antibodies. [Why tag this textLymphoctes turn into plasma cells when foreign agents are detected. They're rarely ever seen.[Why tag this textI tagged this section of the text because it was the most recognized thing on this seciton. My mother and I used to give plasma once a week. [Why tag this textI hear about people donating/selling their plasma cells (and can actually make decent money doing it), but I'm wondering...if plasma cells are rarely seen, why is donating plasma so common. I understand stand that plasma cells are very important, but I find it interesting that giving plasma is just as common as giving blood even though they aren't as common as blood cells in the body.[Why tag this textI recently went to go give my plasma at a blood drive and didnt understand the importance of the plasma in the blood. Reading this helped me realize what I was doing and the importance of the plasma in the body. It interest me too because I want to know and understand how it is capable extract the plasma cells from the blood.[Why tag this textCells of Fibroconnective tissue.Fibroblasts produce the fibers and ground substance that form the matrix of the tissueMacrophages wander through connective tissue and destroy bactera and dying cellsLeukocytes WBC are found in blood and destroy and repel bacteriaPlasma cells synthesize antibodiesMast cells prhibit clotting and enlarge vessels to promote blood flowAdipose is fat[Why tag this textHow does this change occur? Is it a reproduction of a cell/cells? Or does the presence of foreign agents just trigger a response within them? [Why tag this textInhibit blood clotting through herparin. [Why tag this textSecrete chemicals heparin that inhibit blood clotting and histamine that increases blood flow.[Why tag this textWould a person diagnosed with Hemophilia have too many Mast cells?[Why tag this textAnother cell type which is normally found along side blood vessels. assists blood flow[Why tag this textCould these to functions be dangerous if there is too much heparin secreted, where a person can suffer from life threatening blood clots? Does an abnormal amount of histamine secretion result in high blood pressure? Are these the two chimicals affected when taking blot clot/blood pressure medications? If not, why not?[Why tag this textSo does this actually cause blood clottiing?[Why tag this textso when drugs contain an anti-histamine, they are used to constrict the blood flow and stop inflamation to the particular cells?[Why tag this textHistamine is also reponsible for local immune responses such as allergic reactions, which is why numerous over the counter allergy medications consist of antihistamines to block the inflammatory response. My allergy medicine is claritin, which utilizes loratadine as a histamin inhibitor. [Why tag this textKelly Stahl
Kelly Sanderson
Jungas
Nicholas Bruno
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shelby
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wagnera2
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it shows a break down of the body[Why I tagged this]IMPORTANT INFORMATION TO REMEMBER[Why I tagged thisI think this section is important because it really shows how every part of the body is composed of something smaller, and how all those things work together in a very complex way. I also highlighted this section beecause it's something that I want to memorize![Why I tagged thisQuestion 1: The level between organ system and tissue is organs. The level between cell and molecule is organelles. [Why I tagged thisThis I thought was important because it lists the hierarchy of an organisms complexity[Why I tagged thisThe structure of reductionism, and the building blocks for anatomy.[Why I tagged thisThe hierarchy[Why I tagged thisComplex to simple breakdown of the body[Why I tagged thisHierarchy of Complexity[Why I tagged thisThis heirarchy is important to know[Why I tagged thisThis is important because it shows how our systems on the inside connect together.[Why I tagged thisUnderstanding they hierarchy is important to understanding the physiology.[Why I tagged thisThis is a wonderfully explicit way to describe the hierarchy of complexity in an organism. I could tell this to my Grandma and should could see the logic.[Why I tagged thisTo remember this [Why I tagged thisThis shows the heirarchy of humans[Why I tagged thisThis applies for all humans, one missing link out of this and where does that leave someone. But is it possible to make something artificial to finish the link if one is missing?[Why I tagged thisI think that it is amazing on how all of the systems are composed of atoms but there is a lot more that goes into it than we think. It is interesting in how many atoms are actually in our system and we don't even think of it like that! [Comment It is good to know these different levels of the human body because when you are dealing with the body and diagnosing you can accurately see where you are in this order. [Why I tagged thisThis is the heirarchy of complexity for the human body:1) Organism2) Organ Systems3) Organs4) Tissues5) Cells6) Organelles7) Molecules8) AtomsThis explains the levels of complexity in which the human body is composed of and helps us to understand that our body has many different levels and can be broken down into parts.[Why I tagged thisI have enver thought of the human structure like this. This is a very easy breakdown[Why I tagged thisvictor
Zoe Hitzemann
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Jungas
Osteogenic cells contribute to osteoblasts that form into osteocytes.[Why I tagged this]bone-forming cells, nonmitotic and can be generated by mitosis and differentiation of osteogenic cells[Why I tagged thisbone cells that initiate hte synthesis of new bone[Why I tagged thisosteoblasts - type of bone cell; function, description, location[Why I tagged thisbone forming. Line up in single layer on bone surface[Why I tagged thisThis may sound overly simple, but I remember that osteoblasts are bone forming cells by replacing [Why I tagged thisWould this be the main cell that was being talked about in the previous section with osseous tissue?[Why I tagged thisI would expect the osteoblast to have many mitochondria and rough endoplasmic reticulum, because it requires the constant synthesis of structural proteins of bone. The mitochondria would be needed for active transport and energy. The rough endosplasmic reticulum with ribosomes would be needed to translate and package the protein osteocalcin. I find it interesting that they are nonmitotic, which means cetrioles would not be needed for cell division. Why have certain cells been selected to be nonmitotic?[Why I tagged thisosteoblasts are the cells that form bones. they are a single layer[Why I tagged thisIt also produce matrix and help to add minerals to matrix which is so important.[Why I tagged thisOsteoblasts are bone forming cells. Ther are either angular or cubodial. [Why I tagged thisorgan of bone[Why I tagged thisHow are new ones generated by mitosis if they are nonmitotic? This sentence just confused me.[Why I tagged thisCan you please explain more in class how they happens and why this happens?[Why I tagged thisI highlighted this because I find it very interesting that osteoblasts play such a large role in healing the bone after injury. Following a fracture, the cells multiply quickly which make more osteoblasts. This helps make the bone stronger, and rebuild it back to normal.[Why I tagged thisHow do the osteoblasts know when there is stress on a bone or a fracture?[Why I tagged thisI see that these cells work just about in the same manner as any other cells would, which is interesting to me[Why I tagged thisThat's a fairly recent discovery![General_Do Not UseWow this is even more interesting to me because of how scientists learn new things about the body all the time. One would think that we know everything about the body but because of it's complexity, things are and can still be unknown[Why I tagged thisHow did they discover this? I find it odd that this would be in tissue that makes up our bone. It is all about function and how everything works together. Why do we need insulin in our bones? Maybe that is a dumb question but it confuses me.[Why I tagged thisBrittany Nycz
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Short chains of three or more monosaccharides are called oligosaccharides, and long chains (up to thousands of monosaccharides long) are called polysaccharides.
Short chains of three or more monosaccharides are called oligosaccharides, and long chains (up to thousands of monosaccharides long) are called polysaccharides.
Short chains of three or more monosaccharides are called oligosaccharides, and long chains (up to thousands of monosaccharides long) are called polysaccharides. There is no exact criterion for when a chain is long enough to be called a polysaccharide, but a chain of 10 or 20 monosaccharides would generally be considered an oligosaccharide, whereas a chain of 50 or more would generally be considered a polysaccharide.
Short chains of three or more monosaccharides are called oligosaccharides, and long chains (up to thousands of monosaccharides long) are called polysaccharides. There is no exact criterion for when a chain is long enough to be called a polysaccharide, but a chain of 10 or 20 monosaccharides would generally be considered an oligosaccharide, whereas a chain of 50 or more would generally be considered a polysaccharide. Polysaccharides can be thousands of sugars long and may have molecular weights of 500,000 or more (compared with 180 for a single glucose). Three polysaccharides of interest to human physiology are glycogen, starch, and cellulose?all composed solely of glucose. Animals, including ourselves, make glycogen, whereas starch and cellulose are plant products.
Even though forms of sugar are naturally occuring on our bodies, genetic modification of these (among other molecules) alters our body's interpretation of these modified sugar forms and they becomome almost toxic to our celluar structures (i.e. high fructose corn syrup or artificial sweeteners). Why does our body interpret these differently from natural forms of glucose?[Why tag this text]Di meaning [Why tag this textDi= 2. Mono=1.[Why tag this textSlightly more complex carbs are called disaccharides made up of two monosaccharides. Three most important are sucrose (glucose+fructose), lactose (glucose+galactose) and maltose (glucose+glucose)[Why tag this textKnowing what the most common monosaccharides are can help me better understand the chemistry behind body reactions and processes.[Why tag this textJust for clafification purposes. How can someone be lactose intolerant if disaccharides are important sugars for the body? I know that it is because ones body cannot digest that certain sugar, but is there a supplemental sugar the body replaces it with or are they suppose to take some other sugar in its place? Most people seem to be not affected by it it if they keep dairy products out of their system. What do we need lactose for? [Why tag this textSince these three disaccharides are so similar, what makes someone sensitive or intolerant to one (i.e. lactose) and not the others?[Why tag this textdescribes the types and functions of disaccharides[General-Do not usemono meaning [Why tag this textWhy would people say that high-fructose corn syrup would be far more dangerous as a sweetener than sugarcane when Sucrose already has fructose in it?[Why tag this textWhy would people say that using high-fructose corn syrup as a sweetener is more unhealthy than using cane sugar when sucrose already has fructose in it?[Why tag this textI annotated this part of the text because these are things that people eat/drink on a daily basis. We don't realize how these compounds affect the way our bodies function.[Why tag this textFor infants, is lactose the primary disaccharide consumed through breast milk? Is there a shift in which disaccharide is primarily ingested as humans develop because of diet or other reasons?[Why tag this textI find both of these sentences interesting because I am both lactose intolerant andgluten intolerant as are many friends and family members of mine. It is so interesting seeing how these compounds can be broken down in the body by some people and produce such negative effects in another person's body.[Why tag this textOligosaccharides: shorter chains of three or more monosaccharides. Polysaccharides: long chains.[Why tag this textThis is interesting to me because this is the first time I have ever heard of oligosaccharides. I have always learned that Polysaccharides were all chains of 3+ monosaccharides.[Why tag this textDoes this mean that a chain between 20-50 would still be called an oligosaccharide, or a monosaccharide?[Why tag this textThis will be really helpful for my biochemistry class i am in, we are learning about these types of things.[Why tag this textI don't understand the benefit of having a longer chain versus a shorter chain of sugars.[Why tag this textSarah Hudson
Ashley McBain
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Kelly Sanderson
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lenarch2
Matthew Robert Schmidt
Alejandra Contreras
David Faber
Jessica Ryback
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Maisey Mulvey
The plasma membrane is the unit membrane at the cell surface. It defines the boundaries of the cell, governs its interactions with other cells, and controls the passage of materials into and out of the cell.
The plasma membrane is the unit membrane at the cell surface. It defines the boundaries of the cell, governs its interactions with other cells, and controls the passage of materials into and out of the cell.
The plasma membrane is the unit membrane at the cell surface. It defines the boundaries of the cell, governs its interactions with other cells, and controls the passage of materials into and out of the cell. The side that faces the cytoplasm is the intracellular face of the membrane, and the side that faces outward is the extracellular face.
Defines boundries of the cell.[Why tag this text]Remember this from AP bio[Why tag this textPlasma membrane basically protects and decideds what interactions cells can make with its cell that its protecting. [Why tag this textIt's amazing how much work the plasma membrane does for how small it is in size.[Why tag this textThe plasma membrane serves almost the same purpose as our skin does. it Defines the boundaries of the cell as the skin does to our body. If you relate it to the skin however when you get a cut on it, what happens to the plasma membrane if there is a tear or cut in it, if thats even possible, does it heal itself or just die off?[Why tag this textThis reminds me of checking in and out of the airport. Securities controls who can go in by checking people's bags and there are boundaries where people with out tickets can't go in. [Why tag this textAn example of a plasma membrane would be like the walls and gate of a city. Controlling who can come in and out and also setting a concrete boundaries of how far the city stretch.[Why tag this textThis might be a stupid question, but how do cells know what they need to do to? They don't have any knowlegde to why they function a certain way. Is there some kind of message that is sent to them telling certain cells what to do? [Why tag this textHelps protects[Why tag this textHow the plasma membrane dictates what it does. This is important to understand because a lot of processes can occur mainly on the surface of a cell therefore, the plasma membrane has the authority for what goes on. [Why tag this textRespond[General-Do not usethe function of the plasma membrane[Why tag this textThe plasma membrane is essential to the life of a cell. Without the membrane, the cell would have no boundary, would be infested with pathogens, and would be useless to the human body (as well as other organisms). The cell membrance is just as important as the nucleus of the cell, but gets less attention for its significance. [Why tag this textIt is important to know the use of the membrane being that is serves as armor for the cell. Intracellular: side that faces cytoplasm or inside of cell. Extracellular: side that faces outside of cell.[Why tag this textIt is interesting to know that the plasma membrane controls what goes in and out of the cell[Why tag this textexplains the membrane for both the plasma dn the side that faces the cytoplam. for me after reading this i feel like i have a little better understanding.[Why tag this textwhat the plasma membrane is and does[Why tag this textI never really thought about what the plasma membrane really did besides let things go in and out. now it makes sense that they are put there for a reason.[Why tag this textthe plasma memebrane maintains the integrity of the cell and allows the cell to communicate with other cells[Why tag this textThe plasma membrane is one of the most important parts of the cell and cell surface. It can interact with other cells and it contrls the passage of materials which can help you not produce or [Why tag this textJelena Ristic
Ripley
Jonathan Baures
TRAVIS
GiaLee
Tou Xiong Thao
Sarah
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Noelle
Garrett Key
Zeke Whittier
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Lauren Anthe
Alyssa Harmes
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eric voelker
Grace
Movement. Muscles enable us to move from place to place and to move individual body parts; they move body contents in the course of breathing, blood circulation, feeding and digestion, defecation, urination, and childbirth; and they serve various roles in communication?speech, writing, facial expressions, and other body language. Stability. Muscles maintain posture by preventing unwanted movements. Some are called antigravity muscles because, at least part of the time, they resist the pull of gravity and prevent us from falling or slumping over. Many muscles also stabilize the joints by maintaining tension on tendons and bones. Control of body openings and passages. Muscles encircling the mouth serve not only for speech but also for food intake and retention of food while chewing. In the eyelid and pupil, they regulate the admission of light to the eye. Internal muscular rings control the movement of food, bile, blood, and other materials within the body. Muscles encircling the urethra and anus control the elimination of waste. (Some of these muscles are called sphincters, but not all; this is clarified later.) Heat production. The skeletal muscles produce as much as 85% of one's body heat, which is vital to the functioning of enzymes and therefore to all metabolism. Glycemic control. This means the regulation of blood glucose concentration within its normal range. The skeletal muscles absorb, store, and use a large share of one's glucose and play a highly significant role in stabilizing its blood concentration. In old age, in obesity, and when muscles become deconditioned and weakened, people suffer an increased risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus because of the decline in this glucose-buffering function.
I never knew that our muscles were this involved with our every movement. I suppose I just never really thought about it as well. It's interesting to know how much of a roll our muscles play in our daily lives. [Why tag this]These are what makes the muscles help support and why we have them[Why tag thisMuscles provide us with support and the ability to move, but also other key functions in our bodies. The section headings that I chose to highlight are the other functions that muscles have. [Why tag thisMuscles allow us to move from one spot to another and to move specific body parts individually. [Why tag thisWhy is our muscle also the primary source of body heat in the moving individual?[Why tag thisthe functions of muscles - movement, stability, control of openings and passages, heat productino, and glycemic control[Why tag thisI thought we were told that the skeletal system help us move from place to place. so it it that the muscles do more to help us move or are they about the same?[Why tag thiswouldn't that be the function of the whole body?[Why tag thisDo muscles work with bones to help us move? If so, why does it just say [Why tag thisI feel like this is the most important part of of the muscles' function. The reason why this is so important because movement is apart of out everyday lives. Not only does movement move us around, it also helps us communicate, eat, and even digestion. [Why tag thisso therefore they serve a very important role[Why tag thisThe function of muscles is to add stability and [Why tag thisMuscles also allow us to maintain stability; to not move body parts when not wanted. They resist the pull of gravity and allow us to remain standing and not fall over. .[Why tag thisThis is really interesting, I would have never though that muscles help control stability, or prevent unwanted movements. But if it controls unwanted movements, what are twitches? Does this relate to the muscles or the skin?[Why tag thisbut wouldn't that also be a main contributor to the bones? without the bones we would just be slumped over with our muscles[Why tag thisThis is very interesting. I never knew that this was a function of our muscles and would like to learn more about it. [Why tag thisMuscles are such a complex system in the body because its interesting to figure out about slow twitch and fast twitch. So i love applying this to Physical Therapy and strengthing because we can figure out which exercises are good for stability and are endurance muscles and ones that are good for power. [Why tag thisI had never thought about muscles in this way before. I didn't realize that even when you're relaxed your muscles are still working to keep your body upright. And I didn't know that muscles resisted against the pull of gravity.[Why tag thisThis is interesting because I never thought about muscles helping out our bodies in that way. It's preety amazing what they do and everyday people don't even realize it!![Why tag thisBrandon Brandemuehl
Maria Stephans
Paola Arce
PangJeb Vang
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Gabriela
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Michea Jones
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Jewish physicians were the most esteemed practitioners of their art?and none more famous than Moses ben Maimon (1135?1204), known in Christendom as Maimonides. Born in Spain, he fled to Egypt at age 24 to escape antisemitic persecution. There he served the rest of his life as physician to the court of the sultan, Saladin. A highly admired rabbi, Maimonides wrote voluminously on Jewish law and theology, but also wrote 10 influential medical books and numerous treatises on specific diseases
Moses ben Maimon (1135?1204), known in Christendom as Maimonides. Born in Spain, he fled to Egypt at age 24 to escape antisemitic persecution. There he served the rest of his life as physician to the court of the sultan, Saladin. A highly admired rabbi, Maimonides wrote voluminously on Jewish law and theology, but also wrote 10 influential medical books and numerous treatises on specific diseases.
Among Muslims, probably the most highly regarded medical scholar was Ibn Sina (980?1037), known in the West as Avicenna or ?the Galen of Islam.
Among Muslims, probably the most highly regarded medical scholar was Ibn Sina (980?1037), known in the West as Avicenna or ?the Galen of Islam.? He studied Galen and Aristotle, combined their findings with original discoveries, and questioned authority when the evidence demanded it. Medicine in the Mideast soon became superior to European medicine.
Among Muslims, probably the most highly regarded medical scholar was Ibn Sina (980?1037), known in the West as Avicenna or ?the Galen of Islam.? He studied Galen and Aristotle, combined their findings with original discoveries, and questioned authority when the evidence demanded it. Medicine in the Mideast soon became superior to European medicine. Avicenna's textbook, The Canon of Medicine, was the leading authority in European medical schools for over 500 years.
jewish doctors were the highest ranked in the field.[Why I tagged this]Moses Maimon was a main author and figure in the development of understanding physiology[Why I tagged thismoses ben maimon[Why I tagged thisMoses ben Maimon information[Why I tagged thisimp[Why I tagged thisJewish contibutor[Why I tagged thisI thought this was important becuase it talks about how moses ben maimon contributed to the medical field[Why I tagged thisnot mentioned a lot, only thing that stood out was that he was a physician to the court of sultan. is he an important person to remember? [Why I tagged thisWhat is antisemitic persecution?[Why I tagged thisWhat Maimonides contributed[Why I tagged thisThis was interesting about all the different physicians, for exxample jewish. It seems like every religion made their own medical books to what they thought was true?[Why I tagged thisHere we see religion and science working together through Maimonides. I would be interested to see what he wrote. [Why I tagged thisExplains some of his influence on A&P.[Why I tagged thisMaimonides's contribution[Why I tagged thisPhysicians learning from one another.[Why I tagged thisWhen I taught world history, I spent a lot of time working on breaking down stereotypes across cultures and teaching about Muslim accomplishments and contributions to modern medicine and technology was one of my favorite lessons to work through with students.[Why I tagged thisIbn Sina[Why I tagged thisIbn Sina combined and challenged old works, another key figure in development.[Why I tagged thisMideast surpasses West in Medicine due to more questioning; Avicenn's book lead for 500+ years[Why I tagged thisAmanda Baxter
Ashley Wiedmeyer
Melissa
Jelena Ristic
Corianne
Danny Duong
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Amie Emrys
Shannon Stinson
Is there a point to the knee cap besides protection?[Why tag this]Is the patella the reason why we can bend our knees?[Why tag thisEach of these bones interacts with another and the way that they interact is why we can move the way we do. Linking these bones helps to understand the body as a whole more than we would be able to withouth knowing about our bones, what they do, and where they are.[Why tag thisSo is this why my doctor told me that babies shouldn't begin to walk when they are younger than a year, because their knees aren't developed. It makes sense, except for the fact that most babies begin walking when they are 1 or 1 and a half instead of 3-6 when the bone ossifies.[Why tag thisThe patella seems to be one of the most, I guess I would say flexible bones. What allows this to happen? Is it the cartilage? Or is it the tendons?[Why tag thisI'm curious to know more about the knee/patella. I don't know if knee problems are something that mostly effect white people, but I have dislocated my patella, and I know of many people who have torn their ACL. It seems like most people have knee problems later in life, and I am curous if the knee is something that is actually not very well evolved to handle the stresses that we put it under.[Why tag thisI chose this because my friend katie had at least 6 knee surgeries and also when I had dissected the human cadaver the man had a knee replacement which was really cool. They had put a fake patella in there. It was cool to see. [Why tag thisI am curious as to why we don't have a similar bone in our elbows. Maybe we did and it is no longer there or maybe the knee does somehting that the elbow does not and would require the patella?[Why tag thisThe kneecap is also called the patella. It is in the middle of the legs and helps the legs move back and forth. The tendons in the patella helps connect the bones together.[Why tag thisThe kneecap is also called the patella and it is a roughly triangular sesamoid bone embedded in the tendon of the knee. The kneecap is cartilage and birth and only becomes bone between the ages of three and six.[Why tag thisIf the patella is a sesamoid bone are there some people who never form them? [Why tag thisSo does it serve a purpose at birth. how does not being ossified before age 6 effect the body...walking, standing, running? [Why tag thisdoes this mean its not counted as a bone at birth?the patella bone in general is confusing becasue it doesnt attach to any other bone and i dont know what the porpuse of it is for.[Why tag thisWhen the cartilage in the knee wears away, is that the reason people get knee replacements? [Why tag thisWhat is the process it must go through to ossify? Does the tissue its self change?[Why tag thisThis is probably why babies can crawl without hurting their knees. [Why tag thisThis is interesting to me because I was not aware that the patella was not ossified at birth. If it does not ossify until three to six years of age does this mean that it is impossible to fracture it before this age?[Why tag thisThis seems late in life to ossify. I think of how often children fall down. If the patella does not ossify until as late as 6, why do children not get more seriously injured?[Why tag thisWhat about the structure of the patellar bone allows it to be so easily manipulated manually as well as injured/displaced so easily in sports that entail a lot of torque?[Why tag thisI have had surgery on this area 4x on my right knee, the last surgery finally took out 75% of the total cartilage in my knee...How early can you have knee replacements surgeries and is it possible that these titanium knees their now kicking out are better than the real thing?[Why tag thisMichea Jones
Maria Stephans
maria lira
Jourdan Richardson
Joe Nimm
Jenna
Kristofer Schroeckenthaler
Linda Xiong
Michael Franzini
Jeremy Kosick
Elizabeth Stein
Holland
Samantha B Johnson
Bonnie Watson
Liz Casper
Megan Page
Sarah Hudson
Alina Gur
All organisms are composed of cells and cell products. The cell is the simplest structural and functional unit of life. There are no smaller subdivisions of a cell or organism that, in themselves, are alive. An enzyme molecule, for example, is not alive, although the life of a cell depends on the activity of numerous enzymes. An organism's structure and all of its functions are ultimately due to the activities of its cells. Cells come only from preexisting cells, not from nonliving matter. All life, therefore, traces its ancestry to the same original cells. Because of this common ancestry, the cells of all species have many fundamental similarities in their chemical composition and metabolic mechanisms.Cell Shapes and Sizes
Modern cell theory[Why tag this text]Cell Theory:All organisms are made of cells-The cell is the simplest structural and functional unit of life. All organism's structure and all of its functions are due to activities of its cells-Cells only come from pre-existing cells.Cells of all species have many fundamental similarities in chemical composition and metabolic mechanisms.[Why tag this textThe cell is the simplest form of life [Why tag this texteverything is made up of cells. how weird is it to think about all the cells everywhere. there's so many of them![Why tag this textThese are the key concepts that make up the modern cell theory, and the basis of understanding this chapter.[Why tag this textI think this is a great overview. It helps to break down the understanding of cells functions before diving into the characteristics. This first chapter is also a nice summary of some parts of chapter 5.[Why tag this textI believe that this is important piece of information because cells make up all living organisms. They also develop a base from where all things emerge from. Without living cells new cells would not be able to form.[Why tag this textmodern cell theory definition[Why tag this textwithout cells there would be no living things[Why tag this textI feel like cells are like mini factories that help run our body and keep us healthy. If we need more of a certain cell the cells makes more. It fills whatever we need to be able to function on a daily basis.[Why tag this textThroughout the years I have always known the importance and significance of cells and cell theory. However, through this information presented here I am again reminded of the importance of cells and I am also given lots of information about cells and organisms. I am told that all organisms are composed of cells and cell products, a cell is the simplest structural and functional unit of life, an organisms structure and functions are due to the activities of its cells, cells come from preexisting cells and dude to their common ancestry cells of all species have many fundamental similarities. [Why tag this textI tagged this text not because it was news to me, but because of how amazing it is that it is true. It is so amazing how something so small, that the naked eye cannot see, can and does make up everything that an organism becomes. [Why tag this textI didn't know that enzyme molecules, were the source for the cells to have life.[Why tag this textSince viruses are just made of genetic material and wrapped in a protein capsule do they still have membranes and cell organelles? [Why tag this textWithout cells, there would be no humans. Cells are what created us. [GeneralThis is part of the Modern Cell Theory, but vaguely. In more detail, the Modern Cell Theory talks about the different aspects of cells.[Why tag this textModern Cell Theory.[Why tag this textComponents of the modern cell theory, which comprises the basis of all life on earth.[Why tag this textI like this list of the important functions of cells. All organism are controlled by and composed of many individual cells.[Why tag this textDanielle Henckel
Paola Arce
krista
Laura Kovach
Claire Silkaitis
Kayla Cowan
Melissa Gile
Zeke Whittier
Justin Putterman
Duan Phan
dsstokes
Allyson Tetzlaff
Steven Bertschy
Zoe Hitzemann
Christina
Megan Perna
Amanda
Christina Colarossi
Michael Franzini
Important to know which process is which! Metabolism is a big part of the body and how it functions.[General-Do not use]In essence, can metabolism be calculated in terms of catabolism compared to metabolism? Or is there a more specific measurement of metabolism?[Why tag this textI had no idea that there were different types of metabolism. I always thought metabolism was just one simple thing, but it seems that it is a lot more complex than just converting the food we eat into energy.[Why tag this textI find it interesting that metabolixm is broken into 2 parts, one stores and one releases energy. Since everyone's metabolism is different and can affect the way people maintain their weight, can the body function with one properly functioning part of metablolism and one malfunctioning part? Does this explain why some people are overweight and some can not gain weight?[Why tag this textI would like to know more about the affect exercise has on rates of metabolism. Does the fact that one's body is heating up have anything to do with reaction rates?[Why tag this textMetabolism is the chemical reactions involved in maintaing the living state of all cells in the body but I didn't know that there were also other parts of metabolism. What I'm getting at is that, when people say they have a good metabolism, does that mean their bodies are able to break down proteins and fats faster? [Why tag this textDoes Catabolism and anabolism coincide in order to determine if someone has a high or low metabolism? [Why tag this textI'd tagged this because I[Why tag this textDefines and describes what catabolism and anabolism is and how it works as metabolism.[General-Do not usegives an example of exergonic reactions which helped me understand it a little better. It still amazes me how much [Why tag this textI find this really cool. Back in high school, we did this experiment at school.[Why tag this textIts crazy that chemical reactions fuel our workouts by breaking down energy molecules. But it makes sense because the more you run the more your temperature goes up and when temperature goes up more reactions occur because the molecules are moving at a faster harder speed.[Why tag this textThis is the reason why eating breakfast is so important to maintaining your weight. If you do not provide your body with what it needs in the morning, your body uses anabolism to store the fat because it thinks it is starving. [Why tag this textprotein and fat are both a reaction of anabolism which is energy storing. which makes sense because protein stores energry to help make the body function and fat to help store protein and help keep the body warm[Why tag this textAnabolism: energy storying synthesis reactions. Endergonic: reactions that require an energy input[Why tag this textanabolism is when there is a energy storing systhese reaction which then produces protein and fat.[Why tag this textWhen people grow older a lot of times they say that they lost there metabolism. Is this true? As your body ages does it have less chemical reactions? If so, could this lead to obess elderly?[Why tag this textThe rates of anabolism definitly interest me. For instance, obese adults that suffered from obesity as children also have high rates of anabolism compared to the general population, even when caloric intake is the same as the general population. Also, there are a number of seemingly disconnected factors that can change the rate of anabolism - for instance, the hours of sleep you get and the amount of stress you are under can both effect the rates of cotisol production and anabolism.[Why tag this textThree type of chemical reactions are metabolism, oxidation, and reduction, each reaction is require large amount of energy needed.[Why tag this textAlina Gur
Samantha B Johnson
Kirsten Majstorovic
Jacob
Ashley
Noelle
Sandy C. Yang
lenarch2
Lauren Anthe
Mai Youa Chang
Zachary Garrity
Ashley Wiedmeyer
Stephanie
lindsay krueger
Jenna Nehls
Sue Xiong
At a tight junction, the plasma membranes of two adjacent cells come very close together and are linked by transmembrane cell-adhesion proteins. These proteins seal off the intercellular space and make it difficult or impossible for substances to pass between cells.
In the stomach and intestines, tight junctions prevent digestive juices from seeping between epithelial cells and digesting the underlying connective tissue.
In the stomach and intestines, tight junctions prevent digestive juices from seeping between epithelial cells and digesting the underlying connective tissue. They also help to prevent intestinal bacteria from invading the tissues, and they ensure that most digested nutrients pass through the epithelial cells and not between them.
In the stomach and intestines, tight junctions prevent digestive juices from seeping between epithelial cells and digesting the underlying connective tissue. They also help to prevent intestinal bacteria from invading the tissues, and they ensure that most digested nutrients pass through the epithelial cells and not between them.
In the stomach and intestines, tight junctions prevent digestive juices from seeping between epithelial cells and digesting the underlying connective tissue. They also help to prevent intestinal bacteria from invading the tissues, and they ensure that most digested nutrients pass through the epithelial cells and not between them. In addition, some membrane proteins function in the apical domain of the cell, and others in the lateral or basal domains; tight junctions limit how far drifting proteins can travel and keep them segregated in the appropriate domains of the membrane where they are needed to perform their tasks.
so it keeps everything close together[Why tag this text]This in essence explains what a tight junction is and how what it does for the cells of the body. They keep things out, and keep what's in the cells, in.[General-Do not useso tight junction make it difficult for thing to get through[Why tag this textWhen I think of digestive juices seeping and being stopped, I do not think of tight junctions. I think of the cells themselves. This little section gave me a better understanding, by specifically stating the tight junctions are the ones that prevent leakage.[Why tag this textReading through all of the junctions, the most interesting thing i read was that the tight junctions prevent digestive juices from seeping between epithelial cells. It now clicks in my head that tight junctions prevent seeping. I will remember that tight screws prevent leaking. [Why tag this textIn the paragraph before, it tells us what tight junctions are supposed to do, but being able to have an example, like this helps to put it into more perspecitve. I was always curious as to how stomach acid didn't seep into other layers of tissue, and now I know.[Why tag this textWhat would occur if digestive juices or bacteria seeped through the tight junctions? [Why tag this textwhat is the role of tight junctions in the stomach and intestines[Why tag this textThe tight junctions between cells in the stomach prevent the stomach acid from seeping into tissue. I wonder if these cells differ from those found in the stomach of a bird, for example, with a very different mode of digestion. [Why tag this textDoes this mean that people who suffer from ulcers have tight junctions inside of them that are not working properly?[Why tag this texttight junctions have many things to do in the stomach[Why tag this textGood and bad about tight junctions that help us in many ways. They help tighting the stomach and intestine.[Why tag this textTight junctions are very important because they prevent the dangers of digestive juices and intestinal bacteria from passing through into other parts of the body[Why tag this textThis is preventative of stomach bile, which is highly acidic, from coming up into tissues and organs that it could be harmful to.[Why tag this textgood to know[General-Do not useIn what case could a tight junction become compromised and result in the degradation of underlying connective tissues due to seepage of digestive fluids?[Why tag this textI knew someone who had to have emergency surgery for an intestinal rupture. I had figured the danger was in fecal matter leaking out to other places but did not realize that the digestive enzymes of the intestinal track could actually begin to digest other tissues. Shows just how important it is to have tight junctions in places such as this.[Why tag this texttherefore they serve a huge purpose[Why tag this textWhat would happen if something happened to pass between them?[Why tag this textAfter reading about tight junctions, I think of them now as guards of an area. Tight junctions are watching out for the body and making sure the proper things go to the places they are meant to go to! I like this analogy :)[Why tag this textSamantha B Johnson
MARIAH
Ashley Parker
kailey Cortez
Ashley McBain
Alyssa Harmes
Amanda Baxter
Samuel Nichols
Salman Almohsin
Sue Xiong
Nicholas Bruno
Cassie Marsh
lenarch2
Alina Gur
Sarah Hudson
Kenyetta
Kaitlynn
The Healing of a Bone Fracture.
The Healing of a Bone Fracture.Formation of hematoma and granulation tissue. A bone fracture severs blood vessels of the bone and periosteum, causing bleeding and the formation of a blood clot (fracture hematoma). Blood capillaries soon grow into the clot, while fibroblasts, macrophages, osteoclasts, and osteogenic cells invade the tissue from both the periosteal and medullary sides of the fracture. Osteogenic cells become very abundant within 48 hours of the injury. All of this capillary and cellular invasion converts the blood clot to a soft fibrous mass called granulation tissue.Formation of a soft callus.36 Fibroblasts deposit collagen in the granulation tissue, while some osteogenic cells become chondroblasts and produce patches of fibrocartilage called the soft callus.Conversion to hard callus. Other osteogenic cells differentiate into osteoblasts, which produce a bony collar called the hard callus around the fracture. The hard callus is cemented to dead bone around the injury site and acts as a temporary splint to join the broken ends or bone fragments together. It takes about 4 to 6 weeks for a hard callus to form. During this period, it is important that a broken bone be immobilized by traction or a cast to prevent reinjury.Remodeling. The hard callus persists for 3 to 4 months. Meanwhile, osteoclasts dissolve small fragments of broken bone, and osteoblasts deposit spongy bone to bridge the gap between the broken ends. This spongy bone gradually fills in to become compact bone, in a manner similar to intramembranous ossification. Usually the fracture leaves a slight thickening of the bone visible by X-ray, but in some cases, healing is so complete that no trace of the fracture can be found.
Healing of Fractures: formation of hematoma and granulation tissue, formation of a soft callus, conversion to hard callus and remodeling[Why I tagged this]#NAME?[Why I tagged thisWhile all bone fractures are not the same, what i don't understand is that how is there different types of healing. Bone is bone it has calcium and osteocytes and osetoblasts, they all help form the repair of the bone, what makes the different types of fractures differeent?[Why I tagged thisI thought these passage were great on explaining how the bone heals. [Why I tagged thisall capillary and cellular invasion converts blood clot into granulation tissue[Why I tagged thisbone fractures sever blood vessels in the bone. this may ccause blood clots. capillary and cellular invasion turn blood clots into a soft mass called granulation tissue. [Why I tagged thishealing of a bone fracture - formation of hematoma and granulation tissue[Why I tagged thisThis is interesting to me because i had a hematoma on the side of my knee when a horse stepped on the side of my leg. I didnt know it was because of blood vessels being severed. [Why I tagged thisI found this informaion to be very interesting because in the reading it goes into great detail specifically explaining the healing of a bone fracture. First tissue in fracture site swells, may feel very painful. shows obvious inflamation and bone cells are dying. Formation of a soft callus, during this stage the fibrocartilage callus serves to splint the fracture. As time progresses continued migration and multiplying of osteoblasts and osteocytes results in the fibrocartilaginous callus turning it into a bony callus. Any excess material of the bony callus is removed and compact bone is laid down in order to reconstruct the shaft. Remoldeling is the final stage in this process. [Why I tagged thisThis is interesting to me because I had a stress fracture once that I suffered during basketball season and other people I know have had some kind of fracture but I always wondered how a fracture healed itself within the body and now I know![Why I tagged thisDefinitely went through these stages as a youth with my multiple fx. I accredit millions of years of evolution to how single celled organisms could evolve to a multicellular being with so many processes that self regulate and repair. [Why I tagged thisThese steps will be relevant to me in a career as a physical therapist.[General_Do Not Usea bruise is a type of hematoma of tissue[Why I tagged thisThis helps a fracture transfer nutients in order to start repair.[General_Do Not UseWhat do they do? They just come to prevent blood clotting? That is interesting because osteogenic cells have much more functions than people know. [Why I tagged thisin granulation tissue[Why I tagged thisformation of a soft callus - the healing of a bone fracture[Why I tagged thisplaying soccer and basketball i had callus's i thought it was just because im running around alot and from the sweat?[Why I tagged thisconversion to hard callus - the healing of a bone fracture[Why I tagged thisIf this isn't healed in time then your bone will not be healed in the correct process. [Why I tagged thisAmanda
Lauren Anthe
GiaLee
Justin Putterman
Paola Arce
Alyssa Harmes
Erin Griph
dsstokes
Zachary Garrity
Ryan Gallagher
Laura Kovach
Jungas
Brandon Brandemuehl
Kelly Stahl
Grace
Diffusion rates are very important to cell survival because they determine how quickly a cell can acquire nutrients or rid itself of wastes. Some factors that affect the rate of diffusion through a membrane are as follows:
Diffusion rates are very important to cell survival because they determine how quickly a cell can acquire nutrients or rid itself of wastes. Some factors that affect the rate of diffusion through a membrane are as follows: Temperature. Diffusion is driven by the kinetic energy of the particles, and temperature is a measure of that kinetic energy. The warmer a substance is, the more rapidly its particles diffuse. This is why sugar diffuses more quickly through hot tea than through iced tea. Molecular weight. Heavy molecules such as proteins move more sluggishly and diffuse more slowly than light particles such as electrolytes and gases. Small molecules also pass through membrane pores more easily than large ones. ?Steepness? of the concentration gradient. The steepness of a gradient refers to the concentration difference between two points. Particles diffuse more rapidly if there is a greater concentration difference.
Diffusion rates are very important to cell survival because they determine how quickly a cell can acquire nutrients or rid itself of wastes. Some factors that affect the rate of diffusion through a membrane are as follows: Temperature. Diffusion is driven by the kinetic energy of the particles, and temperature is a measure of that kinetic energy. The warmer a substance is, the more rapidly its particles diffuse. This is why sugar diffuses more quickly through hot tea than through iced tea. Molecular weight. Heavy molecules such as proteins move more sluggishly and diffuse more slowly than light particles such as electrolytes and gases. Small molecules also pass through membrane pores more easily than large ones. ?Steepness? of the concentration gradient. The steepness of a gradient refers to the concentration difference between two points. Particles diffuse more rapidly if there is a greater concentration difference. Page 92 Membrane surface area. As noted earlier, the apical surface of cells specialized for absorption (for example, in the small intestine) is often extensively folded into microvilli. This makes more membrane available for particles to diffuse through. Membrane permeability. Diffusion through a membrane depends on how permeable it is to the particles. For example, potassium ions diffuse more rapidly than sodium ions through a plasma membrane. Nonpolar, hydrophobic, lipid-soluble substances such as oxygen, nitric oxide, alcohol, and steroids diffuse through the phospholipid regions of a plasma membrane. Water and small charged, hydrophilic solutes such as electrolytes do not mix with lipids but diffuse primarily through channel proteins in the membrane. Cells can adjust their permeability to such a substance by adding channel proteins to the membrane, by taking them away, or by opening and closing membrane gates.
This continues to describe why I have been saying that concentration gradients are responsible for everything. And when you need to go accross the gradient, you will need to use energy, typically via ATP.[Why tag this text]I never thought of it in that way before.[Why tag this texti think that this is intresting, because when i read this i applied it to people and survival overall.[Why tag this textI chose this text because it is the premise for what effects diffusion. Diffusion is necessary for solutes to get in and out of our body, and knowing that it is affected by temp, molecular weight, membrane surface area, etc is crucial in determining the rate at which a cell can get the nutrients. It would be curious to do an experiment to see at what temperature each cell's rate is affected significantly enough that it essentially stops.[Why tag this textIt is important to realize diffusion is very key for the cells sucesses and survival. Without diffusion a cell would not be able to aquire nutrients[Why tag this textDiffusion rates[Why tag this textI am tagging this text because it helps explain exactly what affects diffusion. How warm a substance is, how heavy a substance is, the level of concentration gradient, and the size and permeability of the membrane all affect diffusion.[Why tag this textFactors that affect rate of Diffusion:Temperature: Warmer=more quicklyMolecular weight:Heavy=slower, smaller=quickerDegree of concentration gradient: Greater=quickerMembrane Surface Area: More membrane=quickerMembrane Permeability: Depends on the particles. Water and hydrophillic substances diffuse through channel proteins.[Why tag this textNo pH? I thought the many reactions throughout the cell and enzymes are dependent on pH. Thus, if the cell is at an ideal pH, it will have faster and more chemical reactions, thus creating a stronger gradient for filtration and Osmosis to occur.[Why tag this textIs this what allows aniamls that hibernate to survive? Do they shut off or cool their body temperature down somehow?[Why tag this textThis is interesting to me because I was thinking about how when you are in an afgan blanket and heat up due to molecules bumping together to raise the temperature.[Why tag this textThese are what can effect the Diffusion speed rate when passing nutrients to cell and get rib of the wastes.[Why tag this textdiffusion is driven by kinetic energy of the particles[General-Do not useI am starting to notice that temperature is showing up more and more in the sections that I am reading. Temperature seems to play a big role in helping our body stay stabilize.[Why tag this textAlmost everything in the body is affected by temperature. In chemistry, temperature is extremely important when considering if a reaction will speed up, slow down, or even occur. This is the same in diffusion. Warmer temperature means that particles will diffuse more quickly.[Why tag this textfactors that affect the rate of diffusion[Why tag this text5 different factors effect diffusion rate that include: temperature, molecular weight, steepness of the concentraiton gradient, membrane surface area, and mebrane permeability[Why tag this textI never relised that their are many factors that can affect the rate of diffusion through the membrane. If any of the characturistics where to affect how fast the diffusion rate is, that would affect how rapidly a particle would diffuse. [Why tag this texttemperature is related to kinetic energry when the particles diffuse[Why tag this textThis is something that I've always wanted to figure out. [Why tag this textJonathan Baures
kaulor
Heather LeDoux
Ethan Kelly
Melissa Gile
Paige Schlieve
Danielle Henckel
Ryan Gallagher
Claire Silkaitis
Jessica Ryback
Sue Xiong
Rachel Feivor
Duan Phan
Joseph Skarlupka
Alyssa Harmes
Stephanie
sarah
Lauren Anthe
Janis McNamara
At the molecular level, DNA and other nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides
At the molecular level, DNA and other nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides (NEW-clee-oh-tides).
At the molecular level, DNA and other nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides (NEW-clee-oh-tides). A nucleotide consists of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a single- or double-ringed nitrogenous (ny-TRODJ-eh-nus) base (fig. 4.1a). Two of the bases in DNA?cytosine (C) and thymine (T)?have a single carbon?nitrogen ring and are classified as pyrimidines (py-RIM-ih-deens). The other two bases?adenine (A) and guanine (G)?have double rings and are classified as purines
At the molecular level, DNA and other nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides (NEW-clee-oh-tides). A nucleotide consists of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a single- or double-ringed nitrogenous (ny-TRODJ-eh-nus) base (fig. 4.1a). Two of the bases in DNA?cytosine (C) and thymine (T)?have a single carbon?nitrogen ring and are classified as pyrimidines (py-RIM-ih-deens). The other two bases?adenine (A) and guanine (G)?have double rings and are classified as purines (fig. 4.1b).
At the molecular level, DNA and other nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides (NEW-clee-oh-tides). A nucleotide consists of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a single- or double-ringed nitrogenous (ny-TRODJ-eh-nus) base (fig. 4.1a). Two of the bases in DNA?cytosine (C) and thymine (T)?have a single carbon?nitrogen ring and are classified as pyrimidines (py-RIM-ih-deens). The other two bases?adenine (A) and guanine (G)?have double rings and are classified as purines (fig. 4.1b). The bases of RNA are somewhat different, as explained later, but still fall into the purine and pyrimidine classes.
At the molecular level, DNA and other nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides (NEW-clee-oh-tides). A nucleotide consists of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a single- or double-ringed nitrogenous (ny-TRODJ-eh-nus) base (fig. 4.1a). Two of the bases in DNA?cytosine (C) and thymine (T)?have a single carbon?nitrogen ring and are classified as pyrimidines (py-RIM-ih-deens). The other two bases?adenine (A) and guanine (G)?have double rings and are classified as purines (fig. 4.1b). The bases of RNA are somewhat different, as explained later, but still fall into the purine and pyrimidine classes.
Two of the bases in DNA-cytosine (C) and thymine (T)-have a single carbon-nitrogen ring and are classified as pyrimidines (py-RIM-ih-deens). The other two bases-adenine (A) and guanine (G)-have double rings and are classified as purines (fig. 4.1b).
If two purines or pyrimidines were to pair together to form the DNA helix, the diameter would not be uniform, making it very unstable. [Why tag this text]As I believed I once heard about The Genome Project that takes a sample of your DNA and can look at a certain segment of genes to determine where your earliest ancestors came from. I believe around 75% of people can be traced back to Africa. [Why tag this textGood fact to know that DNA is a polymer of nucleotides[Why tag this textThe reminder here, that DNA continues to subdivide into smaller components adds to the theme of structural heirarchy. We just studied the cell and its organelles, and now in the nucleus of the cell, there is further evidence of subdivision of DNA at a molecular level due to its composition. [Why tag this textmolecular level of DNA[Why tag this textIt is important to understand the composition of DNA, and how Purines and Pyrimidines inversly correlate with eachother in order to further serve for protein synthesis. The purines, adenine and guanine, combine with the opposite type of nucleotide, the pyrimidines, cytosine, and thymine. In simplier terms, cytosine is always paired with guanine, and adenine and always paired with thymine. These are known as the complimentary base pairs. [Why tag this textQuestion 2: The ATTGACTCG sequence across would be TAACTGAGC. If the percentage of adenine is 20% then the percentage of cytosine would be expected to be 30%[Why tag this textthis is interesting to learn about to me[Why tag this textIt is important to know what DNA consists of at a molecular level. [General-Do not useGood explinations in a simple put paragraph.[Why tag this textDna and other nucleotides[Why tag this textwhat exactly does polymers mean?[Why tag this textI find this the most interesting, in my personal opinion, it is the building block DNA, they are the bases that make up its main structure. In the body, sometimes you have a shortage of iron or calcium etc., is it possible to have a shortage of one of the bases in the DNA, and if so what happens?[Why tag this textwhat a nucleotide consists of; what the bases are[Why tag this textPurines and pyrimidines are both different in structure since there are a double bond between two carbons in purines to form a double ring.[Why tag this textWhat happens if these bonds are not paired together correctly? For example, A with C and T with G. Is this even possible?[Why tag this text4 bases of DNA: cytosine and thymine (single carbon-nitrogen ring classified as pyrimidines) and adenine and guanine (double rings and classifies and purines)[Why tag this textInteresting, but kind of disturbing at the same time because it's not sanitary. But hey, you have to do what you have in order to get the results and data that you need and want right.[Why tag this textIt is amazing to think that all the proteins, cellular functions, tissues, organs, etc all stem from 4 types of nucleotides.[Why tag this textUracil would be the base that would pair with Adenine in RNA as Thymine would pair with Adenine in DNA.[Why tag this textSarah Cherkinian
Stephanie
Alina Gur
Alexandra Schmit
Petra Stevanovic
Sarah Ertl
Lauren Anthe
Erin Griph
lenarch2
Amanda
Kaitlynn
TRAVIS
Alyssa Harmes
Tou Xiong Thao
Nicole Latzig
Sandy C. Yang
Brandon Neldner
Matthew Robert Schmidt
Microvilli
Microvilli, Cilia, and Flagella
Microvilli, Cilia, and FlagellaMany cells have surface extensions called microvilli, cilia, and flagella. These aid in absorption, movement, and sensory processes.
icrovilli, Cilia, and FlagellaMany cells have surface extensions called microvilli, cilia, and flagella. These aid in absorption, movement, and sensory processes.MicrovilliMicrovilli Microvilli10 (MY-cro-VIL-eye; singular, microvillus) are extensions of the plasma membrane that serve primarily to increase a cell's surface area (figs. 3.10 and 3.11a, c). They are best developed in cells specialized for absorption, such as the epithelial cells of the intestines and kidney tubules. They give such cells 15 to 40 times as much absorptive surface area as they would have if their apical surfaces were flat.
It is amazking to me that there are so many things that can be prevented just by calcium blockers.[Why tag this text]I tagged this because my main knowledge of Calcium is just related to bones. Reading this made me realize that calcium is also associated with different things as well.[Why tag this textI think the calcium channel blockers are important because there are a lot of people who suffer from high blood pressure, and it's pertinent to know that the calcium channel blockers aid in lowering it. [Why tag this textTada[Why tag this textIs Cilia in the DNA ?[Why tag this textMacrovilli, Cilia, and Flagella! Every component of a cell is necessary. Otherwise they wouldnt be there... But I must say that these are some of the coolest parts. They are our means of transportation and, in motion, they remind me of underwater sea-creatures. Probably because they are always operating under moist conditions. My favorite: The Flagella! Ahhh, so beautifully named and unique to my manhood. [Why tag this textThese sections to come after about each the microvilli, cilia, and flagella are important because each of these organelles has a function and although they are similar the do vary and we learn the differences by looking deeper into this section.[Why tag this textMicrovilli, cilia and flagella are distinguished from the glycocalyx. These aid in absorbtion, movement and sensory processes. [Why tag this textHow does one tell the difference between microvilli and cilia when looking at a cell?[Why tag this textThis is interesting because I had previously thought that most surface extensions were primarily used for movement and maybe some sensory processes but not really absorption.[Why tag this textAfter learning about these in highschool, I again understand the importance of microvilla, cilia, and flagella for the interaction from cell to cell is essential to life[Why tag this textcells aid in absorption, movement, and sensory process. i feel like all cells have this in common[Why tag this textThese are very important to a cell because they make a cell that much more important, it kind of gives them an advantage. Aiding the absorption, movement of a cell, and sensory processes helps the cell comuunicate faster.[Why tag this textMicrovilli: extensions of the plasma membrane that increase the cell's surface area, which thus helps with absorption. Because of this trait they are found in the intestines and kidney tubules. Also can be found on the taste buds and in the inner ear.[Why tag this textextentions of the plasma that increase the cell surface area[General-Do not usemicrovilli is the extensions of the plasma membrane which work primarily to help make a cells surface area[Why tag this textQuestion 8: Microvilli and cilia.Microvilli are extensions of the plasma membrane. There function is to increase cell's surface area.Cilia function as antenna and assist in monitoring nearby conditions and sensing.[Why tag this textPoljana Janko
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All the chemical reactions in the body are collectively called metabolism. Metabolism has two divisions: catabolism and anabolism. Catabolism11 (ca-TAB-oh-lizm) consists of energy-releasing decomposition reactions. Such reactions break covalent bonds, produce smaller molecules from larger ones, and release energy that can be used for other physiological work. Energy-releasing reactions are called exergonic12 reactions. If you hold a beaker of water in your hand and pour sulfuric acid into it, for example, the beaker will get so hot you may have to put it down. If you break down energy-storage molecules to run a race, you too will get hot. In both cases, the heat signifies that exergonic reactions are occurring.
All the chemical reactions in the body are collectively called metabolism. Metabolism has two divisions: catabolism and anabolism. Catabolism11 (ca-TAB-oh-lizm) consists of energy-releasing decomposition reactions. Such reactions break covalent bonds, produce smaller molecules from larger ones, and release energy that can be used for other physiological work. Energy-releasing reactions are called exergonic12 reactions. If you hold a beaker of water in your hand and pour sulfuric acid into it, for example, the beaker will get so hot you may have to put it down. If you break down energy-storage molecules to run a race, you too will get hot. In both cases, the heat signifies that exergonic reactions are occurring.Anabolism13 (ah-NAB-oh-lizm) consists of energy-storing synthesis reactions, such as the production of protein or fat. Reactions that require an energy input, such as these, are called endergonic14 reactions. Anabolism is driven by the energy that catabolism releases, so endergonic and exergonic processes, anabolism and catabolism, are inseparably linked.
ll the chemical reactions in the body are collectively called metabolism. Metabolism has two divisions: catabolism and anabolism. Catabolism11 (ca-TAB-oh-lizm) consists of energy-releasing decomposition reactions. Such reactions break covalent bonds, produce smaller molecules from larger ones, and release energy that can be used for other physiological work. Energy-releasing reactions are called exergonic12 reactions. If you hold a beaker of water in your hand and pour sulfuric acid into it, for example, the beaker will get so hot you may have to put it down. If you break down energy-storage molecules to run a race, you too will get hot. In both cases, the heat signifies that exergonic reactions are occurring.Anabolism13 (ah-NAB-oh-lizm) consists of energy-storing synthesis reactions, such as the production of protein or fat. Reactions that require an energy input, such as these, are called endergonic14 reactions. Anabolism is driven by the energy that catabolism releases, so endergonic and exergonic processes, anabolism and catabolism, are inseparably linked.Oxidation is any chemical reaction in which a molecule gives up electrons and releases energy. A molecule is oxidized by this process, and whatever molecule takes the electrons from it is an oxidizing agent (electron acceptor). The term oxidation stems from the fact that oxygen is often involved as the electron acceptor. Thus, we can sometimes recognize an oxidation reaction from the fact that oxygen has been added to a molecule. The rusting of iron, for example, is a slow oxidation process in which oxygen is added to iron to form iron oxide (Fe2O3). Many oxidation reactions, however, do not involve oxygen at all. For example, when yeast ferments glucose to alcohol, no oxygen is required; indeed, the alcohol contains less oxygen than the sugar originally did, but it is more oxidized than the sugar:
Is this the same type of metabolism that is normally associated with digestion?[Why tag this text]What causes people to have slower or faster metabolisms? Are there ways to change the speed of your metabolism? If so, How?[Why tag this textWhen our body burns calories, is that considered catabolism or anabolism?[Why tag this textis this referred to as the metabolism in the body of why some people gain/lose weight more effectively? If so, they are more people just using the word incorrectly when metabolism is referring to the actualy chemical reactions in the body and not the breakdown of food?[Why tag this textMetabolism is the collective sum of catabolic and anabolic reactions that are responsible for the maintainance of life in organisms. Metabolism is the process by which small molecules are built into bigger macromolecules of life and the way by which large molecules are broken down to smaller precursors to obtain energy for the organism. Catabolism exergonic reactions release energy by breaking down large molecules. Anabolism is the endergonic process of building the large molecules of life, starting with small precursor molecules.[Why tag this textThese two terms are also easily confused. A previous biology teacher suggested a play on words as a way to remember each reaction. CATabolism: cats tear things apart, and tearing apart molecules releases energy. ANabolism: ants build things, and building bonds is a way to store energy. [Why tag this textexergonix-exothermicendogonic-endothermicThis relationship makes it easier to remember the prefixes for the words.[Why tag this textHoq metabolism is consisted of two divisons and that a chemical reactins are what makes up metabolism[Why tag this textHow does metabolism influence weight?[Why tag this textI find this interesting because I didn't realize how chemistry was connected to biology. Our bodies function because of chemistry as well.[Why tag this textMetabolism: all chemical reactions in the body. Catabolism: energy releasing decomposition reactions that break covalent bonds. Exergonic reactions: energy releasing reactions[Why tag this textDoes the lack of exergonic reactions cause people to have slower metabolisms? I know that the healthier you are, meaning that you excercise and eat right, the better metabolism you have, but I know that some healthy people still do not have fast metabolisms. what causes this?[Why tag this textI found this interesting because I never knew there were two different parts. Now I actually understand what it means, (and how it actually happens), when someone says they have a slow or a fast metabolism. Each individual's body has its own reaction times.[Why tag this textQuestion 2: Metabolism is all chemical reactions in the body. Catabolism is energy-releasing decomposition reactions. Anabolism is energy-storing synthesis reactions.[Why tag this textOur body' cells are designed with this concept in minds. We get hot by breaking down molecules for energy to run a race, and our body's cells are already adapted to maintain homestasis when this occurs. Having the ability to seat prevents us from over heating from the exergonic reactions occurring.[Why tag this textThree type of chemical reactions are metabolism, oxidation, and reduction, each reaction is require large amount of energy needed.[Why tag this textIs there a way to determine what type of reaction it is before conducting an experiment?[Why tag this textI did not know that metabolism had two divisions that involved energy releasing and energy storing. Catabolism happens when doing physical work which creates heat to release. Anabolism stores fat so a lack of physical movement will be anabolic. That's interesting an- and cat- prefixes seem to be a reoccuring theme of opposites in chemistry.[Why tag this textIve always been interested in nutrition and it has been growing as I have been gettig older. Meatbolism is always a tricky thing to comprehend and teach your body because we all have a different meabolism level. When you are born does metabolism depend on your genetics or what you consumed at a very young age the depends on how fast it works?[Why tag this textMetabolism is the main body's chemical reactions and there are two sub-categories catabolism and anabolism. Catabolism breaks down energy and uses energy while anabolism stores energy synthesis such as protein or fat. When people say they have a fast or slow metabolism are they referring to anabolism and can this change over time?[Why tag this textdefining oxidation catabolism and anabolism as different types of metabolism[Why tag this textLauren Stec
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If a DNA molecule was known to be 20% adenine, predict its percentage of cytosine and explain your answer.
The essential function of DNA is to carry instructions, called genes, for the synthesis of proteins.
The essential function of DNA is to carry instructions, called genes, for the synthesis of proteins. At this point in the chapter, we will provisionally regard a gene as a segment of DNA that codes for a protein.
The essential function of DNA is to carry instructions, called genes, for the synthesis of proteins. At this point in the chapter, we will provisionally regard a gene as a segment of DNA that codes for a protein. Later, we shall have to confront the fact that this is an inadequate definition, and we'll examine the meaning of the word more deeply.
TAACTGAGC; T always pairs with A and C always pairs with G. [Why tag this text]The base sequence would be TAACTGAGC.[Why tag this textif DNA was 20% Adenine, that would mean 20% would also be Thymine since A and T always pair together. that leaves 60% left between Cytosine and Guanine. divide that by two and you are left with 30% for each. [Why tag this textIf it is 20% adenine, I predict that it would be 30% cytosine. I predict this because A and T go in pairs which is 20 + 20= 40, and then C and G go in pairs so 100-40=60/2= 30.[Why tag this textQuestion 5: DNA is the basic or raw genetic data whereas chromatin is the DNA packaged with proteins.[Why tag this textSo what DNA basically do is carry genes for the synthesis of proteins.[Why tag this textDNA primary function is to pretty much have a manual of what the person is made up of. They also have cells that turn on and off to be a part of certain parts of the body. Genes [Why tag this textIs this where the issues with genetic disorders comes in? When the mutated gene gets passed from parent to child?[Why tag this textImportant to know the main function of DNA it can get confused with RNA.[Why tag this textThis is important because DNA is essential to life. [Why tag this textDNA functions as the brain of the cell. With the coded information it is able to carry out everything from expression of traits, to synthesis of proteins.[Why tag this textI highlighted this because it is important to know the role of DNA, which is to carry genes.[Why tag this textFunctions of DNA[Why tag this textEssential functions of DNA [Why tag this textDNA is to carry instructions for the synthesis of proteins. The genes code for a protein. HUmans have between 20,000-25,000 genes[Why tag this textI feel like this is the most commonly known fact about DNA. They carry our [Why tag this textMAIN FUNCTION OF DNA![Why tag this textFunction of DNA:Carry instructions/genes which synthesize proteins. Coding DNA makes proteins, Noncoding DNA makes chromosomal structures/regulates gene activities.[Why tag this textfunction of our DNA[Why tag this textwhat is the point of DNA?[Why tag this textSo why is this being used as the definition if it is inadequate, why not use the correct term to begin with?[Why tag this textHaferman Courtney Anne
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For example, would you rather trust your health to a drug that was tested on 5 people or one tested on 5,000? Why?
Controls. Biomedical experiments require comparison between treated and untreated individuals so that we can judge whether the treatment has any effect. A control group consists of subjects that are as much like the treatment group as possible except with respect to the variable being tested. For example, there is evidence that garlic lowers blood cholesterol levels. In one study, volunteers with high cholesterol were each given 800 mg of garlic powder daily for 4 months and exhibited an average 12% reduction in cholesterol. Was this a significant reduction, and was it due to the garlic? It is impossible to say without comparison to a control group of similar people who received no treatment. In this study, the control group averaged only a 3% reduction in cholesterol, so garlic seems to have made a difference.
a large sample size generally means a stronger study[Why I tagged this]5,000 people. It is more reliable because scientist had a greater selection of people to test on. with 5 people, they might not have reacted to the drug like the other 4,995.[Why I tagged thisA drug tested on 5 people wouldn't be as accurate because it may not shown abnormalities or side effects that some people may have to the drug. A larger sample size would also show if a drug is more likely to work for a large population of people who may need it.[Why I tagged thisI would trust my health to a drug tested on 5,000 people because I would know that the results are more accurate and have been tested on a broad range of people that all have different health conditions.[Why I tagged thisObviously I would trust my health to a drug that was tested on 5,000 people. Why? Well, first and foremost it's been tested. Secondly there are more than one proof that the drug actually works. And lastly, mainly because you can't trust a drug that has only been tested on 5 people. Unless you're going cheap then sure.[Why I tagged thisIt would be more precise to examine more test subjects because the effects of drugs and new medication can vary from person to person. Even today, on every medication there are labels with possible side effects that may arise due to the drug. Not every person's body reacts to drugs in the same way. While it may work for one person flawlessly, the other may develop symptoms in responce to the medication such as headaches, nauseia, or dizziness.[Why I tagged thisI would trust it more if it was tested on 5,000 people because it more possible to see flaws or variations in the effects or results of the medicine, therefore they can improve it more adequetly. [Why I tagged thisMore people, because it allows you to get a better percentage as to how many people were effected by the drug. With less subjects it could be misleading.[Why I tagged this5,000. the more people its tried on the more safer it will be by going through trial and error fixing the problems along the way. knowing that many people were willing to have their life on the line for that drug would make it more trustworthy in my eyes. [Why I tagged thisyou want controls so you have something to compare your experiment too.[Anatomy and PhysiologyControls are very important when experimenting in order to see if what being tested really works or not. [Why I tagged thisA control group can provide the experimental leader with confidence in the changes made to the experimental groups. [Why I tagged thisThis explains the importance of control and how it helps us to determine the effect of a variable being tested in experiments[Why I tagged thisImportant to have something to compare the experimental group to.[Why I tagged thisIn drug studies, control groups have to be like the group recieving the drug for the outcomes to be honest.[Why I tagged thisIf we didn't have controls we wouldn't know if things were working or not[Why I tagged thisanother important factor in designing an effective study[Why I tagged thisCompare and contrast.[Why I tagged thisgood to know that you need a control group and an ecperemental group so that you can see what is happening between the two. [Why I tagged thisJelena Ristic
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The primary function of the intercostal muscles is to stiffen the thoracic cage during respiration so that it does not cave inward when the diaphragm descends. However, they also contribute to enlargement and contraction of the thoracic cage and thus add to the air volume that ventilates the lungs.Many other muscles of the chest and abdomen contribute significantly to breathing: the sternocleidomastoid and scalenes of the neck; pectoralis major and serratus anterior of the chest; latissimus dorsi of the lower back; internal and external abdominal obliques and transverse abdominal muscle; and even some of the anal muscles. The respiratory actions of all these muscles are described in chapter 22.
I find this important because it answers my question about how the thoracic cage doesn't cave in when breathing. I now know it's because of the intercoastal muscles that lie between the ribs.[Why tag this]I highlighted this section because it talks about something I have wondered for a long time. I would like to know, how much pressure does the diaphragm exert and what force is needed to cave the thoracic cage in? I am curious about this question because I have learned about lung pressue and how the pressure from the outside of the body must be greater than the perssue in the inside of the lungs for air to move into the lungs, and vice versa. I am curious to know, at what point and volume is too much for the diaphragm to handle and what types of scenarios could cause this? My initial guess would be an example of scuba diving. When a scuba diver reaches far below the water surface, what pressue causes the diaphragm to act incorrectly?[Why tag thisstiffen the thoracic cage while breathing so it does not cave inward when the diaphragm descends[Why tag thisIf the intercostal muscles do not stiffen the thoracic cage and does not cave inward what will be the care a doctor could do to help with this so that the diaphragm doesnt get crushed[Why tag thisthat sounds like it would make it harder to breathe[Why tag thisSo can failure of intercostal muscles cause your lung to collapse (via the ribs)?[Why tag thisThis is interesting to me because of how the body works together so bad things don't occur. When the diaphragm descends, the thoracic cage does not want to cave inward so the interconstal muscles stiffen the thoracic cage during respiration. Very interesting![Why tag thisIs there a disease that contributes to the thinning out of the intercostal muscles causing the thoracic cage to cave inward?[Why tag thisAre these the muscles that cramp up during a long run when breathing becomes labored?[Why tag thisThis is important because intercostal (bone) support the thoracic cage which encloses the lungs. If the intercostal muscles and bones were subject to damage, lungs would not be able to expand and deflate as normal, which in tern cause cause circulation problems because of an inadequate amount of oxygen being supplied to the blood. [Why tag thisFound it interesting that it is the muscles pulling and pushing the diaphram and intercostal spaces that manipulate the lungs so that the lungs don't really move on their own. [Why tag thisThe intercoastal muscles play an important role in breathing, but do they help at all with protection of the ribs? Do people who have prominent ribs have less intercoastal muscles, and are they more susceptible to ribs injury?[Why tag thisSo these muscle tighten and loosen to accomodate the funtion of the thoracic cavity?[Why tag thisI thought this was interesting because a person breathe continuously without oxygen in their lungs they would not live. So I just think its interesting how much are muscles have to move and function 24 hours everyday. Without the muscles in the thoracic cage the diaphragm would collapse. This happens to some people Im sure, but I just think its interesting how much our inner organs and muscles depend on eachother everyday all day for humans to save alive.[Why tag thisI found this interesting because how the intercoastal support the thoratic cage which surrounds the lungs bt say someone has ashama or breathing problems does that mean they have bad muscle movement?[Why tag thisWhat percentage of the intercostal muscles is responsible for the air we breathe?[Why tag thisA pneumothorax, occurs when air moves into the sapce around the lung and makes it difficult to expand fully. The muscles around the rib cage act to allow more air to fill the lungs normally, but in a patient with pneumothorax, these muscles cannot help because the air is trapped. Sometimes a chest tube has to be inserted to let the extra air out. Patients with COPD also have CO2 buildup in the lungs causing shortness of breath, despite the efforts of the intercostal muscle to maintain thoracic cage shape. I wonder how large lung tumors effect the intercostal muscle fibers, as they are under more stress. Pain control with large lung tumors is very difficult because pain medications cause depression of the respiratory system and breathing cannot get too slow, but the right amount of pain medication will make breathing less painful so the patient can get more oxygen. According to the international Journal of Surgery, Occasionally tumors can grow from the intercostal muscles, though this is very rare. [Why tag thisI didn't realize or know what the primary function of the intercostal muscles is to stiffen the thoracic cage during respiration. They do this so the muscles don't fold inward when the diaphragm descends. [Why tag thisSingers often talk about strengthening the intercostal muscles for better breathing techniques/vocal quality - can strengthening these muscles actually increase your air capacity and singing ability?[Why tag thisstiffen the thoracic cage while breathing. add to air volume during ventilation[Why tag thisI tagged this because I will rememeber the function of intercostal muscles is to stiffen the thoracic cage so it doesnt cave in because the term intercostal has the word coast in it and i will assimilate coast witht he word cave and that way I will rememeber it better.[Why tag thisKasey Bowers
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Channel proteins (fig. 3.8c). Channels are passages that allow water and hydrophilic solutes to move through the membrane. A channel can be a tunnel through an individual membrane protein or, more often, a tunnel surrounded by a complex of multiple proteins. Some channels are always open, whereas others are gates that open and close under different circumstances, thus determining when solutes can pass (fig. 3.8d). These gates respond to three types of stimuli: ligand-gated channels respond to chemical messengers, voltage-gated channels to changes in electrical potential (voltage) across the plasma membrane, and mechanically gated channels to physical stress on a cell, such as stretch and pressure. By controlling the movement of electrolytes through the plasma membrane, gated channels play an important role in the timing of nerve signals and muscle contraction (see Deeper Insight 3.1). Physiologists are avidly investigating a family of diseases called channelopathies that result from defects in channel proteins.
Without enzymes we wouldnt be able to digest proteins and starch? [Why tag this text]enzymes carry out the final stages of starch and protein digestion in the small intestines. It also helps to produce second messengers and break down hormones.[General-Do not useI chose this as I feel enzymes play one of the most vital roles in breakdown and digestion and helping to send important signals throughout the body.[Why tag this textI did not know that cells had enzymes attached to them[Why tag this textimportant-synthesis[Why tag this textI always thought enzymes just sped up the process of breaking down substances, I never realized they help in so many other ways to such as with digestion, producing second messengers and signaling other molecules when their job is done.[Why tag this textI didn't know that cells had enzymes attached to the plasma membrane too. This is interesting and helps to tie together ideas from what I learned in Bio150 and this course[Why tag this textin my opinion this is one of the most important part of the plasma membrane. I mean when i read that it breaks down hormones and signals other molecules for their jops and produces messenegers i can't help but think that a big job[Why tag this textI chose this because I learned a lot about channel proteins back in high school. Channel proteins are trans-membrane proteins found in the phospholipid bilayer membranes in our bodies. The phospholipids hide their tails and show their hydophilic region forming a bilayer. Channel proteins function like ion pores and that makes them provide a pathway for small ions or electrolytes to move directly through the cell membrane. [Why tag this textThe channels responding individually to one type of signal is interesting because every one is so specialized. It would seem that there would be more room for error in our genetic makeup because receptors cannot percieve all types of signals. If a person is lacking one type of signal recognition, disease or disability in the body would result. In my nursing course we are discussing how low MAOA (monoamine oxidase A) affects neurotransmitters. The genetic variation has been linked to violence in those with low MAOA. This would be a lack of signals to the ligand-gated channels. [Why tag this textchannel proteins description and function[Why tag this textQuestion 5: Gate versus ither channel proteins.Gates require a type of stimuli to trigger them whereas channels allow passage withiout this. There are 3 different types of gates: ligand-gated channels, voltage-gated channels, and mechanically gated channels.[Why tag this textI find it very interesting that such a small and simple protein can make a big difference in what gets sent through the cell membrane.[Why tag this textThis is important because without these channel proteins it would be impossible for water to enter the cell because water is a polar molecule[Why tag this textThe main determination on what can pass and when.[Why tag this textSo this is what the sodium/potassium pumps are in our muscles?[Why tag this textI feel that we will be dealing with these different types of gates later in the semester. It is importance to know the difference in how each gate is activated.[Why tag this textthe channel reponds to only 3 types of stimuli[Why tag this textI knew that cells had channels to move substance through, but I had no idea the extent of how many different types there were and that different things triggered the different channels.[Why tag this textthings that open gates [Why tag this textRachel Feivor
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Transcription DNA is too large to leave the nucleus and participate directly in cytoplasmic protein synthesis. It is necessary, therefore, to make a small mRNA copy that can migrate through a nuclear pore into the cytoplasm. Just as we might transcribe (copy) a document, transcription in genetics means the process of copying genetic instructions from DNA to RNA. An enzyme called RNA polymerase (po-LIM-ur-ase) binds to the DNA and assembles the RNA. Certain distinctive base sequences (often TATATA or TATAAA) inform the polymerase where to begin.RNA polymerase opens up the DNA helix about 17 base pairs at a time. It reads the bases from one strand of the DNA and makes a corresponding RNA. Where it finds a C on the DNA, it adds a G to the RNA; where it finds an A, it adds a U; and so forth. The enzyme then rewinds the DNA helix behind it. Another RNA polymerase may follow closely behind the first one; thus, a gene may be transcribed by several polymerase molecules at once, and numerous copies of the same RNA are made. At the end of the gene is a base sequence that serves as a terminator, which signals the polymerase to stop.The RNA produced by transcription is an ?immature? form called pre-mRNA. This molecule contains ?sense? portions called exons that will be translated into a protein, and ?nonsense? portions called introns that must be removed before translation. Enzymes remove and degrade the introns and splice the exons together into a functional mRNA molecule, which then leaves the nucleus. It may help you in remembering these if you think of introns being removed while still in the nucleus and the exons being exported from the nucleus to undergo translation in the cytoplasm.Through a mechanism called alternative splicing, one gene can code for more than one protein. Suppose a gene produced a pre-mRNA containing six exons separated by noncoding introns. As shown in figure 4.6, these exons can be spliced together in various combinations to yield codes for two or more proteins. This is a partial explanation of how the body can produce millions of different proteins with no more than 25,000 genes.
DNA is too large to leave the nuclease and participate directly in protein synthesis, so it is made smaller[General-Do not use]Transcription:DNA needs to become smaller to leave the nucleus, so we make a small copy of mRNA that can come out into the cytoplasm. It is pretty much the copying of genetic instructions from DNA to RNA. RNA polymerase [enzyme] binds to the DNA and assembles the RNA. It reads the bases from the DNA and switches them into the RNA. Can have pre-mRNA, which has sense[exons] and nonsense portions[introns], the nonsense portions get removed. before it becomes mRNA. Enzymes take out the introns and put the exons together. [Why tag this textQuestion 3: Transcription is the copying of genetic material from DNA to RNA. Translation is a process to converts the necleotide sequence into amino acids.[Why tag this textit's confusing ![Why tag this textWhat is the difference between transcription and translation? When I read this I initially thought that both make a copy of the original DNA. [Why tag this textTranslation is a key process in the function of DNA and the synthesis of proteins. This section describes the process and what occurs during translation.[Why tag this texttranscription takes place when a mRNA (messenger RNA) makes a copy of instructions to make genes. Then the RNA polymerase is able to connect the DNA and assemble the bases of the RNA. C-GA-U[Why tag this textTranscription -- DNA --> mRNA[Why tag this textimportant to know[Why tag this textmRNA is a small copy of the information found in DNA and it is produced by the DNA as a messenger to carry out the instructions for protein synthesis. The DNA does this because it cannot leave the cell nucleus but the mRNA can.[Why tag this textso does that mean that RNA is smaller than DNA?[Why tag this textThis is cool, even taking science classes in highschool I didn't know this. They leave alot of things out in HS! So the DNA is copied and the copy travels through the nuclear pore? What happens to the actual DNA then? Does that cell die?[Why tag this textDefinition of transcription: the process of copying genetic instructions from DNA to RNA[Why tag this texthow it works [Why tag this textI've never thought of DNA as too large to do anything, but this is an interesting system: making a smaller copy called mRNA to leave the nucleus and send a message. [Why tag this textInside the nucleus you will find chromatins, if you break down a chromatin you are finding yourself with DNA and proteins. Which make up the contents of the nucleus of a cell. DNA is attached to the inside of the nuclear envelope and if it tries to come exit through the nuclear pores it won't be able to due to the size limit. Nuclear pores only allow a certain size to exit and even the smallest chromosome of DNA would not be able to exit out. So what happens is the RNA leaves the nucleus with a code, because DNA is too big. RNA then delievers the code to the [Why tag this textBecause it is important to know this process of DNA to RNA. [Why tag this textmake small mRNA copy that can migrate through a nuclear pore into te cytoplasm[Why tag this textso its just making a copy of the DNA and RNA [Why tag this texttranscription - process of copying genetic instructions from DNA to RNA[Why tag this textDanielle Henckel
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Nicole Coppins
Tayelor Neiss
Alyssa Harmes
Muscles?Suprahyoid Group Several aspects of chewing, swallowing, and vocalizing are aided by eight pairs of hyoid muscles associated with the hyoid bone (fig. 10.11). The suprahyoid group is composed of the four pairs superior to the hyoid?the digastric, geniohyoid, mylohyoid, and stylohyoid. The digastric is an unusual muscle, named for its two bellies. Its posterior belly arises from the mastoid notch of the cranium and slopes downward and forward. The anterior belly arises from a trench called the digastric fossa on the inner surface of the mandibular body. It slopes downward and backward. The two bellies meet at a constriction, the intermediate tendon. This tendon passes through a connective tissue loop, the fascial sling, attached to the hyoid bone. Thus, when the two bellies of the digastric contract, they pull upward on the hyoid; but if the hyoid is fixed from below, the digastric aids in wide opening of the mouth. The lateral pterygoids are more important in wide mouth opening, with the digastrics coming into play only in extreme opening, as in yawning or taking a large bite of an apple. Cranial nerves V (trigeminal), VII (facial), and XII (hypoglossal) innervate these muscles; the trigeminal nerve gives rise to the mylohyoid nerve of the digastric and mylohyoid muscles.
Several aspects of chewing, swallowing, and vocalizing are aided by eight pairs of hyoid muscles associated with the hyoid bone (fig. 10.11). The suprahyoid group is composed of the four pairs superior to the hyoid?the digastric, geniohyoid, mylohyoid, and stylohyoid. The digastric is an unusual muscle, named for its two bellies. Its posterior belly arises from the mastoid notch of the cranium and slopes downward and forward. The anterior belly arises from a trench called the digastric fossa on the inner surface of the mandibular body. It slopes downward and backward. The two bellies meet at a constriction, the intermediate tendon. This tendon passes through a connective tissue loop, the fascial sling, attached to the hyoid bone. Thus, when the two bellies of the digastric contract, they pull upward on the hyoid; but if the hyoid is fixed from below, the digastric aids in wide opening of the mouth. The lateral pterygoids are more important in wide mouth opening, with the digastrics coming into play only in extreme opening, as in yawning or taking a large bite of an apple. Cranial nerves V (trigeminal), VII (facial), and XII (hypoglossal) innervate these muscles; the trigeminal nerve gives rise to the mylohyoid nerve of the digastric and mylohyoid muscles.[image #20]
Is the hyoid bone extra strong? It would seem with all these muscles pulling on it and no support from other bones, it would snap under the pressure.[Why Tag This]The hyoid was one bone I never would have known about until this class. How is it that we have developed this bone and muscle group? How does it differ from other animals?[Why Tag ThisWith out these muscle groups as well as the infrahyoid muscle group, breaking down the nutrients needed for ATP, sustaining life would be difficult. I also think it is interesing how examining these muscles and the hyoid bone in autopsies can detemine cause of death if they are strained or the bone is broken. [Why Tag Thisdigastricgeniohyoidmylohyoidstylohyoid[Why Tag ThisI think it is amazing that chewing, swallowing, and vocalizing revolves around one bone, the hyoid bone. It requires many muscles in order to function and move. It is fascinating that we have so many muscles in the body that can carry out functions that we never even think about throughout the day. For example, the hyoid muscles allow us to open our mouth to eat, speak, and other actions that we never consider the amount of muscle movement that is put into it. [Why Tag ThisI think its very interesting that the hyoid bone is responsible for us coming up with words. It is interesting when I think about that.[Why Tag ThisThis is very interesting, I have always thought that our tongue was the reason why we can talk. I ahve seen shows where the tongue was cut out and the person culdn't speak anymore. So why is this?[Why Tag ThisHow does the hyoid bone really function if it is a floating bone? [Why Tag ThisWhile in the process of reading and learning, one might be inclined to breeze past the hyoid bone due to the fact that it does not directly articulate with any of other bone, the number of pairs of muscles associated with it suggest its importance.[Why Tag ThisWhy are all of the muscles above the shoulders so specialized? It doesn't seem like there are any muscles much like what you find in the neck and face anywhere in the body.[Why Tag ThisIt is interestesting on how hyoid bone have many function when it is the only bone that is [Why Tag ThisI didnt know the hyoid bone had important muscles associated with it.[Why Tag ThisI did not know the muscles involving the hyoid were so important in functions like swallowing.[Why Tag Thissuprahyoid group of muscles; their functions and description[Why Tag ThisHow does the hyoid stay in place if it is not attached to any bone? Is it soley relying on the muscles and tendons to hold it in place?[Why Tag ThisChewing, swallowing and vocalizing are aided by eight pairs of hyoid muscles associated with the hyiod bone. [Why Tag ThisThe suprahyoid group contains the digastric, geniohyoid, and mylohoid, and stylohyoid. [Why Tag ThisWhen I had vocal damage in high school, my otolaryngologist suggested the underlying cause of my vocal distress lied in the hyoid muscles. I had to go through months of therapy to learn how to properly adjust my posture to keep those muscles from becoming tense and misaligned to save the integrity of my voice. I also learned how to manipulate the hyoid to release tension in those muscles, which was pretty cool too. [Why Tag ThisHow does the suprahyoid group get its name? [Why Tag Thisthe suprahyoid group are composed of these four pairs[Why Tag ThisCan you explain this some more very confusing. [Why Tag ThisStephen Minakian
Claire Silkaitis
Amanda
Emily
Poljana Janko
Michea Jones
Erin Griph
jennifer lassiter
Stephanie Collins
xuntao
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lenarch2
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Anisa Janko
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Brittany Nycz
He correctly believed this to be the cell's hereditary matter, although he was never able to convince other scientists of this. We now call this substance deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and know it to be the repository of our genes.
By 1900, biochemists knew the basic components of DNA?sugar, phosphate groups, and organic rings called nitrogenous bases?but they didn't have the technology to determine how these were put together.
By 1900, biochemists knew the basic components of DNA?sugar, phosphate groups, and organic rings called nitrogenous bases?but they didn't have the technology to determine how these were put together.
By 1900, biochemists knew the basic components of DNA?sugar, phosphate groups, and organic rings called nitrogenous bases?but they didn't have the technology to determine how these were put together. That understanding didn't come until 1953, in one of the century's most dramatic and important stories of scientific discovery (see Deeper Insight 4.1). The following description of DNA is largely the outcome of that work.
biochemists knew the basic components of DNA-sugar, phosphate groups, and organic rings called nitrogenous bases
WHY WOULD IT BE UNLIKELY THAT SCIENTISTS WOULD BELIEVE NUCLEIN IS THE CELL'S HEREDITARY MATTER?[Why tag this text]It's amazing how our DNA is so little, yet it plays such a big part in our genetic makeup. [Why tag this textThat is so interesting on how he was able to find DNA.[Why tag this textDNA helps to encode the genetic structure and function of a cell. It is made up of genes which have specific functions and/or traits for the human body. Genes make up the many characteristics that a person embodies.[Why tag this textif they knew what DNA was made up of wouldn't that mean they knew how it was formed together?[Why tag this texti had no idea DNA was made up of suga, phosphate groups, and organic rings called nitrogenous base. i wonder how they figured that out[Why tag this textKnowing the building blocks of DNA, is it possible for us to create a strand of DNA from scratch? If so, would we be able to fix certain problems in our DNA with the [Why tag this textImpressive how scientist came to know DNA without much of electonic help to see them. They understood what it was all about but could not replicate it.[Why tag this textIt takes a great deal of time to discover and understand many things when it comes to science. [Why tag this textThis is pretty amazing. There is so much 'nitty gritty' details that go into DNA. Even though it wasn't until later that they had the technology to determine how the parts were put together, it's still awesome that they knew that thet were part of DNA. [Why tag this textIn order to understand how something works or acts, you need to know its structure. You also need to be able to understand how this structure interacts with itself and its environment. Over time we are able to see the way scientific explanations have evolved. For example, people used to think that evil spirits were the cause of disease. We now know that bacteria and viruses are the cause and these terms cover a wide spectrum of types. This is the same for genetic material. Scientists have observed nuclei of cells and had observed some things that they believed to be hereditary matter. After further observation, they discovered more about what was found. They always have something to learn and the information about things like DNA is always changing because of discoveries.[Why tag this textThe things that make us who we are and pass our genes on (DNA) are simply made of sugar, phosphate and nitrogen![Why tag this textBasic compenents of DNA[Why tag this textI never knew that our DNA consisted of sugar its an interesting statement i thought it was just x and y chromosones and other biological contentes.[Why tag this textDNA: Repository[storage area] of genes: Made up of sugar, phosphate groups, and nitrogenous bases [organic rings].[Why tag this textthe very basic components of DNA can be broken down into three groups [Why tag this textCrazy to think these small components make up the basis of all life and the development of all organisms[Why tag this textwhat makes up DNA[Why tag this textHelix structure, which is really important, but I'm not sure why.[Why tag this textpayoua
Melissa
Cassie Marsh
lenarch2
Lauren Anthe
Jonathan Baures
Joseph Skarlupka
xuntao
Anthony Wheeler
Lindsay Orgas
Kirsten Majstorovic
Laura Kovach
Noelle
Channelle Colbert
Danielle Henckel
Alexandra Schmit
Nick Lund
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Sarah Kallas
The glenohumeral (humeroscapular) joint, or shoulder joint, is where the hemispherical head of the humerus articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula
The glenohumeral (humeroscapular) joint, or shoulder joint, is where the hemispherical head of the humerus articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula (fi
The glenohumeral (humeroscapular) joint, or shoulder joint, is where the hemispherical head of the humerus articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula (fig. 9.24).
The glenohumeral (humeroscapular) joint, or shoulder joint, is where the hemispherical head of the humerus articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula (fig. 9.24).
The glenohumeral (humeroscapular) joint, or shoulder joint, is where the hemispherical head of the humerus articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula (fig. 9.24). Together, the shoulder and elbow joints serve to position the hand for the performance of a task; without a hand, shoulder and elbow movements are almost useless.
The glenohumeral (humeroscapular) joint, or shoulder joint, is where the hemispherical head of the humerus articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula (fig. 9.24). Together, the shoulder and elbow joints serve to position the hand for the performance of a task; without a hand, shoulder and elbow movements are almost useless. The relatively loose shoulder joint capsule and shallow glenoid cavity sacrifice joint stability for freedom of movement. The cavity, however, has a ring of fibrocartilage called the glenoid labrum26 around its margin, making it somewhat deeper than it looks on a dried skeleton
The glenohumeral (humeroscapular) joint, or shoulder joint, is where the hemispherical head of the humerus articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula (fig. 9.24). Together, the shoulder and elbow joints serve to position the hand for the performance of a task; without a hand, shoulder and elbow movements are almost useless. The relatively loose shoulder joint capsule and shallow glenoid cavity sacrifice joint stability for freedom of movement. The cavity, however, has a ring of fibrocartilage called the glenoid labrum26 around its margin, making it somewhat deeper than it looks on a dried skeleton.
The glenohumeral (humeroscapular) joint, or shoulder joint, is where the hemispherical head of the humerus articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula (fig. 9.24). Together, the shoulder and elbow joints serve to position the hand for the performance of a task; without a hand, shoulder and elbow movements are almost useless. The relatively loose shoulder joint capsule and shallow glenoid cavity sacrifice joint stability for freedom of movement. The cavity, however, has a ring of fibrocartilage called the glenoid labrum26 around its margin, making it somewhat deeper than it looks on a dried skeleton.
Shoulder Joint: Also called the glenohumeral joint. It is made up of the head of the humerus connecting to the cavity of the scapula. Stabilized by the bicep muscle. Has tendons that pass through grooves and insert into glenoid cavity. Five ligaments support the shoulder, three [glenohumeral ligaments] and two are coracohumeral ligaments. Also have five bursae muscles. [Why tag this]where the hemispherical head of the humerus articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula. [Why tag thisThese headings are important because they help to locate the different joints and their descriptions. The joints described are mainly parts of the appendicular skeleton, but a few are from the axial. [Why tag thisit is interesting that this joint has such a great range of motion[Why tag thiswhat happens when someone dislocates their shoulder? are any tendons broken?[Why tag thisWhat is this can you explaint hsi a little bit more? [Why tag thisit calls humeroscapular because its in humerus the upper arm part and that's one way to distinguish between names of joints.[Why tag thisWhat makes up the shoulder joint are two different types of joints. [Why tag thisshoulder joints function[Why tag thishelpful deatails about shoulder joint.[Why tag thisI think this join is very important because we do so much with our arms and hands that to think one joint allow us to continue these functions. For example lifting weights you would think you're putting a lot of pressure on your joint.[Why tag thisThe glenohumeral joint is a ball and socket joint. It articulate between the glenoid fossa of the scapula and the head of the humerus. It is the most mobile joint of the body.[Why tag thisdescription of the should joint[Why tag thisThe shoulder joints are located where the head of the humerus articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula. They allow a wide range of movement so the arms can be moved in many positions. [Why tag thisrotator cuff tear happens here[Why tag thisShoulder and elbow work together to position of hand. Without a hand, these joints are almost of no use[Why tag thisThis is important because I never knew that the shoulder and elbow joints worked together. Does this mean when someone dislocates their shoulder, their elbow is affected as well?[Why tag thisI tagged this because I am interested in learning more about the unstability of the shoulder joint because my shoulder has popped out of socket twice. Does having your shoulder pop out of socket once make it more likely to happen again?[Why tag thisThis loose shoulder joint capsule and shallow glenoid cavity sacrifice stability....for freedom of movement?! This passage provides insight about our ancestors and the evolutionary basis for the shoulder joint. Evolution resulted in this freedom of movement because it was required for survival in our primate ancestors. Those that had limited freedom of movement in this joint could not have traveled through the trees in the forests with ease, and therefore would be less likely to find food or reproduce. Hence, we have inherited this modified type of joint from our ancestors. [Why tag thisI never understood how a joint as mobile as the shoulder joint as such instability as well. It seems to be one of if not the most injury prone joint in the body. So many muscles pulling on it from so many different directions...acceleration force, deceleration force, etc. With our knowledge of this joint you would think we would have been able to come up with a training program that addresses the vast mobility and instability issues that confront this joint.[Why tag thisIf our shoulder joint was more stable and allowed for less movement would this possible lessen the amount and type of shoulder injuries since it is one of the most common areas of injuries.[Why tag thisRachel Feivor
Maria Stephans
eric voelker
Emily Zuelzke
Lauren Anthe
hanouf
Elvia Rivas
Kaela Tjugum
Adam Alshehab
Duan Phan
Veronika Scates
Alyssa Harmes
Michael Franzini
corey
Ethan Kelly
Lauren Thiel
Tony Sustachek
David Orr
Catherine Andersen
Flees Robert John
Most organs are composed of tissues derived from two or more primary germ layers.
Most organs are composed of tissues derived from two or more primary germ layers.
Most organs are composed of tissues derived from two or more primary germ layers. The rest of this chapter concerns the ?mature? tissues that exist from infancy through adulthood.
In your study of histology, you may be presented with various tissue preparations mounted on microscope slides. Most such preparations are thin slices called histological sections, and are artificially colored to bring out detail. The best anatomical insight depends on an ability to deduce the three-dimensional structure of an organ from these two-dimensional sections (fig. 5.1). This ability, in turn, depends on an awareness of how tissues are prepared for study.
What primary germ layers are to tissues, is what a fertilized egg is to an embryo[Why tag this text]This shows that organs are intertwined and closely related to each other because they came from the same precursors. [Why tag this textAren't there only 3 germ layers or are their more? cause by the sounds of things it sounds like there is more than 3.[Why tag this textThis was the most interesting part of the section for me. I always assumed that our tissues were all completely different without any real connection. The fact that they are a combination of the primary germ layers was surprising. [Why tag this textThe significance of the 3 [Why tag this textI find that all of our mature tissues form from these three simple [Why tag this textRelating to the second question at the bottom; other than cells, tissues are also made up of the germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm)[General-Do not useusing the thin slices of the histological sections with artifical coloring will help us in studying different tissues and seeing them under a microscope[Why tag this text
It is interesting that mature cells are in you from childhood to adulthood but many people dont show signs of maturity until adulthood. In some cases people mature early but it is made out to be that it's a certain age to mature when in actuality your mature all along.[Why tag this textIt is very important when preparing slides to get a thin slice of the the specimen you are wanting to view. It then will make it easier to view the different details in the slides. For example, connective tissue which is more long and smooth than bone tissue which in that of an oval shape.[Why tag this textQuestion 4: These thin, stained slices are called histological sections.[Why tag this text
It tells how your ability to analyze the information given will help your understanding of the study. It tells you what you need to focus your attention on and skills that need to be developed[Why tag this textI tagged this becasue I thought it was interesting that artificial colors are used to bring out the details in the tissues. Without the use of color, it would be very hard to identify the specific parts of a tissue. Having color also makes the tissues pop out more and it also makes it more enjoyable to look at. [Why tag this textThis is very interesting, when they use the color to bring out the detail, does that harm the tissue in anyway? & along with that, when they slice the tissues, is there a certain time period where it may dry out, and not be able to see the stuctures that go along with it?[Why tag this textproper slide name[Why tag this texthelp with the histology take home assignment[Why tag this textIt is important to know that not all figures in our book are going to look exactly like they will under a scope. [Why tag this textI think this is vital information to understand because since we, as students, will be working with microscopes in our labs and looking for the different characteristics of of an organ from those strips, we need to know how to differentiate between the different parts of the [Why tag this textI learned what this word meant in language of medicine.[Why tag this textthin slice that is mounted on a microscope slide for you too see. artificially colored for you to see.[Why tag this textThis is so interesting to me because i never knew why all the slides were artifically colored. I always thought it was for another reason, not to bring out the detail of the slide. [Why tag this textBrandon Neldner
Lauren Anthe
Guendel Brandon James
MacKenzie
Abigail
jess Tegelman
holly kluge
Tamellia Williams
lucas hubanks
Sarah Ertl
Quiana
payoua
Kayla Theys
Amie Emrys
Holland
Alexis Salzer
Megan Perna
Margo Tillotson
Gabriela
kailey Cortez
Electrolyte Concentrations Electrolytes are important for their chemical, physical (osmotic), and electrical effects on the body. Their electrical effects, which determine such things as nerve, heart, and muscle actions, depend not only on their concentration but also on their electrical charge.
Electrolyte Concentrations Electrolytes are important for their chemical, physical (osmotic), and electrical effects on the body. Their electrical effects, which determine such things as nerve, heart, and muscle actions, depend not only on their concentration but also on their electrical charge.
Electrolyte Concentrations Electrolytes are important for their chemical, physical (osmotic), and electrical effects on the body. Their electrical effects, which determine such things as nerve, heart, and muscle actions, depend not only on their concentration but also on their electrical charge. A calcium ion (Ca2+) has twice the electrical effect of a sodium ion (Na+), for example, because it carries twice the charge. When we measure electrolyte concentrations, we must therefore take the charges into account.
Electrolyte Concentrations Electrolytes are important for their chemical, physical (osmotic), and electrical effects on the body. Their electrical effects, which determine such things as nerve, heart, and muscle actions, depend not only on their concentration but also on their electrical charge. A calcium ion (Ca2+) has twice the electrical effect of a sodium ion (Na+), for example, because it carries twice the charge. When we measure electrolyte concentrations, we must therefore take the charges into account.One equivalent (Eq) of an electrolyte is the amount that would electrically neutralize 1 mole of hydrogen ions (H+) or hydroxide ions (OH-). For example, 1 mole (58.4 g) of NaCl yields 1 mole, or 1 Eq, of Na+ in solution. Thus, an NaCl solution of 58.4 g/L contains 1 Eq of Na+ per liter (1 Eq/L). One mole (98 g) of sulfuric acid (H2SO4) yields 2 moles of positive charges (H+). Thus, 98 g of sulfuric acid per liter would be a solution of 2 Eq/L.The electrolytes in our body fluids have concentrations less than 1 Eq/L, so we more often express their concentrations in milliequivalents per liter (mEq/L). If you know the millimolar concentration of an electrolyte, you can easily convert this to mEq/L by multiplying it by the valence of the ion:
Acids: Proton donorBases: Proton Acceptors.[Why tag this text]What are the consequences of an electrolyte concentration inbalance on a diabetic person? [Why tag this textwhy are electrolytes are important[Why tag this textThis is interesting because I have always known that electrolyte's presence in the body was crucial, but now I know why. They truly are important for electrical effects on the body, as well as chemical and physical. THe electrical effects on nerve, heart, and muscle actions is very intriguing and therefore I will now be more conscious of getting them into my diet.[Why tag this textCharged particles called electrolytes are essential for chemical, physical and mental (electrical) processes and are vital for a functioning body. Electrolytes are commonly associated with Gatorade. [Why tag this textI tagged this because I am familar with having to take in electrolytes due to activity. How do you mesaure electrolyte concentraion?[Why tag this textIt is so important for marathon runners and other extreme altheletes to pay attention to what they drink to rehydrate and make sure to intake a source of both water and electrolytes. By only rehydrating with water, the concentration of electrolytes becomes to low and they lose electrical effects and can even cause death![Why tag this texti tagged this because of the fact that electrolytes help regulate body functions and allow the body to function properly[Why tag this textWhen I see the word electrolyte, I automatically think of gatorade. My sports coaches always used to encourage us drink as much gatorade as possible because of the [Why tag this textwhat does it mean when certain soft drinks/energy drinks say they are enriched with electrolytes to help the body recover faster? If everyones body is especially different when it comes to their electrical effects how would soft drinks be able to gereralize the electrolyte count to not over [Why tag this textMy doctor told me to drink more gatorade because of the high levels of electrolytes because I was very low on them.[Why tag this textIt is amazing to see that everything in the body is controlled by concentration gradients. [Why tag this textAs stated electrolytes are important to everyday functioning, and i wonder if this is one of the effects of why the flu is so dangerous with the loss of all the fluids of the body leading to heart problems. As i mentioned before i think i recently had the stomach flu, lost a lot of fluid, and the next day after feeling slightly better my heart started to skip beats. It would only happen on occasion but was scary and did not feel very good. The nurses said it was from an imbalance of electrolytes from the loss of fluids. Scary to think something so minor could have such a large impact.[Why tag this textThrough sports I learned about electrolytes and their immense importance in the body, but I never knew that their charge could have an effect on how useful they are. When someone thinks of working out and replacing electrolytes they probably don't think of which ones would be more effective like the Ca2+ vs Na+ example the statement provides. [Why tag this textThis is why they give people gatorade in the hospital because it has electrolytes in it to help us repair ourselves with the help from the Na. [Why tag this textI'd like to learn more about this because as a runner and being in the military we are always told about hydrating and maintainging an electrolyte balance to avoid muscle cramps and other more serious problems.[Why tag this textThis contains the definition and importance of electrolytes in solutions[Why tag this textThis paragraph was interesting to because I know understand when I'm running why sometimes I get a muscle cramp or foot cramp. It is important to maintain electrolyte balance because it has physical effects on the body such as the muscle actions. I would like to learn more about electrolytes. Does this have to do with you should always drink a lot of water before a work out? [Why tag this texti do not know about the electrolyte concentration before, i found this very helpful and explaining very clearly. [Why tag this textif these eletrolyte compounds are so nessicary in our body for the nervous functions , does our body naturally produce as many as we need to normally function , or do we rely on obtaining these from our diet. What happens if you have a lack of electrolytes? Is there a form of illness where you do not produce electrolyetes and therefore have problems with nervous functions[Why tag this textI tagged this because I can relate to the fact that the body needs these especially due to my long history in sports and are needed in muscle actions. What are other ways Electrolytes are needed?[Why tag this textElectrolytes also help the body recover, which makes me think of the electrolytes that Gatorade contains and how drinking Gatorade in moderation during a sport is proven to increase an athlete's performance. Also, remembering that the charge of the ion equals how much electrical current is released is an important concept to grasp.[Why tag this textElvia Rivas
Alyssa Harmes
Michael Acker
Michael Franzini
Lauren Stec
Kristen Grivas
eric voelker
Sarah Kallas
Elizabeth
Ashley McBain
Brandon Neldner
Flees Robert John
Rebecca Powers
Rebecca Hoefs
Rebecca Brekke
Alexandra Schmit
Alyssa Tucker
Adam Alshehab
shelby bourdo
Christina Colarossi
Evolution simply means change in the genetic composition of a population of organisms
Evolution simply means change in the genetic composition of a population of organisms.
Evolution simply means change in the genetic composition of a population of organisms. Examples include the evolution of bacterial resistance to antibiotics, the appearance of new strains of the AIDS virus, and the emergence of new species of organisms
Evolution simply means change in the genetic composition of a population of organisms. Examples include the evolution of bacterial resistance to antibiotics, the appearance of new strains of the AIDS virus, and the emergence of new species of organisms.
Meaning of Evolution[Why I tagged this]Basic definition of Evolution.[Why I tagged thisevolution is the when your genetic composition of a populatio changes.[Why I tagged thisDefinition.[Why I tagged thisThe definition of Evolution[Why I tagged thisImportant vocab word. Evolution[Why I tagged thisA common misperception that fuels the Creationist vs. Evolution debate is that (I have personally heard this argument) Monkeys just all of a sudden turned into humans. People don't really understand Evolution and it only gets worse because most schools treat it as a sensitve subject and either don't cover it as it should be, or as in my high schools they say this is an opinion that you dont have to accept.Quite frankly I believe evolution needs to be included in full in all schools[Why I tagged thisSimply states what evolution is[Why I tagged thisI think this is a very important statement in the text because most people when they think of evolution they solely think of the evolution of humans (if they subscribe to that) where here it explains that it includes a lot more than just the body including bacteria and new species of organisms. [Why I tagged thisEvolution def[Why I tagged thisEvolution doesnt mean everything is getting better as seen we as humans have genetic mutations that continually get worse and not better, just my opinion and bias mixed with fact. Anyways, the simplest form of evolution is explained and should be taken as written without bias which is nearly impossible, but still is a fact of life that happens in many forms.[Why I tagged thisdef. evolution[Why I tagged thisevolution- change in genetics of a population of organism[Why I tagged thisHelpful example of evolution[Why I tagged thisQuestion: is it a change for the better or the worse? [Why I tagged thisThis I thought was important becuase it explains what evolution is and gives certain examples of evolution[Why I tagged thisI think that as long as we have technology that we will not have to worry about any of this. There are hundreds, even thousands of different strands of the same virus out there, and when ever a new stran presents itself, scientists find a way to cure it.[Why I tagged thisHave we always been able to create vaccines to fight new strains of viruses that have mutated? Will we ever come to a day when we are unable to cure common ailments?[Why I tagged thisThis is interesting in the fact that evolution is about a population and not about an individual. It's great that every so often there will be a superhuman that can withstand the freezing temperature or can run faster than everyone else, but we haven't evolved, because the population as a whole can't withstand the freezing temperature. But we can use the information of the superhumans to try to evolve.[Why I tagged thisEvolution is very important because it means that something new has been created to make a significant change on the science world. [Why I tagged thisNeat to see how we do evolve, even if it is in ways we can not see.[Why I tagged thisEvolution is important in the study of science[Why I tagged thisLauren Gwidt
lindsay krueger
Bonnie Watson
Matthew Robert Schmidt
Jelena Ristic
Brendan Semph
Justin Rosinski
Abigail
Amie Emrys
andrew baker
Corianne
victor
Sami
Danny Duong
Kimberly Loney
Jonathan Rooney
Jerry S Yang
Lauren Thiel
Flees Robert John
Caitlin
Cellulose is the most abundant organic compound on earth and it is a common component of the diets of humans and other animals?yet we have no enzymes to digest it and thus derive no energy or nutrition from it
Cellulose is the most abundant organic compound on earth and it is a common component of the diets of humans and other animals?yet we have no enzymes to digest it and thus derive no energy or nutrition from it.
Cellulose is the most abundant organic compound on earth and it is a common component of the diets of humans and other animals-yet we have no enzymes to digest it and thus derive no energy or nutrition from it.
Cellulose is the most abundant organic compound on earth and it is a common component of the diets of humans and other animals?yet we have no enzymes to digest it and thus derive no energy or nutrition from it. Nevertheless, it is important as dietary ?fiber,? ?bulk,? or ?roughage.? It swells with water in the digestive tract and helps move other materials through the intestine.
Cellulose is the most abundant organic compound on earth and it is a common component of the diets of humans and other animals?yet we have no enzymes to digest it and thus derive no energy or nutrition from it. Nevertheless, it is important as dietary ?fiber,? ?bulk,? or ?roughage.? It swells with water in the digestive tract and helps move other materials through the intestine.Page 61
Carbohydrates are, above all, a source of energy that can be quickly mobilized.
Carbohydrates are, above all, a source of energy that can be quickly mobilized. All digested carbohydrate is ultimately converted to glucose, and glucose is oxidized to make ATP, a high-energy compound discussed later.
Carbohydrates are, above all, a source of energy that can be quickly mobilized. All digested carbohydrate is ultimately converted to glucose, and glucose is oxidized to make ATP, a high-energy compound discussed later. But carbohydrates have other functions as well (Table 2.6). They are often conjugated20 with (covalently bound to) proteins and lipids. Many of the lipid and protein molecules at the external surface of the cell membrane have chains of up to 12 sugars attached to them, thus forming glycolipids and glycoproteins, respectively. Among other functions, glycoproteins are a major component of mucus, which traps particles in the respiratory system, resists infection, and protects the digestive tract from its own acid and enzymes.
The animal cell membrane is composed of a phospholipid bilayer i.e. it is made of two lipid molecules. They have a hydrophilic (loves water) and a hydrophobic (hates water) part.[Why tag this text]Cellulose is most abundant organic compound on earth[Why tag this textI find it weird that we have not addapeted enzymes to break down the cellulose. If it is the most abundant and we are receiving it the most I would feel that we would have adapted enzymes to support it by now.[Why tag this textThis material is similar to what we cover in my nutrition class, but this book goes into more detail of the chemistry behind sugars and starches.[Why tag this textInteresting how even though we get no nutrition or energy from this organic compound, it is still a necessary part of our diet.[Why tag this textIt really surprises me to know that fiber isn't actually nutritious or energizing to the human body. There are many products that are publicized and marketed based almost solely on their fiber content (and how important it is to take in a fair amount of fiber). Although it helps in digestion, which is important, I thought fiber had a lot more nutritional value than it actually does. [Why tag this textCellulose is the most abundant organic compound on earth. That fact that is is a common part of diets in humans and other animals but we have no enzymes to digest it is new to me. Since we can't digest it we recieve no energy or nutrition from it.[Why tag this textIt's interesting that cellulose is common component for humans and animals and yet we have no enzymes to digest it. Why is that?[Why tag this textIf there are two types of fiber, soluble and insoluble, I assume then that the insoluble fiber is cellulose based. If this is the case, then what is soluble fiber derived from? If humans don't have the enzyme to break down fiber, then it must come from something other than cellulose, correct?[Why tag this textI find it amazing that, although cellulose is the most abundant oreganic compound, most people do not get enough fiber in there diet. The is a plethora of available, natural fiber, but people opt formanuifactured alernatives before simply changing their diet. In doing this, people create more issues because their body can become dependent on the artifical compnents used. The person then requires the intoduced item in order to maintain normal function.[Why tag this textThis is crazy that there's so much of it, and we cannot get full use out of it. Are there certain enzymes that aren't found in humans that can digest it, or have scientists looked into constructing one that can help us use it?[Why tag this textThis was really interesting to me. I always assumed that since cellulose was unable to be digested in humans it was a worthless chemical compound, but this shows that it still plays an important role in humans.[Why tag this textnot the only energy-storage, also gycogen, starch, and cellulose[Why tag this textCarbohydrates are important to our bodies as they are broken down into sugars and converted into energy for our bodies to function regularly.[Why tag this textare carbohydrates the best source of energy because they can be quickly mobilized? or are lipids and proteins the best source of energy because lipids contain 9 calories per gram which would be the more dense form of energy in a way..[Why tag this textThe night before track meets and swim meets my coaches always wanted us to eat pasta so we had a reserve of quick burning energy to compete off of[Why tag this textWhen reading food labels, I will now understand the significance and importance of carbs and why it is very important to eat an adequate amount of carbs before a work out. Carbs are a great source of energy which can be burned rather quickly as it breaks down into glucose and then oxidized to ATP which a high energy compound. [Why tag this textCarbohydrate is a very vital organic compound. This provides our bodies with energy and the different types of carbs have all different kinds of important functions in our bodies such as glucose, which provides most of our cells with energy; and lactose, which when digested into glucose and galactose is important for the nutrition of infant mammals.[Why tag this textcarbohydrates the primary energy source for the body. all functions of the body convert carbohydrates into atp which is than used to power everything from muscles to the brain[Why tag this textHow does our body, tp be more specific our digestive system turn carbohydrates into glucose?[Why tag this textI tagged this because this paragraph tells that carbs are very good foor the body and serve to do specific functions. I found this interesting because I thought that too many carbs could be unhealthy.[Why tag this textStephanie
shelby
Laura Kovach
Rebecca Brekke
Amanda Bartosik
Nicholas Bruno
Duan Phan
Jacob
Corianne
Caitlin
Joe Nimm
MacKenzie
Richard Cook
Keira
Sarah Kallas
Dakota Francart
eric voelker
Elvia Rivas
Megan Page
Figure 3.6The Plasma Membrane. (a) Plasma membranes of two adjacent cells (TEM). (b) Molecular structure of the plasma membrane.
Membrane Lipids Figure 3.6b shows our current concept of the molecular structure of the plasma membrane?an oily film of lipids with diverse proteins embedded in it. Typically about 98% of the molecules in the membrane are lipids, and about 75% of the lipids are phospholipids. These amphiphilic molecules arrange themselves into a bilayer, with their hydrophilic phosphate-containing heads facing the water on each side of the membrane and their hydrophobic tails directed toward the center, avoiding the water. The phospholipids drift laterally from place to place, spin on their axes, and flex their tails. These movements keep the membrane fluid.
Intracellular, inside the cell. extracellular, outside the cell[Why tag this text]This reminds me of checking in and out of the airport. Securities controls who can go in by checking people's bags and there are boundaries where people with out tickets can't go in. [Why tag this textQuestion 2: The amphilic nature of phosolipids allows the lipds to form into a bilayer membrane.[Why tag this textfunction of membrane lipids[Why tag this textabout 98% of the membrance are lipds, lipids are fat so that is a pretty big amount just inside the cell[Why tag this textMembrane Lipids: Phospholipid bilayer?Most of the membrane is lipids, but many of those lipids are phospholipids, meaning they have a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic head [on the inside][Why tag this textQuestion 1: Plasma membrane hydrophilic instead.If the plasma membrane was made up of hydrophilic stubstance instead of hydrophobic the membrane would be repelled by the water surrounding it and this would make the membrane unfuctionable for compound transfer.[Why tag this textThis is interesting because almost all of the make up of the molecules in the membrane of cells is made up of lipids, or fat![Why tag this textI found this interesting becuase i didn't know that 98% of the molecules in the membrane are lipids, and 75% of the lipids are phospholipids. [Why tag this textThis seems to imply that the concept of the molecular structure of the plasma membrane has changed over time. In what ways has it changed? It also seems to imply that it has the future potential to change again. regarding the current concept of the structure, what else would one need to know about the molecular structure of the plasma membrane in order to be more confident in today's concept of it?[Why tag this textThe composition of the plasma membrane allows it to function in the way it does. It is composed of mainly lipids, specifically phospholipids.[Why tag this textI never knew at the plasma membrane was made up of lipids.[Why tag this textImportant stat. What are phospholipids?[Why tag this textI knew that the membrane was made of lipids but i had no idea that they were made mostly of lipids. Is this because the lipids provide cushion and structure?[Why tag this textWhat is the benefit of having so many lipids in the membrane? Does it protect them?[Why tag this textI did not know that it was such a large percentage of phospholipids that make up the plasma membrane![Why tag this textThere is about 98% of molecules in the membrane of lipids. [Why tag this textThis is important because it explains to me how the membrane is made up. They are arranged in movements in order to keep fluid in the membrane. [Why tag this textWhat makes a lipid a phospholipid?[Why tag this textDidn't realize that 98% membrane Lipids are molecules. [Why tag this textGiaLee
Sarah Ertl
Zeke Whittier
Justin Putterman
Danielle Henckel
Michael Acker
Anisa Janko
Sarah Hudson
Stephanie
Julia
Samantha B Johnson
Ashley McBain
Laura Kovach
Sue Xiong
Lauren Thiel
Alyssa Harmes
Stephanie
Steven Bertschy
molecules.
A molecule is a particle composed of at least two atoms, the smallest particles with unique chemical identities.
The theory that a large, complex system such as the human body can be understood by studying its simpler components is called reductionism. First espoused by Aristotle, this has proven to be a highly productive approach; indeed, it is essential to scientific thinking.
The theory that a large, complex system such as the human body can be understood by studying its simpler components is called reductionism. First espoused by Aristotle, this has proven to be a highly productive approach; indeed, it is essential to scientific thinking. Yet the reductionistic view is not the only way of understanding human life. Just as it would be very difficult to predict the workings of an automobile transmission merely by looking at a pile of its disassembled gears and levers, one could never predict the human personality from a complete knowledge of the circuitry of the brain or the genetic sequence of DNA. Holism14 is the complementary theory that there are ?emergent properties? of the whole organism that cannot be predicted from the properties of its separate parts?human beings are more than the sum of their parts. To be most effective, a health-care provider treats not merely a disease or an organ system, but a whole person. A patient's perceptions, emotional responses to life, and confidence in the nurse, therapist, or physician profoundly affect the outcome of treatment. In fact, these psychological factors often play a greater role in a patient's recovery than the physical treatments administered.
Molecules[Why I tagged this]level 6.[Why I tagged thismolecules must have two atoms[Why I tagged thisMolecule def[Why I tagged thislevel 7.[Why I tagged thisMuch of what scientists study are actually the smaller parts which make up the whole, such as cells and macromolecules.[Why I tagged thisIt appears that the two theories would be most useful when combined.[Why I tagged thisreductionism and what it is[Why I tagged thisIt is important to learn different theories on how the anatomy of the body can be viewed.[General---Do Not UseDefinition[Why I tagged thisreducing: breaking something large into smaller pieces[Why I tagged thisreductionism explaination [Why I tagged thisI feel both theories (reductionism and holism) need to be understood and equally used to understand how the human body works and can be treated. [Why I tagged thisThis is important to remember because it ties in with the study of the human body and how it is broken down into different components and levels.[Why I tagged thisThis is the view that I would follow if I were an anatomist. By breaking down a specific species into smaller parts opposed to examining the species as a whole, you will have a much greater understanding of how and why that species acts and works the way they do.[Why I tagged thisReductionism def[Why I tagged thisOne of the reasons why we should continue learning about the history of medicine. Even though they did not have the technology we have, they still had incredible ideas like this from Aristotle that have survived over time.[Why I tagged thisWhy haven't we as humans invented the technology to be able to predict personality when given the brain circuitry? It seems like this will be a possible feat very soon. [Why I tagged thisdef. Reductionism[Why I tagged thisExplains how systems functions and why all of them can function in theory.[Why I tagged thisQuestion 3: Reductionism is where the human body is analzed by studying its parts. This is helpful and necessary to to understanding illnesses, however, without knowing have the parts interact with each other you cannot fully understand the disease.[Why I tagged thisJelena Ristic
lindsay krueger
Amie Emrys
Mia Breidenbach
Janis McNamara
Kayla Cowan
Bonnie Watson
jess Tegelman
Kaitlyn Britten
Amanda Bartosik
Caitlin
Kimberly Loney
Sophie
Jonathan Rooney
Corianne
Lauren Gwidt
Sarah Ertl
Beyond the age of 3 years, the vertebral column is slightly S-shaped,
Beyond the age of 3 years, the vertebral column is slightly S-shaped, with four bends called the cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and pelvic curvatures (fig. 8.19). These are not present in the newborn, whose spine exhibits one continuous C-shaped curve as it does in monkeys, apes, and most other four-legged animals (fig. 8.20). As an infant begins to crawl and lift its head, the cervical region becomes curved toward the posterior side, enabling an infant on its belly to look forward. As a toddler begins walking, another curve develops in the same direction in the lumbar region. The resulting S shape makes sustained bipedal walking possible (see Deeper Insight 8.4, p. 273). The thoracic and pelvic curvatures are called primary curvatures because they exist from birth. The cervical and lumbar curvatures are called secondary curvatures because they develop later, in the child's first few years of crawling and walking.
eyond the age of 3 years, the vertebral column is slightly S-shaped, with four bends called the cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and pelvic curvatures (fig. 8.19). These are not present in the newborn, whose spine exhibits one continuous C-shaped curve as it does in monkeys, apes, and most other four-legged animals (fig. 8.20). As an infant begins to crawl and lift its head, the cervical region becomes curved toward the posterior side, enabling an infant on its belly to look forward. As a toddler begins walking, another curve develops in the same direction in the lumbar region. The resulting S shape makes sustained bipedal walking possible (see Deeper Insight 8.4, p. 273). The thoracic and pelvic curvatures are called primary curvatures because they exist from birth. The cervical and lumbar curvatures are called secondary curvatures because they develop later, in the child's first few years of crawling and walking.
This is evidence supports anatomical diversity; that the general examples cited in this book can only account for about %70 of people's anatomy. small variations such as this are a good example of that.[Why tag this]Does this lead to any problems usually?[Why tag thisDoes this ever cause serious medical problems? [Why tag thisWhat would have to happen to someone if they were born with an extra vertebrae? Would they have to get surgery? Or would they just ignore it?[Why tag thisIt is interesting that the sacrum can differ in regards to sometimes being infused witht he last lumbar vertebra. [Why tag thishow do these vertebrae fuse together to form the coccyx?[Why tag thisWhat about the children whose spine doesn't form the way it should be? Are people able to survive if their spine doesn't form into that S-Shape?[GeneralWhy do some older parents tend to have a hump back?[Why tag thisThe curvatures of the adult vertebral column is crutial to our way of life and is essential to our form of movement. After the age of 3 the human vertebral column becomes S-shaped and includes 4 bends. These bends allow us to lift our heads when laying on our stomach and also make walking on two feet possible. The shape of the vertebral column is important and there are many negative consequences to disruptions to the natural shape. Some diseases affect this shape and can be painful and result in deformity. [Why tag thisWhat happens if one of the bends does not bend?[Why tag thisI understand that the curve of the spine changes with growth and development and age, but how exactly do different curves just form? are vertebrae added or does the shape of the bones change?[Why tag thisWhat's the cause of the body to slowly become erected after birth? In reference to the shape of the spine going from a C to a S[Why tag thisfour types of curvatures[Why tag thiswhy are new borns born with a C shaped spine?[Why tag thisI think this is intesting beacuse we can truely say we evolved from apes not just us haveing the thumb, but us we haveing the same spincord as they have when we come out of the womb.[Why tag thisI find it interesting how, starting off, newborns have more skeletal bones than adults do. But the vertebral column does not exist in the newborns until they start growing. It is just a weird combination how we lose and gain different bone features as we get older. It's like we're transforming without even knowing it![Why tag thisI thought this was interesting because I could relate a few things to it. My sister sister is 1 years old. When she was about 6 - 8 months she could not walk but she could some what crawl. I guess at that time the [Why tag thisSo the cervical region the spine? How does the bone grow if it changes over time, as we get older?[Why tag thishow does the spine change shape? In adults if your spine changed shape, it would be quite painful[Why tag thisWould the curving of the spine be caused from the strengthening of muscles? Or is it that gravity is the only factor?[Why tag thisDoes the cervical region of the child change its shape because of the crawling, lifting of his or her head, and walking, or is the child able to crawl, lift his or her head, and walk because of the change in the shape of the cervical region?[Why tag thisSo if a child is somehow confined to a bed from birth, their spine will be straight without any curves?[Why tag thisAwlareau
Cassi Malko
Nicole Korstanje
Neema Shekar
corey
Christina
PangJeb Vang
David Orr
lenarch2
Hannah Lucas
Ian Borba
Alyssa Harmes
Anthony Wheeler
chanel
mainkao
GiaLee
Sarah
Brianna Brugger
Donald
Matthew Robert Schmidt
It is selectively permeable?it allows some things through, such as nutrients and wastes, but usually prevents other things, such as proteins and phosphates, from entering or leaving the cell.
The methods of moving substances through the membrane can be classified in two overlapping ways: as passive or active mechanisms and as carrier-mediated or not
The methods of moving substances through the membrane can be classified in two overlapping ways: as passive or active mechanisms and as carrier-mediated or not.
The methods of moving substances through the membrane can be classified in two overlapping ways: as passive or active mechanisms and as carrier-mediated or not. Passive mechanisms require no energy (ATP) expenditure by the cell. In most cases, the random molecular motion of the particles themselves provides the necessary energy.
The methods of moving substances through the membrane can be classified in two overlapping ways: as passive or active mechanisms and as carrier-mediated or not. Passive mechanisms require no energy (ATP) expenditure by the cell. In most cases, the random molecular motion of the particles themselves provides the necessary energy. Passive mechanisms include filtration, diffusion, and osmosis. Active mechanisms, however, consume ATP.
The methods of moving substances through the membrane can be classified in two overlapping ways: as passive or active mechanisms and as carrier-mediated or not. Passive mechanisms require no energy (ATP) expenditure by the cell. In most cases, the random molecular motion of the particles themselves provides the necessary energy. Passive mechanisms include filtration, diffusion, and osmosis. Active mechanisms, however, consume ATP. These include active transport and vesicular transport. Carrier-mediated mechanisms use a membrane protein to transport substances from one side of the membrane to the other. We will first consider the mechanisms that are not carrier-mediated (filtration, simple diffusion, and osmosis) and then the carrier-mediated mechanisms (facilitated diffusion and active transport).
Why exactly is it that nutrients and wastes are allowed through, but proteins and phosphates are not? What would be the drawback to having these proteins and phosphates in the cell?[Why tag this text]what happens if a protein or phosphate were to get through the selectively permeable layer? [Why tag this textThe biggest characteristic of the plasma membrane is that it is selevtively permeable. Without it being selective it would let all sort of unneccesary or even fatal items into the cell which could destroy it or kill it. By being selective it almost is an added protection.[Why tag this textHOw does this occur?[Why tag this textIt is absolutely amazing that the membrane of the cell is so intelligent and function so easily on it's own. We take for granted how efficiently and hard our billions of cells work for us.[Why I tagged thisHow does it know, what is what, and what to let in, or what to keep out. [Why tag this textWhat if something [Why tag this textWhy does it prevent proteins from entering? Isn't that a good thing? [Why tag this text2 types of methods for moving substances through membrane which are passive or active and carrier-mediated or not. Passive requires no energy while active consume ATP. Carrier-mediated use a membrane protein. [Why tag this texti think this is something i would like to learn more of [Why tag this textIt amazes me that the cell membrane can function without the exertion of ATP. The cell membrane is [Why tag this textIt is interesting how good cells are at controlling their environment. If not for the complex plasma membrane and its selectivity, anything could enter a cell and harm it, or nothing at all would be able to get in or out. Either way, cells couldn't survive.[Why tag this textDiscusses and explains the different methods of moving a substance through the membrane. How some use up energy or ATP. And others forms of doing this use no energy.[Why tag this textI tagged this because I wanted to take note of the two different methods of moving substances through the membrane. I find passive interesting because it requires no ATP. If it's not energy moving the substance through the membrane then what is? As I read along further I found that the particles themselves provide the needed energy as well as things such as filtration, diffusion, and osmosis. [Why tag this texttransported passive vs. active[Why tag this textmechanisms used for transporting material through the plasma membrane.[Why tag this textpassive definition[Why tag this textIt really is incredible how many processes are passive in the human body. The flow of blood into the viens for example. The flow of cellular waste into the lymph system and the passive transfer of many secretions around the body are all regulated by this passive system.[Why tag this textis their a reason why they have no energy? [Why tag this textpassive mechanisms; example[Why tag this textactive definition[Why tag this textcarrier-mediated mechanisms; examples[Why tag this textKeira
TRAVIS
Amanda
Gina Erato
Ripley
Maisey Mulvey
Stephanie
Lauren Anthe
Rachael Van Keulen
Mia Breidenbach
Nicholas Bruno
Kelli Banach
Alyssa Harmes
Chad Mudd
Zeke Whittier
John
There is no periosteum over the articular cartilage.
A thin layer of reticular connective tissue called the endosteum8 lines the internal marrow cavity, covers all the honeycombed surfaces of spongy bone, and lines the canal system, described later, in compact bone.
In children and adolescents, an epiphyseal (EP-ih-FIZZ-ee-ul) plate of hyaline cartilage separates the marrow spaces of the epiphysis and diaphysis (fig. 7.1a). On X-rays, it appears as a transparent line at the end of a long bone (see fig. 7.11). The epiphyseal plate is a zone where the bones grow in length. In adults, the epiphyseal plate is depleted and the bones can grow no longer, but an epiphyseal line marks where the plate used to be.
i was always curious on how bones would heal sense they are pretty soild and usually diffifult to break.[Why I tagged this]When someone brakes or fractures a bone and it doesn't heal correctly, how does this happen if the osteogenic layer should just take over and mend the bone the right way?[Why I tagged thisWhy is the osteogenic layer important to bone growth? Is there a deficiency in the osteogenic layer in people who have growth problems?[Why I tagged thisIs there periosteum underneath the articular cartilage??[Why I tagged thisThe cartilage forms a smooth, shiny surface that decreases friction within a joint. Although the periosteum provides attachment from muscle to a tendon, to a bone, the cartilage is there to articulate with a joint, which is where the name comes from. The joint is more moveable with this type of cartilage over it, rather than a structurally protective layer like the periosteum.[Why I tagged thisuseful information [Why I tagged thisIn lab we learned what reticular connective tissue looks like and now i know where it is found in the body[Why I tagged thisCould this thin layer ever get torn away or destroyed by a desease? and if so what would happen??[Why I tagged thisWhat happens to people who are bone midgets? Does it have anything to do with this?[Why I tagged thisDoes th epiphyseal plate run horizontally always on a long bone or no?[Why I tagged thisCan a break in the epiphyseal plate during childhood result in stunted growth in the affected limb?[Why I tagged thisAt what age do the epiphyseal plates normally deplete?[Why I tagged thisThis reminded me of the sutures that are located on the skull. The sutures allow us to distinguish the different bones and to determine where the bones fused together. Similary, the epiphyseal line represents where the epiphyseal plate once was, which had separated the marrow spaces of the epiphysis and the diaphysis. [Why I tagged thisBecause of the fact that there is only a specified amount of hyaline cartilage separating the epiphysis and diaphysis up until adulthood, would this imply that the size of the adult bone can be estimated by how much cartilage is present? If so, would this mean that the length of bones, and therefore overall height of an individual has already been determined aside from any external factors (nutrition, etc.)?[Why I tagged thisI tagged this because I thought that this was very interesting when we were covering this topic in lab. I'velearned about this before, but this time around, I got more detail about it from the TA and learned how important this is and so on. Very cool! [Why I tagged thisIt is interesting to read this because I accidentally broke my friends arm when we were in middle school and fractured his growth plate. To this day his right arm is shorter than his left arm and was never allowed to grow to its full length. [Why I tagged thisAre there nerve endings in the plates that cause the infamous growth pains that everyone goes through when they are kids? If not, what causes them? If a person has a large epiphyseal plate, is that an indicator that they are going to be tall? Or are all epiphyseal plates the same?[Why I tagged thisI tagged this, because I found it interesting that there is a separation of the epiphysis and diaphysis from an epiphyseal plate of hyaline cartilage. Also I never knew the zone where bones grow in length is called the epiphyseal plate.[Why I tagged thisThe epiphyseal plate is responsible for bone growth, and is mainly correlated with the development of children. Any damage within the epiphyseal plates of children can be more easily replaced than that of older people. Because these epiphyseal plates stop growing after a certain period of time, older people have more trouble repairing any fractured or damaged bones.[Why I tagged thisThis is interesting to me how the bones grow. When we would get [Why I tagged thisI found this to be very interesting. When I was 15, I cracked the growth plate in my hand. The doctor said it might cause my hand to stop growing leaving one hand bigger than the other. Reading this section helped me understand the physiology of it more. I do wish it woulld have touched more though on fractures of the plate. [Why I tagged thisepiphyseal plate only occurs during adolescents and childhood[Why I tagged thisJenna Nehls
Cassi Malko
Quinn
Cassie Marsh
Adam Alshehab
Sami
lenarch2
Kelly Stahl
Jessica Ryback
Aaron Hersh
Bailey Johnson
Emily
Chelsea Moore
Dakota Francart
Jonathan Rooney
Jourdan Richardson
Juliana Gottwein
Petra Stevanovic
Erin Griph
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Alyssa Harmes
Blood (table 5.9) is a fluid connective tissue that travels through tubular blood vessels
Blood (table 5.9) is a fluid connective tissue that travels through tubular blood vessels.
Blood (table 5.9) is a fluid connective tissue that travels through tubular blood vessels. Its primary function is to transport cells and dissolved matter from place to place
Blood (table 5.9) is a fluid connective tissue that travels through tubular blood vessels. Its primary function is to transport cells and dissolved matter from place to place.
Blood (table 5.9) is a fluid connective tissue that travels through tubular blood vessels. Its primary function is to transport cells and dissolved matter from place to place. It may seem odd that a tissue as fluid as blood and another as rock hard as bone are both considered connective tissues, but they have more in common than first meets the eye.
Blood (table 5.9) is a fluid connective tissue that travels through tubular blood vessels. Its primary function is to transport cells and dissolved matter from place to place. It may seem odd that a tissue as fluid as blood and another as rock hard as bone are both considered connective tissues, but they have more in common than first meets the eye.
Blood (table 5.9) is a fluid connective tissue that travels through tubular blood vessels. Its primary function is to transport cells and dissolved matter from place to place. It may seem odd that a tissue as fluid as blood and another as rock hard as bone are both considered connective tissues, but they have more in common than first meets the eye. Like other connective tissues, blood is composed of more ground substance than cells.
Blood (table 5.9) is a fluid connective tissue that travels through tubular blood vessels. Its primary function is to transport cells and dissolved matter from place to place. It may seem odd that a tissue as fluid as blood and another as rock hard as bone are both considered connective tissues, but they have more in common than first meets the eye. Like other connective tissues, blood is composed of more ground substance than cells. Its ground substance is the blood plasma and its cellular components are collectively called the formed elements. Unlike other connective tissues, blood does not usually exhibit fibers, yet protein fibers do appear when the blood clots. Yet another factor placing blood in the connective tissue category is that it is produced by the connective tissues of the bone marrow and lymphatic organs.
Blood (table 5.9) is a fluid connective tissue that travels through tubular blood vessels. Its primary function is to transport cells and dissolved matter from place to place. It may seem odd that a tissue as fluid as blood and another as rock hard as bone are both considered connective tissues, but they have more in common than first meets the eye. Like other connective tissues, blood is composed of more ground substance than cells. Its ground substance is the blood plasma and its cellular components are collectively called the formed elements. Unlike other connective tissues, blood does not usually exhibit fibers, yet protein fibers do appear when the blood clots. Yet another factor placing blood in the connective tissue category is that it is produced by the connective tissues of the bone marrow and lymphatic organs.
Blood:Blood is the only fluid connective tissue, it is used as a transportation device to transport cells and other matter. It is also loosely packed, with lots of ground surface. It doesn't often exhibit fibers. Shows as discs with no nuclie. Contained in heart and blood vessels. [Why tag this text]THis was really interesting because I never thought of blood as a tissue. I assumed that it was always a fluid substance and that was it. I knew there were cells in it, but not that it was considered conncective tissue.[Why tag this textWhen I think of tissue I don't think of fluids, I would have never guessed that blood is a fluid connective tissue[Why tag this textbeginning of blood description plus primary function[Why tag this textIt is important to remember Connective tissue can also be fully fluid(blood).[Why tag this textI find it interesting that blood is a tissue. I guess i have always thought of blood as liquid and tissue as more something connected[Why tag this textI find this interesting because I would've never considered blood a tissue. I always thought that tissues were a solid form.[Why tag this textI had absolutely no idea that blood is a tissue! interesting [Why tag this textThis is, to me, one of the most interesting parts of 5.3 that I have read about. I never learned about blood in my high school anatomy class, and I am very interested in what it does other than flow around my body and turn red when it hits oxygen. It is even more interesting for me to see that it has to do with the connective tissue in our bodies.[Why tag this textmild detail on what blood is and what its functions are[Why tag this textI haven't thought of blood as a connective tissue before, just as fluid, because it isnt fibrous. With all of the cellular levels we test for in blood, I wouldn't have thought it would be composed of mostly ground substance.[Why tag this textStates how blood is actually a fluid connective tissue. Interesting because I never knew that blood and bones were actually considered tissues, and even says in the paragraph that it may be odd to think that blood and bone are both considered connective tissue, which is exactly what I thought. Then goes on to say some simularities to why they are.[Why tag this textI didn't know that blood was a connective tissue until reading this but now it makes sense when I think about blood clotting because it needs to attach itself.[Why tag this textNever thought of blood as a connective tissue before.[Why tag this textprior to reading this, I would have never thought of classifying blood as a connective tissue. Why is it a connective tissue? because it has more plasma (the ground substance of blood) than it does cells[Why tag this textyes, very surprised that blood is a connective tissue would have never guessed.weird[Why tag this textAlthough I learned about this in my highschool anatomy class, it is still very intriguing to learn about blood since most people would not first associate blood and tissues, especially connective tissues. After you think about it and read a little it does make sense in the fact that blood would be a connective tissue due to the substance and function.[Why tag this textI never would have thought that blood would be considered a connective tissue. After reading it made sense that it would due to its clotting factors, formed elements, ground substance, and origin. [Why tag this textblood, also, has ground substance and cellular components even though it is a liquid connective tissue[Why tag this textSo when there is a blood clot its a group of connective tissue fibers?[Why tag this textHow do the fibers create a blood clot then? If there is usually no exhibiting fibers, how are the able to form together? Im not quit sure, but is that how bruises form? a broken blood vessel in the tissue? [Why tag this texthelps answer the respond question[Why tag this textGuendel Brandon James
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A given purine cannot arbitrarily bind to just any pyrimidine.
A given purine cannot arbitrarily bind to just any pyrimidine. Adenine and thymine form two hydrogen bonds with each other, and guanine and cytosine form three, as shown in fig. 4.2b Therefore, where there is an A on one backbone, there is normally a T across from it, and every C is normally paired with a G. A?T and C?G are called the base pairs. The fact that one strand governs the base sequence of the other is called the law of complementary base pairing. It enables us to predict the base sequence of one strand if we know the sequence of the complementary strand.
Typical. Though it's nice that she's still mentioned in the text. Science is so competitive, it's amazing she wasn't just forgotten completely.[Why tag this text]IT is just amazing what people had discovered and at such young ages. Also, it is sad how many great minds were lost to cancer due to the unknown issues with radioactive materials.[Why tag this textDNA is so much taken for granted for in today's society that it's rare to think about its roots only dating back to 1962. It's also amazing that without all the technology we have today, these scientists were able to make this discovery.[Why tag this textwow that is unbelieveable!!!
That's really sad and ironic. Franklin worked really hard for 2 years researching about the DNA but yet to die early due to the x-ray work that she used.[Why tag this textI think this is interesting that x-rays cause cancer. So something meant to help someone can end up hurting them. This is the reason why x-ray technitions had to walkin into a seperate room when taking x-rays.[Why tag this textFranklin did not recieve the full recognition of finding the double helix and died probably because of all the radiation she was around while doing her x-ray research. If it wasn't for her x-ray showing the the doulbe helix . Watson, Crick and Wilkins might not have known what it looked like. [Why tag this textA & T vs. G & C[Why tag this textA goes to T and C goes to G is important to know in learning about DNA because it we know one sides sequence we can figure the other side out.[General-Do not userefersher from high school that I need to brush up on alot. Question though is if it is possible, what would happen if an A paired with a G instead?[Why tag this textA-T G-C combo and meaning[Why tag this texthow the bases pair with one another[Why tag this textDefinition of law of complementary base pairing: one strand governs base sequence of the other. A-T and C-G[Why tag this textMadeline
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Thanks to reading about the different zones of development, understanding what exactly achondroplasia is and how it happens, is helpful in a biomedical context. Which is relevant for my life.[Why I tagged this]dwarfism in which the long bones of the limbs stop growing in childhood while the groth of other bones are unaffected.[Why I tagged thisWhat affects cartilage growth in the long bones of the limbs? [Why I tagged thisWhy are only certain bones affected by achondroplastic dwarfism? Are there other types of dwarfism or mutations which cause only other bones to be affected?[Why I tagged thisI tagged this, because in some circumstances it's unusual how our body functions. We have tall, short, skinny and large individuals amongst our population. With that being said, there is not one person exactly the same as another. People can indeed have similar traits, but they will still differ greatly from the other. There are some people who will grow to be six feet tall while others barely reach five. Ultimately we have no control over these numbers so as a result we have to live with whatever features we are ultimately given.[Why I tagged thisAnchondroplastic dwarfism[Why I tagged thisIs it possible for someone with dwarf symptoms to become tall if fixed at a young age?[Why I tagged thisAchondroplastic or better known as dwarfism is a condition were the long bones limbs stop growing in childhood. It was interesting to read about this because I always thought you were born with dwarfism as an infant. It also stats that the head and trunk are normal size, why does it only effect the long bone limbs?[Why I tagged thisThis is interesting...I never realized that there were 2 seperate types of dwarfism: achondroplastic dwarfism, which is the failure of cartilage growth,but does not affect the head and trunk. Pituitary dwarfism is caused by a growth hormone shortage that stops the growth of all bones, but the person has normal proportions throughout their body. It says that achondroplastic dwarfism is a random mutation in DNA passed on by a dominant allele. Is pituitary dwarfism hereditary or is it just that someone doesn't produce enough of the growth hormone?[Why I tagged thisIf the epiphyseal plates are not depleted is it possible for a person to keep growing taller and taller? For example is it possible to cure dwarfism for those who want to seek treatment if it was possible?[Why I tagged thisI found this section interesting because I was unaware of what caused drawfism. I did not know that in most cases every bone but their limbs continue to grow as normal but their arms and legs halt which is what contributes to their short size. found this section very enlightening. [Why I tagged thisI was wondering, can it cause because of parent genes or is it just because of the bone structure that are a being form in human body? Sometime I do believe that it could have be because of the bone structure because I have seen some really tall parent and has really short childern.[Why I tagged thisagain just interesting and nice to finally actually be somewhat understanding what is actually happening and the reasons behind diseases occuring in the world[Why I tagged thiswhy does this happen? do they lack an ephysial pate? [Why I tagged thisIs there a certain point where they stop growing, like once it hits this point no more growth will occur? or is it differnent in different people? [Why I tagged thisthe meaning of achondroplastic in very good idea[Why I tagged thisAchondroplastic dwarfism, making a person short but has a normal-size head and trunk[Why I tagged thisWhy are only the long bones affected?[Why I tagged thisWhat bone problems could start to occur if you are achondroplastic?[Why I tagged thisthese zones are important for growth[Why I tagged thisHow can someone become pituitary dwarfism when their parens are normal height? Does it have to do with the DNA that you get from each parent or is it something totally different.[Why I tagged thisi know that they have normal proportions but i feel like the hands always look different and dwarfs seem to be bowlegged, is there a reasoning for that?[Why I tagged thisRachel Feivor
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APR Module 5: Skeletal System: dissection: skull: superior
Anatomical Features of Bones
Bones exhibit a variety of ridges, spines, bumps, depressions, canals, pores, slits, cavities, and articular surfaces. It is important to know the names of these bone markings because later descriptions of joints, muscle attachments, and the routes traveled by nerves and blood vessels are based on this terminology.
Bones exhibit a variety of ridges, spines, bumps, depressions, canals, pores, slits, cavities, and articular surfaces. It is important to know the names of these bone markings because later descriptions of joints, muscle attachments, and the routes traveled by nerves and blood vessels are based on this terminology. Terms for the most common bone features are listed in table 8.2, and several are illustrated in figure 8.2.
What kind of view is it showing of the skull? because I am not exactly sure what I am looking at.[Why tag this]Features of Bones:Bones have ridges, spines, bumps, depressions, canals, pores slits, cavities, and articular surfaces [union between bones/joints]. Condyle: Rounded knob that goes with another boneFacet: Smooth, slightly concave or convex part of a bone that goes with another boneHead: Expanded end of bone, goes with another boneCrest: Narrow ridgeEpicondyle: Expanded region superior to condyle. Line: slightly raised elongated ridge. Longer version of crestProcess: Bony prominenceProtuberance: Protruding part [chin]Spine: Sharp/slender/narrow processTrochanter: Unique to femur, two kinds:Tubercle: small and roundTuberosity: Rough and elevatiedAlveolus: pit or socketFossa: BasinFovea: small pit?Sulcus: groove for tendonCanal: Passage or tunnel in boneFissure: slit through boneForamen: Hole through boneMeatus: Opening into a canalSinus: air filled space in bone.[Why tag thisthe names of the bones and anatomic markings correlate to the types of muscle they are moved by[Why tag thishelp with ID of bones[Why tag thisDoes this vary person to person?[Why tag thisThis is very interesting[Why tag thisWhere do the babies have soft spots when they are first born?[Why tag thisImportant for identifying bone.[Why tag thisanatomical features of bones important to know later in course and now[Why tag thisKnowing the diffferent features of the bones helps when identifying the muscles and other tissues that attach to the bones, as well as knowing the function of the joints.[Why tag thisWhat role do the characteristics play in the bone?[Why tag thisThis is important because it tells me the importantce of bones and how each of its bumps and markings count for another purpose in the body.[Why tag thisThis is intresting because we have adapted for our bodies throughout time. By havinging this ridges and pores so that it form better for our body. These indenations in the skull used to be a science, where you could tell the personality and abilities of the person just by looking at there skull. [Why tag thisI tagged this because it is important to know why bones are shaped the way they are. [Why tag thisKnowing the different features on bones will help identify.[Why tag thisI believe this helps understand bones and their function a little deeper because you can relate it to how the bone received its name by the markings of the bone.[Why tag thisterminology regarding bone markings - important to know[Why tag thisspelling and knowing how to pronounce also really helps. looking up the latin when applicable, i found to be very useful in remembering boney landmarks[Why tag thisThere were alot more terms then I figured there would be in the body [Why tag thisThis is importants because we will need to know these for future chapters.[Why tag thisdidn't know why it was so important for us to know all the bone markings but now I understand why we need to know those names[Why tag thisDanielle Henckel
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?scientific,? we mean that such thinking is based on assumptions and methods that yield reliable, objective, testable information about nature.
The assumptions of science are ideas that have proven fruitful in the past-for example, the idea that natural phenomena have natural causes and nature is therefore predictable and understandable
The methods of science are highly variable.
The methods of science are highly variable. Scientific method refers less to observational procedures than to certain habits of disciplined creativity, careful observation, logical thinking, and honest analysis of one's observations and conclusions.
The methods of science are highly variable. Scientific method refers less to observational procedures than to certain habits of disciplined creativity, careful observation, logical thinking, and honest analysis of one's observations and conclusions. It is especially important in health science to understand these habits. This field is littered with more fads and frauds than any other. We are called upon constantly to judge which claims are trustworthy and which are bogus. To make such judgments depends on an appreciation of how scientists think, how they set standards for truth, and why their claims are more reliable than others.
nductive MethodThe inductive method, first prescribed by Bacon, is a process of making numerous observations until one feels confident in drawing generalizations and predictions from them. What we know of anatomy is a product of the inductive method. We describe the normal structure of the body based on observations of many bodies.
Scientific methods refering to Observation, creativity, logical thinking, analysis, and conclusion.[Why I tagged this]What the break down of science holds as a meaning. [Why I tagged thisReliable experiments and consistent outcomes do strengthen the credibility. Some ideas accepted and regarded in the past may not be valid since observation does not explain the everything behind every phenomena.[Why I tagged thisShows that sciences isn's cold hard facts, there is variations and deviation from a previous statement. [Why I tagged thisI found this very interesting. Why do you think people hear about these fads, and go against medical advice or do not consult doctors? Do they really think that these people who are not doctors are creating something safe and effective to solving their problems?[Why I tagged thisprocedures that help observations to be more precise for an analysis such as conclusions[Why I tagged thisshows that science is not just about what you see but sometimes going more in depth and using your knowlege of what you learned along with logical thinging and honest analysis[Why I tagged thisdef. Scientific method[Why I tagged thisthe scientific method is very important to all science and it's important to know why it is used.[Why I tagged thisI thought this was important because it describes the thinking that one must have when using the scientific method[Why I tagged thisThis reminds us to be non bias and just look at the facts that we uncovered.[Why I tagged thisThese skills require common sense, patience, and attention to detail just as much as a scientific thought. They, also, allow for the study to be duplicated.[scientificmethodCan this also be the same as scientific thinking? Since thinking could be an observation.[Why I tagged thisThis tells us that it is because of the scientific method that we can guess outcomes and in the end see how they are going to workout. My question is how the health field specifically uses the scientific method in the everyday world?[Why I tagged thisGives more information about scientific method [Why I tagged thisI know that one can test fauds or frauds reliabilitiy through experimentation, but what are other ways that we can test this?[Why I tagged thisQuestioning the source and validity of claims does not seem to be very popular. I see many outrageous articles from random websites run more like blogs that claim one correlation or another to be completely true and everyone seems to accept that as a fact when there should really be more investigation put into it. [Why I tagged thisI tagged this because I am always amazed reading about cutting edge research or a new amazing cure for some disease that is set in stone before the researh is actually done. Sometimes I think that certain scientists in their fields believe if they gain enough followers in their research their [Why I tagged thisIt takes many tests and experiments of mutiple subjects to find an accurate answer[Why I tagged thisBeing a medical scientist is great competition but also a very important and difficult job. ONE mistake could harm many.[Why I tagged thisI think this is a very important study because it makes numerous observations and see what kinds of things happen to the body. this is the best method i think[Why I tagged thisJustin Rosinski
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Abnormal Spinal Curvatures
Abnormal spinal curvatures
Abnormal spinal curvatures (
Abnormal spinal curvatures (fig. 8.21) can result from disease
Abnormal spinal curvatures (fig. 8.21) can result from disease; weakness or paralysis of the trunk muscles; poor posture; pregnancy; or congenital defects in vertebral anatomy.
Abnormal spinal curvatures (fig. 8.21) can result from disease; weakness or paralysis of the trunk muscles; poor posture; pregnancy; or congenital defects in vertebral anatomy.
Abnormal spinal curvatures (fig. 8.21) can result from disease; weakness or paralysis of the trunk muscles; poor posture; pregnancy; or congenital defects in vertebral anatomy. The most common deformity is an abnormal lateral curvature called scoliosis.
Abnormal spinal curvatures (fig. 8.21) can result from disease; weakness or paralysis of the trunk muscles; poor posture; pregnancy; or congenital defects in vertebral anatomy. The most common deformity is an abnormal lateral curvature called scoliosis.
Abnormal spinal curvatures (fig. 8.21) can result from disease; weakness or paralysis of the trunk muscles; poor posture; pregnancy; or congenital defects in vertebral anatomy. The most common deformity is an abnormal lateral curvature called scoliosis. It occurs most often in the thoracic region, particularly among adolescent girls.
Abnormal spinal curvatures (fig. 8.21) can result from disease; weakness or paralysis of the trunk muscles; poor posture; pregnancy; or congenital defects in vertebral anatomy. The most common deformity is an abnormal lateral curvature called scoliosis. It occurs most often in the thoracic region, particularly among adolescent girls. It sometimes results from a developmental abnormality in which the body and arch fail to develop on one side of a vertebra. If the person's skeletal growth is not yet complete, scoliosis can be corrected with a back brace.
Abnormal spinal curvatures (fig. 8.21) can result from disease; weakness or paralysis of the trunk muscles; poor posture; pregnancy; or congenital defects in vertebral anatomy. The most common deformity is an abnormal lateral curvature called scoliosis. It occurs most often in the thoracic region, particularly among adolescent girls. It sometimes results from a developmental abnormality in which the body and arch fail to develop on one side of a vertebra. If the person's skeletal growth is not yet complete, scoliosis can be corrected with a back brace.
This is a great representation of a healthy intervertebral disk. It would be interesting to compare and constrast the [Why tag this]Aside from the obvious pain, left untreated, these injuries can cause other problems below the injury sight. Even pressure form misaligned vertebrae can cause digestive problems, respiratory problems, and sometimes can be attributed to the onset of heart attacks.[Why tag thisI used to go to a chiropractor 3 times a week in highschool because my back and neck was always hurting and the problem was never fixed[Why tag thisDoes this kind of problem happen over time? This seems as if it is saying being pregnant can harm a women. How is that possible?[Why tag thisScolioisis: I hated these tests, we used to get them in middle school, the school nurse would feel up our spines. Ick. [Why tag thisI've seen cases where people are born with spinal curvatures, or because of the way someone sits or walks the spine eventually curves abnormally over time. [Why tag thisI tagged this because I am interested in learning more about the effects of poor posture on the spine. I know i slouch way more than I should and it makes me worry to what extent am I damaging my spine[Why tag thisIs this to say that the way you position your spine can change the shape over time?[Why tag thisYikes! Remind me to sit straight. Something can go wrong with anything![Why tag thisMy spine/back has been hurting a lot lately especially when I bend over. I know I don't have the best posture and that may be the reason to my back pains but what does [Why tag thisGrade school teachers have been right all along. Bad posture can result in abnormal spinal curvatues. See the MST3K short [Why tag thisThere are three main abnormal spinal curvatures. Scoiosis is abnomral lateral deviation. Kyphosis is hunchback and comes with old age. Lordosis is common in pregnacy and is exaggerated. When people have bad posture how does this affect the spine? Is this how you get kyphosis?[Why tag thisI have always noticed women have a more common unusal posture then men. Is this because women have pregnacy and do other things than males? When a women is pregnant and their stomach looks lower or higher up, does that have to do with the curve of her spine or is it how far along she is in her pregnacy?[Why tag thisSuffering from scoliosis throughout my life I understand what abnormal curves in the spine can do to people. It can come from many reasons and cause severe pain in the lower back.[Why tag thisProper exerecise and keeping the body in shape will help support the spine and assist in preventing some abnormal spinal curvatures[Why tag thisgood images in identifying diseases, these can be easily portayed[Why tag thisCan abnormal spinal curvatures be detected at a younger age?[Why tag thisThis reminds me of how in middle school we were all tested for scoliosis in the 7th and 8th grade. We all had to have our spines inspected to see if our spine curvature seemed abnormal. [Why tag thisI didn't know that pregnant women can also get Lordosis from her pregnancy since the bones are said to be [Why tag thisAre there any other types of spinal curvature?[Why tag thisOne of my friends had really bad scoliosis and had to get a metal pole in her back because it was literally S shaped. [Why tag thisI find this interesting because I worked this summer with someone who had scoliosis. She was not able to perform some skills and moved in a more rigid manner than other people. I did not know that scoliosis could be corrected so easily of the spine was not fully developed.[Why tag thisJeremy Kosick
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The Pectoral Girdle
The pectoral girdle (shoulder girdle) supports the arm and links it to the axial skeleton.
The pectoral girdle (shoulder girdle) supports the arm and links it to the axial skeleton. It consists of two bones on each side of the body: the clavicle (collarbone) and scapula (shoulder blade).
The pectoral girdle (shoulder girdle) supports the arm and links it to the axial skeleton. It consists of two bones on each side of the body: the clavicle (collarbone) and scapula (shoulder blade).
The pectoral girdle (shoulder girdle) supports the arm and links it to the axial skeleton. It consists of two bones on each side of the body: the clavicle (collarbone) and scapula (shoulder blade). The medial end of the clavicle articulates with the sternum at the sternoclavicular joint, and its lateral end articulates with the scapula at the acromioclavicular joint (see fig. 8.27). The scapula also articulates with the humerus at the glenohumeral joint
The pectoral girdle (shoulder girdle) supports the arm and links it to the axial skeleton. It consists of two bones on each side of the body: the clavicle (collarbone) and scapula (shoulder blade). The medial end of the clavicle articulates with the sternum at the sternoclavicular joint, and its lateral end articulates with the scapula at the acromioclavicular joint (see fig. 8.27). The scapula also articulates with the humerus at the glenohumeral joint. These are loose attachments that result in a shoulder far more flexible than that of most other mammals, but they also make the shoulder joint easy to dislocate.
With these two bones interacting this way, why isn't this a site that's more commonly deteriorated?[Why tag this]Pectoral Girdle: Shoudler girdle, supports the arm, links it to the axial skeleton, it consists of two bones, the clavicle and scapula. Clavicle:Braces shoulder, skeeps the upper limb away from the midline of the body, transfers force from teh arm to the axial region. [Why tag thiscontaing the clavicle and scapula[Why tag thisHow if you break one bone at a certain angle or force could it automatically break the other bone as well? [Why tag thisThis is important to know so that we can understand more about the pectoral girdle since this chapter speaks highly of it. I alos think it is important to knoe that it is made of two bones rather than one.[Why tag thisThis section discusses dislocating your shoulder, and I am wondering how the different bones interact in someone with hypermobility. I am hypermobile and am curious is that something that is a difference in the joint, the tendion, muscles, or what exactly?[Why tag thisWithout such a flexible shoulder joint, we wouldn't be able to accomplish nearly as many things as we do today. This is most likely why this looser joint evolved; because it made us able to perform hard labor and made our arms more useful. [Why tag thisThe pectoral girdle supports the arms and functions as the link between the arms and the axial skeleton. It is composed of two bones called the clavicle (collarbone) and the scapula (shoulderblade). [Why tag thisI felt as though this was important because it illustrates the most important of the upper limbs. It is where they attach to the body and link it to the axial skeleton. [Why tag thisI feel like this is going to be hard to remember because whenever i think about pectoral i think anterior part of the chest, but this really has nothing to do with it.[Why tag thisGirdle on horses holds weight of saddle so it doesn't slide under the horses the belly.[Why tag thisNow it makes sense why my shoulders hurt after I have been playing volleyball for a long duration of time. [Why tag thisAs bones fuse together as you grow could they fuse in anyway that would make you less flexible near the shouler blade? not even dealing with the shoulder blade itself.[Why tag thisHow can people be [Why tag thisThis is a adaptation inherited from our primate ancestors. The shift from lat to trees required a wider ROM in our shoulders as we evolved. The shift from four to two feet mobility, and a great use of our arms also contributed to this.[Why tag thisI can easily pop my shoulder in and out of place, and it doesn't help that the shoulder is made up of loose attatchments. Playing volleyball was hard on my shoulders. [Why tag thisI have extremely loose shoulders while most of my friends have tight shoulders. Is this just from stretching or could the attachments between my bones just looser?[Why tag thisso because of the loose attachments, does that explain how someone can be double jointed?[GeneralWhat kind of pressure resistant threshold does this translate to when you compare the inability to dislocate your shoulder vs. the ability to dislocate your shoulder with ease. [Why tag thisI had a neighbor who was [Why tag thisAre humans more prone to shoulder dislocation than other primates? Since there is no longer a necessity to climb or swing from branch to branch would there be more of an inclination towards shoulder injury as a result of overextension or misappropriated/misconceived flexibility? As flexibility becomes less of a necessity, will this become even more limited as humans evolve?[Why tag thisSo if body parts are more flexible, they are easier to dislocate?[Why tag thisDanielle Henckel
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Differences in the fibers provide a basis for classifying cartilage into three types: hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, and fibrocartilage.Hyaline19(HY-uh-lin) cartilage is named for its clear, glassy microscopic appearance, which stems from the usually invisible fineness of its collagen fibers. Elastic cartilage is named for its conspicuous elastic fibers, and fibrocartilage for its coarse, readily visible bundles of collagen. Elastic cartilage and most hyaline cartilage are surrounded by a sheath of dense irregular connective tissue called the perichondrium20 (PAIR-ih-CON-dree-um). A reserve population of chondroblasts between the perichondrium and cartilage contributes to cartilage growth throughout life. Perichondrium is lacking from fibrocartilage and from some hyaline cartilage, such as the cartilaginous caps at the ends of the long bones.
BoneBone, or osseous tissue, is a hard, calcified connective tissue that composes the skeleton. The term bone has two meanings in anatomy?an entire organ such as the femur and mandible, or just the osseous tissue. Bones are composed of not only osseous tissue, but also cartilage, bone marrow, dense irregular connective tissue, and other tissue types.There are two forms of osseous tissue: (1) Spongy bone fills the heads of the long bones and forms the middle layer of flat bones such as the sternum and cranial bones. Although it is calcified and hard, its delicate slivers and plates give it a spongy appearance (fig. 7.5a, p. 213). (2) Compact (dense) bone is a denser calcified tissue with no spaces visible to the naked eye. It forms the external surfaces of all bones, so spongy bone, when present, is always covered by a shell of compact bone.Further differences between compact and spongy bone are described in chapter 7. Here, we examine only compact bone (table 5.8). Most specimens you study will probably be chips of dead, dried bone ground to microscopic thinness. In such preparations, the cells are absent but spaces reveal their former locations. Most compact bone is arranged in cylinders of tissue that surround central (haversian21 or osteonic) canals, which run longitudinally through the shafts of long bones such as the femur. Blood vessels and nerves travel through the central canals in life. The bone matrix is deposited in concentric lamellae?onionlike layers around each central canal. A central canal and its surrounding lamellae are called an osteon. Tiny lacunae between the lamellae are occupied by mature bone cells, or osteocytes.22 Delicate canals called canaliculi radiate from each lacuna to its neighbors and allow the osteocytes to contact each other. The bone as a whole is covered with a tough fibrous periosteum (PAIR-ee-OSS-tee-um) similar to the perichondrium of cartilage.
underneath this line describes the difference in words that the pictures above show us. I read it a couple times before i could explain the differences with out looking at notes[Why tag this text]3 different types of cartilage to know[Why tag this textI was not aware there were three types of cartilage.[Why tag this textglycosamingoglycan and proteoglycan[Why tag this textHyaline Cartilage:Glassy/Clear appearanceFound: Ends of bones at moveable joints, supportive rings/plates, around the larynx, lots of the fetal skeletonWhy: Eases joint movements, holds airway open, moves vocal cords.[Why tag this textHyaline: clear, glassy appearance from very fine collagen fibers, elastic cartilage has conspicuous elastic fibers and fibrocartilage has course bundles.[Why tag this textthe 3 types of cartilage. two of them are adequately described by their names, and Hyaline cartilage is clear and glossy[Why tag this textQuestion 6: Hyaline cartilage and bones both contain irregular connective tissues. However, bone also contains bone marrow. Hyaline cartilage works in conjunction with long bones as the cartilaginous caps.[Why tag this textA certian type of cartilage which is located in different places in the body[Why tag this textElastic CartilageWeblike mesh/lots of lacunae, big bubbles.Where: External ear and epiglottisWhy: support, it's also flexible[Why tag this textFibrocartilage:Lots of big bundles of cartilage fibers which run parallel. Never has perichondriumWhere: Pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs, pads of shock absorbing cartilage [menisci]Why: Resists compression and absorbs shock. Can be a transitional tissue.[Why tag this textPlease review/ clarify the functional relationship between hyaline cartilage and bone. [Why tag this textThis section interests me because Im currently taking my EMT certification and knowing this helps me figure out what to do for each type. [Why tag this textI didn't know that bone was called osseous tissue or even any kind of tissue at all[Why tag this texthelpfull information for the meaning of bone [Why tag this textI like looking at bone tissue under the microscope becaue to me I think it looks like tye-dye! Tis histology section will be a little bit easier if I can make every tissue we look at relate to something I know well. [Why tag this textBone:Two types of ossuous tissue, Spongy bone and Compact boneSpongy bone: Middle layer of flat bones, head of long bones. Compact bone: No spaces visible to naked eye, external surface of all bones. [Why tag this textThis is interesting to me because we usually overlook bones when we think of tissues. We know that they are made up of calcium and other minerals, but that isn't all that they are. They are a form of connective tissue, which is suprising to me because of how different the form of the tissue is than usual[Why tag this textIt explains bone tissue and its importance to connective tissue[Why tag this textYou got it Lauren! thats the lever aspect of our structure for all locomotion and movement. [Why tag this textI didn't know orignally that the bone was a connective tissue. Now that I have read and think about it, it makes sense bone to muscule connects duh. [Why tag this textDescribing bones and bone tissue. They contain osseous tissue and many other components.-Explains the two forms of osseous tissue and what they consist of[Why tag this textBone is very complex and there are different types.[Why tag this textStephanie
Amanda Baxter
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TRAVIS
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Michael Franzini
It seems remarkable that the body can make millions of different proteins, all from the same 20 amino acids and all encoded by genes made of just 4 nucleotides (A, T, C, G). This is a striking illustration of how a great variety of complex structures can be made from a small variety of simpler components. The genetic code is a system that enables these 4 nucleotides to code for the amino acid sequences of all proteins.
. This is a striking illustration of how a great variety of complex structures can be made from a small variety of simpler components. The genetic code is a system that enables these 4 nucleotides to code for the amino acid sequences of all proteins.It is not unusual for simple codes to represent complex information. Computers store and transmit complex information, including pictures and sounds, in a binary code with only the symbols 1 and 0.
It is not unusual for simple codes to represent complex information. Computers store and transmit complex information, including pictures and sounds, in a binary code with only the symbols 1 and 0. Thus, it should not be surprising that a mere 20 amino acids can be represented by a code of 4 nucleotides
It is not unusual for simple codes to represent complex information. Computers store and transmit complex information, including pictures and sounds, in a binary code with only the symbols 1 and 0. Thus, it should not be surprising that a mere 20 amino acids can be represented by a code of 4 nucleotides; all that is required is to combine these symbols in varied ways. It requires more than 2 nucleotides to code for each amino acid, because A, U, C, and G can combine in only 16 different pairs (AA, AU, AC, AG, UA, UU, and so on). The minimum code to symbolize 20 amino acids is 3 nucleotides per amino acid, and indeed, this is the case in DNA. A sequence of 3 DNA nucleotides that stands for 1 amino acid is called a base triplet. When messenger RNA is produced, it carries a coded message based on these DNA triplets. A 3-base sequence in mRNA is called a codon. The genetic code is expressed in terms of codons.
is there any possibility of a gene to have less than 20 amino acids?[Why tag this text]The Genetic Code: System that enables the nucleotides to code for amino acid sequences. Simple components can make super complex things. [Why tag this textsimple codes that make up the DNA[General-Do not useIt is so intriguing that our bodies are so complex and amazing that they can produce all different types of proteins and structures that do comepletely different things. Even more unbelievable is that they all come from just 20 amino acids and only 4 nucleotides.[Why tag this textFor the four nucleoides that are encoded by our genes, how did one pick the letters that we use today. Does it have to do with chemistry and the chemical break down or is it dealling the one who discovered it. [Why tag this textNeeds to know amouts of items. millions of proteins, 20 amino acis, 4 nucleotides.[Why tag this textI think this is a great way into understanding how amino acids and genetic coding work. When it is compared to binary language, it's easier to visualize because there are two more nucleotides than there are values in binary. This makes it easier to comprehend how the body can produce so many proteins.[Why tag this textStill remember matching the a,t,c, g pairs in high school on projects and homework. [Why tag this textIt is amazing that 4 nucleotides could do. The different ordering could mean so much. [Why tag this textWhy were these letters picked? What does it symbolize?[Why tag this textI tagged this text, because like it says, it is remarkable how variations of only 4 nucleotides can create such different proteins. The fact that there are millions of different proteins created from such small componenents is incredible.[Why tag this texti agree, it is remarkable and some times i really wonder how it is possible to come up with so many proteins but with only 20 acids[Why tag this textthe genetic code is made of 4 nucleotides which are A,T,C,G[Why tag this textIts intresting how many differnt patterns can be conducted[Why tag this textHow do they know what to do and where did the instructions come from? Were they almost preset into each of the individual pieces?[Why tag this textThis really is something to marvel at! The forms and functions of proteins vary so greatly within the body, and to think that simply a different arrangement of amino acids in a polypeptide account for this massive diversity. It is even more amazing that our cells are so proficient at synthesizing these polypeptides correctly with the only instructions being the sequences of just four simple nucleotides![Why tag this textEverything in our body is built off of these four nucleotides[Why tag this textCertain patterns mean different things, I had to count these in bio. [Why tag this textGood comparison of genetic code to the binary code of a computer[Why tag this textQuestion 1: A gene is an information-containing sequence of DNA that codes for the production of RNA. The genetic code is a system that allows for the 4 nucleotide sequence to code for amino acids. A codon is a 3 based sequence of mRNA, where an anticodon is the complementary sequence to a codon of mRNA.[Why tag this textIt's interesting to hear about the genetic code compared to computer code. Since computer codes work with only 1 and 0. Our bodies dealing with 4 symbols can practically be considered as super computers since we can have so many more complex variations in our coding.[Why tag this textThis comparison really helped me understand this concept better. [Why tag this textDanielle Henckel
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The product is called a secretion if it is useful to the body (such as an enzyme or hormone) and an excretion if it is a waste product (such as urine).
The product is called a secretion if it is useful to the body (such as an enzyme or hormone) and an excretion if it is a waste product (such as urine).
Glands are composed predominantly of epithelial tissue,
Glands are composed predominantly of epithelial tissue, but usually have a supportive connective tissue framework and capsule.
Endocrine and Exocrine Glands
dsEndocrine and Exocrine Glands Glands are broadly classified as endocrine or exocrine. Both types originate as invaginations of a surface epithelium (fig. 5.29). Exocrine30 (EC-so-crin) glands usually maintain their contact with the surface by way of a duct, an epithelial tube that conveys their secretion to the surface. The secretion may be released to the body surface, as in the case of sweat, mammary, and tear glands. More often, however, it is released into the cavity (lumen) of another organ such as the mouth or intestine; this is the case with salivary glands, the liver, and the pancreas.
Endocrine and Exocrine Glands Glands are broadly classified as endocrine or exocrine. Both types originate as invaginations of a surface epithelium (fig. 5.29). Exocrine30 (EC-so-crin) glands usually maintain their contact with the surface by way of a duct, an epithelial tube that conveys their secretion to the surface. The secretion may be released to the body surface, as in the case of sweat, mammary, and tear glands. More often, however, it is released into the cavity (lumen) of another organ such as the mouth or intestine; this is the case with salivary glands, the liver, and the pancreas.
Secretion and excretion are both needed for the body to function it can be related many organ systems. Without hormones and waste products being removed the human body wouldn't be able to survive. Glands primarly important because the hormone production since they help contribute to the movement and stabilizing of certain body organs.[Why tag this text]I always thought that mucus was the secretion.[Why tag this textDifference betwwen good and bad. Good is called secretion and excretion is bad such as waste product[Why tag this textSo it helps to release wastes that are not needed?[Why tag this textdifference between secretion and excretion in glands[Why tag this textA gland is a cell or organ that secretes substances for use elsewhere in the body or for elimination as waste. Glands are composed predominantly of epithelial tissues. Endocrine and Exocrine Glands originate as invaginations of a surface epithelium. Endocrine glands lose contact with the surface and have no ducts and unicellular glands are secretory cells found in an epithelium that is predominantly nonsecretory. [Why tag this textglands are made up of mostly epithelial tissue because epithelial tissue is found all over the body and it is the closest tissue to the outside, which allows for the glands to be able to get rid of waste[Why tag this textThis shows how this is similar to what we were talking about before with the epithelial tissues. These glands are made up of these tissues we just learned about.[Why tag this textThere are many diffrent organs and cells in the body, and knowing what type of tissue they are made up of is important. Is connective tissue usually the framework for cells and organs? [Why tag this textTypes of Glands:There's two main types, endocrine and exocrine. Endocrine: Don't maintain contact with surface and have no ducts, secrete products directly into blood. Hormones [chemical messengers] are products of endocrine cglands. Exocrine: Maintain contact with surface through a duct, released via sweat/tears/mammary/saliva/bile[Why tag this textI did not want to highlight the whole paragraph below. I found it interesting to see a side by side comparison of endocrine and exocrine glands. Just from looking at the words I thought, EXOcrine glands (exo = outside) secreted substanes to the outside of the body, while ENDOcrine glands (endo = within) secreted substances to the body. This is basically true, but I did not know that endocrine glands only secreted into the blood. I also did not know that one has contact and one doesn't with the surface. All very interesting things that have expanded my knowledge on the different glands.[Why tag this textGlands are split into two braod categories called the endocrine and exocrine. Both are found on the surface of the epithelium. Exocrine glands secretes wates such as sweat to the body's surface or of another organ such the mouth. The exocrine on the other hand secretes to only the inside of the body with tubes or branches. [Why tag this textEndocrine and Exocrine Glands are extremely important in terms of nourishment and bodily functions such as maintaining homeostasis, nourishing infants, and crying, along with many other functions. Its importance deserved an annotation.[Why tag this texttypes of glands[Why tag this textKnown the difference between these two glands can be hard to remember. I think that the pictures make it difficult to see what is going on.[Why tag this textStudy this iin weight training[Why tag this textThe thing i found most interesting about these glands was the fact that they had to do with epithelia tissues. It is interesting to me to find out how much of an impact the epthelia tissue has on the whole human body structure. Even in the beginning of this chapter summary the epithelia is connecting to the Juctions. [Why tag this textGlands help to secrete fluids to the body which in turn protect and help the body. By reading this section we are able to understand the to types of glands and their functions.[Why tag this textSeparates glands into two classes and defines what makes Endocrine and Exocrine glands different.[General-Do not useexocrine keeps contacts with the surface by a duct which is a epithelial tube with help bring secretions to the surface.[Why tag this textI suppose I found this annotation interesting and surprising. I have never known much about glands, but I always had the assumption that they were only secreted as sweat or tears. I did not know that they often are more likely to secrete in other organs. That is was brought up my questioning of what happens to those secretions and if they serve any purpose to the liver or pancreas. [Why tag this textthe 2 types of gland categories. they are made of epithelial tissue.[Why tag this textJoe Nimm
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Extrinsic Muscles of the Tongue
Extrinsic Muscles of the Tongue.
Extrinsic Muscles of the Tongue. The tongue is a very agile organ. It pushes food between the molars for chewing (mastication) and later forces the food into the pharynx for swallowing (deglutition); it is also, of course, of crucial importance to speech. Both intrinsic and extrinsic muscles are responsible for its complex movements. The intrinsic muscles consist of a variable number of vertical fascicles that extend from the superior to the inferior sides of the tongue, transverse fascicles that extend from right to left, and longitudinal fascicles that extend from root to tip (see figs. 10.1c and 25.5b, p. 959). The extrinsic muscles listed here connect the tongue to other structures in the head (fig. 10.9). Three of these are innervated by the hypoglossal nerve (CN XII), whereas the fourth is innervated by both the vagus (CN X) and accessory (CN XI) nerves.
The tongue is a very agile organ. It pushes food between the molars for chewing (mastication) and later forces the food into the pharynx for swallowing (deglutition); it is also, of course, of crucial importance to speech. Both intrinsic and extrinsic muscles are responsible for its complex movements. The intrinsic muscles consist of a variable number of vertical fascicles that extend from the superior to the inferior sides of the tongue, transverse fascicles that extend from right to left, and longitudinal fascicles that extend from root to tip (see figs. 10.1c and 25.5b, p. 959). The extrinsic muscles listed here connect the tongue to other structures in the head (fig. 10.9). Three of these are innervated by the hypoglossal nerve (CN XII), whereas the fourth is innervated by both the vagus (CN X) and accessory (CN XI) nerves.[image #18]
The mental region refers to the chin area. The buccal region refers to the area of the cheek. [Why Tag This]genioglossushyoglossusstyloglossuspalatoglossus[Why Tag ThisThe tounge is an organ that is able to move quickly and easily. Both intrinsic and extrinsic muscles are the cause of its complex movements .[Why Tag ThisI am curious about what kinds of differences there are between a human's tongue and the tongue of a chimpanzee. Both species are closely related to one another, and both have a fairly similar diet, disregarding that we cook our food, I am curious if there are significant changes that have occured in our tongue due to the years of having complex spoken language. I feel like there is probably more similarities than differences, but I am still curious if there is a functional shift between the two.[Why Tag ThisNew and intersting information [Why Tag ThisThis excerpt about the human tongue is fascinating to me. It seems that the tongue is highly neccessary in the process of digestion since it moves the food into the different regions of the mouth during chewing and swallowing. I wonder about the role that evolution played in the formation of the tongue. I also think of organisms, such as snakes, that have tongues but swallow their food whole. Why does the tongue play a different role for different organisms?[Why Tag Thisdose chewing gum affects the mouth muscle [Why Tag Thisthe tongue helps push down the food for it next to be swallow[Why Tag ThisIs the tongue the most flexible organ? I can't think of another organ, or even muscle, that allows for as much free movement.[Why Tag ThisWhy is the tongue a very agile organ? [Why Tag ThisWhy do some people have longer tongues than others? and why can some people [Why Tag ThisI have always found the tounge very intresting and important to the human body. Not only does this organ help to push food between the molars for chewing it also has to do with speech. And without speech we could not communicate as well as we do today. This is an very important organ. [Why Tag ThisI know the tongue is an organ, but I never really look at it that way. It is actually very important in order to do things such as chewing, swallowing, and speaking. [Why Tag ThisI've heard that the tongue is the strongest muscle in the body. Is this true, and if so, why is that so?[Why Tag ThisI tagged this because I have heard that you can swallow your tongue but I am not sure if it is true. Can a person really swallow their tongue[Why Tag ThisIs it true that an individual can swallow their tongue during a seizure?[Why Tag ThisI highlighted this because the tongue allows us to do so many things including pushing food down our throat and talking. I have heard that the tounge is the strongest muscle we have, is that true?[Why Tag ThisI heard that the tongue is the strongest muscle in the body. How is it that people can get their tounge peirced, it must make it hard to chew and swallow foods. What are the benefits and disadvantages of having a longer or shorter tongue? Does have anything to do with how we swallow and digest food?[Why Tag ThisThe tounge is a very important organ. What would we be like without it? How difficult would eating and talking be? And how would it effect our facial expressions?[Why Tag ThisIsn't our tongue one of our strongest muscles?[Why Tag Thistongue is a muscle; what it is crucial for and its functions[Why Tag ThisThis is very interesting can you take this more into depth?[Why Tag ThisAmanda
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Though the followers of Bacon and Descartes argued bitterly with one another, both men wanted science to become a public, cooperative enterprise, supported by governments and conducted by an international community of scholars rather than a few isolated amateurs. Inspired by their vision, the French and English governments established academies of science that still flourish today. Bacon and Descartes are credited with putting science on the path to modernity, not by discovering anything new in nature or inventing any techniques-for neither man was a scientist-but by inventing new habits of scientific thought.
Describes philosphers Francis Bacon and Rene Descartes importance in forming philosophical ideals that eventually solidified the extremely high standards we carry in observation and experimentation within scientific inquiry.[Why I tagged this]haphazard: lacking any principle of organization. www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/haphazard[Why I tagged thisThey expanded the practice of medicine[Why I tagged thisThese 2 philosophers are important in developing the scientific method, and moving away from a messy and unstandardized way of studying science.[Why I tagged thisFrancis Bacon and Rene Descartes are responsible for seeing the potential in science and were responsible for many of the though processes used for the scientific method that we use these days[Why I tagged thisFrancis Bacon and Rene Descartes were key scientists of the time. They argued for science to focus on observable facts, and encouraged a scientific community throughout europe[Why I tagged thisThis way of thinking was advanced for the era and helped move science in a new direction.[Why I tagged thisImportant scientists that thought of science as something essential and beneficial to human life. [Why I tagged thisHelped us see the potenchal of what science brings to us.[Why I tagged thisBacon and Descartes[Why I tagged thisBacon and Descartes believed science could help people with these two factors.[Why I tagged thisI remember learning in a different class that people would bias their decisions based on religious thoughts and how the majority of people viewed things.[Why I tagged thisIt's good to find ways that an experiment wont be bias because it will not give you factual results.[Why I tagged thisFrancis Bacon was an english philosopher who argued against biased thinking that pertained to science. [Why I tagged thisThis appears to be the beginnings of the scientific method which we are taught in every science class at a young age.[Why I tagged thisI tagged this because Bacon thought deiiferently from most other people of that time, which was unique and influenced modern thinking today.[Why I tagged thisVery basic yet very important. Observation and drawing conclusions from similarities and differences is the basis for so much of what we know in sciecne. [Why I tagged thisBacon-thought scientifically[Why I tagged thisScientific method is a huge part of any science and I think that it is important to know who impacted it [Why I tagged thisEvolution?[Why I tagged thisBoth men wanted science to become public knowledge supported by governments. French and English governments started schools in science. Bacon and Descartes discovered scientific thought not, anything relating to science.[Anatomy and PhysiologyI find this to be important because this is showing how Philosophers wanted to come together and make sure that research and science that was being conducted was indeed factual and beneficial to people. [Why I tagged thisThats amaing how the French and English govenments were inspried and that the academics of science still is going on today because of Bacon and Descartes[Why I tagged thisJelena Ristic
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The joints of the limbs are still cartilaginous at birth (fig. 7.10).
image
FIGURE 7.10 The Fetal Skeleton at 12 Weeks.The red-stained regions are calcified at this age, whereas the elbow, wrist, knee, and ankle joints appear translucent because they are still cartilaginous.
Why are the joints of an infant weaker than those of an older child?
Why are the joints of an infant weaker than those of an older child? During infancy and childhood, the epiphyses fill with spongy bone. Cartilage is then limited to the articular cartilage covering each joint surface, and to an epiphyseal (EP-ih-FIZ-ee-ul) plate, a thin wall of cartilage separating the primary and secondary marrow cavities at one or both ends of the bone. The epiphyseal plate persists through childhood and adolescence and serves as a growth zone for bone elongation. This growth process is described in the next section. By the late teens to early twenties, all remaining cartilage in the epiphyseal plate is generally consumed and the gap between the epiphysis and diaphysis closes. The primary and secondary marrow cavities then unite into a single cavity, and the bone can no longer grow in length.
nd to an epiphyseal (EP-ih-FIZ-ee-ul) plate, a thin wall of cartilage separating the primary and secondary marrow cavities at one or both ends of the bone. The epiphyseal plate persists through childhood and adolescence and serves as a growth zone for bone elongation. This growth process is described in the next section. By the late teens to early twenties, all remaining cartilage in the epiphyseal plate is generally consumed and the gap between the epiphysis and diaphysis closes. The primary and secondary marrow cavities then unite into a single cavity, and the bone can no longer grow in length.Bone Growth and RemodelingOssification does not end at birth, but continues throughout life with the growth and remodeling of bones. Bones grow in two directions: length and width.Bone ElongationBone Elongatio
How soon after birth do they transform?[Why I tagged this]The limbs are probably cartilaginous at birth still to allow for some flexibility and movement, in case things are bent or moved during birth.[Why I tagged thisIs the red bone tissue and lighter cartilagenous tissue?[Why I tagged thisOnce bones have fully grown, how does a bone lose calcification or become weak? When is nutritional calcium intake most critical for maintaining bone strength?[Why I tagged thisI really like this image because how it shows how the bones develop.[Why I tagged thisI really enjoy this image. I really opens up the mind on how bone development occures, and how fragile infants are.[Why I tagged thisThe joints of an infant are weaker than those of an older child because the tissue in that area has yet to transition from cartilage to bone. I.e. there is no solid, definite or protective structure in that area yet.[Why I tagged thisThe joints of an infant are weaker than those of a young child because they are still catilaginous. The ossification process of many bones is not complete until the 20s. At birth (and even into childhood and adolescence) bone is made up of more hyaline cartilage that is replaces by osseous tissue over time.[Why I tagged thisThe joints of an infant are weaker because the epiphysis of the bone contains spongy bone. There is also more cartilage around the joint surface. [Why I tagged thisThis would totally make sense. Bone growth and remodeling.[Why I tagged thistheyre still mostly composed of cartilage[Why I tagged thisI thought bones grow till you're middle aged and then slowly shrink from then on out becides the few exceptions like your nose[Why I tagged thisThis process is not finished before the birth of a child? At what age does this process finish?[Why I tagged thisSo when your infant are your bones not that strong?[Why I tagged thisAlways just knew that we grow through puberty and then kinda just stop growing but never really understood or even wondered why. Now its definitely interesting to read about and begin to understand what is actaully happening inside the body.[Why I tagged thisSo is there any purpose to this cartilage considering it goes away as humans grow into adults, or does it help the bones grow together till they are done growing?[Why I tagged thisSo what happens if someone has a growth defect? does that mean that the gap between their epiphysis and diaphysis closed right away?[Why I tagged thisIs this why it is a lot easier to break a bone when you are little and older?[Why I tagged thisIs this how a child develops to walk? Since the cartilage turns into osseous tissue and the bones harden through time for the legs to be able to start supporting the rest of the body?[Why I tagged thisthe differences are joints between an infant and older child[Why I tagged thisSo this is probably why children are more flexible than adults.[Why I tagged thisThe epiphysis is where the bone grows[Why I tagged thisBones can grow in length through ossification of the epiphyseal plates or growth plates.[Why I tagged thisLaura Kovach
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so an epithelium cannot easily peel away from the underlying tissue.
Apply What You KnowWhy would desmosomes not be suitable as the sole type of cell junction between epithelial cells of the stomach?
Gap JunctionsGap Junctions A gap (communicating) junction is formed by a connexon, which consists of six transmembrane proteins arranged in a ring, somewhat like the segments of an orange, surrounding a water-filled channel. Ions, glucose, amino acids, and other small solutes can pass directly from the cytoplasm of one cell into the next through the channel. In the embryo, nutrients pass from cell to cell through gap junctions until the circulatory system forms and takes over the role of nutrient distribution. In cardiac muscle and most smooth muscle, gap junctions allow electrical excitation to pass directly from cell to cell so that the cells contract in near unison. Gap junctions are absent from skeletal muscle.
Does this mean that some secretions stay within the body? are they ever expeled? do all secretions need to come out of the body?[Why tag this text]Do these drugs enable the J-like hooks so the cells are able to maintain their current position or do the drugs just supress the destructive autoantibodies?[Why tag this textIf it were to peel away from the tissue what would this mean?[Why tag this textBecause it is just a patch, substances can still pass through cells. the function is for keeping cell from pulling apart and help tissue to resist mechanial stress.[Why tag this textQuestion 1: Demosomes are not suitable because they do not prevent substances from passing around them and would not keep the contence of the stomach within the stomach.[Why tag this textIt is not difficult for particles or substances to move around desmosomes. If this type of cell junction were used between epithelial cells of the stomach, I believe foreign and unwanted substances could infect into the stomach.[Why tag this textThis is because desmosomes do not prevent substances from passing around the connection and filtering through the cells. Epithelial cells of the stomach require a tighter connection so that no digestive fluids could seep in and damage the cells. [Why tag this textIm not really sure how to answer this question, guess I'll have to do more research. [Why tag this textDesmosomes wouldn't be suitable as the sole cell junction between epithelial cells of the stomach because these cells cannot keep substances from passing around or between them. This would mean your stomach is recieving digested juices, and you would digest connective tissue. Drifting proteins would also have no limit as to traveling in wrong domains. Desmosomes would keep them from performing their needed tasks. [Why tag this textDesmosomes would not be suitable as the sole cell junction type of the stomach because the cells are not continuous, thus allowing substances to pass between cells.[Why tag this textAnother junction: Gap Junctions: nutrients pass from the different cells through the gap junctions, until the ciculatory system takes over this role.[Why tag this textGap Junction:Formed by connexon. used in embryonic development. Not in skeletal muscle, helps transmit electrical excitation[Why tag this textVocabulary:- Gap Junctions is a gap (commnication) junction is formed by a connexon, which consists of six transmembrane proteins arranged in a ring, somewhat like the sgements of an orange, surronding a water-filled channel.[Why tag this textDefinition and components of a gap junction. Like rings of an orange.[Why tag this textdescription of gap junctions[Why tag this textIs brought up in the overview. The paragraph goes into better depth[Why tag this textReading through the junctions they always seem to be surrounding something/protecting but some will allow things to pass through unlike others[Why tag this textQuestion 2: A tight junction completely encircles an epithelial cell and joins it tightly to nearby cells. A gap junction is formed by a connexon which is where 6 trnasmembrane proteins get configured into a ring and this surrounds a water-filled channel. Tight junctions create a seal where no substances can pass between cells. This is useful because they are found in the stomach and intestines and prevent digestive juices and acid from seeping out of the stomach. Gap junctions allow nutrients to pass from cell to cell. This is essential in the embryo development.[Why tag this textThis is a good form of communication for the heart cells because it allows the muscles to contrat almost simultaneously.[Why tag this textGives the definition of a gap junction and how it is formed, and what it's function is[Why tag this textThis defines how gap junctions allow on certain substances to pass through depending on location. [Why tag this textIf I am not mistaken, cells can use the gap junctions to communicate via gases as well[Why tag this textAnchoring-type junctions not only hold cells together but provide tissues with structural cohesion. These junctions are most abundant in tissues that are subject to constant mechanical stress such as skin and heart[Why tag this textIan Borba
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The Cell Cycle
The Cell Cycle[image #3] FIGURE 4.15The Cell Cycle.G1 is the first gap phase, an interval between cell division and DNA replication. During this time, a cell synthesizes proteins, grows, and carries out its preordained tasks for the body. Almost all of the discussion in this book relates to what cells do in the G1 phase. Cells in G1 also accumulate the materials needed to replicate their DNA in the next phase. In cultured cells called fibroblasts, which divide every 18 to 24 hours, G1 lasts 8 to 10 hours.S is the synthesis phase, in which a cell makes a duplicate copy of its centrioles and all of its nuclear DNA. The two identical sets of DNA molecules are then available to be divided up between daughter cells at the next cell division. This phase takes 6 to 8 hours in cultured fibroblasts.G2, the second gap phase, is a relatively brief interval (4?6 hours) between DNA replication and cell division. In G2, a cell finishes replicating its centrioles and synthesizes enzymes that control cell division. It also checks the fidelity of DNA replication and usually repairs any errors that are detected.M is the mitotic phase, in which a cell replicates its nucleus and then pinches in two to form two new daughter cells. In cultured fibroblasts, the M phase takes 1 to 2 hours. The details of this phase are considered in the next section. Phases G1, S, and G2 are collectively called interphase?the time between M phases.The length of the cell cycle varies greatly from one cell type to another. Stomach and skin cells divide rapidly, bone and cartilage cells slowly, and skeletal muscle cells and nerve cells not at all. Some cells leave the cell cycle for a ?rest? and cease to divide for days, years, or the rest of one's life. Such cells are said to be in the G0 (G-zero) phase. The balance between cells that are actively cycling and those standing by in G0 is an important factor in determining the number of cells in the body. An inability to stop cycling and enter G0 is characteristic of cancer cells (see Deeper Insight 4.3).
What makes a cell go beyond this life cycle? Or further their time being?[Why tag this text]what happens if the cells do something wrong and there is something that was messed up during the division process?[Why tag this textWhen I read this section from the book I just find it so interesting as well as remarkable that our body does all this without us knowing. The cell cycle is so complex and without it our cells would not be able to multiply and divide, and we would be non-existent, yet our cells do it everyday, constantly. [Why tag this textthe different phases[Why tag this textIn my opinion, the cell cycle has always been ONE my favorite in the Biology world. I just love the phases that it goes through and the structures it forms into. It is something like this in a biology class that keeps me so intrigued.[Why tag this textA day in the life of a cell is very simple.[Why tag this textQuestion 4: The cell cycle consists of several phases. The M mitotic phase is where cell replication and division occurs. Interphase is divided into 3 other phases. G1 or first gap phase is where cells grow and preform normal metabolic roles. S or synthesis phase is where DNA replication occurs. The final phase is G2, or the second gap phase where cells grow and prepare for mitosis.[Why tag this textImportant phases of the cell cycle. The most important phase is the mitotic phase where the cell replicates then separates. [General-Do not useGap phase between cell division and DNA replication. The cell synthesizes proteins, grows, and carries out its preordained tasks for the body.[Why tag this textwhat happens in G1 of interphase[Why tag this textI didn't realize how much happens in the G1 phase. Before reading this, it didn't seem like a big part of the cell cycle to me. Now I realize everything that occurs during this important phase. [Why tag this textDuring G1, the cell synthesizes proteins, grows, and carries out its preordained tasks for the body. [Why tag this textfirst phase of the cell cycle[Why tag this textInteresting to me how it is so obvious that these 3 phases must exist in the life of a cell, but so much time spent on the Mitotic phase in early biology classes in high school call them [Why tag this textWhile reading other sections about cell division and replication, I was under the impression this was a fast process. It's surprising that it actually takes about a day to complete.[Why tag this textEach phase of the cell cycle and what happens in each one [Why tag this textGap phases of the cell. I honestly didn't know cells had these phases till this class.[Why tag this textIt is important to know that during interphase something happens within the cell and that the cell doesnt just sit and do anything. During interphase, the cell is preparing for the mitotic phase where the cellphysically splits. [Why tag this texti was suprised to see the amount of time each section took, i thought a few hours total would be the amount but more than a day or about equal to a day for the process to happen is quite long in my book.[Why tag this textDescribes the cell cycle and its individuals processes in detail labels in phases: G1, S, G2, and M.[Why tag this textso it focuses on the growth on protein?[Why tag this textSo is this the most important phase in the cell cycle? Does one phase have more importance or emphasis than the rest?[Why tag this textHolland
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A hernia is any condition in which the viscera protrude through a weak point in the muscular wall of the abdominopelvic cavity.
A hernia is any condition in which the viscera protrude through a weak point in the muscular wall of the abdominopelvic cavity. The most common type to require treatment is an inguinal hernia
A hernia is any condition in which the viscera protrude through a weak point in the muscular wall of the abdominopelvic cavity. The most common type to require treatment is an inguinal hernia
A hernia is any condition in which the viscera protrude through a weak point in the muscular wall of the abdominopelvic cavity. The most common type to require treatment is an inguinal hernia (fig. 10.21).
A hernia is any condition in which the viscera protrude through a weak point in the muscular wall of the abdominopelvic cavity. The most common type to require treatment is an inguinal hernia (fig. 10.21). In the male fetus, each testis descends from the pelvic cavity into the scrotum by way of a passage called the inguinal canal through the muscles of the groin
A hernia is any condition in which the viscera protrude through a weak point in the muscular wall of the abdominopelvic cavity. The most common type to require treatment is an inguinal hernia (fig. 10.21). In the male fetus, each testis descends from the pelvic cavity into the scrotum by way of a passage called the inguinal canal through the muscles of the groin. This canal remains a weak point in the pelvic floor, especially in infants and children. When pressure rises in the abdominal cavity, it can force part of the intestine or bladder into this canal or even into the scrotum. This also sometimes occurs in men who hold their breath while lifting heavy weights. When the diaphragm and abdominal muscles contract, pressure in the abdominal cavity can soar to 1,500 pounds per square inch?more than 100 times the normal pressure and quite sufficient to produce an inguinal hernia, or ?rupture.?
A hernia is any condition in which the viscera protrude through a weak point in the muscular wall of the abdominopelvic cavity. The most common type to require treatment is an inguinal hernia (fig. 10.21). In the male fetus, each testis descends from the pelvic cavity into the scrotum by way of a passage called the inguinal canal through the muscles of the groin. This canal remains a weak point in the pelvic floor, especially in infants and children. When pressure rises in the abdominal cavity, it can force part of the intestine or bladder into this canal or even into the scrotum. This also sometimes occurs in men who hold their breath while lifting heavy weights. When the diaphragm and abdominal muscles contract, pressure in the abdominal cavity can soar to 1,500 pounds per square inch?more than 100 times the normal pressure and quite sufficient to produce an inguinal hernia, or ?rupture.? Inguinal hernias rarely occur in women.
I have a friend that had a hernia because of lifting. What causes weaknesses in the muscles that allow for hernias?[Why tag this]How exactly is this caused? And does it cause any life threatning damage to your body?[Why tag thiswhat causes the weak point. why do hernias happen? and is there prevention?[Why tag thisMy nephew was actually born with a navel hernia, but I never quite knew what a hernia consisted of. His doctor said that a navel hernia can be quite common in newborns and it usually fixes itself, but he said that my nephew's was a little larger than normal and he'll eventually need surgery to correct it. He didn't seem to concerned on its internal affect and seemed to me that it was more of a cosmetic correction than a functional problem.[Why tag thisI thought that a hernia could occur in vertebral discs as well. There are such things as a herniated disc so would the description that a hernia is where the viscera protrudes the abdominopelvic cavity be wrong? [Why tag thisI found this section interesting because my brother has had several hernias when we were both younger, and I never knew what really caused it, but now I have a better understanding of what it was.[Why tag thisCan animals exhibit such a problem? Do hernias exist among other mammals? [Why tag thisI didn't know how common hernias are and how fatal they can been. I have a friend who has a hernia in the belly button. At one point he went to the doctor to get it checked out and the doctor said it was ok and not to worry about it. I'm not exactly sure why.[Why tag thisMy friend suffered from a hernia and he had to get surgery for it. He was telling me how he did it and he told me it happened when trying to lift a heavy object. It is strange to think that when you have a hernia there is nothing stopping you intestines from falling out besides your skin. [Why tag thisA hernia is when the vsicera protrudes through a weak point in the muscular wall of the abdominopelvic cavity. Most common type to be treated is an inguinal hernia. [Why tag thisthe definition of hernias, i have never known about this thing in our humanity[Why tag thisWow. Being a male, I had known of this spot but not its name and its potential for this horrible occurence. It is incredible that all the muscles in your body working together can create such a force as to eject your viscera into this cavity. interesting and horrifying at the same time. You gotta love science.[Why tag thisI tagged this portion of 10.3 on hernias because I've heard the term used before, but never have been provided with any other information besides the name itself. There are many males in my family who have developed this condition and therefore they had to undergo necessary treatment. I was not aware there was more than one type of a hernia. As you look at all the kinds of conditions that can arise in a human being there are always different degrees, some being more serious than others.[Why tag thisHow are hernias fixed or treated? is a surgical procedure necessary?[Why tag thisI am confused on this. Where does a hernia come from? You can get them from lifting weights and holding your breath but what substance forms to create this? The viscera?[Why tag thisso i assume it mostly occurs in males, what exactly can cause this and what is the treatment for this? is it noticable or painful[Why tag thisA hernia is a very painful condition in which there is a rupture in the wall of the abdominopelvic area and the viscera protrude through the weak point. [Why tag thisdescription of a hernia; what causes them to happen[Why tag thisWhenever i think of a hernia i always think about someone hurting themselves but really its a natural process.[Why tag thisI know that hernias are more common in males than females. Are hernias in adolescent boys more common than hernias in adult males? [Why tag thisWhat causes this weak point? without it would there be no hernias?[Why tag thisIs this common in older men?[Why tag thisThis is so amazing. When comparing this to the amount of pressure on an average floor, I believe the abdominal cavity wins. It's like having a small car occuping a square inch of floor. [Why tag thisPoljana Janko
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kinetic energy,
forms of energy
Chemical energy is potential energy stored in the bonds of molecules
Chemical energy is potential energy stored in the bonds of molecules.
Chemical energy is potential energy stored in the bonds of molecules. Chemical reactions release this energy and make it available for physiological work.
Chemical energy is potential energy stored in the bonds of molecules. Chemical reactions release this energy and make it available for physiological work. Heat is the kinetic energy of molecular motion.
Chemical energy is potential energy stored in the bonds of molecules. Chemical reactions release this energy and make it available for physiological work. Heat is the kinetic energy of molecular motion. The temperature of a substance is a measure of rate of this motion, and adding heat to a substance increases this rate.
Chemical energy is potential energy stored in the bonds of molecules. Chemical reactions release this energy and make it available for physiological work. Heat is the kinetic energy of molecular motion. The temperature of a substance is a measure of rate of this motion, and adding heat to a substance increases this rate. Electromagnetic energy is the kinetic energy of moving ?packets? of radiation called photons. The most familiar form of electromagnetic energy is light. Electrical energy has both potential and kinetic forms
Chemical energy is potential energy stored in the bonds of molecules. Chemical reactions release this energy and make it available for physiological work. Heat is the kinetic energy of molecular motion. The temperature of a substance is a measure of rate of this motion, and adding heat to a substance increases this rate. Electromagnetic energy is the kinetic energy of moving ?packets? of radiation called photons. The most familiar form of electromagnetic energy is light. Electrical energy has both potential and kinetic forms. It is potential energy when charged particles have accumulated at a point such as a battery terminal or on one side of a cell membrane; it becomes kinetic energy when these particles begin to move and create an electrical current?for example, when electrons move through your household wiring or sodium ions move through a cell membrane.Free energy is the potential energy available in a system to do useful work. In human physiology, the most relevant free energy is the energy stored in the chemical bonds of organic molecules.
I know that gravity has a big impact on the Potential energy. Is that right?[Why tag this text]Sounds familiar[Why tag this textForms of energy:Chemical energy: potential energy stored in bonds of molecules, this energy can become released by chemical reactions.Heat: Kinetic energy of molecular motionsElectromagnetic energy: Kinetic energy of moving photons [such as light]Free energy: The energy available to do work.[Why tag this textChemical energy is a type of potential energy[Why tag this textThis is a very confusing to me. In Chem 102 it was beat into us that breaking the bonds between atoms is ALWAYS endothermic. So how is potential energy stored in the bonds of molecules?[Why tag this textAnother form of potential energry which is stored in the body[Why tag this textThis is a perfect example of chemistry going on inside the body-something that a lot of people don't ever think of when they think of how our bodies work.[Why tag this text What makes molecular motion possible[Why tag this textI knew that chemical reactions gave off heat. But never have thought about it like this. That chemical energy is potential energy stored in the bonds and when the chemical reaction releases this energy in the form of heat that is its kinetic energy[Why tag this textThis means that the physiological functions and processes that ocurr every second in our bodies are due to how much different chemical reactions can turn potential energy into actual energy where molecules are moving and bumping into each other. The temperature is actually a measure of how quickly molecules are moving.[Why tag this textI found this important because it explains different types of energy that is within potential energy and kinetic energy.[Why tag this textThis Defines each of the of the types of kinetic and potential energy[General-Do not useHeat is type of kinetic energy[Why tag this textIs this where we get the property of muscle cells producing heat? When they are contracting they are moving their molecules to produce heat.[Why tag this textHeat and electromagnetic are both energies related to kinetic [Why tag this textI never thought of temperature as a tool to measure motion. The higher the temperature the more the speed of motion increases.[why tag thisElectromagnetic energy is also form of kinetic energy[Why tag this textIs electromagnetic energy harmful to humans? I heard of eletromagnetic radiation, and its in simple goods we use on a regular basis like microwaves, radios, and x-rays, if these are harmful to us, is their any certain amount we can uphold? or are their different types of forms?[Why tag this textElectromagnetic energy defined[Why tag this textExplains how electrical energy is both potential and kinetic in different forms. Potenital when it is stored and then kinetic when it is released[Why tag this textFree energy is a type of potential energy[Why tag this textAnother form of free energy is potential energy[Why tag this textFree energy is analogus to a person's potential to work/share talents. This potential lies within the individual and is drawn out/released when they have something to apply it to.[Why tag this textis this free enegy , energy we have stored from the consumption of fuel or food. [Why tag this textMelissa
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The Carpal Bones The carpal bones are arranged in two rows of four bones each (fig. 8.34). Although they are colloquially called wrist bones, the narrow point where one might wear a wristwatch is at the distal end of the radius and ulna. The carpal bones are in the base of the hand. These short bones allow movements of the wrist from side to side and anterior to posterior. The carpal bones of the proximal row, starting at the lateral (thumb) side, are the scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum (tri-QUEE-trum), and pisiform (PY-sih-form)?Latin for ?boat-,? ?moon-,? ?triangle-,? and ?pea-shaped,? respectively. Unlike the other carpal bones, the pisiform is a sesamoid bone; it is not present at birth but develops around the age of 9 to 12 years within the tendon of the flexor carpi ulnaris muscle.
do other joints include features like this?[Why tag this]it's good to know that the role of the short bones [Why tag thisUnderstanding the function of a bone is important when studying the body because knowing their normal function and postition can help if something doesn't seem right at any time. Also, knowing the interaction between the different bones with eachother can help with the understanding of how our body works.[Why tag thisDoes each of the small carpal bones have a different function? [Why tag thisI didn't realize how many bones were involved in movement in the hand. This must be why carpeltunnel and arthritis is so common.[Why tag thisWhen someone is afflicted with carpal tunnel syndrome, what carpal bones does it affect and what type of damage do those carpal bones have?[Why tag thisI find it interesting that we have so many bones in our hands. I'm looking down at my hands typing and it's weird to think that all the bones in my hand are helping me to do this. [Why tag thisIt is interesting that the bones of the hand are seperated by the carpal, metacarpel, and phalanges bones. [Why tag thisWhen someone breaks their wrist, is it one of these bones that they are pertaining to?[Why tag thisOur carpal bones, or wrist bones are arranged in two densely packed rows of four bones each.[Why tag thisI found it interesting to read about the carpal bones. I didn't know there were that many bones in the hands. They are arranged in groups of four and five. When people get carpal tunnel in their hands does that affect the bones or the joints? [Why tag thisI know someone with carpel tunnel syndrome and I was wondering what exactly needs to happen to the carpel bones to cause this? Why does it occur from typing for long periods of time, etc.?[Why tag thisYou would think this bone might help people with their postures a bit. Stopping shoulders from hunching down and forward. It is interesting to learn that this is the most commonly fractured bone in the body. Obne might think it was the arm or forearm.[Why tag thisdescription of the carpal bones[Why tag thisIt is very interesting to look at this hand model below and makes me really think how unique our bone of our hands are. They just look like irregular shape that really dont have a purpse but they all fit together and function as one creating our whole hand allowing it to move and encounter stresses put upon it. It really makes me think how everything is created unquily so that they fit together to creat such specific actions. [Why tag thisWhat is really going on when you're [Why tag thisWhat is the benefit of having several small bones in the palm rather than one larger one or a few larger ones?[Why tag thisIt's surprising these bones, given the reativel little surrounding muscle or tissue, can bear so much weight.[Why tag thisWhat exactly happens when you jam your fingers? Or when you crack your knuckles. [Why tag thisIt is interesting to see how many bones are located in the hand and makes me think this is why we are able to manipulate our hands in so many positions. Do other mammals have a similar structure or is this part of what makes us able to grasp and manipulate objects?[Why tag thisThere are two rows of four bones in each hand in the base of the hands. The bones are used for movement in the wrist and fingers. There are a lot of these carpal bones to help hold the structure of then hand as it develops.[Why tag thisThis is interesting to me because I did not know that the distal end of the radius and ulna went that far down the arm.[Why tag thisIf the carpals all serve the same function why aren't they more uniformly shaped?[Why tag thisso i hear alot of people with carpal tunnel problems, i thought that keeping the joins moving and using them would cause less problems in the future. is this not the case?[Why tag thissoha
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Natural selection, an explanation of how species originate and change through time, was the brainchild of Charles Darwin (1809?82)?probably the most influential biologist who ever lived.
Natural selection, an explanation of how species originate and change through time, was the brainchild of Charles Darwin (1809?82)?probably the most influential biologist who ever lived. His book, On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1859),
Natural selection, an explanation of how species originate and change through time, was the brainchild of Charles Darwin (1809?82)?probably the most influential biologist who ever lived. His book, On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1859), has been called ?the book that shook the world.? In presenting the first well-supported theory of evolution, On the Origin of Species not only caused the restructuring of all of biology but also profoundly changed the prevailing view of our origin, nature, and place in the universe.
The two main theories that have evolved from studies.[Why I tagged this]Natural Selection def.[Why I tagged thisEvolution. How species evolved and adapted to new environments to survive.[Why I tagged thisNatural selection- explains how the species originate and change through time[Why I tagged thisYep I agree. It is interesting to note that this theory was one of the key tenets too in many early governments to give favor to one population over another.[Why I tagged thisDarwin is significant to evolution in his theory of Natural Selection or survival of the fittest.[Why I tagged thisHelps us see the differences over time[Why I tagged thisNatural selection is important to know and to study because it occurs in all species of animals. Humans with the most favorable traits typically find a mate faster than others and reproduce. [Why I tagged thisI am still confused on what natural selection is and how Charles Darwin effected it. [Why I tagged thisThis is an important definition that I had no idea that Charles Darwin had anything to do with.[Why I tagged thisCharles Darwin is well known in ecology- his explanations of Natural Selection were influential.[Why I tagged thisTagged this because Charles Darwin's work is still referenced to daily, not just in an educational environment, but also in normal everday life/conversation.[Why I tagged thisDarwin's theories are very important to many areas of science including anatomy and physiology and can help explain why humans arrived with the anatomical structure we have and why it works the way it does.[Why I tagged thisWhat exactly is natural selection and who discovered it. [Why I tagged thisCharles Darwin and Natural selection[Why I tagged thisI agree with this I remember studying his stuff during high school and to this day we are still looking at what he had done in his time that still is very influential today.[Why I tagged thisCharles Darwin is a very important person to science. He introduced the idea of evolution which has led to many more discoveries today.[Why I tagged thisExplains what Charles Darwin did and who he was. His book(s) plays an important part in understanding natural selection or knowing how we got to learning about the existance of different kinds of species.[Why I tagged thisCharles Darwin is important because of his findings and eventual theory of natural selection, which is used till this day[Why I tagged thisDarwins book[Why I tagged thisBy understanding evolution and how species adapt, it's possible to better understand anatomy and physiology[Why I tagged thisI find it fascinating to look at how our species have evolved and that so much of what we know today stems from what we know of the science of millions of years ago. [Why I tagged thisThe definition of Evolution[Why I tagged thisCorianne
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Blood vessels penetrate into the bone through minute holes called nutrient foramina (for-AM-ih-nuh); we will trace where they go when we consider the histology of bone.
Externally, a bone is covered with a sheath called the periosteum
Externally, a bone is covered with a sheath called the periosteum.6 This has a tough, outer fibrous layer of collagen and an inner osteogenic layer of bone-forming cells described later in the chapter.
Externally, a bone is covered with a sheath called the periosteum.6 This has a tough, outer fibrous layer of collagen and an inner osteogenic layer of bone-forming cells described later in the chapter.
Externally, a bone is covered with a sheath called the periosteum.6 This has a tough, outer fibrous layer of collagen and an inner osteogenic layer of bone-forming cells described later in the chapter. Some collagen fibers of the outer layer are continuous with the tendons that bind muscle to bone, and some penetrate into the bone matrix as perforating (Sharpey7) fibers.
Externally, a bone is covered with a sheath called the periosteum.6 This has a tough, outer fibrous layer of collagen and an inner osteogenic layer of bone-forming cells described later in the chapter. Some collagen fibers of the outer layer are continuous with the tendons that bind muscle to bone, and some penetrate into the bone matrix as perforating (Sharpey7) fibers. The periosteum thus provides strong attachment and continuity from muscle to tendon to bone. The osteogenic layer is important to the growth of bone and healing of fractures. There is no periosteum over the articular cartilage
Externally, a bone is covered with a sheath called the periosteum.6 This has a tough, outer fibrous layer of collagen and an inner osteogenic layer of bone-forming cells described later in the chapter. Some collagen fibers of the outer layer are continuous with the tendons that bind muscle to bone, and some penetrate into the bone matrix as perforating (Sharpey7) fibers. The periosteum thus provides strong attachment and continuity from muscle to tendon to bone. The osteogenic layer is important to the growth of bone and healing of fractures. There is no periosteum over the articular cartilage.
What fluid is released between bones? I have to imagine it's some heavy duty gel since we don't want our bones eroding eachother.[Why I tagged this]what would happen if a person does not preduce enough fluid/cartilage for the joints to smoothly run across each other? what would the effects on the body be?[Why I tagged thisCan the joint move if the cartilage is depleted; if so, how well can the joint move? [Why I tagged thisMy ballet teacher told us to never crack our knuckles becuase the fluid would come out and we would loose our limited supply, is this true or are we always synthesizing new material?[Why I tagged thisDo these blood vessels penetrate the cartilage compact bone and spongy bone? Where do they go?[Why I tagged thisThis is something that I had always overlooked. I had never realized that theres no way for nutrients to pass through the compact osseous tissue on a bones surface. unbeknownst to me, there were holes, foramina, through which the bones gained there sustenance.[Why I tagged thisallow blood vessels penetrade through the bone[Why I tagged thisForamen - previous chapter. This word was used when we described features in the vertebra and the skull/facial bones.[Why I tagged thisI find it strange that the outer layer is not an epiosteum or exosteum. The pericardium, for example is not the outermost heart layer.[Why I tagged thisShows how the bone is covered in a different way than other parts of the body [Why I tagged thisHow is this layer and its decay related to arthritis? [Why I tagged thisIs this for protection?[Why I tagged thisI only thought muscles and tendonds had sheaths. I once had the sheaths rub together ar caused inflamation and had trouble moving my wrist.[Why I tagged thisIs the periosteum part of compact bone or is just known as a different type of the bone? or a different type of bone? Does the periosteum have any parts or is it just an outer layer like a membrane?[Why I tagged thisThis is still a bit difficult for me to understand. Is the periosteum covered by something else or is it the outermost layer? Is it the fuzzy looking stuff inbetween the bone and muscle?[Why I tagged thisThe periosteum is the outer surface layer of bone and it is made od a layer of collagen and bone forming cells.[Why I tagged thisI had a hair-line fx of the L 5th metacarpal. It still aches on and off 6 years later. Is this due to perioseum damage and stress on the joint from lifting?[Why I tagged thisI always wondered what the hard outer layer of a bone was called and how it protected the bone. The thing i learend while reading this is that the periosteum provides strong attachment and continuity from muscle to tendon to bone. I find it very interesting that the ostegenic layer is important to the growth of bones and the healing of fractures. [Why I tagged thisperi - outerosteom- bone[Why I tagged thisperiosteum - sheath that covers the bone; what its' function is[Why I tagged thisThis is interesting that the outer layer has fibrous layers of collagen that will eventually disappear when the body is not living anymore. [Why I tagged thisWe talked about the inorganic materials that make up the bone. How are they inorganic? My definition of inorganic is something not found in nature. What are the organic materials?[Why I tagged thisSo are all muscles then attached to some level within the inside of bone, via tendinous attachments?[Why I tagged thisHayley Smith
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The condition can be controlled with drugs that suppress the immune system, but such drugs compromise the body?s ability to fight off infections.
Glands
GlandsA gland is a cell or organ that secretes substances for use elsewhere in the body or for elimination as waste.
GlandsA gland is a cell or organ that secretes substances for use elsewhere in the body or for elimination as waste. The gland product may be something synthesized by the gland cells (such as digestive enzymes) or something removed from the tissues and modified by the gland (such as urine). The product is called a secretion if it is useful to the body (such as an enzyme or hormone) and an excretion if it is a waste product (such as urine). Glands are composed predominantly of epithelial tissue, but usually have a supportive connective tissue framework and capsule.Endocrine and Exocrine GlandsEndocrine and Exocrine Glands Glands are broadly classified as endocrine or exocrine. Both types originate as invaginations of a surface epithelium (fig. 5.29). Exocrine30 (EC-so-crin) glands usually maintain their contact with the surface by way of a duct, an epithelial tube that conveys their secretion to the surface. The secretion may be released to the body surface, as in the case of sweat, mammary, and tear glands. More often, however, it is released into the cavity (lumen) of another organ such as the mouth or intestine; this is the case with salivary glands, the liver, and the pancreas.
I never thought that having your immune system work too well was possible.[Why tag this text]I also take immnosupressive drugs to help with my GVHD that I sometimes get as a result of my Bone Marrow Transplant and my Stem Cell Transplant. It is a careful balancing act that I play everyday.[Why tag this textHow long does this usually take to treat? I am thinking if it takes too long, there is a good chance you could die from another disease pretty easily as your immune system is weakened severely.[Why tag this textDo these drugs enable the J-like hooks so the cells are able to maintain their current position or do the drugs just supress the destructive autoantibodies?[Why tag this textA gland is a cell or organ that secretes substances for use elsewhere in the body or for elimination as waste. Glands are composed predominantly of epithelial tissues. Endocrine and Exocrine Glands originate as invaginations of a surface epithelium. Endocrine glands lose contact with the surface and have no ducts and unicellular glands are secretory cells found in an epithelium that is predominantly nonsecretory. [Why tag this textGland:Cell/organ that secretes substances for use in body. Made mainly of epithelial tissues.[Why tag this textVocabulary:- Glands is a cell or ogan that secretes substances for use eslewhere in the body or for elimination as waste.[Why tag this textWithout the existence of tight and gap junctions between cells it would be impossible for the body to maintain homeostasis because blocking, transferring, and receiving certain materials from cell-to-cell could not be regulated or controlled.[Why tag this textGlands are important in that they secrete substances that the body does not need, usually waste.[Why tag this textThis is important because it describes the purpose of a gland in the body. My question is where are glands located and how do they connect with the tissues?[Why tag this textHuman's ability to sweat is one of our biological advantages because we can run long distances or endure extreme physical activity and continually cool ourselves. [Why tag this textdefinition of gland[Why tag this textIf glands are ment to secrete substances for elimination as waste why do we use deoderant? because wouldnt that just block the outcome making it more harmful to ourselves? [Why tag this textSweat glands release sweat. Glands in your body release hormones etc. I wasn't aware that they eliminate waste. Is this for all glands or just some? Interesting...[Why tag this textdefinition of gland, and also highlights where to find information about glands[Why tag this textA gland is a cell or organ that secretes substances for use somewhere else in the body.[Why tag this textDoes this have anything to do with strep throat because your glands swell up? [Why tag this textglands are cells or organs that secrete substances for other places in the body to help elimnate waste. they are made of epithelial tissue.[Why tag this textGlands produce and excrete essential chemicals for the body.[Why tag this textremember learning this in high school then going over this in my health classes at uw waukesha[Why tag this textDefines a gland, what they are used for and what cells compose a gland.[General-Do not useDef of the glands. important to understnading them [Why tag this textAmanda Fitzmaurice
Awlareau
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tonicity
The plasma membrane is both a barrier and gateway between the cytoplasm and ECF. It is selectively permeable?it allows some things through, such as nutrients and wastes, but usually prevents other things, such as proteins and phosphates, from entering or leaving the cell
The plasma membrane is both a barrier and gateway between the cytoplasm and ECF. It is selectively permeable?it allows some things through, such as nutrients and wastes, but usually prevents other things, such as proteins and phosphates, from entering or leaving the cell.
The plasma membrane is both a barrier and gateway between the cytoplasm and ECF. It is selectively permeable-it allows some things through, such as nutrients and wastes, but usually prevents other things, such as proteins and phosphates, from entering or leaving the cell.
The plasma membrane is both a barrier and gateway between the cytoplasm and ECF. It is selectively permeable?it allows some things through, such as nutrients and wastes, but usually prevents other things, such as proteins and phosphates, from entering or leaving the cell.The methods of moving substances through the membrane can be classified in two overlapping ways: as passive or active mechanisms and as carrier-mediated or not. Passive mechanisms require no energy (ATP) expenditure by the cell. In most cases, the random molecular motion of the particles themselves provides the necessary energy. Passive mechanisms include filtration, diffusion, and osmosis. Active mechanisms, however, consume ATP. These include active transport and vesicular transport. Carrier-mediated mechanisms use a membrane protein to transport substances from one side of the membrane to the other. We will first consider the mechanisms that are not carrier-mediated (filtration, simple diffusion, and osmosis) and then the carrier-mediated mechanisms (facilitated diffusion and active transport).
Means being permeable by certain molecules by not all molecules.[Why tag this text]A selectively permiable membrane is one that does not allow all molecules to pass through it. There are specific features that allow certain molecules with the right features to pass freely, or in some cases only in one direction.[Why tag this textselective permeability is the property of a living cell membrane that allows the cell to control which molecules can pass through the membrane, moving into or out of the cell. I recently just understood this part and reading this helped me to better understand.[Why tag this textThe permeable membrane is used to filter out larger substances from certain liquids. Most common in blood.[Why tag this textA selectively permeable membrane only allows certain substances through. What if it let everything through? Is that some type of disease?[Why tag this textonly allows certain substances in to protect the body while also preventing toxins or foreign sunstances to enter the body[Why tag this textosmotic pressure of a solution, cells get bigger or smaller depending on tonicity.[Why tag this textA state of normal firmness or functional readiness of body tissues or organs; a condition of sustained partial contraction of resting or relaxed muscles. [Why tag this textthe plasma membrane only lets certain things through. Well, if it let another thinkg through what would happe?[Why tag this textThis quick and short sentence describes basically this entire reading in a very broad spectrum. Giving someone a main point in what the plasma membrane is for and why it is important[Why tag this textthe plasma membrane not only is a barrier and gateway between the cytoplasm but it also plays a big part in cell identification [Why I tag thisAre all cells selectively permeable?[Why tag this textThe plasma membrane is closely relatable to the skin we possess all over out body, with our mouths being the membrane and other exertion points throughout our body, expelling waste and intaking nutrients[Why tag this textWhy is it that it only allows certain things to enter?[Why tag this textHow does the plasma membrane have the knowledge to decide which is which to let through? What would happen if there was a mutation and it let the wrong things through?[Why tag this textI tagged this because I found it really interesting and I never knew this about the plasma membrane. I didnt know it lets some things through and other things stay. [Why tag this textWow! The plasma membrane has a really important job. I think it's cool that it allows certain thinks to go through. Although it made me rise a question. Why does it prevent proteins from going through?[Why tag this textThe plasma membrane is like our taste preferences to food, in a sense. The plasma membrane allows only somethings to pass through such as nutrients and waste. It also helps to prevent other things such as proteins and phosphates stay out. In a way, I am comparing this to how humans have taste preferences. We allow what taste good and what we like to eat into our bodies, and we don't eat what we don't like. So i guess we could say our taste preferences are [Why tag this textplasma membrane - carried and gateway[Why tag this textI found it important to know that the plasma membrane is not only just a barrier it is selectively permeable (it specific things through like nutrients and wastes) but prevents certain things like protein and phosphates from entering or leaving the cell. I also learned that their are two different methods of moving substances through the membrain passive or active. [Why tag this textI tagged this because it is crucial to understand that the cell membraine is selectively permeable. In my opinion this is like the main function of the plasma membrane. [Why tag this textImportant to notice that the plasma membrane is permeable and lets things come and go through it. [Why tag this textPlasma membrane: Can have two ways to transport things through it. Active and Passive [require no energy from ATP] and Carrier-Mediated or Not. Passive Methods: filtration, diffusion, osmosis. Active Methods: Active transport and Vesicular transportCarrier-Mediated Transport: Membrane protein to transport substance from one side to the other. Facillitated diffusion, active transport.[Why tag this textStephen Minakian
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Four phases of mitosis are recognizable: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase
Four phases of mitosis are recognizable: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase (fig. 4.16).
Four phases of mitosis are recognizable: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase (fig. 4.16). mitosis
[image #5]
FIGURE4.16 Mitosis.The photographs show mitosis in whitefish eggs, where chromosomes are relatively easy to observe. The drawings show a hypothetical cell with only two chromosome pairs; in humans, there are 23 pairs.
Prophase
Prophase.
Prophase.4 At the outset of mitosis, the chromosomes shorten and thicken, eventually coiling into compact rods that are easier to distribute to daughter cells than the long, delicate chromatin of interphase. There are 46 chromosomes, two chromatids per chromosome, and one molecule of DNA per chromatid. The nuclear envelope disintegrates during prophase and releases the chromosomes into the cytosol. The centrioles begin to sprout elongated microtubules called spindle fibers, which push the centrioles apart as they grow. Eventually, a pair of centrioles comes to lie at each pole of the cell. Some spindle fibers grow toward the chromosomes and become attached to the kinetochore on each side of the centromere (see fig. 4.5). The spindle fibers then tug the chromosomes back and forth until they line up along the midline of the cell. Metaphase.5 The chromosomes are aligned on the cell equator, oscillating slightly and awaiting a signal that stimulates each of them to split in two at the centromere. The spindle fibers now form a lemon-shaped array called the mitotic spindle. Long microtubules reach out from each centriole to the chromosomes, and shorter microtubules form a starlike aster,6 which anchors the assembly to the inside of the plasma membrane at each end of the cell. Anaphase.7 This phase begins with activation of an enzyme that cleaves the two sister chromatids from each other at the centromere. Each chromatid is now regarded as a separate, single-stranded daughter chromosome. One daughter chromosome migrates to each pole of the cell, with its centromere leading the way and the arms trailing behind. Migration is achieved by means of motor proteins in the kinetochore crawling along the spindle fiber as the fiber itself is ?chewed up? and disassembled at the chromosomal end. Since sister chromatids are genetically identical, and since each daughter cell receives one chromatid from each chromosome, the daughter cells of mitosis are genetically identical. Telophase.8 The chromatids cluster on each side of the cell. The rough ER produces a new nuclear envelope around each cluster, and the chromatids begin to uncoil and return to the thinly dispersed chromatin form. The mitotic spindle breaks up and vanishes. Each new nucleus forms nucleoli, indicating it has already begun making RNA and preparing for protein synthesis.
Prophase.4 At the outset of mitosis, the chromosomes shorten and thicken, eventually coiling into compact rods that are easier to distribute to daughter cells than the long, delicate chromatin of interphase. There are 46 chromosomes, two chromatids per chromosome, and one molecule of DNA per chromatid. The nuclear envelope disintegrates during prophase and releases the chromosomes into the cytosol. The centrioles begin to sprout elongated microtubules called spindle fibers, which push the centrioles apart as they grow. Eventually, a pair of centrioles comes to lie at each pole of the cell. Some spindle fibers grow toward the chromosomes and become attached to the kinetochore on each side of the centromere (see fig. 4.5). The spindle fibers then tug the chromosomes back and forth until they line up along the midline of the cell. Metaphase.5 The chromosomes are aligned on the cell equator, oscillating slightly and awaiting a signal that stimulates each of them to split in two at the centromere. The spindle fibers now form a lemon-shaped array called the mitotic spindle. Long microtubules reach out from each centriole to the chromosomes, and shorter microtubules form a starlike aster,6 which anchors the assembly to the inside of the plasma membrane at each end of the cell. Anaphase.7 This phase begins with activation of an enzyme that cleaves the two sister chromatids from each other at the centromere. Each chromatid is now regarded as a separate, single-stranded daughter chromosome. One daughter chromosome migrates to each pole of the cell, with its centromere leading the way and the arms trailing behind. Migration is achieved by means of motor proteins in the kinetochore crawling along the spindle fiber as the fiber itself is ?chewed up? and disassembled at the chromosomal end. Since sister chromatids are genetically identical, and since each daughter cell receives one chromatid from each chromosome, the daughter cells of mitosis are genetically identical. Telophase.8 The chromatids cluster on each side of the cell. The rough ER produces a new nuclear envelope around each cluster, and the chromatids begin to uncoil and return to the thinly dispersed chromatin form. The mitotic spindle breaks up and vanishes. Each new nucleus forms nucleoli, indicating it has already begun making RNA and preparing for protein synthesis.Telophase is the end of nuclear division but overlaps with cytokinesis9 (SY-toe-kih-NEE-sis), division of the cytoplasm into two cells. Early traces of cytokinesis are visible even at anaphase. It is achieved by the motor protein myosin pulling on microfilaments of actin in the terminal web of the cytoskeleton. This creates a crease called the cleavage furrow around the equator of the cell, and the cell eventually pinches in two. Interphase has now begun for these new cells.
Mitosis is very important to our body because it helps repaur what was damaged and replace what has died. It also helps the growth of the tissue and organs after we are born. If one of the 4 phases of mitosis were to stop working would that have a big impact on our body?[Why tag this text]So does mitosis occur frequently then?[Why tag this textIt's important to understand that only Eukaryotic cells reproduce by mitosis and Prokaryotic cells do not. [Why tag this textIt is amazing to think that our entire body is the product of the division of one cell. When you look at how complex the human body is and all of the different tissue types in the body, it is unbelievable.[Why tag this textactions performed by mitosis (all of the functions that meiosis does not perform)[Why tag this text4 stages of mitosis: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.[Why tag this textMy high school biology teacher told us to think of puppies when dealing with mitosis, because puppies need a P MAT for potty training. I have never forgotten the order of the mitotic phases since.[Why tag this textThe four different stages of Mitosis are all different and they serve there each individual purpose. The picture does a great job showing each of these stages. [Why tag this textThese are important in the studying of Mitosis [Why tag this textMITOSIS Prophase) chromosomes shorten and thicken, nuclear envelope disintegrates releases chromosomes into cytosol, spindle fibers push centrioles apart as they grow Metaphase) Chromosomes aligned on cell equator awaiting their signal to split in two Anaphase) Enzyme cleave sister chromatids from eachother. Daughter chromosome migrates to each pole Telophase) Chromatids cluster rough er produces nuclear envelope. Form nucleoli, prepare for protein synthesis[Why tag this textPhase Memorization Annoyed Ted[Why tag this textI thought this was important to know how mitosis works. It is interesting to see how one cell can replicate itself and make an identical cell. [Why tag this textRemebering this would be good not only for lab, but also for understanding the organization and complexity of the cells.[Why tag this textI always think of PMAT to remember the steps. Prophase has the G0, G1, S, and G2 stages. M=middle. A= away. T= cytokinesis. [Why tag this textthe chormosomes shorten and thicken, eventually soiling into compact rods that are easier to distribute to daughter cells.[General-Do not useGetting for division into daughter cells[Why tag this textThe four phases of mitosis and what each one specifically entails [Why tag this textPMAT- memorization for the correct order of the stages[Why tag this textThe four phases are important to know.[Why tag this textI chose this section because I know every step and how to draw it. Mitosis is asexual reproduction in which the cell divides in two, with an equal number of chromosomes in a haploid cell. Meiosis is cellular reproduction in which the number of chromosomes are reduced through the separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell. I have learned many differences between mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis is asexual reproduction, occus in all organisms, genetically identical, only 1 division, 2 daughter cells, and the steps are: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis. Now meiosis, is sexual reproduction, occurs in (humans, plants, fungi), genetically different, 2 divisions, 4 daughter cells, and the steps are: prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, telophase I, prophase II, metaphase II, anaphase II and telophase II. We had to learn so much about this in high school and so much memorization that it stuck with me. Its very important to know cell division/cycle. After each phase is finished the process restarts all over again. [Why tag this textThe first step of Mitosis is prophase, follow by metaphase, then anaphase, and finally telophase.[Why tag this textthis paragraph has given very useful details about prophase [Why tag this textMaisey Mulvey
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Tendons.The white glistening appearance results from the collagen of which tendons are composed. The braceletlike band across the wrist is also composed of collagen.Ground Substance
_____________
Ground Substance Amid the cells and fibers in some tissue sections, there appears to be a lot of empty space. In life, this space is occupied by the featureless ground substance.
Ground Substance Amid the cells and fibers in some tissue sections, there appears to be a lot of empty space. In life, this space is occupied by the featureless ground substance. Ground substance usually has a gelatinous to rubbery consistency resulting from three classes of large molecules: glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans, and adhesive glycoproteins.
Ground Substance Amid the cells and fibers in some tissue sections, there appears to be a lot of empty space. In life, this space is occupied by the featureless ground substance. Ground substance usually has a gelatinous to rubbery consistency resulting from three classes of large molecules: glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans, and adhesive glycoproteins. It absorbs compressive forces and, like the styrofoam packing in a shipping carton, protects the more delicate cells from mechanical injury.
Wow. I look at my hands and I can kind of see the tendons as well that leads to my knuckles. Interesting.[Why tag this text]This image is very clear and it really helps in showing elastic fibers. I think human hands is something all people can realte to and look at for themselves. [Why tag this textTHis image intrigues me greatly. seeing the tendons going to each finger and observing the fibers. But what amazed me is the two tendons going to the pinky finger? of all fingers why does that one get two? Or at least two from different angles...[Why tag this textThat is very interesting. I would never even guess it looked like this. It's kind of gross. [Why tag this textI find this picture interesting because last year i went on a feild trip where we got to see cadavers, but the hands weren't shown. The person who was instructing us showed us where some tendons where on the body and even pulled on them a little so we could see what happens when they move.[Why tag this textI think this picture is not only interesting to look at but important to have in the reading because it shows it on a human that we can relate it back to not only ourselves but others as well and it is not the traditional illustration or shown on a dissected animal. [Why tag this textI was scared at first when I saw this! I think that this hand shows the tendons very well. I didn't know that this is what they looked like and the fingers are so bony! [Comment This is really interesting to me I have never seen a Tendons before and I have always thought that its a combination of many fibers and they are very thin that we may not see them.[Why tag this textthis picture is very detailed it has helped me to understand tendons because you can actually see if for life and not just in a drawing.[Why tag this textSeeing underneath the sking of the hand and getting a look at the tendons is way intresting and something i have never seen before.[Why tag this textThis indeed reminds of the tendons when I am deboning a chicken wing. I see the joints and then there are the white strips (tendons) that are connected to the joints. [Why tag this textSeeing the visual as well as a description helps to process what the tendons actually do in our bodies.[Why tag this textI was always wondering why when i flexed my hand what the tendons were[Why tag this textWhat tissues are responsible for regulating Ground Substance? Are there diseases that specifically attack the Ground Substance? How can GAG be both rubbery and gelatinous while also being responsible for the [Why tag this textGround Substance is whats in the empty space of the cells. Resulsting from glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans, and adhesve glycoproteins.[Why tag this textGround substance is a large part of connective tissue - it's made up of large molecules which perform special functions[Why tag this textDefines Ground substance and what it contains[Why tag this textwhat ground substance is[Why tag this textI find it interesting how a lot of the time we are mostly made up a random matrix of moelcules rather than what we usually think of as cells/tissues. It remind me of atoms of how we view oursleves and the world made of of atoms but in reality its mostly empty space.[Why tag this textQuestion 3: Glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans and adhesive glycoproteins help to make ground substance gelatinous.[Why tag this textThis ground tissue reminds me of one of my shadow experences with a orthopedic surgeon, a patient had arthritous in her knee which was bone on bone because she didnt have any protection between them anymore. So this ground substance which protects from mechanical injury had worn out. [Why tag this textI never realized there was a gelatinous substance in between muscle fibers. This is another complexity of anatomy that protects us from injury.[Why tag this textThese molecules act like shock absorbers and protect from mechanical injury. [Why tag this textThis simile could also be used for adipose tissue surrounding organs. I've noticed that a lot of different structures on different levels of hierarchy, have same functions.[Why tag this textJenna Nehls
Hauser Joseph Alan
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Desmosomes
Desmosomes A desmosome28 (DEZ-mo-some) is a patch that holds cells together somewhat like the snap on a pair of jeans
Desmosomes A desmosome28 (DEZ-mo-some) is a patch that holds cells together somewhat like the snap on a pair of jeans. They are not continuous and cannot prevent substances from passing around them and going between the cells. They serve to keep cells from pulling apart and thus enable a tissue to resist mechanical stress.
Desmosomes A desmosome28 (DEZ-mo-some) is a patch that holds cells together somewhat like the snap on a pair of jeans. They are not continuous and cannot prevent substances from passing around them and going between the cells. They serve to keep cells from pulling apart and thus enable a tissue to resist mechanical stress. Desmosomes are common in the epidermis, the epithelium of the uterine cervix, other epithelia, and cardiac muscle.
Desmosomes A desmosome28 (DEZ-mo-some) is a patch that holds cells together somewhat like the snap on a pair of jeans. They are not continuous and cannot prevent substances from passing around them and going between the cells. They serve to keep cells from pulling apart and thus enable a tissue to resist mechanical stress. Desmosomes are common in the epidermis, the epithelium of the uterine cervix, other epithelia, and cardiac muscle. Hooklike J-shaped proteins arise from the cytoskeleton, approach the cell surface from within, and penetrate into a thick protein plaque on the inner face of the plasma membrane; then the short arm of the J turns back into the cell?thus anchoring the cytoskeleton to the membrane plaque.
A desmosome28 (DEZ-mo-some) is a patch that holds cells together somewhat like the snap on a pair of jeans. They are not continuous and cannot prevent substances from passing around them and going between the cells. They serve to keep cells from pulling apart and thus enable a tissue to resist mechanical stress. Desmosomes are common in the epidermis, the epithelium of the uterine cervix, other epithelia, and cardiac muscle. Hooklike J-shaped proteins arise from the cytoskeleton, approach the cell surface from within, and penetrate into a thick protein plaque on the inner face of the plasma membrane; then the short arm of the J turns back into the cell?thus anchoring the cytoskeleton to the membrane plaque. Proteins of the plaque are linked to transmembrane proteins which, in turn, are linked to transmembrane proteins of the next cell, forming a zone of strong cell adhesion.
A desmosome28 (DEZ-mo-some) is a patch that holds cells together somewhat like the snap on a pair of jeans. They are not continuous and cannot prevent substances from passing around them and going between the cells. They serve to keep cells from pulling apart and thus enable a tissue to resist mechanical stress. Desmosomes are common in the epidermis, the epithelium of the uterine cervix, other epithelia, and cardiac muscle. Hooklike J-shaped proteins arise from the cytoskeleton, approach the cell surface from within, and penetrate into a thick protein plaque on the inner face of the plasma membrane; then the short arm of the J turns back into the cell?thus anchoring the cytoskeleton to the membrane plaque. Proteins of the plaque are linked to transmembrane proteins which, in turn, are linked to transmembrane proteins of the next cell, forming a zone of strong cell adhesion. Each cell mirrors the other and contributes half of the desmosome. Such connections among neighboring cells create a strong structural network that binds cells together throughout the tissue. The basal cells of an epithelium are similarly linked to the underlying basement membrane by half desmosomes called hemidesmosomes, so an epithelium cannot easily peel away from the underlying tissue.
A task that the juntion needs to perform. But what is the apical domain of the cell?[Why tag this text]having a hard time distinguishing between the two[Why tag this textVocabulary:- Desomosomes is a pacth that holds cells together somewhat like the snap on a pair of jeans.[Why tag this textWhy don't all cells connect with a tight junction to maximize protection of the cells?[Why tag this textdesmosome are patches that hold cells together like a pair of jeans. they are found in the epidermis, epithelium of uterine cervix and cardiac muscles.[Why tag this textnew information to me[Why tag this textholds the cells together[Why tag this textThis analogy helps quite a bit. I can picture the function of desmosomes much better when it is paired with everyday objects and their functions. [Why tag this textDesmosome:A patch that holds cells together, similar to a button in jeans. Substances can still pass through, but they keep the cells together and are used to resist stress. Common in epidermis, cervic, and cardiac muscle. [Why tag this textso desmosomes are the cells tendons? holding them together[Why tag this textWhat is the difference between desmosome and tight junctions?[Why tag this textDesmosomes help tissuses to resist mechanical stress[Why tag this texta desmosomes does not act as a barrier but it simple keeps things together to prevent mechanical stress. do basically it helps prevent tears and other injuries[Why tag this textThis also is a good comparison to a known object. It makes sense because jeans can unsnap. With the desmosome, they cannot prevent what cells or things good through it. This represents and can be compared to the tight junction since the tight junction is a tighter connection. This can be understood by the term [Why tag this textIt makes sense that this junction would have evolved this way for the skin whose main function is protection. Therefore the primary characteristics of the skin to maintain its structure, keeping it from pulling appart so it can continue to function correctly.[Why tag this textIt mentions that desmosomes are located in the uterine cervix and are able to resist stess. Is the reason that these cells are located in the uterine cervix for child birthing reasons? I know that the cervix dialates during birth and that the unborn child must pass through this area. I would imagine that these cells undergo unimaginable amounts of stress and it is amazing that this doesn't damage the cells. [Why tag this textGives a defintion of desmosomes and their relation to cell junctions.[Why tag this textGoes with the respond question and all explains the importance of the Junctions.[Why tag this textThis is interesting because as I read on it came to my mind, if we didnt have these junctions of cell bound together would we just fall apart, or wouldn't our systems be formed?[Why tag this textThis defines desmosomes as a cell junctions and how they are not as tight as the tight junction but still keeps cells from tearing apart, yet it allows substances to pass through. It also explains why they are there.[Why tag this textIs this how bones become irritated? Because the desmosomes are not doing their job?[Why tag this textWhen the section was talking about the different uses for junctions, it said they were there for multiple reasons. Desmosomes are specifically used to help the tissue undergo and resist stress. That is the main reason for it's existence because it says that it does not stop things from passing through or around it, that is the job of the tight junction.[General-Do not usewhat the role of desmosomes are and where they are located[Why tag this textDoes this mean that some secretions stay within the body? are they ever expeled? do all secretions need to come out of the body?[Why tag this textjess Tegelman
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describe the development of the skull from infancy through childhood.
The skull is the most complex part of the skeleton. Figures 8.3 to 8.6 present an overview of its general anatomy. Although it may seem to consist only of the mandible (lower jaw) and ?the rest,? it is composed of 22 bones and sometimes more. Most of these are connected by immovable joints called sutures (SOO-chures), which are visible as seams on the surface (fig. 8.4). These are important landmarks in the descriptions that follow.
Bones closely associated with the skull, but not apart of it are three middle ear cavities the hammer, anvil, and stirrup. Also the hyoid bone right beneath the chin.[Why tag this]This is interesting that all these bones make up the skull but are not all identifed as the skull bone entirely but are divided.[Why tag thisWell, an infants head nor body could fit through the mother's birth canal if it's head was fully sized before it came out of the womb. Spaces between the unfused cranial bones are called fontanels. They fuse together fully by the age of 5 or 6. [Why tag thisThe skull is the most complex part of the skeleton. This intriqued me because I could not believe this question until reading the descriptions of the skull. It seems complex since there are many immovable joints in the skull. The image do show the number of joints there and i am in disbelief.[Why tag thisThis is important so they we may understand the skull more and all of its bones. It blows my mind how are bodies were made almost perfect for us to adapt. The skull is the perfect example of this, it holds and brotects one of the most important parts of the body. [Why tag thisThis is an understatement! But again, if I break it down piece by piece, it really is not that bad.[Why tag thisI found this really interesting. I never knew that the skull is the most complex part of the skeleton. It does protect the most important part of the body. [Why tag thisI totally agree that the skull is the most complex part of the skeleton because there are just so many parts to the skull. And I generally thought that the superior part of the skull would just be one whole section. But looking at the diagram below, there are two sections that makes up that that top part. [Why tag thisIt's interesting that such a small area of the body is so complex[Why tag thisWhy is it the most complex part of the body? [Why tag thisWhy is the skull the most complex part of the skeleton?[Why tag thisAfter reading section 8.2, this certainly is true. When thinking of the head in relation to the rest of the body, it seems much smaller and less complex. However, when reading this you realize and are informed of how many bones and markings make up your head. It is amazing. [Why tag thisIt would make sense that the skull is the most comlex part of the skeleton because it has to protect and contain our control center, the brain.[Why tag thisHow many bones does the skull exactly have together[why tag this text?This is all new to me, never realized how complex the skull was![Why tag thisGiven that the brain is one of the most critical, life-giving, parts of the body - why would the skull be composed of so many pieces which compromises the structural integrity?[Why tag thisTypically when I think of complexity in biological sciences, I think of metabolic cellular processes. However, it is striking that there are 22 bones that make up the human skull, and most all of these bones fuse together at some point in a person's life to form a solid cranial bone. The complexity lies within the fact that each of these 22 bones stays in place and perfectly fits into place with the other pieces...that is complex! [Why tag thisI find it interesting that our skull has up to 22 bones because I didn't think there were so many. It's awesome to see how each bone fits together and their function.[Why tag thisMost kids people in general until learning that its not, probable think that the skull is just one bone, or atleast it would be easy to beleive that. However, may be hard to believe but the skull actually is composed of atleast 22 bones.[Why tag thisThe skull has 22 bones in itself. How is it possible that children have more bones than adults?[Why tag thisThis information is very important to me because I always knew how important the skull was, however; what I didn't know was that the skull is the most complex part of the skelton. It is composed of 22 bones and possible even more. [Why tag thisThe skull is the most complex part of the skeleton. The skull is composed of 22 or more bones and is highly specialized with anatomical features due to the level of detail needed to compose a human face.[Why tag thishardes part to memorize, so much![Why tag thisSkull is made up of 22 bones joined by sutures. Skull also has cavities [cranial, orbital, nasal oral, middle/inner-ear cavities, paranasal sinuses]. The sinus cavities are names for the bones in which they occur, like the frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary. READ TABLE 8.3....again.[Why tag thisMichea Jones
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The Metacarpal Bones Bones of the palm are called metacarpals.58 Metacarpal I is located proximal to the base of the thumb and metacarpal V proximal to the base of the little finger. On a skeleton, the metacarpals look like extensions of the fingers, making the fingers seem much longer than they really are. The proximal end of a metacarpal bone is called the base, the shaft is called the body, and the distal end is called the head. The heads of the metacarpals form knuckles when you clench your fist.The PhalangesThe Phalanges The bones of the fingers are called phalanges (fah-LAN-jeez), in the singular, phalanx (FAY-lanks). There are two phalanges in the pollex (thumb) and three in each of the other digits. Phalanges are identified by roman numerals preceded by proximal, middle, and distal. For example, proximal phalanx I is in the basal segment of the thumb (the first segment beyond the web between the thumb and palm); the left proximal phalanx IV is where people usually wear wedding rings; and distal phalanx V forms the tip of the little finger. The three parts of a phalanx are the same as in a metacarpal: base, body, and head. The anterior (palmar) surface of a phalanx is slightly concave from end to end and flattened from side to side; the posterior surface is rounder and slightly convex.
Do these bones contain nerves through them? I have broken two and both times it took my hours to even realize they were broken. [Why tag this]Why have the metacarpal bones not fused into one bone? [Why tag thisUnderstanding the function of a bone is important when studying the body because knowing their normal function and postition can help if something doesn't seem right at any time. Also, knowing the interaction between the different bones with eachother can help with the understanding of how our body works.[Why tag thisIf metacarpals are at the palm do we have them on the bottom or foot? And are are the bones in our toes called phalanges as well?[Why tag thismetacarpal bones and phalanges: other bones making up the hand[Why tag thisBones found in the palm are called metacarpal bones. They are long and skinny and seem like extensions of the finger bones.[Why tag thisI just recently broke my fourth and fifth metacarpals on my left hand and had surgery in November. They had to push the bone back together and use pins inserted through 3-5 to hold the bone together while it healed. Until then, I had no idea how important our hands were to our everyday life. There is so much that you can not do on your own without one hand. [Why tag thisThis is interesting to me because I never knew that are fingers are technically longer than they actually are. If we didn't have skin on our hands everyones hands would look so much longer. I had never really sat back and realized this while looking at a skeleton while I was in a science class or anatomy and physiology class in highschool[Why tag thisI just learned that cracking your knuckles does not cause arthritis, the popping you hear is a release of gas, mainly carbon dioxide. Over time the only harm that may come is the weakening of grip, which could be due to age as well. [Why tag thisso the thumb is indeed considered a phalange[Why tag thisI have been taught before that the toes are included in the phalanges, is this correct?[Why tag thisI have broken almost every single phalange in both my hands from gymnastics, I wish their was a better way of setting them to fix them instead of just wearing a splint, with things like philanges even when there broken were constantly moving them subconsciously. All of my fingers are now heeled but still look [Why tag thisThe labeling of the phalanges make it much easier to remember the position. So I wonder if [Why tag thisWhat is the difference between breaking a phalange and jamming your phalange? I jammed many phalanges playing basketball but I never knew what that actually meant.[Why tag thisSo the bones in the hands are called the carpals and metacarpals and the bones in the fingers are the phalanges, why aren't the toes considered phalanges as well?[Why tag thisLonger than average phalanges attribute to Marfan's disease. This is just a typical characteristic, though the disease itself is known for giving heart problems.[Why tag thisthe hand in general is pretty awesome, what makes it even more interesting is the variation that can happen. case in point is myself, i was born with an extra finger[Why tag thisI remember learning about phalanges/digits when I took A&P in high school, but I have to say...things are much more difficult to learn now that we go more in depth than in when I last took it. [Why tag thisWhy can't the phalanges function very well without the thumb?[Why tag thiswow, what occurs here to make people double jointed?[Why tag thisWhy is that the index finger in not really considered a finger?[Why tag thisWhy are there only 2 phalanges in the thumb instead of the normal three. If we had three, would it change the function of our thumbs? Would it hinder or improve our hand use?[Why tag thisIs double-jointedness some kind of defect of the bones? Or how do the bones work/move when someone is double jointed in their thumb, for example?[Why tag thisJoseph Skarlupka
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The Clavicle
The Clavicle
The Clavicle The clavicle43 (fig. 8.30) is slightly S-shaped, somewhat flattened from the upper to lower surface, and easily seen and palpated on the upper thorax (see fig. B.1b, p. 381). The superior surface is relatively smooth and rounded, whereas the inferior surface is flatter and marked by grooves and ridges for muscle attachment. The medial sternal end has a rounded, hammerlike head, and the lateral acromial end is markedly flattened. Near the acromial end is a rough tuberosity called the conoid tubercle?a ligament attachment that faces toward the rear and slightly downward.
The Clavicle The clavicle43 (fig. 8.30) is slightly S-shaped, somewhat flattened from the upper to lower surface, and easily seen and palpated on the upper thorax (see fig. B.1b, p. 381). The superior surface is relatively smooth and rounded, whereas the inferior surface is flatter and marked by grooves and ridges for muscle attachment. The medial sternal end has a rounded, hammerlike head, and the lateral acromial end is markedly flattened. Near the acromial end is a rough tuberosity called the conoid tubercle?a ligament attachment that faces toward the rear and slightly downward.
This unusual shoulder flexibility may relate to the fact that our primate ancestors were more abboreal (living in trees) so their shoulders had to be strong and the joint had to be flexible in order to swing from branch to branch. [Why tag this]Why are some people more flexible than others?[Why tag thisIn primates, the ability to swing from branches and reach overhead to climb was important.[Why tag thisOur primate ancestors were arboreal. A flexible shoulder was a useful adaptation for life in the trees[Why tag thisAs our primate ancestors moved into the trees and learned to adapt, the developed the flexible shoulder joint over time in order swing more easily from tree branch to tree branch.[Why tag thisThis flexibility is a product of evolution in our ancestors. Primates that had increased flexibility in this joint were more advanced in climbing, swinging, and reaching above their heads for vegitation. Therefore, this trait allowed for better survival and hence, reproduction. Those primates that lacked this flexibility were less likely to survive and reproduce. We still possess this unusual flexibilty demonstrating our evolution from primates that lived in the trees of wooded lands. [Why tag thisThe unusual flexibility in the shoulder is related to our primate ancestors because apes needed that flexible joint in their arms to swing from trees.[Why tag thisThis is a great point to consider. The shoulder joint takes on a lot of upper body mobility, dexterity and stability. It has the largest range of motion of the joints. The unusual flexibility may relate back to the habitat of our primate ancesters inthat they used mobility through tree as a saftey travel mode and for food accumulation.[Why tag thisWould this be proof of evolutionary advancements, because our primate ancestors had to have the ability to swing from trees, and therefore required greater flexiblity in that joint?[Why tag thisI'm guessing because our bones and our primate ancestors have really similar bones. How the way our bones are shaped depends on how felixible we are and we are not ay all that flexible compared to other living species.[Why tag thisThere are many trees where the primates lived and they would climb and swing from trees. Im guessing the flexible shoulder would help with those actions.[Why tag thisUnderstanding the function of a bone is important when studying the body because knowing their normal function and postition can help if something doesn't seem right at any time. Also, knowing the interaction between the different bones with eachother can help with the understanding of how our body works.[Why tag thisHow important is the clavicle with moving the arm and rotating the shoulder?[Why tag thisA girl on my soccer team in high school broke his bone. I never realized how dense, thick, and important this bone was, making it a very painful injury to have.[Why tag thisWhy is this bone one of the most visible onpeople wh enthey are very thin? Is it because of a thinner layer of skin in that area.[Why tag thisClavicle fractures and dislocations are common in impact sports. Is this because they are an evolved rib set?[Why tag thiswhy is the clavicle an s- shape? does it help with anything?[why tag this text?Why is it that some people's clavicles protrude more than others? Is it just because of the way their body is shaped?[Why tag thisYou would think this bone might help people with their postures a bit. Stopping shoulders from hunching down and forward. It is interesting to learn that this is the most commonly fractured bone in the body. Obne might think it was the arm or forearm.[Why tag thisthe clavical seems like a strong supportive bone, so why do people break this bone often?[Why tag thisIs this the reason why some humans have broader shoulders then others? like football players for example? that have a more enlarged clavicle bone? or is it just the position of this bone?[Why tag thisIf the tendons on the inferior surface are torn compleatly, I hurd that the clavicle sticks up like a piano key and can be easily pushed down. Is this true?[Why tag thisWhy do the ridges and grooves help for muscle attachments then smoothness and roundness in the clavicle bone?[Why tag thisImportant in understanding the function of the clavicle.[Why tag thisIs there a specific reason for the surfaces of the clavicle?[Why tag thisandrew baker
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produce
These cells have an expanded apical end filled with secretory vesicles; their product becomes mucus when it is secreted and absorbs water.
These cells have an expanded apical end filled with secretory vesicles; their product becomes mucus when it is secreted and absorbs water. The basal part of the cell is a narrow stem, like that of a wineglass, that reaches to the basement membrane.
Stratified epithelia range from 2 to 20 or more layers of cells, with some cells resting directly on others and only the deepest layer attached to the basement membrane
Stratified epithelia range from 2 to 20 or more layers of cells, with some cells resting directly on others and only the deepest layer attached to the basement membrane.
Stratified epithelia range from 2 to 20 or more layers of cells, with some cells resting directly on others and only the deepest layer attached to the basement membrane.
Stratified epithelia range from 2 to 20 or more layers of cells, with some cells resting directly on others and only the deepest layer attached to the basement membrane. Three of the stratified epithelia are named for the shapes of their surface cells: stratified squamous, stratified cuboidal, and stratified columnar epithelia.
Stratified epithelia range from 2 to 20 or more layers of cells, with some cells resting directly on others and only the deepest layer attached to the basement membrane. Three of the stratified epithelia are named for the shapes of their surface cells: stratified squamous, stratified cuboidal, and stratified columnar epithelia. The deeper cells, however, may be of a different shape than the surface cells.
Stratified epithelia range from 2 to 20 or more layers of cells, with some cells resting directly on others and only the deepest layer attached to the basement membrane. Three of the stratified epithelia are named for the shapes of their surface cells: stratified squamous, stratified cuboidal, and stratified columnar epithelia. The deeper cells, however, may be of a different shape than the surface cells. The fourth type, transitional epithelium, was named when it was thought to represent a transitional stage between stratified squamous and stratified columnar epithelium
Stratified epithelia range from 2 to 20 or more layers of cells, with some cells resting directly on others and only the deepest layer attached to the basement membrane. Three of the stratified epithelia are named for the shapes of their surface cells: stratified squamous, stratified cuboidal, and stratified columnar epithelia. The deeper cells, however, may be of a different shape than the surface cells. The fourth type, transitional epithelium, was named when it was thought to represent a transitional stage between stratified squamous and stratified columnar epithelium. This is now known to be untrue
Stratified epithelia range from 2 to 20 or more layers of cells, with some cells resting directly on others and only the deepest layer attached to the basement membrane. Three of the stratified epithelia are named for the shapes of their surface cells: stratified squamous, stratified cuboidal, and stratified columnar epithelia. The deeper cells, however, may be of a different shape than the surface cells. The fourth type, transitional epithelium, was named when it was thought to represent a transitional stage between stratified squamous and stratified columnar epithelium. This is now known to be untrue, but the name has persisted.
Goblet cells are found in simple columnar and pseudostratified columnar cells, their purpose is to produce mucus coatings.[Why tag this text]the function of simple columnar and pseudostratified columnar eplithelia. They produce mucus.[Why tag this textbecause the have a apical end filled with secretory vesicles the product becomes like a mucus when secreted and absorbed by water. the basal part has a narrow stem which reaches the basement membrane[Why tag this textThe comparisons throughout the salon/book help me visual parts and functions a lot better.[Why tag this textstratified epithelia can have anywhere from 2-20 cell layers. most rest on other layers and only the deepest ones attach to the basement membrane. [Why tag this textStratified epithelia have many more layers of cells, where only the deepest cell is attatched to the basement membrane. This is interesting to be because in the example given in the text, each of the simple epithelium cells are connected to the basement membrane, much as a tree is grown and connected to the soil. I would have thought each cell had to be conncected to the basement membrane to beable to function. [Why tag this textbeginning of stratified epithelia, explains difference between the two[Why tag this textis this the main difference than between simple epithelium and stratified epithelia, in that in the simple epithelia all layers touch the basement membrane and in stratified epithelia only the deepest layer will touch the basement membrane.[Why tag this textWhile 2-20 layers of cells can seem like a lot if you think of it as bricks or even layers of paper but when you think of it on a cellular basis it almost seems too small. Also its interesting that only the bottom layer is connected to the basement membrane which makes me wonder about the rest of the layers, especially the top one which would be the least connected to anything. [Why tag this textstratified epithelia have 2-20 layers of cells.[Why tag this textSo there is really no set number for the Stratified epithela's?[Why tag this textThis shows the difference in definitions for simple and stratified with a defintion leading into the types. Another thing important to the distinction and study of epititheial tissues. With both having different functions, what i find to be cool is how they work together. I haven't quite grasped that concept yet but I at least know the different types that make up the overall tissue.[Why tag this textStraftified epithelia are named for the shapes of the SURFACE cells. Use the same memory devices to remember and classify what type of tissue it is.[Why tag this textStratified epithelia can range from 2 to 20 or more layers of cells. The three main named surface cells are for the shape: stratified squamous, stratified cuboidal, and stratified columnar epithelia. However, the deeper cells could hold a different shape than the surface cells.[Why tag this textDefintion of straitified epithelia Three types called stratified squamous, stratified cuboidal, and stratified columnar. Fourth type called transitional epithelium thats a cross between stratified squamous and stratified columnar.[Why tag this textI can see this(the different type and shapes of epithlium) may be a problem for me to remember and fully understand since there are so many different combinations and [Why tag this textThe four types of stratified epithelia [Why tag this textImportant informations for the simple epithelium and stratfied epithelia because both are base on six different types of squamous, cuboidal, and columnar.[Why tag this textThe 4 types of stratified (layered) epithelia and why they are named that way.[Why tag this texttells you how they got their names ( by their shapes) . helpful to remember [Why tag this textknowing the different shapes make it easier to identify the cells[Why tag this textthree types of stratified epithelia[Why tag this textTells you the names of the stratified epithelia and why they were named what they are[Why tag this textMia Breidenbach
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replicated;
discuss the consequences of replication errors
discuss the consequences of replication errors;
life
mitosis
regulated.
Before a cell divides, it must duplicate its DNA so it can give complete and identical copies of all of its genes to each daughter cell. Since DNA controls all cellular function, this replication process must be very exact. We now examine how it is accomplished and consider the consequences of mistakes.
Before a cell divides, it must duplicate its DNA so it can give complete and identical copies of all of its genes to each daughter cell. Since DNA controls all cellular function, this replication process must be very exact. We now examine how it is accomplished and consider the consequences of mistakes.DNA ReplicationThe law of complementary base pairing shows that we can predict the base sequence of one DNA strand if we know the sequence of the other. More importantly, it enables a cell to reproduce one strand based on information in the other. The fundamental steps of the replication process are as follows (fig. 4.14):
DNA can replicate by the law of complementary base pairing. It shows that the sequence of one DNA strand is able to be predicted just by knowing the sequence of the other. [Why tag this text]DNA is replicated by the double helix unwinding or unzipping, so that the two strands become seperated, DNA polymerases begin assembling new bases from the new ones, this keeps happening and then there is two DNA double helixes, which contain one strand of the orignial DNA. [Why tag this text
Each side of the double helix of the DNA runs in opposite directions. It splits down the middle and creates a replication fork which initiates DNA synthesis.[Why tag this textDNA replication- the double helix unzips from the hinstones exposing its nitrogenous bases. Molecules of the enzyme DNA read the exposed bases and arrange the with free nucleotides. The two new strands are then copied and processed in different directions. The segments are then joined together by ligase; so ultimately from the parental DNA two new daughters DNA molecules are created.[Why tag this textthis is the area that interests me most when it comes to DNA replication. I understand that almost anything is bound to make a mistake somewhere and more than once many times. but how can somehing so small make such an impact and other things barely make a difference?[Why tag this textThe occurrence of errors during replication of our DNA is a major contributor to some of the most devastating medical diseases and syndromes. This is a very relavent topic in society today as the efforts being put forth in research and treatment development for these genetic disorders are enormous. Some of these diseases that can result from replication errors include cystic fibrosis, down syndrome, and Turner's syndrome.[Why tag this textUsually if DNA errors in replication, it can repair itself through polymerases. The second gap phase can repair errors. However, if errors are replicated they can cause serious effects. Mutations can occur through replication errors or environmental factors such as radiation, chemicals, and viruses. Sometimes this can kill a a cell and turn it cancerous or cause genetic defects in furture generations. [Why tag this texteach generation of cells would have thousands of faulty proteins.[Why tag this textReplication errors, while uncommon (due to the small percentage of DNA that codes for protein synthesis and multiple QC measures) can produce mutated cells. These can then replicate leading to cancers, genetic birth defects, or can simply kill the cell.[Why tag this textsome diseases could arise, and some duplication can be blocked[Why tag this textReplication errors if not fixed could cause each generation of cells to have faulty proteins, which would lead to mutations.[Why tag this textThe cell cycle is divided into four phases; G1, S, G2 and M. Mitosis comes into the cell cycle because it is the development, growth and replacement/repair of tissues.[Why tag this textOriginally in high school i thought mitosis was the majority of the life cycle of the cell. Now i know that interphase is. [Why tag this texttiming of cell division is regulated by 5 things; cell grow to large, they replicated their DNA, they recieve adequate nutrients, they are stimulated by growth factors, and neighboring cells die.[Why tag this textBut since this process has to be [Why tag this textit must duplicate its DNA so that it can give complete and identical copies of all its genes to each daughter cell[Why tag this textThese daughter cells need to have seperate but the same genes because DNA is required for the synthesis of proteins, essential to the functioning and growth of any organism. Every organism must have genes in order to develop into functioning cells.[Why tag this textwhat is the purpose of it dublicating?[Why tag this textWhat if the genes are accidentally sent differently, what kind of dysfunctions or problems would occur?[?For some reason I didn't know that the DNA of a daughter cell was the exact same as the DNA of a parent cell. I have to remember to realize that the DNA of cells can be the same but Every PERSON has different DNA. [Why tag this textThis is interesting that the cell duplicates the DNA. Its very amausing as well that it makes identical copies of the genes to the daughter cell. I wonder how long it takes and if there are any complications throughout the process?[Why tag this texthow DNA works[Why tag this textCells must make an exact copy of it's DNA before it can divide so the daughter cell will have the same DNA as the parent cell.[Why tag this textSo DNA duplicates and then the cell duplicates after that?[Why tag this textThere's always a saying that everything even twins are not exactly the same. Is it the same for DNA? [Why tag this textAshley
Allen M. Biks
Haferman Courtney Anne
Emily Zuelzke
David Orr
Kelly Sanderson
Emily Orange
Daniel Althaus
Jungas
Alexis Blaser
Michea Jones
Rachel Feivor
Cassie Marsh
Ripley
Tessa
krista
Poljana Janko
Salman Almohsin
Michael Franzini
Paige Immel
Nalee Lor
What is the importance of filtration to human physiology
What is the importance of filtration to human physiology?
What does it mean to say a solute moves down its concentration gradient
What does it mean to say a solute moves down its concentration gradient?
ow does osmosis help to maintain blood volume
How does osmosis help to maintain blood volume?
Define osmolarity and tonicity, and explain the difference between them
Define osmolarity and tonicity, and explain the difference between them.
Define hypotonic, isotonic, and hypertonic, and explain why these concepts are important in clinical practice.
What do facilitated diffusion and active transport have in common
What do facilitated diffusion and active transport have in common? How are they different?
This table gives a very good understanding of both passive and active transportation methods. It is important to know the difference between passive and active transportation is that active uses energy while passive does not. This table also helps define each type of both.[Why tag this text]secreted waste and unneeded particles[General-Do not useFiltration is important to physiology because it helps deliver nutrients from our blood throughout our body and it also helps get ride of wastes.[Why tag this textfiltraton is the process which a physical pressure forces fluid through a selective permeable membrane. it helps filter the waste in our body and our blood[Why tag this textFiltration is very important when it comes to physiology. The most important case of filtration can be seen in the blood capillaried, where blood pressure forces fluid through gaps in the capillary wall. This is how water, salts, nutrients, and other solutes are transferred from the bloodstream to the tissue fluid and how the kidneys filter wastes from the blood.[Why tag this textIn physiology, the most important case of filtration is seen in the blood capillaries, where blood pressure forces fluid through gaps in the capillary wall.[Why tag this textit is a process that forces fluid through a permeable membrane, like a coffee filter. it is important for it when it comes to keeping what is necessary and removing wastes[Why tag this textAs stated in the above text: In physiology, the most important case of filtration is seen in the blood capillaries, where blood pressure forces fluid through gaps in the capillary wall. But this is important in other aspects as well: to keep the bad out and the good in, so to say.[Why tag this textthe solutes designated tunnel [General-Do not useMeans to go down or with the gradient, and movement in the other direction is said to go up or against, the gradient.[Why tag this textit helps the high concentration form and decrease into a low concentration.[Why tag this textit releases and maintains a certain amount of fluid so that the cell walls don't burst[General-Do not useosmosis is what dissolves particles, and it keeps the ECF volume at bay so that the ICF is able to allow the blood to stay existing and have enough in the area[Why tag this textosmosis is the net flow of water from one side of a permeable membrane to the other. our blood is made up of water so osmosis helps balance out the water level in our bloodstream.[Why tag this textOsmosis is the net flow of water from one side of a selectively permeable membrane to the other, and the amount of water passing through is 100 times the volume of the cell.[Why tag this textThe total volume of blood plasma and intestinal fluid is regulated by the filtration. Osmotic pressure[Why tag this textosmolarity-number of osmoles of solute per kilogram of watertonicity-ability of a solution to affect the fluid volume and pressue in a cellthe difference is that osmolarity is how much solute there is, whereas tonicity is its' ability to affect the solute[Why tag this textOsmolarity is the number of osmoles per liter of solution. Tonicity is the ability of a solution to affect the fluid volume and pressure in a cell. The difference between the two is more is easier to measure and doesn't affect the cell.[Why tag this textTonicity compares the difference between the concentration of solute inside the cell compared to the outside of the cell. Osmolarity has to do with the amount of osmoles per liter of solution.[Why tag this textosmolarity is the number os osmoles of solute per kilograme of water. and tonicity is the ability of a solution to affect the fluid volume and pressure in a cell. osmolarity is the measurment and the tonicity is the affect[Why tag this textHypotonic-solution has a lower concentration of nopermeating solutes than the intracellular. (Cells absorb water, swell, and may burst)Hypertonic- solution is one with a higher concentration of nonpermeating solutes than the ICF. (Causes cells to lose water and shrivel)Isotonic-Solutions, total concentration of nonpermeating solutes is the same as in the ICF (Cause no change in cell volume or shape)They help to determine what give patients in certain situations.[Why tag this texthypotonic-low osmosic pressure, typically intracellular fluidisotonic-typically intravenous fluids, have same concentration as ICFhypertonic-high osmosic pressure, extracellular fluid[Why tag this textthey both help with ATP and transferring proteins.[General-Do not useThey both transport through a membrane using the concentration gradient. One uses ATP and one doesn't require ATP[Why tag this textfacilitated diffusion-carrier-mediated transport of a solute through a membrane down its concentration gradientactive transport-moves a substance through a cell membrane up its concentration gradientthey both move the concentration gradient, just in oppostie directions[Why tag this textRachel Feivor
payoua
Lauren Anthe
Kimberly Loney
Kenyetta
Jonathan Lowe
Ashley Wiedmeyer
Trevor
Ford Elizabeth Emily
General Features of the Vertebral ColumnThe vertebral (VUR-teh-brul) column (spine) physically supports the skull and trunk, allows for their movement, protects the spinal cord, and absorbs stresses produced by walking, running, and lifting. It also provides attachment for the limbs, thoracic cage, and postural muscles. Although commonly called the backbone, it consists not of a single bone but a chain of 33 vertebrae with intervertebral discs of fibrocartilage between most of them. The adult vertebral column averages about 71 cm (28 in.) long, with the intervertebral discs accounting for about one-quarter of the length.Most people are about 1% shorter when they go to bed at night than when they first rise in the morning. This is because during the day, the weight of the body compresses the intervertebral discs and squeezes water out of them. When one is sleeping, with the weight off the spine, the discs reabsorb water and swell.As shown in figure 8.18, the vertebrae are divided into five groups, usually numbering 7 cervical (SUR-vih-cul) vertebrae in the neck, 12 thoracic vertebrae in the chest, 5 lumbar vertebrae in the lower back, 5 sacral vertebrae at the base of the spine, and 4 tiny coccygeal (coc-SIDJ-ee-ul) vertebrae. To help remember the numbers of cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae?7, 12, and 5? you might think of a typical work day: go to work at 7, have lunch at 12, and go home at 5. All mammals have 7 cervical vertebrae, even in the famously long necks of giraffes.
Which of the vertebrae can't be treatmentable ?[Why tag this]I found this information to be very interesting because I didn't exactly know all of the features that were associated with the vertebral colum. Some of its main features are: supporting the skull and trunk, allows movement, protects the spinal cord, and provides attatchment for the limbs, thoracic cage, and postural muscles. The vertebral column is also usually referred to as the [Why tag thisVertebral Column:Supports the skull and trunk, allows for their movement, protects the spinal cord and absorbs stress. It also provides an attachment for limbs, thoracic cage and postural muscles. It is composed of 33 vetebrae which are divided into 5 groups. 7 Cervical vertebrae [neck]12 thoracic vertebra [chest]5 lumbar vertebrae [lower back]5 sacral vertebrae [tailbone]4 tiny coccygeal vertebrae[Why tag thiswhy we need vertebrea[Why tag thiswhy do the bodies of the certebral column become bigger as you move closer to the sacrum? [Why tag thisIt's a common fact to know that when you lift heavy objects, you need to lift with your knees bent and back straight. It seems weird that the spine is specially designed to absorb that stress, but at the same time, we have to take precautions while doing work that the spine was meant to do.[Why tag thisThis is very interesting. I would like to know more on bow it absorbs stresses when we produce them by walking and running. Does it mean that when we feel stress the vertebral column actually senses it.[Why tag thisthis is a very important concept to grasp, without our spine we are severly limited to what we can do and should be a constant reminder for us to take care of it.[Why tag thisI never knew that the spinal cord was so involved with the body. That is why the spinal cord is so sensitive and must be treated with much care.[Why tag thisFrom second hand experience my grandomther cracked her c2 and now has the spinal cord getting pressed in the crack causing her movement to be limited and painful. [Why tag thisHow does the vertebral column absorb the stresses from everyday moving?[Why tag thisThis is the main function of the vertebral column[Why tag thisDoes scoliosis affect the spinal chord's ability to absorb stress during activities such as this? Or can one live normally with slight scoliosis and still be able to participate in these types of activities without significant risk?[Why tag thisits interesting that one set of bone which on their own are not that big are the basic framework for the entire body[Why tag thisThe vertebral column has a lot of functions, all relating to support and protection of the skeleton.[Why tag thisWe evolved from four legged animals to two. In between the spinal discs are cartilage that absorb stress, but how does the spine of a four legged animal differ to have the same results. (lateral vs verticle) [Why tag thisThe definition, purpose and function of the vertebral column.[Why tag thisDefines the importance and use of the veterbrae.[Why tag thisOne of the most essential/important parts of the human body. Without the vertebral column the trunk and skull would have no physical support. Also, if it were made up of a single bone instead of 33, we wouldnt be able to bend, twist, etc.[Why tag thisThe four main functions of the vertebral canal are it provides physical support for the trunk and skull, acts as a protective channel for the spinal cord, allows for movements and it absorbs vertical stress on the body (ex. walking, back soreness from sitting).[Why tag thisThe vertebral column is the most important thing becuase it supports the skull and the trunk of the human body helps with movemnet and protects the spinal cord.[Why tag thisI thought it was interesting to learn that the spinal cord is not a bone but a a chain of 33 vertebrae that supports the skull. [Why tag thisgeneral function of the spine[Why tag thisdsstokes
Danielle Henckel
Amanda
Abigail
Cody Andrews
Poljana Janko
xiong thao
Ashley McBain
lenarch2
Elvia Rivas
Abbey
Alina Gur
eric voelker
Laura Kovach
Ryan Gallagher
Leah Daul
Brandon Brandemuehl
Ashley Parker
Michael Franzini
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lindsay krueger
GiaLee
Alyssa Harmes
Osmosis15 is the net flow of water from one side of a selectively permeable membrane to the other
Osmosis15 is the net flow of water from one side of a selectively permeable membrane to the other.
Osmosis15 is the net flow of water from one side of a selectively permeable membrane to the other.
Osmosis15 is the net flow of water from one side of a selectively permeable membrane to the other. It occurs through nonliving membranes, such as cellophane and dialysis membranes, and through the plasma membranes of cells.
Osmosis15 is the net flow of water from one side of a selectively permeable membrane to the other. It occurs through nonliving membranes, such as cellophane and dialysis membranes, and through the plasma membranes of cells.
Osmosis15 is the net flow of water from one side of a selectively permeable membrane to the other. It occurs through nonliving membranes, such as cellophane and dialysis membranes, and through the plasma membranes of cells. The usual direction of net movement is from the side with the higher concentration of water molecules (less dissolved matter) to the side with the lower water concentration (more dissolved matter)?that is, down the water concentration gradient.
Osmosis15 is the net flow of water from one side of a selectively permeable membrane to the other. It occurs through nonliving membranes, such as cellophane and dialysis membranes, and through the plasma membranes of cells. The usual direction of net movement is from the side with the higher concentration of water molecules (less dissolved matter) to the side with the lower water concentration (more dissolved matter)?that is, down the water concentration gradient.
Osmosis15 is the net flow of water from one side of a selectively permeable membrane to the other. It occurs through nonliving membranes, such as cellophane and dialysis membranes, and through the plasma membranes of cells. The usual direction of net movement is from the side with the higher concentration of water molecules (less dissolved matter) to the side with the lower water concentration (more dissolved matter)?that is, down the water concentration gradient. The reason for this is that when water molecules encounter a solute particle, they tend to associate with it to form a hydration sphere (see fig. 2.9, p. 51).
Osmosis15 is the net flow of water from one side of a selectively permeable membrane to the other. It occurs through nonliving membranes, such as cellophane and dialysis membranes, and through the plasma membranes of cells. The usual direction of net movement is from the side with the higher concentration of water molecules (less dissolved matter) to the side with the lower water concentration (more dissolved matter)?that is, down the water concentration gradient. The reason for this is that when water molecules encounter a solute particle, they tend to associate with it to form a hydration sphere (see fig. 2.9, p. 51).
Osmosis15 is the net flow of water from one side of a selectively permeable membrane to the other. It occurs through nonliving membranes, such as cellophane and dialysis membranes, and through the plasma membranes of cells. The usual direction of net movement is from the side with the higher concentration of water molecules (less dissolved matter) to the side with the lower water concentration (more dissolved matter)?that is, down the water concentration gradient. The reason for this is that when water molecules encounter a solute particle, they tend to associate with it to form a hydration sphere (see fig. 2.9, p. 51). Even though this is a loose, reversible attraction, it does make those water molecules less available to diffuse back across the membrane to the side from which they came. In essence, solute particles on one side of the membrane draw water away from the other side. Thus, water accumulates on the side with the most solute. All of this assumes that the solute molecules cannot pass through the membrane, but stay on one side. The rate and direction of osmosis depend on the relative concentration of these nonpermeating solutes on the two sides of the membrane.
Osmosis:Net flow of water from one selectively permeable membrane to the other. Usually down the concentration gradient, meaning from higher to lower concentration of water molecules. Hydration sphere=water molecule associating with solute particle. Reverse Osmosis: Mechanical pressure is applied to one side of the system to override osmotic pressure and drive water against concentration gradient. [Why tag this text]never knew what this was until taking this class. [Why tag this textThe the inside and outside of cells have different charges. These charges are a result of which ions are able to stay within the cell and which are located outside the cell, and their respective charges. This means the osmosis and diffusion are related to passive and active transport.[Why tag this textnet flow of water from one side of a permeable membrane to the other[Why tag this textbecause of osmosis, stubstances are able to pass through semipermeable membranes to equalize concentrations.[Why tag this textdefintion of osmosis[Why tag this textOur bodies are made of mostly water and since osmosis involves water, understanding this concept is probably key to understanding other physiological processes.[Why tag this textWhat is the difference between this and diffusion?[Why tag this textI vivdly remember first learning about the process of osmosis in grade school when our class made pickles to demonstrate the osmostic process. [Why tag this textSo plants are able to do omosis as well t? Since they have water cells moving from one part to another, I would think that it would only occur in the green parts of any plant bacause thats where the plant seems to be alive.[Why tag this textI thought osmosis is a very interesting thing. I remember in my zoology class doing an experiment on osmosis and it was interesting to watch how the water moved in and out of a permeable membrane[Why tag this textThis is important information because osmosis and diffusion can easily be confused. Particles in diffusion goes from a high concentration to a low concentration. In osmosis theres movement from higher concentration of water molecules to the side with the lower concentration of water molecules. [Why tag this textI know a simple experiment about osmosis that I have studied in high school. We cut a potato into two half then we made a hole in the middle. After that we filled the hole with salt. Then we saw that the hole was filled with water. This is how the osmosis works , the water goes from a level that the concentration is higher through the membrane. The salt concentration was higher than the water that's why the water moved to the salt and the hole was filled.[Why tag this textDefinition of osmosis: net flow of water from one side of a selectively permeable membrane to the other. Usally goes from high concentration to low. [Why tag this textNonliving thing cells created osomosis which is the net flow of water from the side with higher concentration.[Why tag this textQuestion 5: OsmosisOsmosis helps to maintain blood volume by using direction of net movement from areas of higher concentration of water molecules to an area of lower water concentration.[Why tag this textso it can only be nonliving membranes? [Why tag this textosmosis of cell membrane[Why tag this textThis is also part of one of the goals above, [Why tag this textWhen there is a higher concentration of water, wouldn't there be more dissolved matter since water is a solvent? When there is lower concentration of water, wouldn't there be less dissolved matter? [Why tag this textThis was very helpful to me. Osmosis didn't make sense to be cause in chemistry it wasn't explained to me in terms of the concentration of water molecules, not dissolved matter. [Why tag this textThis explains the release of aldosterone from the kidneys when the body needs to retain more water because aldosterone tells the body to retain sodium, and this in turn retains water.[Why tag this textdoesnt let the water or solute get thru[Why tag this textJasmin James
Thomas Hensler
Rachel Feivor
Hayley Smith
Chad Mudd
Kaitlyn Britten
Caitlin
Lauren Thiel
Alina Gur
Kayla Theys
Danny Duong
Kayla Cowan
hanouf
Stephanie
Sue Xiong
Sarah Ertl
Alyssa Harmes
Lauren Anthe
Amanda
Megan Perna
Emily
Joe Nimm
Awlareau
Brittany Nycz
However, there are organs within organs?the large organs visible to the naked eye often contain smaller organs visible only with the microscope
However, there are organs within organs-the large organs visible to the naked eye often contain smaller organs visible only with the microscope.
However, there are organs within organs?the large organs visible to the naked eye often contain smaller organs visible only with the microscope. The skin, for example, is the body's largest organ. Included within it are thousands of smaller organs: Each hair, nail, gland, nerve, and blood vessel of the skin is an organ in itself. A single organ can belong to two organ systems. For example, the pancreas belongs to both the endocrine and digestive systems.
A tissue is a mass of similar cells and cell products that forms a discrete region of an organ and performs a specific function. The body is composed of only four primary classes of tissue: epithelial, connective, nervous, and muscular tissue. Histology, the study of tissues
A tissue is a mass of similar cells and cell products that forms a discrete region of an organ and performs a specific function. The body is composed of only four primary classes of tissue: epithelial, connective, nervous, and muscular tissue. Histology, the study of tissues, is the subject of chapter 5.Cells are the smallest units of an organism that carry out all the basic functions of life; nothing simpler than a cell is considered alive. A cell is enclosed in a plasma membrane composed of lipids and proteins. Most cells have one nucleus, an organelle that contains its DNA. Cytology, the study of cells and organelles, is the subject of chapters 3 and 4.Organelles13 are microscopic structures in a cell that carry out its individual functions. Examples include mitochondria, centrioles, and lysosomes.Organelles and other cellular components are composed of molecules. The largest molecules, such as proteins, fats, and DNA, are called macromolecules. A molecule is a particle composed of at least two atoms, the smallest particles with unique chemical identities.
organs sall into the catgory of gross anatomy.[Why I tagged this]This just goes to show how complex the human body really is. There is so much going on even inside each indidvual organ that it amazes me how we function and how everything really works all together at once.[Why I tagged thisThis is an example why personal observation is not always valid. Using other scientific techniques such as dissection enables us to understand many things in depth.[Why I tagged thisI did not know that most organs are made of smaller microscopic organs and is quite interesting to me. It changes my view of what I thought an organ was both anatomically and physiologically.[Why I tagged thisIt is intersting that organs can be compared to molecules in the sense that the skin is an organ itself composed of hair, nails, nerves etc. This is very similar to a molecule that is made up of 2 or more atoms.[Why I tagged thisi didnt know that the skin is the largest organ of the body[Why I tagged thisthe largest organ in the human body is your skin. though the skin is the largest organ there are many smaller organs that are found inside. one organ can belong to two other organsystems.[Why I tagged thisI thought this was important because it explains how an organ can contain other organs in it or a single organ can belong to multiple systems as well[Why I tagged thisI thought it was interesting that all these parts of the body make up for just the skin organ system.[Why I tagged thisThis is interesting because I always knew that our skin was our largest organ, however I did not know that the hairs nail, glands, and nerves were considered organs as well.[Why I tagged thisI didn't know that your hair was considered an organ. I thought it was just hair. That's also interesting that one organ can function in multiple organ systems.[Why I tagged thisThis is important to note. For medical professionals, they would have to be very aware of this because if any issues arose with an organ and it was a member of more than one organ system you would have to be able to decipher where the problem was generated from and which organ system was suffering. If one organ was having an issue is it possible to only effect one of the organ systems it was invoved with or would it automatically create problems for both?[Why I tagged thisDidn't know this[Why I tagged thisThis is something I find important for remembering the steps of development. Definitiions, as this one, help as a starting base for study. This gives the definition and gives the tissues in the body that are important to know.[Why I tagged thisImportant for this course[Why I tagged thislevel 3.[Why I tagged thisI thought this is important becuase it lists the four main types of tissue[Why I tagged thisDifferent types of tissues[Why I tagged thiseven with all the organs we have, we can narrow it down to 4 types of tissues[Why I tagged thisIt is important to note the 4 classes of tissue;epithelial,connective,nervous,muscular[Why I tagged thissaying that an organ is made up of a tissues with similiar cells and cell products[Why I tagged thisI high lighted this so I would remmember what tissue is made up of because I am always forgetting or mixing it up.[Why I tagged thisdef/types of human tissues[Why I tagged thisTissue[Why I tagged thisTissue def and types of tissue[Why I tagged thisJenna Nehls
Tou Xiong Thao
Amanda Bartosik
Jonathan Rooney
victor
Danny Duong
Lauren Thiel
Abigail
Nicole Latzig
Bonnie Watson
Alejandra Contreras
Lauren Gwidt
Janis McNamara
Jelena Ristic
Sami
Flees Robert John
Amanda Baxter
Maisey Mulvey
Jeremy
Corianne
Melissa
Amie Emrys
describe the histology of a hair and its follicle;
discuss some theories of the purposes served by various kinds of hai
The hair, nails, and cutaneous glands are the accessory organs (appendages) of the skin. Hair and nails are composed mostly of dead, keratinized cells. The stratum corneum of the skin is made of pliable soft keratin, but the hair and nails are composed mostly of hard keratin. Hard keratin is more compact than soft keratin and is toughened by numerous cross-linkages between the keratin molecules.
The hair, nails, and cutaneous glands are the accessory organs (appendages) of the skin. Hair and nails are composed mostly of dead, keratinized cells. The stratum corneum of the skin is made of pliable soft keratin, but the hair and nails are composed mostly of hard keratin. Hard keratin is more compact than soft keratin and is toughened by numerous cross-linkages between the keratin molecules.HairA hair is also known as a pilus (PY-lus); in the plural, pili (PY-lye). It is a slender filament of keratinized cells that grows from an oblique tube in the skin called a hair follicle (fig. 6.7).[image #1] Figure 6.7Structure of a Hair and Its Follicle.(a) Anatomy of the follicle and associated structures. (b) Light micrograph of the base of a hair follicle.
hair follicles grow in the epidermis and down into the dermis; hair is made up of dead keratinised cells.[Why tag this]hair begins deeper than the epidermis. hair papillia, hair follice, hair bulb, hair root, hair shaft whis is visible to us.[Why tag thisthe orginal purpose was to serve as a means of providing warmth and shelter against foreign debris for survival. Evolution over time hair is to trap warmth for the head prevent debris from entering the body, and sensing things that normally one wouldn't[Why tag thisWhen you damage your hair with curling irons, hair dryers, etc. and your hair becomes harder, withered and straw- like is it because the hard keratin has had to toughen more with cross linkages to weather the things you do to your hair?[Why tag thisI never knew this until reading that cutaneous glands,hair,nails are considered accessory organs[Why tag thisIf hair and nails are dead, why do they keep growing?[Why tag thisJust learned about keratinized cells in the last section, and never knew that hair and nails were mostly composed of dead keratinized cells.[Why tag thisYour hair, nails and cutaneous glands are known as the accessory organs.[Why tag thisIt is interesting that they hair and nails function the same way that the skin does in a way that pushes dead keratinocytes towards the surface which makes it hard and flat.[Why tag thisThis is why hair and nails are considered part of the integumentary system. [Why tag thisit is interesting that hair, and nails are basiclly made of the same thing that hair is[Why tag thisHair, nails and cutaneous glands are part of the integumentary system and are appendages of the skin. Dead, keratinized cells make up the composition of hair and nails. [Why tag thisBefore reading this I never really understand what accessory organs were. According to our reading the (hair, nails, and cutaneous glads) are considered accessory organs) of the skin. The accessory organs are also composed of mainly keratinized cells. This type of tissue refers to the outer layer of skin cells that has become hardened and died. This layer protects the tissues that lie underneath, and it prevents certain substances from passing into or out of the tissues below. [Why tag thismade from dead skin cells and hard keratin[Why tag thisHair, nails and cutaneous glands are all considered accessory organs of the skin. Hair/Nails are made of dead keratinized cells. Hair: Pilyus or pili, grows from hair folliclem occurs almost everywhere. Three kinds, lanugo vellus and terminal. Lanugo is fine and downy and appears on the fetus, it is replaced by vellus. Vellus is fine, and pale and makes up most the hair on women and some hair on men and all hair on children except the eyebrows/eyelashes/scalp. Terminal hair=normal dark coarse hair. [Why tag thisThis is an interesting face that hair and nails are mostly made up of what makes up a big part of the epidermis.[Why tag thisWhy does our hair not act some what like a maganet to the cells that flake off our skin to connect to our hair? Also i think its kinda funny how much we pay to get keep our hair looking amazing when its composed of dead cells.[Why tag thisI did not know that they were made from dead cells. [Why tag thisIs this because of what we do to our hair and nails? Especially for girls with their hair. I know I can say that with product and the heat I add to my hair, it definitely has to harm my hair. [GeneralI'm confussed, If the the skin is composed of dead, keratinized cells, how does it look so well nourished and smooth?[Why tag thisI would have never guessed that hair ad nails are made up of dead skin.[Why tag thisIf hair and nails are composed mostly of dead cells, then how does it coninuously grow?[Why tag thishair n nails[Why tag thisI thought this passage was interesting to know that there are two types of keratinized cells and the location of them determines if they are soft or hard. [Why tag thisChad Mudd
Jessica Ryback
Jasmin James
Patrick O'Connell
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Apoptosis46 (AP-op-TOE-sis), or programmed cell death, is the normal death of cells that have completed their function and best serve the body by dying and getting out of the way.
Apoptosis46 (AP-op-TOE-sis), or programmed cell death, is the normal death of cells that have completed their function and best serve the body by dying and getting out of the way.
Apoptosis46 (AP-op-TOE-sis), or programmed cell death, is the normal death of cells that have completed their function and best serve the body by dying and getting out of the way. Cells undergoing apoptosis shrink and are quickly phagocytized by macrophages and other cells.
Apoptosis46 (AP-op-TOE-sis), or programmed cell death, is the normal death of cells that have completed their function and best serve the body by dying and getting out of the way. Cells undergoing apoptosis shrink and are quickly phagocytized by macrophages and other cells. The cell contents never escape, so there is no inflammatory response. Although billions of cells die every hour by apoptosis, they are engulfed so quickly that they are almost never seen except within macrophages.
Apparently every cell has a built-in ?suicide program? that enables the body to dispose of it when necessary
Apparently every cell has a built-in ?suicide program? that enables the body to dispose of it when necessary.
Apparently every cell has a built-in ?suicide program? that enables the body to dispose of it when necessary. In some cases, an extracellular suicide signal binds to a receptor protein in the plasma membrane called Fas. Fas then activates intracellular enzymes that destroy the cell, including an endonuclease that chops up its DNA and a protease that destroys cellular proteins.
Apparently every cell has a built-in ?suicide program? that enables the body to dispose of it when necessary. In some cases, an extracellular suicide signal binds to a receptor protein in the plasma membrane called Fas. Fas then activates intracellular enzymes that destroy the cell, including an endonuclease that chops up its DNA and a protease that destroys cellular proteins.
Apparently every cell has a built-in ?suicide program? that enables the body to dispose of it when necessary. In some cases, an extracellular suicide signal binds to a receptor protein in the plasma membrane called Fas. Fas then activates intracellular enzymes that destroy the cell, including an endonuclease that chops up its DNA and a protease that destroys cellular proteins. In other cases, cells seem to undergo apoptosis automatically if they stop receiving growth factors from other cells.
Apparently every cell has a built-in ?suicide program? that enables the body to dispose of it when necessary. In some cases, an extracellular suicide signal binds to a receptor protein in the plasma membrane called Fas. Fas then activates intracellular enzymes that destroy the cell, including an endonuclease that chops up its DNA and a protease that destroys cellular proteins. In other cases, cells seem to undergo apoptosis automatically if they stop receiving growth factors from other cells.
Apparently every cell has a built-in ?suicide program? that enables the body to dispose of it when necessary. In some cases, an extracellular suicide signal binds to a receptor protein in the plasma membrane called Fas. Fas then activates intracellular enzymes that destroy the cell, including an endonuclease that chops up its DNA and a protease that destroys cellular proteins. In other cases, cells seem to undergo apoptosis automatically if they stop receiving growth factors from other cells. For example, in embryonic development we produce about twice as many neurons as we need. Those that make connections with target cells survive, while the excess neurons die for lack of nerve growth factor. Apoptosis also dissolves the webbing between the fingers and toes during embryonic development; it frees the earlobe from the side of the head in people with the genotype for detached earlobes; and it causes shrinkage of the breasts after lactation ceases.
Apoptosis[Why tag this text]This type of tissue death is natural and not cause by disease of misuse of the body.[Why tag this textImportant Term[Why tag this textWhen is it programmed for the cells to die off? How often does that occur?[Why tag this textQuestion 4: Atrophy is where tissue shrinks through a decrease in cell sizze or number. This occurs in normal aging as well as due to lack of organ use.Necrosis is premature tissue death. This is usually caused by trauma, toxins, and infection.Apoptosis is programmed cell death. This happens as cells have completeed their function and best function in the body by dying.[Why tag this textI don't think cells are capable of [Why tag this textI like the fact that cells can just off themselves when they feel they've completed their function and served our body to the best of their ability and then do our bodies a favor by just killing themselves to get out of the way. It interests me that if we can stop cell death we could stop human death as well. however this would not work without adverse affects like Alzheimer's disease and cancer. [Why tag this textapoptosis is when a cell death occurs. this is when they die after the function is done and the cells shrink.[Why tag this textThis explains the natural programmed death of a cell in Apoptosis as it differs from atrophy and necrosis.[General-Do not useI have never heard of Apoptosis before. When I read [Why tag this textIt explains the normal death of cells. [Why tag this textapoptosis description - tissue degeneration and death[Why tag this textApoptosis: Programmed death of cells.[Why tag this textHard to believe that billions of cells die every hour but the process of them falling off and being replaced happens so fast that we rarely see them[Why tag this textIts amazing how many cells die naturally throughout an hour[ApoptosisImportant function of the body. I've never heard of this [Why tag this textThis is so important that our body does this. [GeneralI find this fascinating that cells are able to rid of themselves if necessary. I had no idea that because of this 'suicide program' earlobes are freed from the side of the head and the webbing of fingers becomes dissolved in embryonic development. It makes me wonder what other appearances apoptosis or suicide signals have had an influence on. It also brings up the question of if this suicide bomb is not always accurate. For example, if apoptosis does not occur, do people have attatched earlobes? [Why tag this textI have never heard of this built in [Why tag this textThis is an interesting section, every cell has a sort of self destruct mode that is triggered by an extracellular suicide signal. What if we could target cancer cells and make them destroy themselves? [Why tag this textThis part of the text caught my eye and intrigued me. [Why tag this textInteresting how the body have a [Why tag this textThis is a very fascinating process of how the cells work to get the things done the body needs[Why tag this textI thought it was interesting that every cell has a built in [Why tag this textHaha, very funny,[Why tag this textLooks like an acronym, but it's not.[Why tag this textMia Breidenbach
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The tight binding of muscles by these fasciae contributes to a clinical problem described in Deeper Insight 10.1.
Muscle Compartments.A cross section of the left leg slightly above midcalf, oriented the same way as the reader's.
Muscle Attachments
Skeletal muscles are attached to bones through extensions of their connective tissue components.
attachment?indirect and direct
Muscle compartments are very snugly contained in their fasciae. If a blood vessel in a compartment is damaged by overuse or contusion (a bruising injury), blood and tissue fluid accumulate in the compartment.
Muscle compartments are very snugly contained in their fasciae. If a blood vessel in a compartment is damaged by overuse or contusion (a bruising injury), blood and tissue fluid accumulate in the compartment. The inelastic fascia prevents the compartment from expanding to relieve the pressure.
Muscle compartments are very snugly contained in their fasciae. If a blood vessel in a compartment is damaged by overuse or contusion (a bruising injury), blood and tissue fluid accumulate in the compartment. The inelastic fascia prevents the compartment from expanding to relieve the pressure. Mounting pressure on the muscles, nerves, and blood vessels triggers a sequence of degenerative events called compartment syndrome.
Muscle compartments are very snugly contained in their fasciae. If a blood vessel in a compartment is damaged by overuse or contusion (a bruising injury), blood and tissue fluid accumulate in the compartment. The inelastic fascia prevents the compartment from expanding to relieve the pressure. Mounting pressure on the muscles, nerves, and blood vessels triggers a sequence of degenerative events called compartment syndrome. Blood flow to the compartment is obstructed by pressure on its arteries. If ischemia (poor blood flow) persists for more than 2 to 4 hours, nerves begin to die, and after 6 hours, so does muscle tissue. Nerves can regenerate after the pressure is relieved, but muscle necrosis is irreversible. The breakdown of muscle releases myoglobin into the blood. Myoglobinuria, the presence of myoglobin in the urine, gives the urine a dark color and is one of the key signs of compartment syndrome and some other degenerative muscle disorders. Compartment syndrome is treated by immobilizing and resting the limb and, if necessary, making an incision (fasciotomy) to relieve the pressure.
Is the intermuscular speta (or something similar to it) found in the heart?[Why tag this]This helped me to visualize the fasica better. it was hard for me to image the role of fasica before I saw this transverse cut of the calf. I had taken another anatomy class before this and my instructor said fascia was everywhere in the body, but I couldnt visualize it until now.[Why tag thisvisuals and physically on yourself aloud or to a partner[Why tag thisThis illustration gave me a much better mental image of the muscles of the lower leg! Prior to seeing this image I was under the impression that the lower leg consisted of the tibia and fibula bones with a single calf muscle posterior to the two bones. However, this illustration demonstrates the many compartments of the muscles that constitute the large ratio of muscle to bone in the lower leg. [Why tag thisSkeletal muscles are attached to other bones by indirect and direct attachments.[Why tag thisAre skeletal muscles the only muscles attatched to the bones? What part of the bones attach to here?[Why tag thisJust as sutures change over an individual's development from infancy to adulthood, do indirect and direct attachments change as well? If so, how?[Why tag thiscan this cause damage to the muscle?[Why tag thisAre there any disformations for muscle building? Such as the cleft pallet? What happens to the fasciae?[Why tag thisDoes being sore from working out affect this? Or is it just from injury?[GeneralIs the feeling of being sore a good thing. Does being sore mean that your damaging your muscles or are they growing?[Why tag thisIt is interesting that the muscle fasciae contain compartments that are home to the blood vessels. [Why tag thisWhen I was reading this many questions arose in my mind. I am curious to as if this is similar to MS in the way that it can make an individual very weak. I understand that MS affects the other areas of the body, such as optic nerves, brain, and spinal cord, however, it still weakens an individual, many times causing them to be in a wheelchair for the rest of their lives. If compartment syndrome continues to go unnoticed and muscle tissue continues to die, can a person become very weak similar to an indivdual with MS?[Why tag thisHow is this different from a regular bruise? Does a bruise just effect the integumentary system and not the muscles?[Why tag thiscompartment syndrome - how it occurs/what causes it; how it's treated[Why tag thisI chose this because I did not know that this happened when a bruise occured. I did not know that the inelastic fascia relieved the pressure but how? It still expands greatly when bruised. When you bruise I was unaware that the nerves were not in use. But when the pressure is reduced the nerves regenerate. [Why tag thisSo is this the reason why we swell when we have a serious injury? And if nerve cells can regenerate then why do people become permanently paralyzed?[Why tag thisit is interesting information[Why tag thisThis section was interesting in how it shows both the unity of form and function, a major objective in class. It describes how in compartment syndrome the degenerative events cause a breakdown in the function of the muscles, and that the muscles will actually begin to die from lack of blood flow. It shows a direct cause and effect relationship, and demonstrates how important keeping the different organs and systems operating in their limits is important to the function of the body overall.[Why tag thisAs a person who bruises very easily, I am interested in this section because this section discusses contusions. My question I impose on this topic would be, can there be permanent damage done to blood vessels and nerves each time you get a bruise? In lab today, I also asked my instructor about bones bruising. If a bone is hit so hard, that it does not break, but is very tender, can it bruise? Her response was yes, however, I would like to know more about what damage can be done when a bone is bruised.[Why tag thisThe muscles in the body are tightly attached to the bone in order for the bone to not fall apart and for movement. There are a lot of blodd vessels in the area of the muscle attatchment and overusing of the compartment and bruise it and accumulate fluid in the area. If there is a poor blood flow of into the area of bruising it could begin to kill off nerves and die - this is the breakdown of muscle and can lead to releasing myoglobin into the blood. This disorder called myoglobinuria, can be identified by dark urine but it can be treated by resting the limb or making an incision.[Why tag thisWhy isn't this more common?[Why tag thisIf the compartment is prevented from expanding would't it just burst?[Why tag thisDo symptoms begin to show (as uin changes in urine color) immediatly, or will it be hours or even days before you are aware that something is wrong?[Why tag thisDo bodybuilders ever have this issue becuase their muscles get too big and compress blood vessels too much?[Why tag thisthis doesn't happen with all injurys?[Why tag thisNadin
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Even after a bone is fully formed, it remains a metabolically active organ with many roles to play. Not only is it involved in its own maintenance, growth, and remodeling, it also exerts a profound influence on the rest of the body by exchanging minerals with the tissue fluid.
Even after a bone is fully formed, it remains a metabolically active organ with many roles to play. Not only is it involved in its own maintenance, growth, and remodeling, it also exerts a profound influence on the rest of the body by exchanging minerals with the tissue fluid.
Even after a bone is fully formed, it remains a metabolically active organ with many roles to play. Not only is it involved in its own maintenance, growth, and remodeling, it also exerts a profound influence on the rest of the body by exchanging minerals with the tissue fluid. Disturbances of calcium homeostasis in the skeleton can disrupt the functioning of other organ systems, especially the nervous and muscular systems.
Even after a bone is fully formed, it remains a metabolically active organ with many roles to play. Not only is it involved in its own maintenance, growth, and remodeling, it also exerts a profound influence on the rest of the body by exchanging minerals with the tissue fluid. Disturbances of calcium homeostasis in the skeleton can disrupt the functioning of other organ systems, especially the nervous and muscular systems. For reasons explained later, such disturbances can even cause death by suffocation. At this point, we turn our attention to the physiology of mature osseous tissue.
Even after a bone is fully formed, it remains a metabolically active organ with many roles to play. Not only is it involved in its own maintenance, growth, and remodeling, it also exerts a profound influence on the rest of the body by exchanging minerals with the tissue fluid. Disturbances of calcium homeostasis in the skeleton can disrupt the functioning of other organ systems, especially the nervous and muscular systems. For reasons explained later, such disturbances can even cause death by suffocation. At this point, we turn our attention to the physiology of mature osseous tissue.Mineral Deposition and Resorption
I have never thought of bone as an organ before, but now with an understanding of its functions, this would make sense.[Why I tagged this]It is interesting that a bone is considered an active organ. So if you broke your bone, you would technically be breaking on organ. [Why I tagged thisThis is very interesint because it shows just how important bones are to the human body and that no matter if they are [Why I tagged thisi think this is really interesting because it shows that bones as organs play a very important role and do not only act as protection but it has many different jobs in our body that help us maintain balance and function.[Why I tagged thisThat is why it's so good to drink milk and anythin that has calcium. it helps bones and protecy them from having Osteoporosis and strngthen bones. [Why I tagged thisThis section of the reading was very intersting to me beause I didn't realize all of the functions a bone still had, once it is fully formed. According to the reading a bone remains as a metabolically active organ with many roles. It is involved in its own maintenace, growth, remodeling, and also contributes to the influence on the rest of the body through exchanging minerals with tissue fluid. [Why I tagged thisI read somewhere that drinking milk is actually bad for providing bones with calcium because the milk or other dairy products actually absorbs the calcium and minerals out of bones making them more weak and brittle. The best way is to eat dark leafy greens to obtain calcium. Is this true?[I thought this response was interesting because there is a debate between scientist, Dr's, vegans and meat eaters on this issue.Without proper nutrition to the bones you could see serious organ shutdown.[General_Do Not Usewhen a bone if fully formed it stays metabolically active as an organ.[Why I tagged thisI never thought of the bone as an organ before. [Why I tagged thisBones play a vital role in the health of the entire body through exchanging minerals with the tissue fluid. The level of calcium in the body is remained stable by the bones and it is necessary for other organs.[Why I tagged thisI find it interesting how bone plays many roles. When I thought of bones, I thought of the skeletal system and how the skeletal system supports the body and provides shape to our bodies. I did not really think about how bone is involved in its own maintainance, growth, and remodeling. [Why I tagged thisI found this excerpt interesting because it illustrates the fact that the skeletal system, bone to be specific, is more than just bone. I was unaware of how important the bone structure is to the function of the rest of the body and how when it is not functioning properly, it inhibits other systems in the body from functioning as necessary, as in a pH imbalance. [Why I tagged thisMineral deposition is the crystallization process in which calcium, phosphate, and other ions are taken from the blood plasma and deposited in bone tissue, mainly as crystals of hydroxyapatite.[Why I tagged thisthis is really interesting to know that bones do much more than just support our bodies.[GeneralThis is important to know becasue we need to sknowledge that the bones are not just there for sturcture. They also have to do with exchanging minerals with the tissue fluid and have to do with homeostasis. [Why I tagged thisBones are constantly metabolically active. They have to maintain themselves, help grow bones and remodel bones and they also have to exchange minerals with tissue fluid to keep the body running. [Why I tagged thisIn what situations would a bone remodel itself? ( Not including repair )[Why I tagged thisBones do more than just support and provide structure for the body, they also also minerals to be sent out to places where they are needed and fluids to continue being regulated. I didn't know bones had anything to do with fluid regulation. Is the fluid blood? [Why I tagged thisfully formed bone[Why I tagged thisI thought this was interesting to learn that disturbances of the calcium homeostasis in the skeleton can cause death by suffocation. [Why I tagged thisI know there is a disorder called CRPS that is set off when someone has a minor break in a bone and it attacks the nervous system. Perhaps it is from the disruption of calcium homeostasis.[Why I tagged thisHow can your calcium homeostasis be disturbed? And how would this affect the nervouse and muscular systems?[Why I tagged thisI think this is really interesting. It goes to show that the body systems all work together intricately and is very complex.[Why I tagged thisWow this is kind of scary! I wonder how often this can happen in individuals?[Why I tagged thisdisturbances of calciam homeostasis[Why I tagged thisLeah Daul
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Simple diffusion
Simple diffusion
Simple diffusion is the net movement of particles from a place of high concentration to a place of lower concentration as a result of their constant, spontaneous motion.
Simple diffusion is the net movement of particles from a place of high concentration to a place of lower concentration as a result of their constant, spontaneous motion.
Simple diffusion is the net movement of particles from a place of high concentration to a place of lower concentration as a result of their constant, spontaneous motion. Molecules move at astonishing speeds. At body temperature, the average water molecule moves about 2,500 km/h (1,500 mi./h)! However, a molecule can travel only a very short distance before colliding with another and careening off in a new direction, like colliding billiard balls. The rate of diffusion, therefore, is much slower than the rate of molecular motion.
Simple diffusion is the net movement of particles from a place of high concentration to a place of lower concentration as a result of their constant, spontaneous motion. Molecules move at astonishing speeds. At body temperature, the average water molecule moves about 2,500 km/h (1,500 mi./h)! However, a molecule can travel only a very short distance before colliding with another and careening off in a new direction, like colliding billiard balls. The rate of diffusion, therefore, is much slower than the rate of molecular motion.Diffusion can be observed by dropping a dye crystal into a dish of still water. As the crystal dissolves, it forms a colored zone in the water that gets larger and larger with time (fig. 3.14). The dye molecules exhibit net movement from the point of origin, where their concentration is high, toward the edges of the dish, where their concentration is low. When the concentration of a substance differs from one point to another, we say it exhibits a concentration gradient. Particle movement from a region of high concentration toward a region of lower concentration is said to go down, or with, the gradient, and movement in the other direction is said to go up, or against, the gradient.
I have always found this idea so interresting. This idea behind diffusion reminds me of the idea of homeostasis in which the body reacts to keep a stable enviornment. When there is more solute on one side of the membrane, the membrane works to create stabiliy on each side. I actually got to see this process in action when we performed an experiment that was based on what happens during dialysis when there is a diffusion of the actual solutes trhough an artifical membrane. [Why tag this text]It is amazing how a process that seems so simple can control the entire function of a cell by maintaining balance. this is the most significant form of homeostasis that our body has because without this there woudn't be a way for our body as a whole to function and keep its own homeostasis.[Why tag this textsimple diffusion is the net movement of particles from a place of high to low concentration, as a result of their constant, spontanious, motion[General-Do not usemovement from high concentration to low concentration. [Why tag this textSimple Diffusion: Net movement of particles from place of high concentration to place of lower concentration [due to a concentration gradient] due to constant spontaneous motion. Diffusion is slow-ish. With gradient=high to lowAgainst gradient=low to high[Why tag this textso basically they are going from high to low. is that all they can do?[Why tag this textDefinition of diffusion: net movement of particles from a place of high to low concentration as a result of constant motion[Why tag this textSince molecules are always moving certain things like temperature can speed up diffusion. Also the mass of a substance will affect diffusion. Lower masses diffuse faster.[Why tag this textThis is important because I never knew what diffiusion was. I now know it is the movement from very high concentration to low concentration.[Why tag this textdiffusion plays an important role in many processes of the body, most importantly in the kidneys when removing waste from the body or retain salt to retain water[Why tag this textThis describes one of the goals from above, about what the process of simple diffusion is compared with osmosis.[Why tag this textThis explains the effects of hypo. iso, and hypertonic solutions and their relationship to sodium in the body[Why tag this textIn class today Dr. Petto referred to the idea of concentration and told us to grasp this concept if we could only get one thing out of the course. The reason for this is that many metabolic processes rely on concentration in order to function. Concentration gradients account for most of the ATP that we utilize as cellular energy currency. These gradients also make it possible to send a signal through neurons to a target muscle. These are just a couple of the processes that rely on the concept of concentrations. In this chapter we are simply looking at the behaivor of concentration. The main thought that needs to be extracted from this excerpt is that in simple diffusion, particles move from higher concentration to lower concentration (exergonic).[Why tag this textAn example of this would be that opening the front door of your home in the middle of a freezing wisconsin winter. The warm air seeps out...despite the old saying [Why tag this textWhat diffusion main job in the cell membranes and how fast molecules travel in the normal body temperature.[Why tag this textI chose this because this is the exact same experiement we had done in high school. We used very hot water which made the particles move rapidly and the particles diffused faster than the one in ice cold water. [Why tag this text Diffusion is the movement of particles from a place of high concentration to a place of lower concentration as a result of their constant spontaneous motion. [Why tag this textThis is interesting to know how fast molecules move through out our bodies[Why tag this textHow are molecules able to move at 1,500 miles/hour? What is the force that is driving them and how are they able to move this fast without damaging the anatomy of our bodies. I realize that molecules are very small but a speed this high would surely ensure damage with even the smallest of objects[Why tag this textThis is crazy, to think that it is moving that fast in our bodies.[Why tag this textHard to imagine that water molecules are moving about at speeds of 1,500 mi/hr colliding with each other.[Why tag this text2500km/h. That is incredibly fast. How come we can't feel the molecules move?[Why tag this texti find this interesting because you dont realize just how fast particles move! It's amazing that they can move 1500 mph! I have also done experiments involving diffusion, so i have seen it firsthand.[Why tag this textso a molecule can only go a short distant? why is that?[Why tag this textI think this is very interesting becasue I have never thought about it like this before, nor did I know that this happened. [Why tag this textGuendel Brandon James
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Mitochondria Mitochondria39 (MY-toe-CON-dree-uh) (singular, mitochondrion) are organelles specialized for synthesizing ATP. They have a variety of shapes: spheroidal, rod-shaped, kidney-shaped, or threadlike (fig. 3.31). Like the nucleus, a mitochondrion is surrounded by a double unit membrane. The inner membrane usually has folds called cristae40 (CRIS-tee), which project like shelves across the organelle. The space between the cristae, called the matrix, contains ribosomes; enzymes used in ATP synthesis; and a small, circular DNA molecule called mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Mitochondria are the ?powerhouses? of the cell. Energy is not made here, but it is extracted from organic compounds and transferred to ATP, primarily by enzymes located on the cristae. The role of mitochondria in ATP synthesis is explained in detail in chapter 26, and some evolutionary and clinical aspects of mitochondria are discussed at the end of this chapter (see Deeper Insight 3.4).
Because mitochondria is specialized for synthesizing ATP and other important functions, I feel it should be close to as important as the nucleus[Why tag this text]I've heard about them but i didn't know what they are [Why tag this textorganelles specialized for synthesizing ATP[General-Do not useIt's hard to understant it .[Why tag this textmitochondria being the power source of the cell should in my opinion be the main part of the cell insteadof the nucleus.[Why tag this textDo certain individuals have more mitochondria than others, or is there a static number in every person? I.e. Do individuals who are more physically active have more mitochondria in their bodies than individuals who are realitively inactive? [Why tag this textmitochondria - functions and description[Why tag this textThe mitochondria is my favorite organelle. It extracts energy from organic (carbon-containing) compounds and tranfers it to ATP by way of enzymes.The ribosomes are just everywhere! They live on the rough ER, freely in the cytoplasm, and inside the mitocondria. ATP from mitochondria is needed for active transport in the cell. The cristae are like shelves for the matrix in which things move. It looks like a little maze inside the jelly bean shaped organelle.[Why tag this textQuestion 2: Cell ComponentsNucleus: is the largest organelle in a cell and is usually the only one visible with a light microscope. The function is to contain the cells DNA and RNA.Mitochondria: are organelles specialized for synthesizing ATP. The come in a variety of shapes including spheroidal, rod-shaped, kidney-shaped, and threadlike.Lysosomes: is a package of enzymes bounded by a single unit membrane. They function in hydrolysis of proteins, nucleic acids, complex carbohydrates, phospholipids and others.Centriole: is a short cylindrical assembly of microtubules and are arranged in nine groups of three microtubules. They function in cell division.[Why tag this textI tagged this because in my high school biology classes the mitochondria was always classified as the [Why tag this textMitochondria are also known as the Powerhouse of the cell because it produces so much energy that it becomes the main source of all power and ATP of the cell.[Why tag this textmitochondria are important because they produce alll of the energy that the body uses for all activity[Why tag this textDoes the shape of the mitochondria affect how effective it is?[Why tag this textDefinition of mitochondria. Important to remember that this is where ATP is synthesized. [Why tag this textwhy are their so many different shapes for the same thing?[Why tag this textWhy do these come in so many different shapes? [Why tag this textIs there a certain shape of mitochondria that is the most beneficial? Or helpful?[Why tag this textSomething interesting I recently learned in lab about mitochondrial DNA is that it is matrilineal and therefore is often used as a means of identifying Jane/John Does's. [Why tag this textIt is interesting that mitochondria have their own DNA. I read that scientists have theorized that mitochondria were one of the first organisms on the planet because of this. [Why tag this textso if energry isn't made there than why is it considered to be the [Why tag this textMy friends cousin has Mitochodria disease where the Mitochodria fail in helping to produce enough energy needed by the body to support growth and sustain life. [Why tag this textWhy do they call the mitochondria is called the [Why tag this textI have a relative who has a mitochondrial disorder. When he was younger he was always tired (physically) and couldn't do the same things as other kids his age. He is clearly deficient in Mitochondria, or more likely the mitochondria just arn't producing enough ATP.[Why tag this textWe learned in elementary school that these actually made the energy in a cell. I guess that's the [Why tag this textEnergy cannot be created or destroyed (first law of thermodynamics); thus, ATP is not energy but is a molecule that transfers energy to other macromolecules in the body.[Why tag this textI like this clarification: that energy is not made in the mitochondria but in stead is extracted from organic compounds. It is a deeper explination then the usual high school term of it being the power house and then left at that.[Why tag this textHussain
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Their mobility makes the synovial joints especially important to the quality of life.
Their mobility makes the synovial joints especially important to the quality of life. Reflect, for example, on the performance extremes of a young athlete, the decline in flexibility that comes with age, and the crippling effect of rheumatoid arthritis. The rest of this chapter is concerned with synovial joints.
In synovial joints, the facing surfaces of the two bones are covered with articular cartilage, a layer of hyaline cartilage usually 2 or 3 mm thick.
In synovial joints, the facing surfaces of the two bones are covered with articular cartilage, a layer of hyaline cartilage usually 2 or 3 mm thick. These surfaces are separated by a narrow space, the joint (articular) cavity, containing a slippery lubricant called synovial fluid
In synovial joints, the facing surfaces of the two bones are covered with articular cartilage, a layer of hyaline cartilage usually 2 or 3 mm thick. These surfaces are separated by a narrow space, the joint (articular) cavity, containing a slippery lubricant called synovial fluid (fig. 9.5). This fluid, for which the joint is named, is rich in albumin and hyaluronic acid, which give it a viscous, slippery texture similar to raw egg white.11
In synovial joints, the facing surfaces of the two bones are covered with articular cartilage, a layer of hyaline cartilage usually 2 or 3 mm thick. These surfaces are separated by a narrow space, the joint (articular) cavity, containing a slippery lubricant called synovial fluid (fig. 9.5). This fluid, for which the joint is named, is rich in albumin and hyaluronic acid, which give it a viscous, slippery texture similar to raw egg white.11 It nourishes the articular cartilages, removes their wastes, and makes movements at synovial joints almost friction-free.
In synovial joints, the facing surfaces of the two bones are covered with articular cartilage, a layer of hyaline cartilage usually 2 or 3 mm thick. These surfaces are separated by a narrow space, the joint (articular) cavity, containing a slippery lubricant called synovial fluid (fig. 9.5). This fluid, for which the joint is named, is rich in albumin and hyaluronic acid, which give it a viscous, slippery texture similar to raw egg white.11 It nourishes the articular cartilages, removes their wastes, and makes movements at synovial joints almost friction-free. A connective tissue joint (articular) capsule encloses the cavity and retains the fluid.
In synovial joints, the facing surfaces of the two bones are covered with articular cartilage, a layer of hyaline cartilage usually 2 or 3 mm thick. These surfaces are separated by a narrow space, the joint (articular) cavity, containing a slippery lubricant called synovial fluid (fig. 9.5). This fluid, for which the joint is named, is rich in albumin and hyaluronic acid, which give it a viscous, slippery texture similar to raw egg white.11 It nourishes the articular cartilages, removes their wastes, and makes movements at synovial joints almost friction-free. A connective tissue joint (articular) capsule encloses the cavity and retains the fluid. It has an outer fibrous capsule continuous with the periosteum of the adjoining bones, and an inner, cellular synovial membrane. The synovial membrane is composed mainly of fibroblast-like cells that secrete the fluid, and is populated by macrophages that remove debris from the joint cavity.
In synovial joints, the facing surfaces of the two bones are covered with articular cartilage, a layer of hyaline cartilage usually 2 or 3 mm thick. These surfaces are separated by a narrow space, the joint (articular) cavity, containing a slippery lubricant called synovial fluid (fig. 9.5). This fluid, for which the joint is named, is rich in albumin and hyaluronic acid, which give it a viscous, slippery texture similar to raw egg white.11 It nourishes the articular cartilages, removes their wastes, and makes movements at synovial joints almost friction-free. A connective tissue joint (articular) capsule encloses the cavity and retains the fluid. It has an outer fibrous capsule continuous with the periosteum of the adjoining bones, and an inner, cellular synovial membrane. The synovial membrane is composed mainly of fibroblast-like cells that secrete the fluid, and is populated by macrophages that remove debris from the joint cavity.
what im gooing to school for[General_Do Not Use]synovial joint [Why tag thisI think that synovial joints are incredibly important to understand for all the reasons listed here. I've known people whose joints in the knees rub against each other, and it just reduces their quality of life to the extreme. [Why tag thisIs this common with every one can this be prevented? [Why tag thisI think this section will be interesting for me because I am 20 and already have arthritis and my doctor said it will get worse as I age so I think it would be interesting to learn more about it. My mom has really bad arthritis and I am wondering if it is typically genic or not?[Why tag thisAre these all different Synovial joints in the chapter?[Why tag thisI think it is very important to understand how thick the cartilage is it could leafd to very important information givin.[Why tag thisIsnt that really thin? [Why tag thisI have been told in the past that the synovial fluid is what pops when a joint cracks, like when people crack their knuckles. Is this really what happens?[Why tag thisIn the previous section it said that there were four main categories for joints and the synovial joint was the fourth catergory. I was wondering if the synovial joint helps with the movements of the body, because in the previous joints there was little or no moviement that was formed. So I am confused on how the muscles move without these joints providing a ton of movement and elasticity. [Why tag thisIf your body lacked or wasn't able to make synovial fluid anymore. Is there a procedure that somone could have done so that the bones are not rubing against eachother. [Why tag thisWhich gland produces synovial fluid? Do we ever [Why tag thisIn response to Elvia Rivas's comment: Which gland produces synovial fluid? Do we ever [Why tag thisSince the synovial joint is most familiar, it is important to know what it consists of in order to understand its properties, why it functions as it does, and why it is the most common type of joint to develop uncomfortable and crippling dysfunctions such as arthritis. This would be step #1 in understanding such a chain effect. [Why tag thisThe anatomy of a joint is interesting to me because I work on an orthopedic unit in a hosptial, so I see all types of surgeries to repair or replace different anatomy. We don't realize how important our joints are until there are problems and greatly impact our quality of life.[Why tag thisIs this fluid the fluid that floods your joints when you crack them? What causes your joints to crack?[Why tag thisMy boss had to get removal of his synovial fluid because his bursa sac exploded.[Why tag thisgeneral anatomy for synovial joints[Why tag thisfibroblast-like cells that secrete fluid[Why tag thisI hear of some people having joint problems (especially in the knee) due to a lack of cartilage there. Is a lack of catilage something people are born with and if not, what causes people to lose cartilage in joints?[Why tag thisMy brother got surgery to fix his injury and they removed almost a centimeter and a half of this, I think it was. [Why tag thisI just never knew that there was a slippery fluid in the joints that are similar to a raw egg white. I guess it would make sense though, so that there is no friction between bones. [Why tag thisSynovial joints are the most common joints we think of they move freely such as your elbow and knee. Joints are separated by a narrow space contain a lubricant called synovial fluid. I would like to know more about these fluid in-between joints. When older people say [Why tag thisI think the cavities filled with synovial fluid is what is associated with 'cracking your knuckles.' Except you really aren't cracking anything. You're simply getting rid of air bubbles trapped the fluid. But where does the air go?[Why tag thisIt is interesting the the synovial fluid has so many duties, i thought it was only used for lubrication. How is this fluid produced? Does it every dry out or deplete causing issues?[Why tag thisI am amazed to hear that there is fluid in between our synovial joints such as our knees or elbows. Does the fluid ever die or decrease in volume as we age? Does this lead to arthritis or possible problems? Have scientists been able to create replica fluids that can replace the fluid in the joints if lost?[Why tag thisKaela Tjugum
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Melanoma is a skin cancer that arises from the melanocytes. It accounts for no more than 5% of skin cancers, but it is an extremely aggressive and drug-resistant type. It can be treated surgically if it is caught early, but if it metastasizes?which it does quickly?it is unresponsive to chemotherapy and is usually fatal. The average person with metastatic melanoma lives only 6 months from diagnosis, and only 5% to 14% of patients survive with it for 5 years. The greatest risk factor for melanoma is a family history of the disease. It has a relatively high incidence in men, in redheads, and in people who experienced severe sunburns in childhood.
Melanoma is a skin cancer that arises from the melanocytes. It accounts for no more than 5% of skin cancers, but it is an extremely aggressive and drug-resistant type. It can be treated surgically if it is caught early, but if it metastasizes?which it does quickly?it is unresponsive to chemotherapy and is usually fatal. The average person with metastatic melanoma lives only 6 months from diagnosis, and only 5% to 14% of patients survive with it for 5 years. The greatest risk factor for melanoma is a family history of the disease. It has a relatively high incidence in men, in redheads, and in people who experienced severe sunburns in childhood.About two-thirds of cases of melanoma in men result from an oncogene called BRAF. In women, BRAF does not appear to trigger melanoma, but it has been linked to some breast and ovarian cancers. BRAF mutations are commonly found in moles. BRAF was recently discovered in the course of the new Cancer Genome Project, a multinational effort to identify cancer genes.It is important to distinguish a mole from a melanoma. A mole usually has a uniform color and even contour, and it is no larger in diameter than the end of a pencil eraser (about 6 mm). If it becomes malignant, however, it forms a large, flat, spreading lesion with a scalloped border (fig. 6.12c). The American Cancer Society suggests an ?ABCD rule? for recognizing melanoma: A for asymmetry (one side of the lesion looks different from the other); B for border irregularity (the contour is not uniform but wavy or scalloped); C for color (often a mixture of brown, black, tan, and sometimes red and blue); and D for diameter (greater than 6 mm).
How does fake tanning, or tanning in a salon, differ from tanning in the actual sun. Are the effects more or less drastic?[Why tag this]I was under the impression that this made up a large majority of cancer. It's also personal to me because my friend just passed over break from melanoma which metastasized and spread to brain cancer, only 23 years old and it happened so soon.[Why tag thisMelanoma is a skin cancer which comes from melanocytes. It may look like a mole. [Why tag thistype of skin cancer that is very dangerous and usually fatal[Why tag thisWhat happens to the melanocytes in somebody when they get melanoma? Is there a lack of melanocytes or is the cancer whip them out or damage them?[Why tag thisMelanoma is rare but when it does occur, it is a big deal if not caught on time [Why tag thismost viscious skin cancer[Why tag thisThey say tanning is really bad for your skin and melanoma can arise on your skin from tanning, but what if you take the precautions and wear SPF or tanning lotions? Does this help at all or is it not even worth doing? I love tanning but I do not want to end up with caner.[Why tag thisWhy is melanoma talked about constantly if its only 5% of skin cancers[Why tag thisI find this interesting i didnt know that melanoma was so serious or fatal. [Why tag thisThis topic interests me because my dad had metastatic melanoma and it spread extremely rapidly to his lungs and liver. However, he is the only person that doctors have ever been able to cure from that late of a stage. A new experimental treatment eliminated all of his tumors and to this day doctors still don't understand why it worked so well on him. I also have a higher risk of getting melanoma due to this. [Why tag thisSad to think that one of the types of skin cancer, the most common cancer, is actually one the more aggressive, drug resistant, and deadly cancers.[Why tag thisWhy does melanoma metastasize faster than other types of skin cancer?[Why tag thisIt does not seem that this corm of cancer has any other symptoms other than discoloration of the skin. Yet is resist chemotherapy and can be carried (seemingly) without notice. What if it was on your back in an area that you rarely look at?[Why tag thisThis is scary becuase Melanoma is a skin cancer, and the average person with Melanoma lives only 6 months fro diagnosis, and only 5% to14% of patients survive with it for 5 years. I didnt know that it is relatively high in incidence in men, in readheads, and in people who experienced severe sunburns in childhood. [Why tag thiswhat melanoma is and how it can be treated and who's at the greatest risk for it[Why tag thisI chose this because my friends dad had melanoma but not to a great extreme. He had it on his nose, but it looked just like pealing. After reading this it makes sense that it appears more in men than women. I have a mole that had a white ring around it and I had to go to the doctor to check for this disease but it was nothing. Thank you lord. Cancer is a very serious thing. Cancer has been very interesting to me ever since my mom got diagnosed with breast cancer. That was life changing. She only had stage one, but still scared me because she means the world to me. After she got done with her radiation she was cancer free. I chose to tell that because it talks about treatment and she had surgery and radiation therapy. That detroyed the cancer cells. [Why tag thisI was somewhat familiar with Melanoma, my aunt ws diagnosed with it a few years ago. It was caught very early on so it wasnt as severe. I however wasnt aware how severe it could turn, only 5-14% of patients survive this type of cancer that is such a small success rate. I also was unaware that it can be a high risk factor if there is a family history of the disease.[Why tag thisVery rare but very dangerous[Why tag thiswhat happens when it is not caught early?[Why tag thisWow this is a very scary thought...[Why tag thisSince melanoma is usually fatal and metastasizes so quickly that one may not even catch it before it's too late, many people have larger moles removed just because of the risk. My aunt is a prime example of that. She had a mole with a large surface area on her shoulder, and was never diagnosed with cancer but had it removed regardless. Moles must be tricky to remove, because she has a large remaining scar from where they removed it. [Why tag thisso if caught late you will die from it?[Why tag thisWhere does it spread to that it is not caught?[Why tag thisthats crazy! im assuming that is why it is the most deadly form[Why tag thisAnna Christenbury
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When orthodontic appliances (braces) are used to reposition teeth, a tooth moves because osteoclasts dissolve bone ahead of the tooth (where the appliance creates greater pressure of the tooth against the bone) and osteoblasts deposit bone in the low-pressure zone behind it.
Calcium Homeostasis
Calcium HomeostasisCalcium and phosphate are used for much more than bone structure. Phosphate groups are a component of DNA, RNA, ATP, phospholipids, and many other compounds. Phosphate ions also help to correct acid?base imbalances in the body fluids (see Deeper Insight 7.3). Calcium plays roles in communication among neurons, and in muscle contraction, blood clotting, and exocytosis. It is also a second or third messenger in many cell-signaling processes and a cofactor for some enzymes. The skeleton is a reservoir for these minerals. Minerals are deposited in the skeleton when the supply is ample and withdrawn when they are needed for other purposes.The adult body contains about 1,100 g of calcium, with 99% of it in the bones. Bone has two calcium reserves: (1) a stable pool of calcium, which is incorporated into hydroxyapatite and is not easily exchanged with the blood; and (2) exchangeable calcium, which is 1% or less of the total but is easily released to the tissue fluid. The adult skeleton exchanges about 18% of its calcium with the blood each year.The calcium concentration in the blood plasma is normally 9.2 to 10.4 mg/dL. This is a rather narrow margin of safety, as we shall soon see. About 45% of it is in the ionized form (Ca2+), which can diffuse through capillary walls and affect neighboring cells. The rest of it is bound to plasma proteins and other solutes. It is not physiologically active, but it serves as a reserve from which free Ca2+ can be obtained as needed.Even slight changes in blood calcium concentration can have serious consequences. A calcium deficiency is called hypocalcemia30 (HY-po-cal-SEE-me-uh). It causes excessive excitability of the nervous system and leads to muscle tremors, spasms, or tetany?the inability of the muscle to relax. Tetany begins to occur as the plasma Ca2+ concentration falls to 6 mg/dL. One sign of hypocalcemia is strong spasmodic flexion of the wrist and thumb and extension of the other fingers, called the Trousseau31 sign?often induced by the inflation of a blood pressure cuff putting pressure on the brachial nerve. At 4 mg/dL, muscles of the larynx contract tightly, a condition called laryngospasm, which can shut off airflow and cause suffocation.
I never realized there was an actual science behind braces other than the teeth just growing in crooked. [Why I tagged this]its interesting to know the way that braces actually work, and why they are able to reposition the death. [Why I tagged thisso the braces aren't actually the only reason that the teeth move?[Why I tagged thisI always thought the teeth just moved. This pressure is like that of of gravity on the vertebral column that results in a loss of height over time.[Why I tagged thisWhen a tooth is pulled, does this same process happen?[Why I tagged thisWait I thought teeth wern't bones[Why I tagged thisI thought this was really interesting and I like that it was included. I was always under the impression that braces work by moving the teeth from one position to another, but this says that the braces actually have the osteoclasts reform the teeth to the proper shape in the mouth. I thought this was really impressive.[Why I tagged thisI always assumed that the force that the braces put on the teeth was the sole mechanism of the orthodontic appliance. It is fascinating that when the tooth is pushed against the bone, there are actually osteoclasts that are actively dissolving the bone where the pressure is while the osteoblasts are simultaneously depositing new bone in the low pressure area! My question then is this. Do osteoclasts and osteoblasts slow down or cease to function in this manner as a person ages? [Why I tagged thisI never really thought of how braces actually work. I thought they just moved the teeth. I didn't know so much was involved in moving the teeth.[Why I tagged thiscalcium and phosphate are used for more than bone structures. calcium is used for communication among the neurons, muscle concentrarion, and blood clotting. Phosphate ions correct acid-based imbalances in fluids [Why I tagged thisbone structurecommunication of nerves and muscle contraction, blood clotting, and exocytosisphosphate ions correct acid-base imbalences[Why I tagged thisare used for bone structure as well as well as bodily fluids and other parts of the body[Why I tagged thisSince a majority of the human population is lactose intolerant (assuming one cannot tolerate any dairy and no pill vitamins) where would we get our necessary amounts of calcium from in order to maintain appropriate levels? The same applies for animals since we have learned that once weaned animals are lactose intoleranat as well.[Why I tagged thisCalcium Homeostasis:Calcium and phosphates are needed for DNA/RNA/ATP/Phospholipids/[calcium] communication/muscle contraction/clotting and exocytosis. The skeleton holds excess of these minerals. Bone has two holding areas for calcium: A pool of calcium which is not easily exchanged and exchangable calcium. [Why I tagged thisIt seems like I am always hearing different things about the importance of calcium intake in terms of bone health. Some say its important to consume calcium, others say it's not, and still others say it is important in childhood and much less important in adulthood. What is the real story and what is the ideal calcium consumption?[Why I tagged thisWhat if someone is low in these things? would this be brittle bone disease?[Why I tagged thisThis paragraph explains why calcium is very important. But is there an effect or or consequence when we exceed our consumption of foods rich in calcium? [Why I tagged thisImportant to note calcium is used for much more than just bone structure. Deficiencies can lead to spasms[Why I tagged thisI did not realize the significance of P and Ca in the body until this section. I assume that if I take in too much Ca or P I will just excrete them through the kidneys.[Why I tagged thisSo is it true that drinking milk really gives us strong bone because of the calcium we need?[Why I tagged thisused for much more than bone structure.Phophate groups component of: DNA, RNA, ATP, phospholipidsCalcuem plays role in: communication of nerons, muscle contraction, blood clotting[Why I tagged thisthis is why calcium is such an important mineral[General_Do Not UseI thought this was interesting to know that calcium plays role in blood cotting. If a person was unable to blood cot their open wound, would it mostly be because they lack calcium in their bone? [Why I tagged thiswhat about those who are lactose intolerant, what affects does it have on calcium homeostasis?[Why I tagged thisI didn't know calcuim had so many important roles in the body. I always just think of calcuim as critical for bone strength. [Why I tagged thisI always thought that the importance of calcium was to make bones stronger. This showed me they have a much larger importance. They are used for communication and blood clotting just to name a few.[Why I tagged thisAshley Parker
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To see those, we usually take tissue specimens, thinly slice and stain them, and observe them under the microscope. This approach is called histology6 (microscopic anatomy).
To see those, we usually take tissue specimens, thinly slice and stain them, and observe them under the microscope. This approach is called histology6 (microscopic anatomy). Histopathology is the microscopic examination of tissues for signs of disease. Cytology7 is the study of the structure and function of individual cells. Ultrastructure refers to fine detail, down to the molecular level, revealed by the electron microscope.Physiology?The Study of Function
Defintion of histology - looking at tissues for signs of disease[Why I tagged this]Question 2: Histology or microscopic anatomy allows for studying the microscopic structure of the liver.[Why I tagged thisThis is a brief definition of histology[Why I tagged thismultiple definintions!! histology: tissue under microscopehistopathology: disease in tissuecytology: cell structuresultrastructure: detailed molecular views[Why I tagged thisDifferent types of obeservations of cells.[Why I tagged thisI tagged this because it provides the definiton of microscopic anatomy. It's also interesting in how it explains how tissue specimens are set up to be viewed through histopathology. [Why I tagged thishistology is where a tissue speciemen is taken from the body by thinly slicing and staining the tissue and then observing them under a microscope.when you look at tissue under a microscope looking for disease this is called histopathology.cytology is when you study how the cells are structured and how they function.[Why I tagged thisThese are used to study anatomy at the microscopic level.[Why I tagged thisThis may be important vocabulary to be drawn from later in the course; I believe that histology is a unit in itself later in the course. Drawing from the individual cells to understand the functions of the body seems much like the building of many structures we can directly observe that are not related to biology. For instance, the strength of a building or car is only as reliable as the individual parts that compose it. In academia (more particularly mathematics), you need a strong understanding of the smaller concepts or parts in order to achieve understanding of complex ideas. Example: You need to have an understanding of numbers and geometry in order to achieve understanding of integration and why the summation of each geometric space under a curve will be equal to a certain equation that is relatable to that curve being examined.[Why I tagged thisExamination of small pieces of tissue.Hist/o : tissue[Why I tagged thisHistopathology is used in the the diagnosis of sickle cell animea, which is where the shape of the red blood cells have mutated to a c shape which blocks blood flow to the limbs and organs.[Why I tagged thisI didn't know there was so many different kinds of studys with cells, I found this interesting too and important to know[Why I tagged thisCytology is ordered on every tissue/fluid sample collected on a patient. Pathology labs are used to find out the type of disease and how is is working in the body.[Why I tagged thisdefinition of what will come in chapter 5[Why I tagged thisThis tells me how we view cells from our own bodies, through microscopes. This allows us to see parts of our skin that isn't possible with the human eye. [Why I tagged thisThis is a brief definition of Histopathology[Why I tagged thisLooking for diseases in the tissue.Hist/o: tissuepath/o: disease[Why I tagged thisQuestion 2: Histopathology would allow for examing liver tissue for signs of hepatitus[Why I tagged thisdef of histology[Why I tagged thisThis is another way to think of anatomy and physiology because using the histopathology is the sign of diseases and cytology is structure. [Why I tagged thisTwo important deffinitions [Why I tagged thisDifferent ways of examining anatomy and physiology.[Why I tagged thisImportant defintions when dealing with histology[Why I tagged thisCyto:cellstudy of cells[Why I tagged thisCytology-the study of the structure and function of indvidual cells [Why I tagged thisThis is a brief definition of Cytology[Why I tagged thisThis is the definition of Ultrastructure[Why I tagged thisSarah Ertl
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dsstokes
Like a zipper, an enzyme called DNA helicase opens up one short segment of the helix at a time, exposing its nitrogenous bases. The point where the DNA is opened up, like the two halves of a zipper separating, is called the replication fork.
Like a zipper, an enzyme called DNA helicase opens up one short segment of the helix at a time, exposing its nitrogenous bases. The point where the DNA is opened up, like the two halves of a zipper separating, is called the replication fork. Molecules of the enzyme DNA polymerase move along each strand; read the exposed bases; and like a matchmaker, arrange ?marriages? with complementary free nucleotides. If the polymerase finds the sequence TCG, for example, it assembles AGC across from it. The two separated strands of DNA are copied by separate polymerase molecules, proceeding in opposite directions. On one strand (top of figure 4.14), the DNA polymerase moves toward the replication fork and makes a long, continuous, new strand of DNA to complement the old one. On the other strand (bottom of the figure), DNA polymerase moves away from the replication fork and copies only a short segment of DNA at a time. The segments are then joined together by another enzyme called DNA ligase. Ultimately, from the old parental DNA molecule, two new daughter DNA molecules are made. Each daughter DNA consists of one new helix synthesized from free nucleotides and one old helix conserved from the parental DNA. The process is therefore called semiconservative replication.
DNA polymerase moves toward the replication fork and makes a long, continuous, new strand of DNA to complement the old one. On the other strand (bottom of the figure), DNA polymerase moves away from the replication fork and copies only a short segment of DNA at a time. The segments are then joined together by another enzyme called DNA ligase. Ultimately, from the old parental DNA molecule, two new daughter DNA molecules are made. Each daughter DNA consists of one new helix synthesized from free nucleotides and one old helix conserved from the parental DNA. The process is therefore called semiconservative replication. While DNA is synthesized in the nucleus, new histones are synthesized in the cytoplasm. Millions of histones are transported into the nucleus within a few minutes after DNA replication, and each new DNA helix wraps around them to make new nucleosomes.
I really like the metaphor [Why tag this text]Good example.[Why tag this texthow the double helix unwinds [Why tag this textExplaining it like a zipper, really helped me visualize this process. Also good way to describe the replication fork.[Why tag this textThe way it describes DNA like a zipper it makes it easier to understand what it being talked about here. that caught my eye because of the way ti was explained. [Why tag this textprocess of replication. The structure of DNA lends itself easily to DNA replication. Each side of the double helix runs in opposite directions. This structure can unzip down the middle and each side can serve as a pattern or template for the other side (called semi-conservative replication). However, DNA does not unzip entirely. It unzips in a small area called a replication fork, which then moves down the entire length of the molecule.[Why tag this textNever heard of this . good to know. What would happen if the DNA would not open up?[Why tag this textReplication fork: the point wehere the DNA is opened up, like the 2 halves of a zipper seperating.[Why tag this textWhat causes the DNA to open up?[Why tag this textGood example of the helix.[Why tag this textso does that mean it can open and close quickly like a zipper?[Why tag this textNice to know[Why tag this textWhere do these free nucleotides come from? Where are they manufactured? Are they just [Why tag this textPart of an important stage for the cell theory becuase this is where the other part of the DNA is picked by this [Why tag this texti find it intresting how DNA is made and the process of copying genetics[Why tag this textI was first exposed to DNA in High school and was fascinated by it. We know that the DNA strands can tell what the bases are and will bind the correct nucleotide across from it. A can only pair with T and G with C. However how exactly does it do this? What gives the nucleotide the signal to match with the correct base?[Generalsemiconservative replication - bases pairing with nucleoties[Why tag this textThis is like making multiple copies of a blueprint for buildings. DNA serves as a blueprint for the human body that makes each one of unique[Why tag this textso one strand is old and the other is new and when they are wrapped around each other they are DNA?[Why tag this textI find this interesting because DNA, being one of the most complex things, is the easiest thing to copy.[Why tag this textWhat is the reason that the DNA polymerases go opposite directions? What not both move towards the replication fork in a continuous motion?[Why tag this textWhy do they move in opposite directions instead of both the same way? Also, why does one make a long, continous, new strand, while the other makes short segments that have to be connected by DNA ligase?[Why tag this textWhat happens when there is an error in this process?[Why tag this textQuestion 2: DNA replication is semiconservative because the resulting DNA molecules contain one old strand and one new daughter strand.[Why tag this textWhen the DNA replicates it forms a Fork which helps build information from the old strand to the new strand. This process is called semiconservative replication. It is able to copy and then join together until two new daughter DNA molecules are made. Each one of the daughter molecules have new helix and one old helix from the parent. [Why tag this textDNA ligase: an enzyme that joins two segments of DNA. occurs after the polymerase moves away from the replication fork.[Why tag this textbayan
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Osteoporosis occurs in both sexes and at all ages from adolescence to old age.
Osteoporosis occurs in both sexes and at all ages from adolescence to old age. Postmenopausal white women, however, are at the greatest risk.
Osteoporosis occurs in both sexes and at all ages from adolescence to old age. Postmenopausal white women, however, are at the greatest risk. In contrast to men and black women, they have less bone density; white women begin losing it earlier (as young as age 35); and they lose it more rapidly.
Osteoporosis occurs in both sexes and at all ages from adolescence to old age. Postmenopausal white women, however, are at the greatest risk. In contrast to men and black women, they have less bone density; white women begin losing it earlier (as young as age 35); and they lose it more rapidly. By age 70, the average white woman loses 30% of her bone tissue.
Osteoporosis occurs in both sexes and at all ages from adolescence to old age. Postmenopausal white women, however, are at the greatest risk. In contrast to men and black women, they have less bone density; white women begin losing it earlier (as young as age 35); and they lose it more rapidly. By age 70, the average white woman loses 30% of her bone tissue.
Osteoporosis occurs in both sexes and at all ages from adolescence to old age. Postmenopausal white women, however, are at the greatest risk. In contrast to men and black women, they have less bone density; white women begin losing it earlier (as young as age 35); and they lose it more rapidly. By age 70, the average white woman loses 30% of her bone tissue. Until menopause, estrogen maintains bone density by inhibiting osteoclasts. At menopause, the ovaries cease to secrete estrogen and osteoclast activity begins to outpace bone deposition by osteoblasts. Black women also lose bone density after menopause, but having denser bones to begin with, they usually do not lose enough to suffer osteoporosis. About 20% of osteoporosis patients are men. For most, the testes and adrenal glands secrete enough estrogen even in old age to maintain adequate bone density. Other than age, race, and sex, some other risk factors for osteoporosis include smoking, diabetes mellitus, poor diet, and inadequate weight-bearing exercise. Osteoporosis is surprisingly common among young female runners, dancers, and gymnasts. Their percentage of body fat is often so low that they stop ovulating and ovarian estrogen secretion is low. In early long-term space flights, astronauts developed osteoporosis because in a microgravity environment, their bones were subjected to too little of the stress that normally would stimulate bone deposition. This and the prevention of muscle atrophy are reasons that exercise equipment is now standard on space shuttles and stations.
can occur in either sex and at all ages, if you are a postmenopausal white women though you are at greater risk[Why I tagged this]We actually just discussed bone health and osteoporosis in Nutrition class this week. One thing I found interesting is that there are two different types of osteoporosis. Type one is associated with post menopausal women and a reduction in compact osseous tissue. Type two can develop in both genders and affects both types of bone tissue. [Why I tagged thisThis was interesting to me, i always thought that osteoporosis occured only in adults, usually older in age, I was completely unaware that children could get this disorder. I am wondering though if it is harder for children to get this or is it just as likely as any other age group. [Why I tagged thisI find this interesting because my mom recently got osteoporosis and she has to eat egg shells in a shake every morning[Why I tagged thisI have had osteoporosis since I was 12 years old, I have broken both of my hips, both of my arms, 3 ribs, all of my toes, and both of my pinkies. It is very scary for me, I am only 18 years old, from this information, it really helps me get a bigger picture, and helps me have a better understanding.[Why I tagged thisI found it interesting the white women have less bone density to begin with, and therefore get osteoporosis more often. Is there any evolutionary reason for white women having less bone density than black women?[Why I tagged thisWhy does this increase of bone density occur? Why do women have less bone density?[Why I tagged thisWhy is it that white women are more at risk when it comes to osteoporosis besides the fact that they have less bone density? Is it genetics that causes them to have less bone density?[Why I tagged thisWhat causes osteoporosis at a young age? genetics?[Why I tagged thisI tagged this, because it was astounding to read that females have a higher risk of having osteoporosis. The reasons supporting this statement were those that I had never heard before. These statistics were that women in general have less bone density, they lose it earlier and also more rapidly. The fact that women lose 30% of their bone tissue was shocking.[Why I tagged thisIs there a specific reason why white woman lose bone density earlier and more rapidly than black women?[Why I tagged thisSo with this all being said, could working out and lifting weights WITH a good diet help prevent osteoporosis? [Why I tagged thisWhy do white women lose more bone density than anyone else ? Why does it start ealrier ? [Why I tagged thisWouldn't exercise put more of a strain on your bones? If estrogen helps are bone density what helps men's bone density?[Why I tagged thisoccurs in both sexes and all ages; who at the greatest and lowest risk[Why I tagged thisHow is the possible in adolescence if the bones are still growing?[Why I tagged thisWhy is this true? Is it because white women produce less melantin and therefore don't get as much vitamin D in the first place? I know that in menopause, we lose calcium/vitamin D, but I don't know if I quite understand exactly why white women are more at risk for osteoporosis than other groups of people.[Why I tagged thisWhy do white women lose bone density faster than men and black women?[Why I tagged thisI understand that men would have greater bone density because they typically have a much larger physical figure, but it doesn't make sense to me that black women would have a higher bone density than white women? Why is this so? Is there an evolutionary component to this that I am overlooking or what is the purpose?[Why I tagged thisvery odd that we are all human but different ethnicities can have different outcomes of the same disease such as osteoporosis. How come African American women have denser bones than white women?Why that is very strange that young female runners dancer and gymnasts are mostly common to get osteoporosis. when you hear that world the first thing comes to mind ar elderly people. [Why I tagged thisWhy would white women lose it before black women??? That makes no sense? How can white women just be born with less bone density?[Why I tagged thisWhy is this the case? Estrogen stabalizes bone density by hindering osteoclasts. For this reason, I am curious to know if white females contain a lower amount of estrogen than those of a different racial backround? Why does it occur more rapidly?[Why I tagged thisAre the 35 year old white women they are referring to hitting menopause as the age of 35? Otherwise what is the reason that white women would start to lose bone density that young? [Why I tagged thisis there anything to do to prevent this, i dont want to be a hunchback :([Why I tagged thisMaybe in the future we'll be able to administer some sort of effective yet safe suppliments to older people that make osteoblasts as active as they'd need to be or that would tell stem cells to create more osteoblasts. Something that would keep bones as strong as a young athletes and that would prevent osteoporosis as well as other bone degenerative diseases.[Why I tagged thisI suffer from necrosis in my femur head from prolonged prednisone intake as a result ot GVHD treatment. With this new knowledge I am wondering that my ovary function failure is contributing to this problem. I also wonder if there is something I can do to slow this down, as it is very debilitating to my life.[Why I tagged thisAlina Gur
TRAVIS
Brianna Brugger
Kayla Theys
Mia Breidenbach
Ethan Kelly
payoua
Hannah Lucas
Juliana Gottwein
Ashley Parker
Anthony Wheeler
Jessica Ryback
Kassidy Birkrem
Alyssa Harmes
Michea Jones
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David
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chanel
Kaitlynn
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Leah Daul
jess Tegelman
Caitlin
Amanda Fitzmaurice
ow does the meaning of the word fiber differ in the following uses: muscle fiber, nerve fiber, and connective tissue fiber?
Before You Go OnAnswer the following questions to test your understanding of the preceding section:What do nervous and muscular tissue have in common? What is the primary function of each?What kinds of cells compose nervous tissue, and how can they be distinguished from each other?Name the three kinds of muscular tissue, describe how to distinguish them from each other in microscopic appearance, and state a location and function for each.
It seems appropriate that our most vital organ, the heart, as muscle tailored for it's own purpose and performance.[Why tag this text]This is basically a good study queston.[Why tag this text1. They both have excitable tissues. Nervous tissue function as internal communication and rapid transmission of signal to other cells and muscular tissue function as result in contration or shortening of a cell.2. Neurons, dendrites, and axons. Neurons has a cell body on them called neurosoma, dendrites has multiple short branches,and axons are long nerve fibers that send signals to other cells.3. Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle. Skeletal muscle is long, threadlike,unbranched fibers,multiple nuclei and striations, cardiac muscle is short cells with notched or slightly branched ends less parallel and striations. Smooth muscle non striated one nucleus per cell. and in the cetered nucleus. Skeletal functions to move body, facial expressions, posture, breathing and speech. Cardiac functons to pump the blood,under involuntary control. And smooth muscle control the respiratory airflow, erection of hair, under involuntary control, and contractions of stomach and intestines. Skeletal muscles attach to bones and the tongue, esophagus, and encircling the lips. Cardiac muscle is located around the heart. And the smooth muscle is found as sheets of tissue in walls of viscera, the iris and associated with the hair follicles.[Why tag this textBoth tissues respond quickly to outside stimuli and they are both excitable tissues. Nervous tissues function as communication by electrical and chemical signals. Muscular tissues function to help movements as well as other porocesses like digestion, eliminating waste, respiratory, speaking, and circulating blood.[Why tag this textin common-both respond to outside stimuli quicklynervous-essentially gives brain waves telling everything else what to domuscle-carries out action from nervous cells[Why tag this textThey both respond quickly to oustide stimuli. Nervous tissue communitcate through electrical & chemical signals. Muscular tissues help with movements. [Why tag this textThey both have the ability to transmit information to other areas in the body.Nervous tissue mostly is involved with electrical and chemical signals in the brain and spinal cord for sensation and movements. Muscular tissue is electrical and helps to signal movement and other functions like hearbeat. [AnswerThey both communicate with what actions to take next. The nervous tissue uses brain waves to tell the body to react to something. Muscle tissue are specialized to contract when stimulated. Both do physical work to respond to the signals given.[Why tag this textNervous and muscular tissue are both part of processes that transmit information to other areas in the body. Nervous tissue mostly is involved with electrcial/chemical signals in the brain and spinal cord while muscular is involved in just about everywhere else controlling different voluntary but mostly involuntary functions.[Why tag this textBoth tissues are quickly to respong to an outside stimuli. -Nervous tissues are the communication by chemical and electrial signals.-Muscular tissues are involved in respiratiory movements, speaking, digestion, and many other functions of the body. [Why tag this textNervous tissue is composed of neurons and neuroglia. Glial cells are smaller than nerve cells. Correct me if I am wrong but I am almost positive that the glial cells live outside the cell body, in the nuclei and the nerve cells live inside the neurosoma, they travel from the axon all the way to the dendrites?[Why tag this textneuron-houses nucleus and organelles, control center from genetics and proteinsglial cells-their job is to protect and help the neurons[Why tag this textNeurons or nerve cells can be distinguished by their dendrites branching out from the cell body. They are also larger than glial cells. Neuroglia or glial calls are small and round in shape.[Why tag this textneurons and proteinsglial cells[Why tag this textNeurons and glial cells mostly make up nervous tissue and can be distingushed by mainly size as the neuron is much larger than the glial cells surround and protecting it.[Why tag this textNervous tissue is composed of neurons. These cell detect stimuli and respond rapidly to transmit information to the brain rapidly for response. Glial cells help to protect the nerve cells.[AnswerGlial cells and Neurons make up most of the nervous tissue. A big difference between the two is their size, the glial cells surround the Neuron which is much larger in size. [Why tag this textNervous tissue compose of neurons or nerve cells which detect stimuli to respond quickly and transmit coded info rapidly between other cells. Glial cells protect and assist the nerve cells.[Why tag this textThree types of muscular tissue include skeletal, cardiac, and smooth. Skeletal muscular tissue is mostly attached to bones, pulling on the bone. Cardiac muscular tissue is the heart and involuntary because we cannot control when it contracts and doesn't. Smooth muscle forms layers in the walls of certain organs. [Why tag this textMuscular tissue can be divided into three types; skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle. skeletal muscles are shown to be long. threadlike, parallel as well as striated. when a muscle is straited it has a pattern of light and darks bands developed from overlapping protein filaments. you can find skeletal muscle in the upper esophagus where it aides in speech and swallowing. cardiac muscle are less parallel and have branched ends. cardiac muscle is found around the heart where it pumps the blood throughout the body. smooth muscle cells are seen to be fusiform basically meaning shaped like a stretched out seed coming together on the ends. smooth muscle can be found in the iris, hair follicles or even the anus. their main are contractions such as swallowing, labor or urine. [Why tag this textSkeletal: attatched to bonesCardiac Muscular: placed in the <3 and involuntarySmooth: forms layers in walls of certain organs[Why tag this textSKELETAL-Long threadlike cells. Location is attached to bones, tounge, upper esophagus, facial muscles, and sphincter muscles. Function is muscle contraction that we have consious control overCARDIAC-Short cells, branched/notched at ends. Location is limited to the heart, obviously. Function is muscle contraction in which we have involuntary control over.SMOOTH-Fusiform and short. Location is in eye, skin, digestive resiratory, urinary tract, blood vessels, and uterus. Function is to regulate diameter of blood vessels, blood pressure and flow. Smooth muscle has no striation and is involuntary control.[Why tag this textSkeletal: long threadlike, located in the esphogus/toung and skeletal muscles.Cardiac: located in the heart and its an involuntary muscle. Smooth: fusiform shaped, found in the hair follicles, iris or the anus.[Why tag this textThe three kind of muscular tissue are skeletal, smooth, and caardiac muscle.Skeletal muscle: This muscle has long threadlike cells. Its location in the body is to attach to bones, in the tongue, the upper esophagus, facial, and sphincter muscles. Its function is conscious control of contraction like in walking or raising your arm.Cardiac musclue: This type has short cells that are branched or notched out at the ends of the cell. Its location is in the heart and its function is muscle contraction to pump blood throughout the body in which we have involuntary control.Smooth muscle: This muscle is short in length, and its location is in eye, digestive respiratory, urinary tract, uterus and blood vessels. The function of this muscle is to regulate diameter of blood vessels, controlling blood pressure and flow. Smooth muscle has no striations and is involuntary.[AnswerSkeletal muscle tisses are long, threadlike, unbranched cells, striated, and have multiple nuclei per cell. They are located in skeletal muscles and are mostly attached to bones. They function as body movements, facial expression, breathing, etc. Cardiac muscle tissues are composed of short cells with notched or slightly branched ends, less parallel in appearance, and have one nucleus per cell. These tissues are located in the heart and they pump blood. Smooth muslce tissues are composed of short cells that overlapp each other, and are nonstraited. They are found in the walls of viscera, iris, and are associated with hair follicles. They function to swallow, contraction of intestines, and control blood pressure[Why tag this textskeletal-long, threadlike cells, found in skeletal muscles as well as tongue, lips, etc, job is body movement, expressions, swallowing, etccardiac-one central nucleus, short cells, found in heart, function is blood pumpingsmooth-one central nucleus, small cells, found in anus and esophagus, function is swallowing[Why tag this textSkeletal: located in skeletal muscles/ tongue/ esphogus, look like long threads of unbranced cellsCardiac: located mainly in the heart and can be distingushed by short notched ends, slightly branchedSmooth: walls of viscera lining digestive/respritory/digestive tracts, distingushed by cells overlapping eachother, longer than the others[Why tag this textLauren Gwidt
Veronika Scates
Janet Kipum Kim
Jonathan Lowe
anambeg
Eric Wichman
Hauser Joseph Alan
Sarah Cherkinian
Alanna Hatch
Elizabeth
Abigail
jess Tegelman
Expected Learning Outcomes
pushing a stalled car,
paddling a canoe,
squaring the shoulders in military attention,
ifting the shoulder to carry a heavy box on i
lowering the shoulder to lift a suitcase.
17. Describe three contrasting actions of the deltoid muscle.
18. Name the four rotator cuff muscles and describe the scapular surfaces against which they lie.
19. Name the prime movers of elbow flexion and extension.
20. Identify three functions of the biceps brachii.
21. Name three extrinsic muscles and two intrinsic muscles that flex the phalanges.
The upper and lower limbs have many mscles that are used for the movement of the body. The upper limb is used for powerful and subtle actions.[Why Tag This]Dr. Petto,10.4 does not contain a resond question as well.[Why Tag ThisWhy is this the first time that I am told of this?[Why Tag Thisbiceps[Why Tag ThisDepression of the scapula. Superficial trapezius. Insertion acromion and spine of scapula, origin external occipital protuberance[Why Tag Thisbiceps, triceps, and pectoralis major[Why Tag Thisserratus and pectoralis major[Why Tag Thisthe pectoralis minor aids in picking up a suitcase off the ground, insertion of the coracoid prcoess of scapula. [Why Tag ThisOriginate on the axial skeleton and insert on the clavicle and scapula. Deltoid.[Why Tag ThisThe deltoid muscle flexes the arm and medially rotates it, extends the arm and laterally rotates it, and abducts the arm.[Why Tag Thisflextion, adduction, abduction[Why Tag ThisThe for rotator cuff muscles are the supraspinatus (supraspinous fossa of scapula), infraspinatus (infraspinous fossa of scapula), teres minor (lateral border and adjacent posterior surface of scapula), and subscapularis (subscapular fossa of scapula) muscles. [Why Tag This The supraspinatus and infraspinatus occupy the supraspinous and infraspinous fossae, above and below the scapular spine. The teres minor lies inferior to the infraspinatus. The subscapularis occupies the subscapular fossa on the anterior surface of the scapula, between the scapula and ribs. The tendons of these muscles merge with the joint capsule of the shoulder as they cross it en route to the humerus. They insert on the proximal end of the humerus, forming a partial sleeve around it. The rotator cuff reinforces the joint capsule and holds the head of the humerus in the glenoid cavity.[Why Tag Thisthe SITS muscles[Why Tag Thissupraspinatus, infraspinaturs, teres minor, subscapularis[Why Tag This Four muscles of the rotator cuff include the supraspinatus and infraspinatus which occupy the supraspinous and infrapinous fossae, above and below the scarular line. The teres minor lies inferior to the infraspinatus. The subscapularis occupies the subscapular fossa on the anterior surface of the scapula, between the scapula and the ribs.[Why Tag ThisThe primer movers of elbow flexion and extension are the brachialis and anconeus muscles.[Why Tag Thisbiceps and triceps[Why Tag ThisThree functions of the biceps brachii is to flex the elbow, supinates the forearm, and aids in speed or power of lifting.[Why Tag ThisFlexion of forearm, supination of forearm, and flexion of arm.[Why Tag ThisThe three functions of the biceps brachii include rapis or forceful supination of the forearm, acting as a synergist in elbow flexion, and slight flexion of the shoulder.[Why Tag ThisThe biceps brachii allow movement in the elbow, shoulder, and the upward movement of the wrist. [Why Tag ThisThree extensor muscles are the abductor pollicis, extensor pollicis, and extensor indicis. Two intrinsic muscles are the adductor pollicis and the opponens digiti minimi.[Why Tag ThisIntrinsic- Thenar and Hypothenar muscles, which function in positioning of the thumb and small finger for pinchingExtrinsic-Finger flexors and Finger extensors [Why Tag ThisKaitlynn
Matthew Robert Schmidt
Lauren Anthe
Elizabeth
jess Tegelman
Erin Griph
Ashley Wiedmeyer
Jungas
Kimberly Loney
bayan
Ford Elizabeth Emily
Say the names aloud to yourself or a study partner. It is harder to remember and spell terms you cannot pronounce, and silent pronunciation is not nearly as effective as speaking and hearing the names. Pronunciation guides are provided in the muscle tables for all but the most obvious cases.
List some functions of the muscular system other than movement of the body
List some functions of the muscular system other than movement of the body.
Describe the relationship of endomysium, perimysium, and epimysium to each other. Which of these separates one fascicle from another? Which separates one muscle from another?
Distinguish between direct and indirect muscle attachments to bones.
Define origin, insertion, belly, action, and innervation.
Describe the five basic muscle shapes (fascicle arrangements).
Distinguish between a synergist, antagonist, and fixator. Explain how each of these may affect the action of a prime mover.
Dr. Petto,There was no Response question for 10.1, I logged in and logged back out and nothing changed[Why tag this]This is a great rule of thumb for any difficult task. Whether studying the names in a list of law cases, or learning the botanical names of plants... reading aloud is so simple, but often forgotten about.[Why tag thisBesides movement, muscles function in stability, control of body openings and passages, heat production, and the regulation of blood glucose (glymetic control) [Why tag thismuscles also maintain the posture of organisms, control the openings/passages of the body, and provide heat to help the enzymes function and metabolize[Why tag thisOther functions of the muscles are: Stability, Control of body openings and passages, heat production, and glycemic control.[Why tag thishelps stabalize metabolism and body heat[Why tag thisHeat production, control of body opening and passage, and glycemic control.[Why tag thisThe endomysium tissue wraps around the muscle fibers, the perimysium wraps around the bundles of muscle fibers, and the epimysium wraps around the muscle as a whole. The perimysium separates the fascicles and the epimysium separates the muscles.[Why tag thisDirect muscle attachment is the bone connected right on the bone and indirect muscle attachment is mucle connected to the bones via tendons.[Why tag thisdirect attachment is the attachment of the muscle to the bone and indirect is the attachment of a muscle to another point or orgin[Why tag thisdirect attachment-muscle attached directly to boneindirect attachment-muscle attached to bone by means of tendon[Why tag thisOrigins are where the muscle attaches to the bone. Insertions are where the mucle attaches to the more mobile end of the bone. Innervention is the nerve that stimulates the muscle. [Why tag thisThe origin is the bony site of attachment at a stationary end. The insertion is an attachment site where the more mobile end is present. The belly is the middle, thicker region of a muscle. Actions are the certain movements a muscle can make. Innervation of a muscle is the identity of the nerve tht stimulates the muscle.[Why tag thisOrigin- the relatively stationary attachment of a skeletal muscleInsertion- the point at which a muscle attaches to another tissue and produces movement, opposite from its stationary orginBelly- the thick part of a skeletal muscle between its origin and insertionAction- the movement produced by the contraction of a particular muscleInnervation- the nerve supply to an organ[Why tag thisan orgin is the location where a muscle is attached, an insertion is when the muslce is not inserted on a bone but in another tendon.[Why tag thisthe bony site of attachment at the relatively stationary end is called its origin. The attachment site at its more mobile end is called the insertion. For the biceps brachii, for example, the origin is on the scapula and the insertion is on the radius. The middle, usually thicker region is called the belly. The effect produced by a muscle, whether it is to produce or prevent a movement, is called its action. The innervation of a muscle refers to the identity of the nerve that stimulates it.[Why tag thisOrigin is the bony site of attachment at the relatively stationary end; insertion is the attachment site at its more mobile end; belly is the middle, usually thicker region; action is the movement produced by the contraction of a particular muscle; innervation is the nerve supply to an organ.[Why tag thismuscle shapes consist of seven different types. fusifrom are thick in the middle and taper out almost like an elongated lemon. parallel muscles are uniform in width and have parallel fascicles, some being long and others square. triangular muscles are shaped like a fan; wide and spread out on top but come to a narrow gathering at the bottom. pennate muscles are divided into three other muscles types, unipennate, bipennate and multipennate. each resembling feathers in their own way. last are circular muscles which as the name hints, this muscle rings around body openings[Why tag thisFusiform shape with the fascicles on each end and tampered, parallel shape with its fascicles running parallel, like elongated straps, Triangular shape with its fascicles at the inferior, pointed end of the triangle, pennate shape witht the fascicles running down the middle of each feather shaped muscle. [Why tag thisthere is parallel muscle shapes, triangular muscles which are fan- shaped, pennage muscles which are feathered shaped, circular muscles which are in a ring form shaped and fusiform muscles are thick in the middle and tapered at each end[Why tag thisfusiform-thick in middle, tapered at endparallel-uniform width, elongated strapstriangular-fan shaped, broad at one end and narrow at otherpennate-feather shaped musclecircular-form rings around certain body openings[Why tag thisThe five basic muscle shapes include fusiform, parallel, triangular, pennate and circular. Fusiform muscles are thick in the middle and tapered at each end. An example would be the biceps brachii. A parallel muscle, such as the rectus abdominis of the abdomen, have fairly uniform width and parallel fascicles. Triangular muscles are fan shapped-broad at one end and narrow at the other. Triangular muscles include the pectoralis major and the temporalis on the side of the head. Pennate muscles are feather shapped. Their fascicles insert obliquesly on a tendon that rund the lenth of the muscle. Circular muscles form rings around certain body openings. When they contract, they constrict the opening and tent to prevent the passage of material through. Examples of circular muscles include the orbicularis oculi, orbicularis oris, and the external urethral and anal sphincters.[Why tag thisThe prime mover is the muscle that produces most of the force during a particular joint action. A synergist is a muscle that aid the prime mover. An antagonist is just the opposite; it is a muscle that opposes the prime mover. A fixator however, is a muscle that prevents a bone from moving.[Why tag thisA synergist aids the primary mover muscle, the antagonist moves the opposite way to the primary mover, and the fixator attaches so that a bone cant move.[Why tag thisan antagonisht is a muscle that opposes the prime mover. a synergist is a muscle that aids the prime mover. And the prime mover is the muscle that produces most of the force during a particular join action.[Why tag thisLiz Casper
jess Tegelman
Jonathan Lowe
Erin Griph
Lauren Anthe
bayan
payoua
Kimberly Loney
Ashley Wiedmeyer
Emily Orange
Medical science has progressed far more in the last 50 years than in the 2,500 years before that, but the field did not spring up overnight.
Medical science has progressed far more in the last 50 years than in the 2,500 years before that, but the field did not spring up overnight. It is built upon centuries of thought and controversy, triumph and defeat.
Medical science has progressed far more in the last 50 years than in the 2,500 years before that, but the field did not spring up overnight. It is built upon centuries of thought and controversy, triumph and defeat. We cannot fully appreciate its present state without understanding its past
Medical science has progressed far more in the last 50 years than in the 2,500 years before that, but the field did not spring up overnight. It is built upon centuries of thought and controversy, triumph and defeat. We cannot fully appreciate its present state without understanding its past?people who had the curiosity to try new things, the vision to look at human form and function in new ways, and the courage to question authority.
We cannot fully appreciate its present state without understanding its past-people who had the curiosity to try new things, the vision to look at human form and function in new ways, and the courage to question authority.
The Greek and Roman Legacy
I agree with this statement, im always wondering how things were created and i get so deep into my thought and its crazy how some things were developed [Why I tagged this]Of course! We have much more technology; but we had to start at some point. It's unbelievable what we have accomplished as human beings. [kelly stahlit is good to see how far we have come. I wonder how far we will go in another 50 years.[Why I tagged thisI think this is so interesting because I think that a lot of people do not even think about how far we have come. The use of technology alone has helped the progression of medical science over the last 50 years and without it who knows where we would still be.[Why I tagged thisInteresting to think that we've advanced so quickly.[Why I tagged thisIs this due to strict laws laid in place by the Catholic church? I feel that our exponential increases in technology have helped our discoveries grow faster too. [Why I tagged thisIts clear to say that technology is a big factor to this statement[Why I tagged thisVery interesting to read this. I feel this is because of our technological advances which leads to medical science advances more quickly.[Why I tagged thisHas to make you wonder what other fields have been sitting around just waiting to be discovered. I personally cant think of any but if you put thought into it there must be some.[Why I tagged thisI think people forget how fast things can change once one innovative idea, new thoery, or technological advance is discovered. Think about it this way...just 150 years ago we were just learning how to fly. Now advanced technologies are being replaced by better ones every 6 months! Crazy![Why I tagged thisOver the next 100 years hopefully more and more medicines will be made to help cure or treat a variety of different things[Why I tagged thisAlthough medical science has been around for a very long time it has progressed the most in the last 50 years[Why I tagged thisFound this to be important because it shows how much medical science has progressed within in the last 50 years.[Why I tagged thisIt is interesting how much we have learned about medical science in recent years, especially since this is not a new field. [Why I tagged thisIt shows an history of when medical science has been traced back.[Why I tagged thisWhy did it appear more over the past fifty years than it has over the centuries?[Why I tagged thisThis statment shows the big picture that medicing is still new, but has come a long way from where is started. [Why I tagged thisInterested facts that important to understand what's the past do for your future and also how fast we gained our knowledge today than centuries ago.[Why I tagged thisI tagged this because I am amazed at how far we have come. Without people taking risks and trying new things we would not be where we are today. [Why I tagged thisAfter reading this section, it is apparent that medical science has progressed. People once believed that illness was caused by demons, we now know that this is not the case. people also believed more scientifical explanations that demons, but these thoughts were not true. It took a lot of thought by many different scientists to figure out what makes up the body and how it works. If they had not questioned the body and had thoughts about it, then we would not know what we do today[Why I tagged thisIn my head, I read this line with a great deal of passion, and it brought forth a mental picture of scientits in lab coats and shining armor riding majestic white steeds. [Why I tagged thisScience is derived from experiments, repeated results, and consistent outcome. Even then, there are still curiosity and questions left unanswered. [Why I tagged thisIt has taken a lot of hard work and individuals willing to explore to get us to the understanding of where we are today of the human form[Why I tagged thisI think up until this point I had taken modern medicine for granted. I never really thought of HOW we got to where we are today and all the risks and knowledge it must have taken.[appreciationI think that medicine started out as natural substances and evolved into generic drugs that now help humans[Why I tagged thiswithout the curiosity to try new things we would not get very far in life. There is so much that we can do, your bodies are awesome.[Why I tagged thisKelly Stahl
Flees Robert John
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andrew baker
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dsstokes
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Disagreeable body odor is called bromhidrosis.33 It occasionally indicates a metabolic disorder, but more often reflects inadequate hygiene.
Many mammals have apocrine scent glands associated with specialized tufts of hair. In humans, apocrine glands are found mainly in the regions covered by the pubic hair, axillary hair, and beard. This supports the interpretation that they are pheromone glands. The hair serves to retain the aromatic secretion and regulate its rate of evaporation from the skin. Thus, it seems no mere coincidence that women's faces lack both apocrine scent glands and a beard.
Where the term b.o. came from?[General_Do Not Use]Intersting to know the name of [Why tag thisCan you explain this a little more indepth? [Why tag thisI have heard that body odor sent can be a result of what you eat, the more stinky the food the more stinky your odor will be. If this is true what are the principles of this?[Why tag thisI went to school with someone who had a metabolic disorder that caused extremely disagreeable body odor. He showered regularly and tried to cover the odor to no avail. Are there effective treatments for this disorder?[Why tag thisHow does this metabolic disorder cause bromhidrosis?[Why tag thisThis is interesting in the sense that these apocrine glands serve different purpose and have different locations all specific to the type of species/sex you are.[Why tag thisI found this interesting because it states that women do not have scent glands and a beard. This is becase the hair in the pubic hair, axillary and facial region retains aromatic secretion. It would make sense because women to not sweat as much as men would.[Why tag thisHelps explain or know the different areas of the gland[General_Do Not UseSo really, women are attracted to bearded men![Why tag thisthis would explain how male dogs know when female dogs are in heat[Why tag thisIf this is true for males, then how do females release their own set of pheromones?[Why tag thisDo all humans have a unique [Why tag thisit's a great fact[Why tag thisMany unanswered questions regarding the apocrine glands:I think it IS surprising that women shouldn't also secrete scent - are they not subject to sexual selection as well? (albeit less). Also, why do several cultures produce no facial hair and little public hair in men? Finally, if beards are important for regulated apocrine scent in men, it doesn't make sense that beards have been shaved as a cultural norm for hundreds and thousands of years dating back to pagaen times. If they are so important they would be sexually selected for.[Why tag thisThe apocrine scent glands are primarily located in areas of hair. So that the hair can retain the scent and regulate its evaporation.[Why tag thissweat glands in only some places[Why tag thisanywhere that has hair [Why tag thisIs the apocrine gland larger or more abundant since mails typically are covered in more hair than females?[Why tag thisHow does deodorant work to supress axillary sweat from the apocrine glands located here?[Why tag thisI was amused to think of apocine cells in a beard. Then I realized that this could be one of the many adaptations to increase sexual intrest of potential mates-beards tend to be thought of as manly.[Why tag thismain location of apocrine glands[Why tag thisThis gland goes along with the same regions as terminal hair.[Why tag thisI find it interesting that the hair and the apocrine glands can work together in this manner. I always wondered what the relationship between the thicker tufts of hair and the particular odors that come from them was. [Why tag thisWhat is the main function of the apocrine glands?[Why tag thiswhere apocrine sweat glands are found[Why tag thisSo dose skin creams affects the sebaceous glands in a negtaive way?[Why tag thisErin Griph
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Thus, it seems no mere coincidence that women's faces lack both apocrine scent glands and a beard
Merocrine (eccrine) sweat glands (fig. 6.11b) are widely distributed over the entire body, but are especially abundant on the palms, soles, and forehead. Their primary function is to cool the body, but they also excrete some of the same wastes as the kidneys.
Merocrine (eccrine) sweat glands (fig. 6.11b) are widely distributed over the entire body, but are especially abundant on the palms, soles, and forehead. Their primary function is to cool the body, but they also excrete some of the same wastes as the kidneys. There are 3 to 4 million of them in the adult skin, with a total mass about equal to that of one kidney. Each is a simple tubular gland with a twisted coil in the dermis or hypodermis, and an undulating or coiled duct leading to a sweat pore on the skin surface. The duct is lined by a stratified cuboidal epithelium in the dermis and by keratinocytes in the epidermis.
Merocrine (eccrine) sweat glands (fig. 6.11b) are widely distributed over the entire body, but are especially abundant on the palms, soles, and forehead. Their primary function is to cool the body, but they also excrete some of the same wastes as the kidneys. There are 3 to 4 million of them in the adult skin, with a total mass about equal to that of one kidney. Each is a simple tubular gland with a twisted coil in the dermis or hypodermis, and an undulating or coiled duct leading to a sweat pore on the skin surface. The duct is lined by a stratified cuboidal epithelium in the dermis and by keratinocytes in the epidermis.In both apocrine and merocrine sweat glands, specialized myoepithelial34 cells are found amid the secretory cells at the deep end of the gland. They have contractile properties similar to those of smooth muscle. The sympathetic nervous system stimulates them to contract, squeeze the base of the gland, and force perspiration up the duct?particularly under conditions of overheating, nervousness, or arousal.
So dose skin creams affects the sebaceous glands in a negtaive way?[Why tag this]This is very interesting[Why tag thisThis is probably the reason why sometimes sweat comes out a bit yellowish and smells like urine.[Why tag thisMerocrine sweat glands are all over the body, mostly on the palms, soles, and forehead. The function of the merocrine sweat gland's function is to cool the body they also excrete the same wastes as a kidney does. [Why tag thisthe ones that release sweat when working out / running[Why tag thisNever new this sweat gland existed! learned something new[Why tag thisIs there a certain reason they are more abundant in the palms, forehead, and the soles? [Why tag thismain location of merocrine sweat glands (main locations are listed, although they are located all over)[Why tag thisI think this is interesting. This explain the reason why your hands get clamly.[Why tag this textIs there a reason for this at all, or is it just because.[Why tag thisMy mom has always suffered from extremly sweaty palms of the hands and no one else in the family does. Is there a reason some people sweat more than others? Do they have higher numbers of glands?[Why tag thisis that why these areas sweat the fastest? What causes people to get sweaty palms when nervous but not sweaty forehead?[Why tag thisI did not know that these glands secreted some the same wastes as the kidneys did.[Why tag thisWell this is interesting, I never knew that the primary function of these sweat glands is to cool the body and eliminate the exact same wastes as the kidneys.[Why tag thisMerocrine sweat glands are widely distriuted over the entire body, but are especially abundant on the palms, soles, and forehead. There are 3 to 4 million of sweat glands in the adult skin. [Why tag thisMerocrine glands are throughout the entire body but are very profound in the palms, soles and forehead. They help to cool the human body.[Why tag thisYour sweat glands combined have have the mass of a kidney. How much can the meocrine glands, collectively, excrete relative to a kidney(s)?[Why tag thiswhere merocrine sweatglands can be found[Why tag thisI tagged this paragraph of the text; because I thought it was interesting that we not only have one, but two different types of sweat glands. These two glands are known as apocrine and merocine. In addition to that I learned sweat glands serve the same purpose as kidneys and excrete wastes from the body. The fact that there are approximately three to four million of these in adult skin is astonishing. Besides that, they also weigh just about the same amount as one kidney by itself. It's hard to believe something as small as a sweat gland can add up to something measureable.[Why tag thisEccrine sweat glands are tubes that orriginate from the dermis layer. This is why when people are nervous or are exercising they sweat more often to cool the body so it doesnt overheat. I learned that the perspiration of these glands are about 99% water. The 1% is from the salts and wastes from food. Thats how sweat gets its salty taste. [Why tag thisthis gland is to cool the body. lined by stratified cubiodal epithelium[Why tag thisThis the same sweat gland for cold sweat?[Why tag thisThis is the result of sweat stains, the urea in it.[Why tag thisHoly cow!!! That's a lot of Merocrine sweat glands! I didn't know we needed that many to cool off the body! But if you think about it, I guess that makes total sense. I wonder what would happen if someone didn't have any of these merocrine sweat glands? or born with not as many as someone else? Would there body find another way to cool itself off? or just overheat all the time?[Why tag thisI would have never guessed that there were this many merocrine sweat glands in the body.[Why tag thisI tagged this text because it is incredible that there are that many eccrine sweat glands that all of them together equal the weight of a kidney! Obviously there are a huge amount of eccrine glands.[Why tag thisCan you explain this a little more in depth? [Why tag thisLauren Anthe
xiong thao
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Macrophages.11 These are large phagocytic cells that wander through the connective tissues, where they engulf and destroy bacteria, other foreign particles, and dead or dying cells of our own body. They also activate the immune system when they sense foreign matter called antigens. They arise from certain white blood cells called monocytes or from the same stem cells that produce monocytes.
Macrophages.11 These are large phagocytic cells that wander through the connective tissues, where they engulf and destroy bacteria, other foreign particles, and dead or dying cells of our own body. They also activate the immune system when they sense foreign matter called antigens. They arise from certain white blood cells called monocytes or from the same stem cells that produce monocytes. Leukocytes,12 or white blood cells (WBCs). WBCs travel briefly in the bloodstream, then crawl out through the walls of small blood vessels and spend most of their time in the connective tissues. The two most common types are neutrophils, which wander about attacking bacteria, and lymphocytes, which react against bacteria, toxins, and other foreign agents. Lymphocytes often form dense patches in the mucous membranes.
Leukocytes,12 or white blood cells (WBCs). WBCs travel briefly in the bloodstream, then crawl out through the walls of small blood vessels and spend most of their time in the connective tissues. The two most common types are neutrophils, which wander about attacking bacteria, and lymphocytes, which react against bacteria, toxins, and other foreign agents. Lymphocytes often form dense patches in the mucous membranes. Plasma cells. Certain lymphocytes turn into plasma cells when they detect foreign agents. The plasma cells then synthesize disease-fighting proteins called antibodies. Plasma cells are rarely seen except in the walls of the intestines and in inflamed tissue.
Cells of Fibroconnective tissue.Fibroblasts produce the fibers and ground substance that form the matrix of the tissueMacrophages wander through connective tissue and destroy bactera and dying cellsLeukocytes WBC are found in blood and destroy and repel bacteriaPlasma cells synthesize antibodiesMast cells prhibit clotting and enlarge vessels to promote blood flowAdipose is fat[Why tag this text]second kind of cell in fibrous tissue[Why tag this textmacrophages play a big role in our immune system. they help regulate our body immune system and heal wounds that have occured in our bodies. Psycological they trigger signals letting our bodies to react in a way in which will fit our body types which is important in keeping us healthy.[Why tag this textMacrophages are a type of cell within the fibrous connective tissue, and what interests me about these cells are how tiny these cells are but also how important they are to the entire body. Macrophages destroy bacteria, particles, and dying cells in our bodies. Without these tiny cells in our body we wouldn't survive. [Why tag this textMacrophages are large phagocytic cells that destroy bacteria and bad things and activate the immune system[Why tag this textMacrophages=snorlaxes. [Why tag this textThey basically cleanse the body?[Why tag this textI don't understand how the macrophages move through tissues but this is very interesting to me. I have seen slides of magrophages ingulfing bacteria and it is very impressive. [Why tag this textDoes this have anything to do with the vaccines we get? Do there cells destroy the bacteria and then make us more immune to virus?[Why tag this textthis is something new to me. I didnt know that macrophages are the actual cells that are in charge of destroying hazardous organisms in the body such as bacteria. [Why tag this textWithout Macrophages the human race would have poor immune systyms. When the macrophages destroy the particles, dead cells and bacteria where do they go? Is this why we have mucus membranes? to rid our bodies of contaminants?[Why tag this textI always thought that the cells which actively fought off bacteria, disease, and things that werent supposed to be there were just white blood cells. I had no knowledge of macrophages before. It's good to know we have at least 2 types ofcells to defend against bad things.[Why tag this textLoosely speaking, if the cell is like a city, the macrophages and leukocytes are like the police force, and foriegn contaminants such as bacteria are the criminals.[Why tag this textWell over a decade ago my father was diagnosed with leukemia. He was young enough to utilize experimental stem cell treatment. It is fascinating to look at this disease at a cellular level and grasp some of the technical workings of the immune system. I love the way Saladin is using verbs to illustrate and give life to cells, white blood cells, etc. [Why tag this textSo we get bacteria in our bodies when the macrophages aren't doing it's job? What could be a reason for them to not destroy the bacteria? Too much of it?[Why tag this textThe reason i choose this is because I am familiar with white blood cells, but there are many things in this pargraph that I have never heard of before. For example I was unaware that there were different types of white blood cells. But now i know that there are two different types and each has a different function protecting the organs and body from disease. [Why tag this textThese cells are the most important cells in your immune system, they kill bacteria and viruses[Why tag this textI now understand where leukemia's name stemmed from. It is involved in abnormal WBC's aka LEUKocytes.[Why tag this textthird type of cell in fibrous tissue[Why tag this textI was diagnosed with leukemia in 2009, relapsed in 2011. I am very familiar with these type of cells and very interested in possibly learning more about them. Leukocytes sounds a lot like leukemia and I wonder if the two have anything to with themselves. As I understand my specific leukemia AML has to do with mutation of premature cells.[Why tag this textDispite common belief, white blood cells don't spend much time in the bloodstream but rather spend most of their time in connective tissues of the body fighting off agents and bacteria and keeping you from becoming sick. [Why tag this textLeukocytes aka white blood cells are broken down into two types- neutrophils which attack bacteria and lymphocytes which react against harmful things[Why tag this textBlood cells interest me because I had a friend that died of leukemia, and I would like to learn more about them.[Why tag this textWhen I thought of plasma, prior to reading this section, I thought plasma was more directly related to red blood cells. According to this reading, plasma is more associted with being a type of lymphocyte. I learned that plasma is responsible for ridding of foreign substances in the blood. [Why tag this textI found this part questioning. Although white blood cells do have a very important role in attacking bacteria and toxins, why is it that the most deadly foreign invadors are not fought off by white blood cells. More importantly, why are some people born with so few of them? Is it genetics? Clearly, people need white blood cells. However, its strange that they do not matter when it comes to certian bacteria.[Why tag this textIt's interesting how both Macrophages and Leukocytes work together in the same area yet they don't oppose a threat to one another (majority of the time). But is there a condition where they do view eachother as a threat and attack eachother?[Why tag this textholly kluge
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The thermal stability of water helps to stabilize the internal temperature of the body.
The thermal stability of water helps to stabilize the internal temperature of the body.
The thermal stability of water helps to stabilize the internal temperature of the body. It results from the high heat capacity of water?the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 g of a substance by 1° C.
The thermal stability of water helps to stabilize the internal temperature of the body. It results from the high heat capacity of water?the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 g of a substance by 1° C.
The thermal stability of water helps to stabilize the internal temperature of the body. It results from the high heat capacity of water?the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 g of a substance by 1° C. The base unit of heat is the calorie8 (cal)?1 cal is the amount of heat that raises the temperature of 1 g of water 1° C.
The thermal stability of water helps to stabilize the internal temperature of the body. It results from the high heat capacity of water?the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 g of a substance by 1° C. The base unit of heat is the calorie8 (cal)?1 cal is the amount of heat that raises the temperature of 1 g of water 1° C.
The thermal stability of water helps to stabilize the internal temperature of the body. It results from the high heat capacity of water?the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 g of a substance by 1° C. The base unit of heat is the calorie8 (cal)?1 cal is the amount of heat that raises the temperature of 1 g of water 1° C. The same amount of heat would raise the temperature of a nonpolar substance such as nitrogen about four times as much. The difference stems from the presence or absence of hydrogen bonding. To increase in temperature, the molecules of a substance must move around more actively.
The thermal stability of water helps to stabilize the internal temperature of the body. It results from the high heat capacity of water?the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 g of a substance by 1° C. The base unit of heat is the calorie8 (cal)?1 cal is the amount of heat that raises the temperature of 1 g of water 1° C. The same amount of heat would raise the temperature of a nonpolar substance such as nitrogen about four times as much. The difference stems from the presence or absence of hydrogen bonding. To increase in temperature, the molecules of a substance must move around more actively. The hydrogen bonds of water molecules inhibit their movement, so water can absorb a given amount of heat without changing temperature (molecular motion) as much.
The thermal stability of water helps to stabilize the internal temperature of the body. It results from the high heat capacity of water?the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 g of a substance by 1° C. The base unit of heat is the calorie8 (cal)?1 cal is the amount of heat that raises the temperature of 1 g of water 1° C. The same amount of heat would raise the temperature of a nonpolar substance such as nitrogen about four times as much. The difference stems from the presence or absence of hydrogen bonding. To increase in temperature, the molecules of a substance must move around more actively. The hydrogen bonds of water molecules inhibit their movement, so water can absorb a given amount of heat without changing temperature (molecular motion) as much.Page 52
I highlighted this because it shows the important role water has in chemical reactions.[Why tag this text]Water is very chemically reactive. [Why tag this textWater is amazing. It helps keep your body running, helps plants grow, ionizes checmicals, etc.[Why tag this textWater is involved in so many chemical reactions that you don't really realize because you just hear of the chemicals involved. But water is what makes those chemicals.[Why tag this textI feel this is important to know because this makes it sound like a huge amount of our bodies' organic processes use water.[Why tag this textThis is why we see water in the nutrition facts on seriously everything. I did not know this before hand but now I realize why that is. [Why tag this textChemical Reactivity of water[Why tag this textChemical Reactivity: Ability to participate in chemical reactions.[Why tag this textI find this facinating. Water and even other chemicals and elements can change into other things just by a simple adding of heat or cold, or the adding of another element.[Why tag this textShows how vital water is when it comes to human survival. We need it in order to stay stable. Even though our temperature is always changing, water is the overall element in our bodies that keep us healthy. [Why tag this textThe internal temperature of our human bodies is crucial for life. If our bodies are too warm or too cold our organs will start to shut down and we will die. Water is so imporatant to our body for this reason.[Why tag this textit still suprises me how much our body is depended on water, just like how it surprises me water stabilizes our body temperature.[Why tag this textThis is a form of homeostasis. It is very important to maintain the proper internal body temperature or else positive feedback could continue to raise the body's temperature and possibly be fatal.[HomeostasisThe specific for water is incredibly high compared to most other liquids (4.18) and this when coupled with its adhesive and cohesive properties, solvancy, and its chemical reactivity, there is no wonder why the majority of the human body is made up of water. It makes all of the reactions and processes from a cell to an organ possible, making life a reality.[Why tag this textSo, when finding body temperature with a thermometer you are really finding the temperature of the water in your body. This makes sence, if the majority of your body is made up of water, say 80%, then the temp of the water must be fairly equivalent to your overall body temperature. [Why tag this textWater is very thermally stable. Because of the hydrogen bonds water has, it inhibits movement of other molecules and therefore absorbs heat without changing temperature[Why tag this textThis may be a dumb question but, if you drink cold water is your body burning more calories then it does drinking warm water?[Why tag this textThermal stability describes the characteristics of water that makes the temperature changes happen the way they do[Why tag this textDefines Thermal stability[General-Do not useHeat is required to raise the temperature of a substance and each substance has a different heat capcity required to raise the temperature.[Why tag this textHow is it that some people persipre much more than others during physical exertion without overheating? (Exclusing individuals with Anhidrosis)[Why tag this textThermal Stability: High heat capacity, meaning that there is a lot of energy required to change the temperature of water by one degree. This helps stabilize the temperature of the body[Why tag this texttells me why water stabilizes the body temperature and how hydrogen bonds work[Why tag this textThis is a wonderful fact. Probably 95% (or more) of the population or more could not give you this definition of a calorie, yet the term is used so frequently in our daily lives. [Why tag this texti am currently taking a nutrition course and we are going through this as well so it helps me as a review[Why tag this textThis may be a silly questions, but are these calories in any way related to the dietary [Why tag this textDoes this mean the more activly molecules of a substance move around the higher metabolism a person would have. It the calorie is a unit of heat, and muscles produce heat is this the same thing?[Why tag this textStephanie
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Endochondral23 (EN-doe-CON-drul) ossification
Endochondral23 (EN-doe-CON-drul) ossification is a process in which the bone is preceded by a hyaline cartilage ?model? that becomes replaced by osseous tissue.
Endochondral23 (EN-doe-CON-drul) ossification is a process in which the bone is preceded by a hyaline cartilage ?model? that becomes replaced by osseous tissue.
Endochondral23 (EN-doe-CON-drul) ossification is a process in which the bone is preceded by a hyaline cartilage ?model? that becomes replaced by osseous tissue. It begins around the sixth week of fetal development and continues into a person's 20s. Most bones of the body develop in this way, including the vertebrae, ribs, sternum, scapula, pelvic girdle, and bones of the limbs.
Endochondral23 (EN-doe-CON-drul) ossification is a process in which the bone is preceded by a hyaline cartilage ?model? that becomes replaced by osseous tissue. It begins around the sixth week of fetal development and continues into a person's 20s. Most bones of the body develop in this way, including the vertebrae, ribs, sternum, scapula, pelvic girdle, and bones of the limbs.Figure 7.9 shows the following steps in endochondral ossification. This figure uses a metacarpal bone from the palmar region of the hand as an example because of its relative simplicity, having only one epiphyseal plate (growth center). Many other bones develop in more complex ways, having an epiphyseal plate at both ends or multiple plates at each end, but the basic process is the same.
Endochondral23 (EN-doe-CON-drul) ossification is a process in which the bone is preceded by a hyaline cartilage ?model? that becomes replaced by osseous tissue. It begins around the sixth week of fetal development and continues into a person's 20s. Most bones of the body develop in this way, including the vertebrae, ribs, sternum, scapula, pelvic girdle, and bones of the limbs.Figure 7.9 shows the following steps in endochondral ossification. This figure uses a metacarpal bone from the palmar region of the hand as an example because of its relative simplicity, having only one epiphyseal plate (growth center). Many other bones develop in more complex ways, having an epiphyseal plate at both ends or multiple plates at each end, but the basic process is the same.
ndochondral23 (EN-doe-CON-drul) ossification is a process in which the bone is preceded by a hyaline cartilage ?model? that becomes replaced by osseous tissue. It begins around the sixth week of fetal development and continues into a person's 20s. Most bones of the body develop in this way, including the vertebrae, ribs, sternum, scapula, pelvic girdle, and bones of the limbs.Figure 7.9 shows the following steps in endochondral ossification. This figure uses a metacarpal bone from the palmar region of the hand as an example because of its relative simplicity, having only one epiphyseal plate (growth center). Many other bones develop in more complex ways, having an epiphyseal plate at both ends or multiple plates at each end, but the basic process is the same. [image #3]
Figure 7.9 shows the following steps in endochondral ossification. This figure uses a metacarpal bone from the palmar region of the hand as an example because of its relative simplicity, having only one epiphyseal plate (growth center). Many other bones develop in more complex ways, having an epiphyseal plate at both ends or multiple plates at each end, but the basic process is the same. [image #3]
Endochondrial Ossification:Bone is preceded by hyaline cartilage model and becomes replaced by osseus tissue. Most bones develop this way. Mesenchyme develops into hyaline cartilage. Perichondrium produces chondrocytes, and then osteoblasts. Perichondrium turns into periosteum. Walls of matrix calcify. Center of model is hollowed out for bone marrow. Osteoblasts and osteoclasts are made by stem cells. [Why I tagged this]ossification is a process in which the bone is preceded by a hyaline cartilage model that becomes replaced by osseous tissue. [Why I tagged thisThis part interested me because I never knew how bone was actually formed, other than calcium helped. No I understand that it is originally hyaline cartilage that becomes ossified. [Why I tagged thisprocess in which the bone is preceded by a hyaline cartilage and then replaced by osseous tissue[Why I tagged thisbone is preceded by a hyaline cartilage that becomes replaced by osseous tissue[Why I tagged thisI thought that this was very interesting because it is a very interesting concept and is fun to learn about how processes like these work. Development of the human body - especially as it develops in the womb and after birth - is extremely complicated, if you ask me, which makes it very interesitng! [Why I tagged thisThe second mechanism of bone formation[Why I tagged thisIs this how our bones are whenwe first develop?[Why I tagged thisThis is when our bodies are replacing cartilage with bone. This is beneficial for us to grow and develop stronger. The younger you are, the less likely you are to be injured because you are basically walking cartilage. Cartilage is very difficult to injure, although possible. [Why I tagged thisWhy are some bones formed by endochondral ossification while others are formed by intramembranous. Similarities/differences between the types of bones?[Why I tagged thisThis is interesting to me, that this process continues until a person is twenty or so. Which of the bones takes the longest? [Why I tagged thisThis is how most of our bones are formed. Important term[General_Do Not UseBased on this theory, does it mean that we are just as likely to break a bone in our 20s as later on in life because that is when the bone becomes complete osseous tissue?[Why I tagged thisWhat happens to the hyaline cartilage [Why I tagged thisDoes this mean that cartilage differentiate into osseous tissue? Can we use this idea and inject hyaline cartilage into damaged or non cartilage area and promote bone growth? Can we inject excess cartilage into a joint to promote excess growth? Say for athletic reasons.[Why I tagged thisIs this saying that our bones are not do growing until about the age of 20?[Why I tagged thisHyaline cartilage acts as a model that will eventually ossify into bone. If the epiphyseal plate is badly damaged during growth it can lead to a permanant stunt of bone growth.[Why I tagged thisEndochondral ossification is the process by which hyaline cartilage is replaced by osseous tissue. This happens throughout a person's life into the 20's and begins around week 6 of fetal development.[Why I tagged thisUsing previous knowledge, I know that during fetal development and childhood, cartilage normally develops into bone, except in a few places, such as the nose and ears. [Why I tagged thisdefinition of ossification[Why I tagged thiswhat starts to happen to the ossification of these bones after the age of 20[Why I tagged thisI find this interesting because our bones start developing while we are a fetus, and begin as cartilage. They are replaced with the osseous tissue but don't finish completly growing until our 20s. [Why I tagged thisI thought that the body was fully gown by the age of 18. If our limbs and vertebrae continue to develop and grow into our twenties, when do we truly reach our fully-grown height? As far as i was aware, i stopped growing in the early years of highschool.[Why I tagged thisSo when do bones stop growing completely? Does it vary for each person?[Why I tagged thisThe the bones of babies not have marrow or blood vessels at first?[Why I tagged thisI thought the picture showed a great cycle of how the metacarpal bone grows.[Why I tagged thisWould the process of endochondral ossification be compromised if there were significant damage to the epiphyseal plate (such as a break or fracture) and would this damage result in an abnormality in the bone growth?[Why I tagged thisRachel Feivor
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Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Prolonged, repetitive motions of the wrist and fingers can cause tissues in the carpal tunnel to become inflamed, swollen, or fibrotic. Since the carpal tunnel cannot expand, swelling puts pressure on the median nerve of the wrist, which passes through the carpal tunnel with the flexor tendons (fig. 10.30). This pressure causes tingling and muscular weakness in the palm and medial side of the hand and pain that may radiate to the arm and shoulder. This condition, called carpal tunnel syndrome, is common among keyboard operators, pianists, meat cutters, and others who spend long hours making repetitive wrist motions. Carpal tunnel syndrome is treated with aspirin and other anti-inflammatory drugs, immobilization of the wrist, and sometimes surgical removal of part or all of the flexor retinaculum to relieve pressure on the nerve.
Prolonged, repetitive motions of the wrist and fingers can cause tissues in the carpal tunnel to become inflamed, swollen, or fibrotic. Since the carpal tunnel cannot expand, swelling puts pressure on the median nerve of the wrist, which passes through the carpal tunnel with the flexor tendons (fig. 10.30). This pressure causes tingling and muscular weakness in the palm and medial side of the hand and pain that may radiate to the arm and shoulder. This condition, called carpal tunnel syndrome, is common among keyboard operators, pianists, meat cutters, and others who spend long hours making repetitive wrist motions. Carpal tunnel syndrome is treated with aspirin and other anti-inflammatory drugs, immobilization of the wrist, and sometimes surgical removal of part or all of the flexor retinaculum to relieve pressure on the nerve.[image #9]
fantastic info [Why Tag This]Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: When tissues in the carpal tunnel become inflamed, swolled, or fibrotic. [Why Tag Thiscan this go away or is it only possible to temporarily relieve the symptoms?[Why Tag ThisProvides insight in why carpal tunnel is so common, especially among certian professions with repetitive hand and wrist motions[Why Tag Thiswhat kind of repetitive motions?[Why Tag ThisSo if i continue to move my wrist around, I will begin to hurt myself? But whenever I do this my wrist feels better. So why is this?[Why Tag ThisAs a drummer and also a computer programmer, I know many people that have experienced carpal tunnel syndrome. Most of them had surgery to remove what I now know is the flexor retinaculum to relieve the issue.[Why Tag ThisSo is this an example of why some people who sit at a desk and type on a computer all day at work usually get carpal tunnel syndrome more often? Because it is a repetive motion. This makes sense. [Why Tag ThisIF the injury is a result of constant repetitive motions then shouldnt the muscle developed there help compensate for the weakness that happens because of the nerve swelling?[Why Tag ThisThen why do some doctors say that running and moving is very useful for muscles? when it's stating here that might cause infalamation.[Why Tag ThisThis is a great example of cummulative trauma issues we deal with in our society. From a preventative aspect, wouldn't it also be benefical to look at treatment of carpal tunnel through stretching in the opposite directions of the motion that is causing the pressure on the carpal tunnel? [Why Tag ThisI think this is intersting because I always thought that carpal tunnel syndrome was just a result of friction beween tendons which caused it to become sore. I did not realize that there was a nerve that passes through and the swolling causes the nerve to react in muscles nearby.[Why Tag ThisI like this section of the text because it brings in the ideas that the carpal tunnel has a fixed volume, and similar to when compartment syndrome occurs, the pressure on the nerve can cause discomfort and pain. I know that my mom suffers from carpal tunnel syndrome (she is a reporter for a newspaper) and knowing more about what it is that causes the problem, and what is physically happening inside her hand is helpful in both understanding her problem, and tying into what we are learning in class.[Why Tag ThisI now have a better understanding of carpal tunnel. It's so common for people to get this, and I never knew how painful it really seems. [Why Tag Thiswhat carpal tunnel syndrome is and how it is caused[Why Tag ThisAre some people more susecptible to carpal tunnel syndrome than others? Do people who have stronger muscles (like people who lift weights) have less of a chance of getting carpal tunnel syndrome?[Why Tag Thishow is this different from chronic carpal tunnel syndrome or with inherited carpal tunnel syndrome? do they constantly have inflammation that is causing unwanted pressure in the wrist or might there be more to it?[Why Tag ThisThis is good to know because these days so many people spend hours straight on their computers and doing repetitive activities that cause this, and many people do not realize how bad this really is for you and what the serious outcomes can be. [Why Tag ThisThis is very interesting to me. Now I know the cause of carpal tunnel syndrome.[Why Tag ThisIf this can happen in the hands, can it occur in the feet of dancers and people who are continuously on their feet?[Why Tag ThisI happen to known an individual who was a waitress for many years and had developed carpal tunnel syndrome. I didn't know that prolonged, repetitive motions were the specific cause of inflamed tissue in the carpals. As a future nurse, if I ever encounter a patient who complains of wrist pain, it would be helpful to have this background knowledge to help determine the potential cause of the pain.[Why Tag ThisHuh? See? No mention of pregnant women.... (the silent victims ;)[Why Tag ThisCarpal Tunnel Syndrome is a common disorder that many of us know is caused by compression at the wrist of the median nerve supplying the hand, which causes numbness and tingling. Since reading this chapter I now know why carpal tunnel syndrome is common amongst keyboard operators, pianists, meat cutters and others who usually consume most of their day repetitively moving their wrists. [Why Tag ThisIs there another place on the body that reacts in the same way to repeated movements like the wrist? [Why Tag ThisWhen reading this, I immediately thought of my mom. My mom has Carpal Tunnel Syndrome, which is no suprise because she is a secretary at a law firm. She is typing at her computer most of the work day. Her doctor told her to wears braces at night, but why is that? Why immobolize the wrists during a period of rest? [Why Tag ThisI liked learning more about this because my roommate last year had this syndrome, and she was constantly in pain. It's interesting to learn how she developed Carpal Tunnel Syndrome. [Why Tag ThisMy father had to recently have surgery in order to fix the carpal tunnel in his wrist, after reading what causes carpal tunnel I wonder why it happened to my father because he is a sherriff and does not do any of the activities listed in this section. [Why Tag ThisThis answers my question about what common movements could cause carpal tunnel. I find it interesting that such common everyday activities will result in muscle weakness and severe pain in the the hand and arm. [Why Tag ThisDanielle Henckel
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Each intervertebral disc permits only slight movement between adjacent vertebrae, but the collective effect of all 23 discs gives the spine considerable flexibility.
The intervertebral joints are symphyses only in the cervical through the lumbar region. How would you classify the intervertebral joints of the sacrum and coccyx in a middle-aged adult?
What is the difference between arthrology and kinesiology?
Distinguish between a synostosis, synarthrosis, and amphiarthrosis.
Define suture, gomphosis, and syndesmosis, and explain what these three joints have in common.
Name the three types of sutures and describe how they differ.
Name two synchondroses and two symphyses.
Give some examples of joints that become synostoses with age.
Like sutures were compared to wood joints, I feel that the symphyses of intervertebral discs may be compared to certain goose neck microphones according to their structure and movement capabilities.[Why Tag This?]This reminds me of the wooden snakes that kids can buy in Chinatown. It's multiple wood links that link up in the shape of a snake. Single joints can only move so far, but as a whole wooden snake it can move considerable amount. [Why Tag This?This would have to be a synostosis joint due to the fact that in childhood the sacrum and coccyx joints are not ossified and conjoined until adulthood. [Why Tag This?Myabe sutures like that of a skull because they are fused togeter. Both at one point were separate but later in life became one.[Why Tag This?The science of joint structure, function, and dysfunction is called arthrology and the study of musculoskeletal movement is kinesiology[Why Tag This?The difference between arthology and kinesiology is that arthrology studies joint structures, function and dysfunction while kinesiology focuses on the movement of the musculoskeletal such as blood circulation, respiration and hearing.[Why Tag This?Arthrology is the study of the struchure and function of the joints while Kinesiology is the study of the movement of them.[Why Tag This?Arthrology is the science of joint structure, function, and dysfunction. Kinesiology is the study of musculoskeletal movement.[Why Tag This?Kinesiology is the study of musculoskeletal movement whereas the science of join structure, function and dysfunction is arthrology. [Why Tag This?The science of joint structure, function, and dysfunction is called arthrology, and the study of musculoskeletal movement is kinesiology[Why Tag This?kinesiology-study of musculoskeletal movementarthrology-study of joint structure, function & dysfunction[Why Tag This?Arthrology is concerned with anatomy, function, disfunction and treatments of joints. Kinesiology is the study of movement.[yeahKinesiology is the study of body movement, or musculoskeletal movement. Arthrology is the science of joint structure, function and dysfunction.[Why Tag This?The difference between athrology is concerned with the anatomy, function, dysfunction and treatment of the joints. Kinesiolog is concerned with human movement. [Why Tag This?arthrology is the study of joints and kinesiology is the study of musculoskeleton[Why Tag This?synostosis-immovable joint, such as parietal bonessynarthrosis-fibrous joint, bones are bound by collagen fibers that emerge from one bone and penetrate the other[Why Tag This?Synostosis is an immovable joint. Synarthrosis is where joints are connected by callogen fibers. Amphiarosis is where two bones are linked by cartilage[Why Tag This?Synostosis- an immovable joint formed when the gap between two bones ossifies and they become a single bone.Synarthrosis- a point at which adjacent bones are bound by collagen fibers that emerge from one bone, cross the space between them, and penetrate into the other.Amphiarthrosis- two bones are linked by cartilage.[Why Tag This?Gomphoses is the attachment of a tooth to its socket. Syndesmoses is a joint where bones are bound by long collagen fibers. A suture is a joint that closely binds bones of the skull together. These all are types by which bones are joined together.[Why Tag This?A Suture is an immobile or slightly movable joint that closly binds the bones of the skill to eachother. A gomphosis is the attachment of a tooth to its socket by a periodontal ligament. A syndesmosis joint is a joint at which two bones that are bound together by callogen fibers. this joint has thew most mobility of the three. All three of these afre similar in that they are all held together by fibers or ligaments.[Why Tag This?suture-immobile fibrous joints that bind the bones of the skull, occur nowhere elsegomphosis-type of joint such as a nail hammered into wood, tooth in socket, etcsyndesmosis-bones are bound by collagenous fibers, separartion between bones allows for mobility[Why Tag This?The three types of sutures are serrate, lap, and plane. Serrate are wavy lines along joined bones. They fit like a puzzle. Lap occur where bones have overlapping beveled edges, hense the name lap. It has smooth lines. Plane is when bones have straight nonoverlapping edges. They border eachother.[Why Tag This?Serrate ( Dovetail joint), lap (miter joint), and plane (butt joint)[Why Tag This?serrate-firmly interlock like pieces of puzzlelap (squamos)-bones have overlapping edgers, appear to be smoothplane-don't overlap, kind of like they are glued together at their edges[Why Tag This?serrate- wavy lines along adjoining bones interlocking. lap sutures- two bones overlapping, smooth line ex: between temporal and parietal bones. plane suture- two bones straight non overlapping edges, they border ex: between palatein processes and maxillae in roof of mouth. [Why Tag This?synchondroses-first rib to sternum by hyaline cartilage; joint between epiphysis and diaphysissymphyses-right and left pubic bones; joint between bodies of two vertebrae[Why Tag This?A synchondrois is a joint in which the bones are bound by hyaline cartilahe. Examples include the temporary joint between the epiphysis and diaphysis of a long bone in a child, and the attachment of the first rib to the sternum by hyaline costal cartilage. In a symphysis, two bones are joined by fibrocartilage. Examples of symphyses include the pubic symphysis and the joint between the bodies of two vertebrae, united by an intervertebral disc.[Why Tag This?In old age, some cranial sultures become obliterared by ossification and the adjacent cranial bones, such as the parietal bones, fuse.[Why Tag This?Jerry S Yang
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The inductive method, first prescribed by Bacon, is a process of making numerous observations until one feels confident in drawing generalizations and predictions from them. What we know of anatomy is a product of the inductive method. We describe the normal structure of the body based on observations of many bodies.
The inductive method, first prescribed by Bacon, is a process of making numerous observations until one feels confident in drawing generalizations and predictions from them. What we know of anatomy is a product of the inductive method. We describe the normal structure of the body based on observations of many bodies.This raises the issue of what is considered proof in science. We can never prove a claim beyond all possible refutation. We can, however, consider a statement as proven beyond reasonable doubt if it was arrived at by reliable methods of observation, tested and confirmed repeatedly, and not falsified by any credible observation. In science, all truth is tentative; there is no room for dogma. We must always be prepared to abandon yesterday's truth if tomorrow's facts disprove it.
the inductive method is one of the methods used in science, particularly anatomy.[Why I tagged this]The inductive method is important to the scientific method aspect. Plus, it accredits Bacon's work.[Why I tagged thisI think that the hypothetico-deductive method is more of a top dwon approach. It works from the more general to the more specific. Where as the inductive method is more of a bottom up approach. You begin with specific observations and measures then form a broader hypotheses to explore.[Why I tagged thisI'm still confused on what the main differences are between the inductive method and the Hypothetico-deductive method[Why I tagged thisThe inductive method started by Bacon[Why I tagged thisInductive method requires many tests to draw a conclusion about an idea.[Why I tagged thisInductive Method in my own words: observing something until you have gathered enough information to make an assumption.[Why I tagged thisCan this also be referred to as a hypothseis? [Why I tagged thisI understand this theory but it makes me a little uncomfortable to think that generalizations can be derived and predictions made just from observation.[Why I tagged thisBecause I think it is important to know what the inductive method is. Also because it is the product of anatomy[Why I tagged thisInductive method def[Why I tagged thisThis makes sense. I never knew this existed or I guess that this had an official name. Interesting.[Kelly Stahlinductive method is confusing to me, would be nice to go over in class. [Why I tagged thisBecause it shows us what science brings to us. Without trying things multiple times we wouldnt be where we are today. [Why I tagged thisStudents of all branches of science still use the inductive method during lab classes and field trips.[Why I tagged thisUnderstanding the inductive method seems important because it explains that one must way out all of the options so you can be one hundred percent sure you are making the correct decission[Why I tagged thisWe assume something is true after seeing it over and over again, like everyone has 2 arms, but that isn't always the case.[Why I tagged thisInductive method: lots of small...generalization from observations[Why I tagged thisQuestion 1: The Inductive method is based off of observations. Repetative observations are made until a pattern immerges. This is how [Why I tagged thisSays that what we know about anatomy is based on the inductive method. We are able to describe the normal structure of the human body because of the obervations that we made by looking at many different bodies.[Why I tagged thisthe inductive method helps the researcher feel more confident about his finding after making multiple observations[Why I tagged thisI tagged this because understanding what the inductive method is, is important to the study of science and this gives a good idea of just what the inductive method is [Why I tagged thisGood definition to keep in mind of the inductive method. [Why I tagged thisThis I thought was important becuase it describes how one uses the inductive method[Why I tagged thisIt is important to base our knowledge off of many examples. What works for me may not work for everyone.[Why I tagged thisinductive method created by bacon. its making a prediction for a lot of observations. raises issue on whats proof. has to be testable. All truth is tentative in science. [Anatomy and Physiologyi feel like this could eventually lead to assumptions, which can be false sometimes. [Why I tagged thisImportant in making predictions and leading to conclusions.[Why I tagged thisAnswer to the first question.[Why I tagged thisLauren Gwidt
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he remaining 5% of the membrane lipids are glycolipids?phospholipids with short carbohydrate chains on the extracellular face of the membrane.
Membrane Proteins
Membrane ProteinsMembrane Proteins Although proteins are only about 2% of the molecules of the plasma membrane, they are larger than lipids and constitute about 50% of the membrane weight. There are two broad classes of membrane proteins called integral and peripheral proteins. Integral proteins penetrate into the phospholipid bilayer or all the way through it. Those that pass completely through are also called transmembrane proteins. These have hydrophilic regions in contact with the water on both sides of the membrane, and hydrophobic regions that pass back and forth through the lipid of the membrane (fig. 3.7). Most transmembrane proteins are glycoproteins, which are conjugated with oligosaccharides on the extracellular side of the membrane. Many integral proteins drift about freely in the phospholipid film, like ice cubes floating in a bowl of water. Others are anchored to the cytoskeleton?an intracellular system of tubules and filaments discussed later. Peripheral proteins do not protrude into the phospholipid layer but adhere to one face of the membrane. A peripheral protein is typically anchored to a transmembrane protein as well as to the cytoskeleton.
Although proteins are only about 2% of the molecules of the plasma membrane, they are larger than lipids and constitute about 50% of the membrane weight. There are two broad classes of membrane proteins called integral and peripheral proteins. Integral proteins penetrate into the phospholipid bilayer or all the way through it. Those that pass completely through are also called transmembrane proteins. These have hydrophilic regions in contact with the water on both sides of the membrane, and hydrophobic regions that pass back and forth through the lipid of the membrane (fig. 3.7). Most transmembrane proteins are glycoproteins, which are conjugated with oligosaccharides on the extracellular side of the membrane. Many integral proteins drift about freely in the phospholipid film, like ice cubes floating in a bowl of water. Others are anchored to the cytoskeleton?an intracellular system of tubules and filaments discussed later. Peripheral proteins do not protrude into the phospholipid layer but adhere to one face of the membrane. A peripheral protein is typically anchored to a transmembrane protein as well as to the cytoskeleton.
That is interesting. So people who have high cholesterol, does it have an impact on the membrane fluidity, or does the body go through a homeostatis mode and keep the body at a specific cholesterol limit?[Why tag this text]i find it surprising that there is more than 2 molecules related to the membrane[Why tag this textThe cellular membrane also has PROTEINS, in addition to the lipids. There are two classes of membrane proteins, integral and peripheral.Integral proteins penetrate the phospholipid bilayer [a type of integral protein that passes all the way through is called transmembrane proteins]. Most transmembrane proteins are glcyoproteins. Peripheral proteins are stuck on one face of the membrane. [Why tag this textMembrane proteins are key in many different processes in the body. The transfer of molecules would not be possible withouth the membrane proteins. Numerous types of these proteins have different functions and can be tough to filter which is which, but this section can be a go to in order to figure it out.[Why tag this textI just find this interesting because proteins are such much heavier than most of the other substances in our body. And when you think about it food that are higher in protein are typically heavier then other foods. [Why tag this text2% of the membrane is consisted of proteins, but even though there is a lesser amount, the weight of proten is much greater[Why tag this textProteins are 50% of the membrane weight.[Why tag this textThere are two classes of membrane proteins. One is Integral and the other is Peripheal. Integral proteins penetrate into the phospholipid bilayer (the proteins that pass all the way through are called [General-Do not useI find it cool that even though there are not a lot of proteins in the membrane, they make up half its weight.[Why tag this textEven though proteins are only 2% of the molecules of the plasma membrane, they are larger than lipids and constitute because proteins contain all the DNA and perform a function within living organism.[Why tag this textI think this is interesting. It makes sense because proteins are the most complex out of any organic macromolecule. The more complex the molecule, the heavier it would be. Still, the weight generated by the proteins for only being 2% of the membrane is impressive.[Why tag this textAfter reading about the things that make up the plasma membrane and what percent of it they make up. This really shows how much bigger in size protein is by saying its only about 2 percent of the membrane but makes up half its weight.[Why tag this textProtiens and lipids make up the membrane[Why tag this textEven though there is not alot of this molucle in the membrane, what there is of it is substantial.[Why tag this textWhy are proteins this heavy? Is there something more to do with it? [Why tag this textmembrane proteins; what integral protiens are vs. what peripheral proteins are[Why tag this texttake up a lot of room and are pretty big [Why tag this textThe difference between integral and peripheral proteins is that integral proteins act as channels that go through the phospholipid bilayer. Peripheral on the other hand work as a recognition system that contain carbohydrates that bind to sacchrides.[Why tag this textALthough lipids make up 98% of membrane, the other 2% are made of proteins that are broken into 2 categories; integral and peripheral. Peripheral proteins don't protrude or move around freely, whereas integral do.[Why tag this textmembrane proteins are amphipathic just like the phospholipid bilayer that makes up the cell membrane.[Why tag this textQuestion 3: Integral and Peripheral proteins.Integral proteins are those that penetrate into or through the phospholipid bilayer.Peripheral proteins do not enter into the phosolipid bilayer but rather are anchored to the transmembrane protein and/or the cytoskeleton.[Why tag this textWhat are these?[Why tag this textThis is helpful for me to understand what an integral protein is. It is a protein which integrates the inner cell environment with the outside of the cell.[Why tag this textIntegral protiens. Inte- throughthe bilayer[Why tag this texttalks about integral proteins in the membrane and help you understand how they work[Why tag this textIntegral protiens that pass all the way through the bilayer[Why tag this textThis is the general rule of thumb, the general information to understand how the membrane of a cell works.[Why tag this textThis was a very good explanation of integral proteins for me. Really helped me visual whats going on by comparing them to ice cubes floatin in water. While others are anchored down.[Why tag this textA carbohydrate whose molecules are composed of a relatively small number of monosaccharide units.[Why tag this textLauren Anthe
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Genomic Medicine
Genomic medicine is the application of our knowledge of the genome to the prediction, diagnosis, and treatment of disease. It is relevant to disorders as diverse as cancer, Alzheimer disease, schizophrenia, obesity, and even a person's susceptibility to nonhereditary diseases such as AIDS and tuberculosis.
Genomic medicine is the application of our knowledge of the genome to the prediction, diagnosis, and treatment of disease. It is relevant to disorders as diverse as cancer, Alzheimer disease, schizophrenia, obesity, and even a person's susceptibility to nonhereditary diseases such as AIDS and tuberculosis.Genomic technology has advanced to the point that for less than $1,000, one can already have one?s entire genome scanned for markers of disease risk. Why would anyone want to? Because knowing one's genome could dramatically change clinical care. It may allow clinicians to forecast a person's risk of disease and to predict its course; mutations in a single gene can affect the severity of such diseases as hemophilia, muscular dystrophy, and cystic fibrosis. Genomics should also allow for earlier detection of diseases and for earlier, more effective clinical intervention. Drugs that are safe for most people can have serious side effects in others, owing to genetic variations in drug metabolism. Genomics has begun providing a basis for choosing the safest or most effective drugs and for adjusting dosages for different patients on the basis of their genetic makeup.Knowing the sites of disease-producing mutations expands the potential for gene-substitution therapy. This is a procedure in which cells are removed from a patient with a genetic disorder, supplied with a normal gene in place of the defective one, and reintroduced to the body. The hope is that these genetically modified cells will proliferate and provide the patient with a gene product that he or she was lacking?perhaps insulin for a patient with diabetes or a blood-clotting factor for a patient with hemophilia. Attempts at gene therapy have been marred by some tragic setbacks, however, and still face great technical difficulties that have not yet been surmounted.Genomics is introducing new problems in medical ethics and law. Should your genome be a private matter between you and your physician? Or should an insurance company be entitled to know your genome before issuing health or life insurance to you so it can know your risk of contracting a catastrophic illness, adjust the cost of your coverage, or even deny coverage? Should a prospective employer have the right to know your genome before offering employment? These are areas in which biology, politics, and law converge to shape public policy.
what exactly does this therapy do and prevent? how did it come about?[Why tag this text]the application of our knowledge of a geome to the prediction, diagnosis, and treatment of a disease[General-Do not useGenomic Medicine: applying knowledge of genome to predict/diagnose/treat disease.[Why tag this textwhat genomic medicine is and what disorders that it is relevant to[Why tag this textWow this is cool. I didnt realize though that obesity was classified as one of the genetic disorders. I though obesity was more based on the diet and exercise, interesting to see that it might not be the case.[Why tag this textHow is the susceptibility of diseases predicted? If the disease is nonhereditary, what factors make an individual more vulnerable to certain diseases?[Why tag this textI thought that pshycology was basically the main part in in diagnosing some one with any of those diseases.[Why tag this textShows how learning about genes is truly helping our scientific advances.[Why tag this textAnalyzing the genetic makeup of individuals using techniques developed in genomics is enabling health providers to better understand their patients and the various diseases they encounter. Certain individuals are more suceptible to certain diseases, adverse medication reactions and vary in their treatment response based on their genetic code and it is now possible to identify and analyze patients genes relatively easily, making it a useful technique in health care.[Why tag this textGenomic medicine is extremely important-can impact human life in multiple ways -is continuously advancing [Why tag this textThats awesome to hear on a personal note but sad at the same time because information like this is not talked about enough .[Why tag this textCould it ever be wrong? could you have the gene but never get it ?[Why tag this textI find it interesting how genomic technology has advanced. I think it's great that you can scan your genome for markers. I think it would be cool to have my genome scanned. Knowing that this could forecast a person's risk of disease, genomic technology would be an important aspect in clinical care. [Why tag this text I chose to highlight this text because this has been a topic of discussion in more than one of my classes. MAny wonder if this is even ethical. Billions of dollars are spent on technology, that may not even detect an issue. After detecting an issue, you're torn between letting it be, or giving someone drugs that could possibly make the illness worse or even lead to death. [Why tag this textWhy isnt this more popular at birth? I would think that a lot of parents would want their children scanned so they know if they need to start treating their child for something before it gets bad.[Why tag this textits amazing to me how much medical treatments come along and what medicine can actually do[Why tag this textGenomic technology is probably very useful to parents who have rare disorders and want to have babies. That way they will be able to tell the chances of the genes being passed down to their off spring and way the risk.[Why tag this textThis is very scary yet very smart. Technology is always coming up with something hi-tech to determine things.[Why tag this textI tagged this section of the text because this was something that I discussed in one of my nursing classes this semester. I am not surprised that this is capable, but I am unsure if I would want to have this done. I think it is good because it can help predict the way that someone's health will take, which will make it possible to prevent some things from happening. The bad side to this is that there will always be someone who finds something that cannot be currently treated and this may cause them to end their life sooner or lead them to live a lesser life because they see no point.[Why tag this textGenomic technology can tell a person what his or her genome is and help when looking for recessive traits that can affect a newborn. Couples that both have a disease recessive trait can pass it to the newborn. This technology can detect it early anc try to correct it. [Why tag this textIf everyone recieved this type of technology treatment we could stop a disease before it even begins.[Why tag this textI tagged this section because i didn't even know this type of medical scan exsisted! I think the fact that we are so medically advanced that we can now get our genomes scanned for mutations is amazing [Why tag this textDoes everything with genomics involve how your body metabolizes alchohol as well?[Why tag this textThis would also totally change people's insurance too. Insurance companies could force you to register your genome before they would consider insuring you. Scary thought.[Why tag this textI think this is very interesting to know that with genomic technology can help prevent future diseases with in a person. [Why tag this textGenomic technology is a very good thing to have for medical reasons. If things such as muscular dystrophy or cystic fibrosis ran in my family I would want to do this. It can be so helpful, but at the same time I dont know if i would want to know the genes of my child. I would only want to if something horrible ran in my family.[Why tag this textWe have come so far with technology to be able to discover mutations in our genes. This finding will allow us to reproduce better. What I mean by that is if you choose to have babies with someone and they have a mutation in their genese you can decide if it is okay or not to have a baby. That also raises a bunch of eithical issues. You should love your baby no matter what, but to you want your child to struggle in the world?[Why tag this textDesigner babies. People pick and choose what traits they want their children to have.[Why tag this textThis reminds me of when Petto mentioned in lecture that the earlier you are able to detect problems in the genome, the worse complications could arise. This is because what is developed in the genome is supposed to keep developing into more intricate things. This concept applies to a lot of things in life such as stacking bricks. If a brick towards the bottom of a stack isn't placed right, it makes everything above it unstable.[Why tag this textRachel Feivor
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Insensible perspiration typically amounts to about 500 mL/day,
Insensible perspiration typically amounts to about 500 mL/day, but in diaphoresis, a person can lose as much as a liter of sweat in an hour
Insensible perspiration typically amounts to about 500 mL/day, but in diaphoresis, a person can lose as much as a liter of sweat in an hour. In heavy sweating, fluid loss from the bloodstream can be so great as to cause circulatory shock.
Sebaceous Glands
Sebaceous GlandsSebaceous36 (see-BAY-shus) glands produce an oily secretion called sebum (SEE-bum). They are flask-shaped, with short ducts that usually open into a hair follicle (fig. 6.11c), although some of them open directly onto the skin surface. These are holocrine glands with little visible lumen. Their secretion consists of broken-down cells that are replaced by mitosis at the base of the gland. Sebum keeps the skin and hair from becoming dry, brittle, and cracked. The sheen of well-brushed hair is due to sebum distributed by the hairbrush. Ironically, we go to great lengths to wash sebum from the skin, only to replace it with various skin creams and hand lotions made of little more than lanolin, which is sheep sebum.
I found this interesting because I noticed when my peers and I were undergoing puberty, we would sweat more often on a daily basis and then we grew out of that phase. [Why tag this]What causes the insensible perspiration if diaphoresis is produced by the likely causes of heat and exercise?[Why tag thisI had no idea that we are almost constantly sweating. I assumed we only sweated when we were hot.[Why tag thisthis causes dehydration Im guessing?[Why tag thisAnd it is healty to lose this much water if you are not taking any water in or will this cause you to dehydrate faster? [Why tag thisI had no idea that we continuoulsy perspirate due to it not being visible. The fact we lose 500mL/day under normal conditions and up to a L/hr shows the importance of hydration while exercising. If the water lost is not replaced in a timely mmaner, than your body will go into shock[Why tag thisThat number seems like a lot. [Why tag thisThis is one of the biggest reasons I remember my cross country running coach used to preach hydration during the summer running months. In fact, at one of the meets we were at, there were three runners who did not properly hydrated and went into shock, so we had to call an ambulance. [Why tag thisIs this what causes heat stroke when someone works too hard in warm or warm and humid weather?[Why tag thisWhy is it that we need sebaceous glands to keep certain parts oily?[Why tag thiskeeps skin from becoming dry or cracked[Why tag thisSebaceous glands produce oil. [Why tag thisdescription of sebaceous glands and what their function is[Why tag thisWould these be the glands that cause acne to form. making our faces oily?[Why tag thiscreate sebum[Why tag thisIs this mainly on the skin in the face? [Why tag thisI think that this is an interesting gland because of the function that it has. The funcation of the sebaceous gland is to produce an oily secretion. This is usually located on the hair follicles or in the hair follices. I just think it is interesting how many different glands that are layered in the epidermis. Such as the ceruminous gland is apart of the ear and makes a sebum that forms earwax.[Why tag thisThis is why my parents told me to take a shower every other day. To retain my body's own natural oils that is protecting me. [Why tag thissebaceous glands: produce sebum (oily secretion) ... keeps skin and hair from becoming dried out and cracked [Why tag thisSebaceous glands secrete sebum which coats and protects hair. They are found around hair folicles. [Why tag thisIs this what is on the hair when is it greasy? [Why tag thisAre these primarily located on the scalp, or can they be found evenly distributed all over the body, generally, where hair follicles are found?[Why tag thisshort ducts[Why tag thisAre most things made of broken down cells? [Why tag thisWhen I am outside in the wind or in the cold too long, my hands crack and dry out, (I'm sure this happens to most individuals), but I am wondering what is happening to the sebum in these situations? Does the wind dry out the sebum? How come it takes so long to replace, at least thats the way it feels for me. Also, I heard that it's not healthy to wash your hair everyday because the oily secretions are healthy for your scalp? Also, what is in shampoo and conditioner? [Why tag thisDoes the production of sebum varies from person to person? Is sebum really necessary for our body? I find my hair really dry and cracked, so I figured it has to do something with the production of sebum.[Why tag thisThis is interesting because humans try to eliminate sebum if it is present on the body. Sebum is an oily secretion that is usually found in hair follicles, and acts as a water repellant. People try to eliminate this oil or sebum, but it in fact nourishes the skin and keeps it hydrated. (pg. 196)[Why tag thisThe Sebum is actually something that we need to keep in the hair and on the body to keep our skin and hair healtier? [Why tag thisThis is interesting to me because after talking to a dermotologist it better helped me understand how to prevent breakouts of acne. Most people think it is importanat to dry out the acne to prevent it from coming back. However, to many drying and harsh agents increase acne because the skin it producing more oil to overcompensate the drying. If a person wants to decrease the amount of acne they should not remove the natural oils from their skin.[Why tag thisNicole Latzig
Leah Hennes
Jelena Ristic
Lauren Anthe
Brendan Semph
Stephanie
Alina Gur
Quinn
mainkao
Brittany Nycz
Danielle Henckel
Alyssa Harmes
Paige Immel
Amanda
Callie McCarthy
Jerry S Yang
Anthony Wheeler
Michael Franzini
jennifer lassiter
Tayelor Neiss
Kelly Sanderson
Alma Tovar
Petra Stevanovic
Claire Silkaitis
M
The mammary glands and breasts (mammae) are often mistakenly regarded as one and the same. Breasts, however, are present in both sexes, and even in females they rarely contain more than small traces of mammary gland.
The mammary glands and breasts (mammae) are often mistakenly regarded as one and the same. Breasts, however, are present in both sexes, and even in females they rarely contain more than small traces of mammary gland. The mammary glands, by contrast, are the milk-producing glands that develop within the female breast during pregnancy and lactation. They are modified apocrine sweat glands that produce a richer secretion and channel it through ducts to a nipple for more efficient conveyance to the offspring.
The mammary glands and breasts (mammae) are often mistakenly regarded as one and the same. Breasts, however, are present in both sexes, and even in females they rarely contain more than small traces of mammary gland. The mammary glands, by contrast, are the milk-producing glands that develop within the female breast during pregnancy and lactation. They are modified apocrine sweat glands that produce a richer secretion and channel it through ducts to a nipple for more efficient conveyance to the offspring. The anatomy and physiology of the mammary gland are discussed in more detail in chapter 28.
The mammary glands and breasts (mammae) are often mistakenly regarded as one and the same. Breasts, however, are present in both sexes, and even in females they rarely contain more than small traces of mammary gland. The mammary glands, by contrast, are the milk-producing glands that develop within the female breast during pregnancy and lactation. They are modified apocrine sweat glands that produce a richer secretion and channel it through ducts to a nipple for more efficient conveyance to the offspring. The anatomy and physiology of the mammary gland are discussed in more detail in chapter 28.In most mammals, two rows of mammary glands form along lines called the mammary ridges, or milk lines. Primates have dispensed with all but two of these glands. A few people of both sexes, however, develop additional nipples or mammae along the milk line inferior to the primary mammae. In the Middle Ages and colonial America, this condition, called polythelia,38 was used to incriminate women as supposed witches.The glands of the skin are summarized in table 6.2.
This made me think about meningitis. People who get sick from this and lose their hearing completely, it kills their coclears that help form sound in your ear, anyways can these glands be affected if you get sick with something like menungitis? If so you would be way more prone to ear infections and ear problems.[Why tag this]Is cerumen that is packed down (by the use of a q-tip, for example), less effective?[Why tag thisRelates to my major: except I feel like ear wax would impair the funtion of the hairs of the ear. [Why tag thisThis is important because it shows how the ceruminous glands cleans out the ear. [Why tag thisInteresting to know all the functions that ear wax actually has. never knew about any of them.[Why tag thisIntersting facts about what the functions of earwax is, i have always wondered why our bodies produced it.[Why tag thisI wonder if that's how you get swimmer's ear: not enough wax?[Why tag thismammary glands: Milk producing glands that develop during pregnancy and lactation. [Why tag thismilk for babies[Why tag thisIf men lack mammary glands, why do some men lactate? Is this a different type of secretion than that present in women?[Why tag thisAre they considered two separate parts? What is the difference? [Why tag thisBreasts present in both sexes. Mammary glands only present in men.[Why tag thisConsidering that the text claims that many people often mistake mammary glands and breasts, this seems like a good topic to focus on, so as to not be one of the individuals who mistake this. Relatively speaking, the breasts of both men and women lack mammary glands. During pregnancy women develop these specialized glands in order to produce milk for offspring. It is amazing to me that this gland, which stems from simple apocrine SWEAT glands, is capable of secreting a new substance that can nourish life. [Why tag thisThis is what is unique about being a female-milk producing glands. [Why tag thisWhat makes mammary glands produce sweat?[Why tag thisexplain the mammary glands in a great idea.[Why tag thisThe evolution of the mammary gland from a sweat gland illstratestes the ability of our bodys to adapt and specialize- even just within a species.[Why tag thisHow do we gain glands like these through evolution!? It just baffles my mind. When did babies start sucking on apocrine sweat glands for sustenance? How does this develop!?![Why tag thisIs the mammary glands where they find cancer in the breast, because i know woman have to get mamma grams to check for cancer in your breast and i was woundering if it is called a mamma gram because the cancer is found in your mammry glands?[Why tag thisI found it interesting that mammary glands develop when the female is pregnant. I thought that they were just activated when the female gets pregnant. When a woman has her second child do new mammary glands develop? Also when a woman can't produce enough milk for the baby is it because something is wrong with the mammary gland?[Why tag thisIs this why men can get breast cancer as well? [Why tag thisMaybe I am not understanding this correctly, but there are ammary glands in males as well? If so, do they function the same way as they do in females?[Why tag thisWhat hormone stimulates this milk-producing gland? Do you have to be pregnant to be able to happen? What if a child who hasnt hit puberty will this hormone take place if they become pregnant?[Why tag thisI found this interesting. According to the text, the mammary glands devleop during pregnancy, i had always thought that they were always present like any gland and just activated during pregnancy. Does this mean that they appear when a women gets pregnant and after she stops breast feeding they disappear, if so what causes them to go away or become inactive?[Why tag thisWhat causes the lactation to begin in a pregnant mother? [Why tag thisMamarry glands are only present in FEMALES and are inside of the breast. [Why tag thisI dont understand how the mammary glands produce milk, and where that milk comes from.[Why tag thisI always wondered how milk was produced when a woman had an offspring i thinkg that it is fasinating how our bodies work and how much it contains and produces to function and adapt to the world around us and things that internally affect us. [Why tag thismammary gland - what their function is[Why tag thisJoseph Skarlupka
Sarah Kallas
Lauren Thiel
Nicholas Bruno
Erin Griph
Stephanie
Danielle Henckel
Amanda
Sarah Hudson
Lauren Anthe
Chad Mudd
David Orr
PangJeb Vang
Nicole Korstanje
Adam Alshehab
Corianne
Kristofer Schroeckenthaler
sarah
Alyssa Tucker
Samantha B Johnson
Lindsay Orgas
Kayla Theys
TRAVIS
Jelena Ristic
kaulor
Alyssa Harmes
When synovial fluid is warmed by exercise, it becomes thinner (less viscous) and more easily absorbed by the articular cartilage. The cartilage then swells and provides a more effective cushion against compression. For this reason, a warm-up period before vigorous exercise helps protect the articular cartilage from undue wear and tear.Because cartilage is nonvascular, repetitive compression during exercise is important to its nutrition and waste removal. Each time a cartilage is compressed, fluid and metabolic wastes are squeezed out of it. When weight is taken off the joint, the cartilage absorbs synovial fluid like a sponge, and the fluid carries oxygen and nutrients to the chondrocytes. Without exercise, articular cartilages deteriorate more rapidly from inadequate nutrition, oxygenation, and waste removal.
When synovial fluid is warmed by exercise, it becomes thinner (less viscous) and more easily absorbed by the articular cartilage. The cartilage then swells and provides a more effective cushion against compression. For this reason, a warm-up period before vigorous exercise helps protect the articular cartilage from undue wear and tear.Because cartilage is nonvascular, repetitive compression during exercise is important to its nutrition and waste removal. Each time a cartilage is compressed, fluid and metabolic wastes are squeezed out of it. When weight is taken off the joint, the cartilage absorbs synovial fluid like a sponge, and the fluid carries oxygen and nutrients to the chondrocytes. Without exercise, articular cartilages deteriorate more rapidly from inadequate nutrition, oxygenation, and waste removal.Weight-bearing exercise builds bone mass and strengthens the muscles that stabilize many of the joints, thus reducing the risk of joint dislocations. Excessive joint stress, however, can hasten the progression of osteoarthritis by damaging the articular cartilage (see Deeper Insight 9.5, p. 307). Swimming is a good way of exercising the joints with minimal damage.A bursa13 is a fibrous sac filled with synovial fluid, located between adjacent muscles, where a tendon passes over a bone, or between bone and skin (see fig. 9.24). Bursae cushion muscles, help tendons slide more easily over the joints, and sometimes enhance the mechanical effect of a muscle by modifying the direction in which its tendon pulls. Tendon (synovial) sheaths are elongated cylindrical bursae wrapped around a tendon, seen especially in the hand and foot (fig. 9.6). They enable tendons to move back and forth more freely in such tight spaces as the wrist and ankle.
I personally like to exercise and knowing what keeps the cartilage in my knees intact, is really interesting. I also assume that this applies to other parts of the body as well. [Why tag this]I find this interesting because I want to know what happens to the fluid when the cartilage tears. Does it fill up the joint and is that why people have to have fluid drained from their knee sometimes? [Why tag thisI always warm up before vigorous exercise just because I have always been told to do so growing up. I know my workouts go better when I warm up before hand, but didn't know why. This text helped me understand what happens to my body (specifically cartilage) during a warm up to provide cushion during exercise which puts stress on my joints.[Why tag thisI know so many people who don't warm up their bodies at all before starting to work out and always quit 30 mins into the work out session.[General_Do Not UseThe full explanation behind why a warm up before exercise helps prevent injury. Is the cooling off afterwards the same idea?[Why tag thisThis is proof that a good warmup before rigorous activity is needed. Helps to have proof when I tell my kids to have a good active warmup than just goofing around before practice. [Why tag thisI wish that they had some reference sources for this material. I have heard conflicting reports regarding the importance of streching and warm up with injury. While the pathology makes sense, I think this should be investigated in further detail.[Why tag thisI was always was told to do a warm up jog to get the blood flowing. I never knew the specifics as to what as really happening to the joint and why some joints felt stiff before exercise.[Why tag thisI tagged this because I am a track athlete and I find it very interesing to learn about the science behind warming up. Now in my mind the importance of properly warming up has been shown.[Why tag thisI played a lot of sports my whole life through high school and worked out and exercised a lot through high school. Every said and I was always put through a warm up period in sports even though I knew from hearing from people that you should warm up first. I never really realized why I should be doing that till this.[Why tag thisMy room mate is a trainer, and she's always telling me to do dynamic stretches instead of static before I jog because they're supposed to be a better warm up, and I bet this is why. I never took her advice, although now I'm thinking I probably should.[Why tag thisI tagged this because I found this really interesting. I wonder why does it get thinner when it is warmed by exercise?[Why tag thismy mom has this problem[Why tag thisI thought this was interesting to finally understanding why warming up before a work out is good for your body especially your joints. [Why tag thisPlaying sports i was always told to warm up before our activites my trainers and coaches said it was to loosen our muscles so we didnt pull anything and to get our blood flowing[Why tag thisThis is what I love about learning - now i finally understand why trainers harp about warming up. Never knew it really helped (physiologically) - I always thought it was somewhat of a wives tale.[Why tag thisI tagged this because I never understood why it is important to warm up before exercise. Basically tendonds swell to provide a more effective cushion against compression. [Why tag thisSo it can either swell up or become thinner?[Why tag thisNow I understand why my old soccer coach would make us run hills before our practice began. It's interesting to find out that the cartilage can swell up and then provide the support we need so that it doesn't rub with anything.[Why tag thisThis is interesting to me, both because I like to run (which usually involves a proper warmup), and because it will be useful in my future career as a physical therapist.[Why tag thisI've actually always been told the impmortance of stretching, or warming up, not only before a vigorous exercise but afterwards as well. Is the soreness from exercising specifically happening within articular cartilage?[Why tag thisI think it's so amazing how the form of our body can fit so many functions. [Why tag thisSo this synovial fluid helps lubricate joints. Is this what cortizone injections are that orthopedic surgeons use because i was showing an otrthopedic doctor and he was injecting this fluid directly into a joint. [Why tag thiswarmed up causes fluid to become thinner[Why tag thisthats why u need to warm up before workouts[Why tag thisWhy does the fluid get thinner?[Why tag thisAs a certified personal trainer I know the importance of a warm out period before a workout to stretch out your muscles, get you loose and warmed up so your less likely to sprain or injur someting, although this strict anatomical definition of the exact reasoning of how it is so important is something I will definitely be sharing with my clients![Why tag thisI know understand why my track coaches insisted on 45 mintues of stretching and light jogging before practice. [Why tag thisI find it interesting that as a child I heard all my coaches emphasize the importance of a warm up period before our activities, and I never really took it seriously. But hearing about the anatomical reasons for why warm ups are so vital, I wonder why people don't seem to take them seriously when they can so easily prevent serious activity-related injuries. [Why tag thisRiley Spitzig
Keira
lenarch2
Amie Emrys
Jerry S Yang
John
lucas hubanks
Tony Sustachek
Nicholas Bruno
Sophie
Nicole Coppins
Ann
GiaLee
Jungas
Andrea
Alma Tovar
Lauren Anthe
maria lira
Laura Kovach
Rebecca Sherer
Kaylee Richards
Justin Rosinski
Justin Putterman
Amanda
Paige Immel
Elizabeth
Sarah Kallas
Alina Gur
The way that the body is able to have multiple insertion points allows it to have varying mechanical advangtages on the same joints. It allows there to be a power phase and a speed phase, as is described with the sprinter.[Why tag this]Important to understand that there are two or more muscles attatched to the same joint. They produce different mechanical advantages[Why tag thistelling how can gain spped with the motion of movement how it helps to boost a peron[Why tag thisEthan Kelly
Channelle Colbert
I have been told that I have high arches? What causes this and it is even true to have this condition? [Why Tag This]I didnt know that foot muscles had a whole lot to do with locomotion[General_Do Not UseIntrinsic muscles of the foot help to support arches and act on toes. [Why Tag ThisBrandon Brandemuehl
Noelle
Iron is an atom because it is an element & hydrogen gas is a molecule because is has two atoms of the same element. Ammonia is a compound because it has atoms from different elements.[Why tag this text]Iron is a atom because it is a pure element by itself. Hydrogen gas is a molecule because it is two element hydrogen atoms combined. Lastly, ammonia is a compound because it is made up of more than one element and there atoms.[General-Do not useIron is the atom because it being alone is a pure element. Hydrogen gas or H2 is a molecule because it's made of two of the same element. And the ammonia is the compound because it consists of two elements chemically combined. [Why tag this textErin Griph
Hauser Joseph Alan
Evolution is the basis for comparative anatomy and physiology, which have been so fruitful for the understanding of human biology. If we were not related to any other species, those sciences would be pointless. The emerging science of evolutionary (darwinian) medicine traces some of our diseases and imperfections to our evolutionary past.
Helps explain our relations to other species[Why I tagged this]The reasons behind obesity today can be traced back to a time when humans had little food. Our evolution has left us with many diseases and imperfections as a species. Comparitive anatomy has allowed us to see how we are superior or inferior to animals.[Why I tagged thisImportant to know where humans might have came from[Why I tagged thisAmanda Baxter
Sami
Table 2.6 Carbohydrate FunctionsType FunctionMonosaccharidesGlucose Blood sugar?energy source for most cellsGalactose Converted to glucose and metabolizedFructose Fruit sugar?converted to glucose and metabolizedDisaccharidesSucrose Cane sugar?digested to glucose and fructoseLactose Milk sugar?digested to glucose and galactose; important in infant nutritionMaltose Malt sugar?product of starch digestion, further digested to glucosePolysaccharidesCellulose Structural polysaccharide of plants; dietary fiberStarch Energy storage in plant cellsGlycogen Energy storage in animal cells (liver, muscle, brain, uterus, vagina)Conjugated CarbohydratesGlycoprotein Component of the cell surface coat and mucus, among other rolesGlycolipid Component of the cell surface coatProteoglycan Cell adhesion; lubrication; supportive filler of some tissues and organs
This table served useful to me because it layed down the carbohydrate functions. The examples really helped. I am still confused as to what the different types of sugar are and what these carbohydrates look like as well.[Why tag this text]Knowing this could be good for the tests and the labs. It shows what each type of carbohydrate does.[Why tag this textType of Carbs and their Functions[Why tag this textJoseph Skarlupka
Melissa Gile
Step to lowering body temperature. Important in the process in homeostasis.[Why I tagged this]body temperature is very important because if you over heat then your body reacts in a negative way.[Why I tagged thisThis interested me because I never thought of the body being regulated by a [Why I tag thislindsay krueger
Brittany
The mandible (fig. 8.15) is the strongest bone of the skull and the only one that can move significantly. It supports the lower teeth and provides attachment for muscles of mastication and facial expression. The horizontal portion is called the body; the vertical to oblique posterior portion is the ramus (RAY-mus) (plural, rami); and these two portions meet at a corner called the angle. The mandible develops as separate right and left bones in the fetus, joined by a median cartilaginous joint called the mental symphysis (SIM-fih-sis) at the point of the chin. This joint ossifies in early childhood, uniting the two halves into a single bone. The point of the chin itself is called the mental protuberance. The inner (posterior) surface of the mandible in this region has a pair of small points, the mental spines, which serve for attachment of certain chin muscles (see fig. 8.4b).
The mandible (fig. 8.15) is the strongest bone of the skull and the only one that can move significantly. It supports the lower teeth and provides attachment for muscles of mastication and facial expression. The horizontal portion is called the body; the vertical to oblique posterior portion is the ramus (RAY-mus) (plural, rami); and these two portions meet at a corner called the angle. The mandible develops as separate right and left bones in the fetus, joined by a median cartilaginous joint called the mental symphysis (SIM-fih-sis) at the point of the chin. This joint ossifies in early childhood, uniting the two halves into a single bone. The point of the chin itself is called the mental protuberance. The inner (posterior) surface of the mandible in this region has a pair of small points, the mental spines, which serve for attachment of certain chin muscles (see fig. 8.4b).
The mandible consist of so many parts. What amuses me is that we have all these different names for the bones in our body and none of the anatomical names are in anyway close or the same to them except for the hip bone.[Why tag this]The mandible is the strongest and possibly the most prominent bone of the skull. It also can move more than most skull structures making it suitable for chewing food. [Why tag thisIf the mandible or the jaw, is the strongest bone of the face then how come when fights break out a persons jaw can break? or does it take alot of pressure to crack the jaw?[Why tag thisMichael Franzini
Elizabeth
Explaining the process and importance of proteins and their ability to change conformation.[Why tag this text]Denaturation is obviously caused by an extreme circumstance, as stated in the text, usually by extreme heat or pH, and it used the example of an egg, but does this happen often in the human body? Would this be what happens say when brain cells are lost due to drug use or head injury?[Why tag this textProteins can change their conformation in different enviromental situation[General-Do not useJourdan Richardson
lenarch2
A peripheral protein is typically anchored to a transmembrane protein as well as to the cytoskeleton.
opposite of integral[Why tag this text]Why is it the peripheral proteins can not protrude into the phospolipid layer ut adhere to one face of the membrane?[Why tag this textPeripheral protein holds down the integral protein, at least thats what i thought of when they said its the anchor to the transmembrane protein[Why tag this textPaula
Lauren Anthe
Energy-Transfer Reactions in the Human BodyExergonic ReactionsReactions in which there is a net release of energy. The products have less total free energy than the reactants did.OxidationAn exergonic reaction in which electrons are removed from a reactant. Electrons may be removed one or two at a time and may be removed in the form of hydrogen atoms (H or H2). The product is then said to be oxidized.DecompositionA reaction such as digestion and cell respiration, in which larger molecules are broken down into smaller ones.CatabolismThe sum of all decomposition reactions in the body.Endergonic ReactionsReactions in which there is a net input of energy. The products have more total free energy than the reactants did.ReductionAn endergonic reaction in which electrons are donated to a reactant. The product is then said to be reduced.SynthesisA reaction such as protein and glycogen synthesis, in which two or more smaller molecules are combined into a larger one.AnabolismThe sum of all synthesis reactions in the body.Ae- is a reducing agent because it reduces B, and B is an oxidizing agent because it oxidizes Ae-.
Look at this table. Sums up everything. [Why tag this text]I wonder if more than one of these reactions could be going on at the same time in a solution.[Why tag this textI think it's important to know the different reactions, especially those that take place in our own bodies.[Why tag this textCaitlin
Kelli Banach
If any two theories have the broadest implications for understanding the human body, they are probably the cell theory and the theory of natural selection. Natural selection, an explanation of how species originate and change through time, was the brainchild of Charles Darwin (1809?82)?probably the most influential biologist who ever lived. His book, On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1859), has been called ?the book that shook the world.? In presenting the first well-supported theory of evolution, On the Origin of Species not only caused the restructuring of all of biology but also profoundly changed the prevailing view of our origin, nature, and place in the universe.
If any two theories have the broadest implications for understanding the human body, they are probably the cell theory and the theory of natural selection. Natural selection, an explanation of how species originate and change through time, was the brainchild of Charles Darwin (1809?82)?probably the most influential biologist who ever lived. His book, On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1859), has been called ?the book that shook the world.? In presenting the first well-supported theory of evolution, On the Origin of Species not only caused the restructuring of all of biology but also profoundly changed the prevailing view of our origin, nature, and place in the universe.Page 10On the Origin of Species scarcely touched upon human biology, but its unmistakable implications for humans created an intense storm of controversy that continues even today. In The Descent of Man (1871), Darwin directly addressed the issue of human evolution and emphasized features of anatomy and behavior that reveal our relationship to other animals. No understanding of human form and function is complete without an understanding of our evolutionary history.Evolution, Selection, and Adaptation
you have two theories related to the human body. those theories are the cell theory and theory of natural selection[Why I tagged this]I tagged this because it explains the two theories most important to understanding the human body. [Why I tagged thisGives a brief historical reference on Darwin and his 1859 book On the Origin of Species. It then goes on to explain natural selection and related mechanisms that caused simple single celled organisms to evolve into the complex multicellular behimoths that they are today.[Why I tagged thisCaitlin
Thomas Hensler
2.4 Organic Compounds Expected Learning Outcomes When you have completed this section, you should be able to explain why carbon is especially well suited to serve as the structural foundation of many biological molecules; identify some common functional groups of organic molecules from their formulae; discuss the relevance of polymers to biology and explain how they are formed and broken by dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis; discuss the types and functions of carbohydrates; discuss the types and functions of lipids; discuss protein structure and function; explain how enzymes function; describe the structure, production, and function of ATP; identify other nucleotide types and their functions; and identify the principal types of nucleic acids.
The National Institutes of Health find increasing use among high school students and increasing denial that the steroids present a significant health hazard.
this sections is something i would really like to learn more about[Why tag this text]To be honest, this entire section, if not this entire chapter was rather challenging to digest. I see its significance in relation to the function of the human body, but it is so minute and technical. I have a very basic understanding of what I read (over and over again), but I'm hoping that we do cover the meat and potatoes of this reading in lecture to hopefully illuminate some of the nuiances and connections, as well as how much of this we simply need to learn and how much will come with time and application.[Why tag this textI know a few people that use steroids but don't realize the effects or how damaging it can be. Niether did I until I read this![Why tag this textjennifer lassiter
Ashley McBain
The pelvic girdle supports the trunk on the lower limbs and encloses and protects the viscera of the pelvic cavity?mainly the lower colon, urinary bladder, and internal reproductive organs.
Such a complex structure. does the interpubic disk expand or [Why tag this]it's interesting how much our body can take. For instance, the pelvis quite strong but flexible enough for child birth[GeneralDoes the pelvic bone also then protect a little of the fetus while it grows to or is no part of the fetus near the pelvic?[Why tag thisChristina
lenarch2
Table 3.4 Summary of Organelles and Other Cellular Structures[image #9]
I've heard about them but i didn't know what they are [Why tag this text]I tagged this text because it summarizes the structures, appearances and functions. This is something I would usually do for my own benefit, but since it is here, it's even better than what I would've done. But other than that, it is interesting that one structure can have as many as 2-3 functions. [Why tag this textQuestion 3: Organelles involved in protein synthesis.Rough Endoplamic reticulum, golgi coomplex, and smooth endoplasmic reticulum.[Why tag this textMauly Her
Sarah Ertl
Individual microvilli cannot be distinguished very well with the light microscope because they are only 1 to 2 µm long. On some cells, they are very dense and appear as a fringe called the brush border at the apical cell surface.
Because of their small size, the dyes/stains used to make the structures visible runs and blurs (I noticed this not only in lab, but when I had assisted one of my Biology teachers in making slides), making the microvilli indistinguishable from the rest of the membrane. [Why tag this text]even though all cells have the same function but they are all not the same, as this says some are dense and appear fringe[Why tag this textThen how do they look at them? [Why tag this textLauren Anthe
Rebecca Hoefs
All digested carbohydrate is ultimately converted to glucose, and glucose is oxidized to make ATP
All digested carbohydrate is ultimately converted to glucose, and glucose is oxidized to make ATP, a high-energy compound discussed later.
glycogen, starch and cellulose are all composed solely of glucose[Why tag this text]ATP is the primary energy source for cells in the body to carry out work. It is really important to understand glucose's role in the production of ATP.[Why tag this textCarbohydrates' high energy yield is the reason why people with very physically active lifestyles seek to eat more carbohydrates than those who are less active. Carbs, if not metabolized and [Why tag this textCody Andrews
Alina Gur
Skeletal muscles are served by nerve cells called somatic motor neurons, whose cell bodies are in the brainstem and spinal cord.
Skeletal muscles are served by nerve cells called somatic motor neurons, whose cell bodies are in the brainstem and spinal cord. Their axons, called somatic motor fibers, lead to the skeletal muscles (fig. 11.6). Each nerve fiber branches out to a number of muscle fibers, but each muscle fiber is supplied by only one motor neuron.
Motor Neurons and Motor Units:Skeletal Muscles are served by somatic motor nuerons, whose cell bodies are in the brainstem and spinal cord. Axons lead to the skeletal muscles. Each muscle cell is supplied by only one motor neuron. A motor neuron is a single functional unit, composed of one nerve fiber and all the muscle fibers innervated by it. Cause a weak contraction over a wide area. Small motor units are used for fine control. Large motor units are for gross motor control. [Why I tagged this]Is there a large conglomerate of somatic motor neurons together in these locations then?[Why I tagged thisDo you have a buch of nerves all throughout your skeletal muscles?[Why I tagged thisCassi Malko
Nicole Korstanje
A triglyceride (try-GLISS-ur-ide) is a molecule consisting of three fatty acids covalently bonded to a three-carbon alcohol called glycerol; triglycerides are more correctly, although less widely, also known as triacylglycerols.
A triglyceride (try-GLISS-ur-ide) is a molecule consisting of three fatty acids covalently bonded to a three-carbon alcohol called glycerol; triglycerides are more correctly, although less widely, also known as triacylglycerols. Each bond between a fatty acid and glycerol is formed by dehydration synthesis (fig. 2.19). Once joined to glycerol, a fatty acid can no longer donate a proton to solution and is therefore no longer an acid. For this reason, triglycerides are also called neutral fats. Triglycerides are broken down by hydrolysis reactions, which split each of these bonds apart by the addition of water.
When someone has a high level of triglycerides, does that mean that they are eating too much saturated fat?[Why tag this text]I find it interesting to read about what exactly a triglyceride is in the human body because I know my mother complains about her struggle with elevated levels of triglycerides coming back in her blood work. I had always wonder what they were and how they related to my mother's health. [Why tag this textTriglyceride - A molecule consisting of three fatty acidsdescribes how bonds between fatty acids are formed[Why tag this textAlina Gur
Anthony Wheeler
Adhesive glycoproteins are protein?carbohydrate complexes that bind plasma membrane proteins to collagen and proteoglycans outside the cell.
Adhesive glycoproteins are protein?carbohydrate complexes that bind plasma membrane proteins to collagen and proteoglycans outside the cell. They bind all the components of a tissue together and mark pathways that guide migrating embryonic cells to their destinations in a tissue.
What is the benefit of this?[Why tag this text]the last subunit of ground substance and are useful for binding and providing pathways[Why tag this textImportance of adhesive glycoproteins: bind all parts of tissue together and guide migrating embryonic cells. [Why tag this textMia Breidenbach
Stephanie
Each hip bone is joined to the vertebral column at one point, the sacroiliac joint, where its auricular surface matches the auricular surface of the sacrum. The two hip bones articulate with each other on the anterior side of the pelvis, where they are joined by a pad of fibrocartilage called the interpubic disc. The interpubic disc and the adjacent region of each pubic bone constitute the pubic symphysis,62 which can be palpated as a hard prominence immediately above the genitalia.The pelvis has a bowl-like shape with the broad greater (false) pelvis between the flare of the hips, and the narrower lesser (true) pelvis below. The two are separated by a round margin called the pelvic brim. The opening circumscribed by the brim is called the pelvic inlet?an entry into the lesser pelvis through which an infant's head passes during birth. The lower margin of the lesser pelvis is called the pelvic outlet.The hip bones have three distinctive features that will serve as landmarks for further description. These are the iliac63 crest (superior crest of the hip); acetabulum64 (ASS-eh-TAB-you-lum) (the hip socket?named for its resemblance to vinegar cups used on ancient Roman dining tables); and obturator65 foramen (a large round-to-triangular hole below the acetabulum, closed by a ligament called the obturator membrane in life).The adult hip bone forms by the fusion of three childhood bones called the ilium (ILL-ee-um), ischium (ISS-kee-um), and pubis (PEW-biss), identified by color in figure 8.36. The largest of these is the ilium, which extends from the iliac crest to the center of the acetabulum. The iliac crest extends from an anterior point or angle called the anterior superior spine to a sharp posterior angle called the posterior superior spine. In a lean person, the anterior superior spines form visible anterior protrusions at a point where the front pockets usually open on a pair of pants, and the posterior superior spines are sometimes marked by dimples above the buttocks where connective tissue attached to the spines pulls inward on the skin (see fig. B.15, p. 393).
The sacroilac joint is where the hip bone meets the vertebral column. The interpubic disck is found here acting as a protective cartilage barrier. [Why tag this]It is crazy to think how human evolution has made us what we are today. Our body has evolved to allow us to practically do anything that we need to do to survive.[Why tag thisIf you were to fracture your left hip completly what would that affect? Would it unaline your body in any way? the reason i ask this question is because my friend was running and fractured her hip completely, then 3 mounths later her leg compartment syndrom came back. For those of you who dont know what leg compartment syndrom is, it is when the fascia in your leg close up and pressure stars to build up. Normal pressure in peoples legs is 0-4, hers was anywhere between 70-82. She could hardly walk. She had a surgury done that opened the fascia but after her hip fracture her leg compartment syndron came back and her fascia closed up. So what i want to know is if her hip fracture caused her leg compartment syndron to come back?[Why tag thisDuan Phan
sarah
In 1896, French scientist Henri Becquerel (1852?1908) discovered that uranium darkened photographic plates through several thick layers of paper. Marie Curie (1867?1934) and Pierre Curie (1859?1906), her husband, discovered that polonium and radium did likewise. Marie Curie coined the term radioactivity for the emission of energy by these elements. Becquerel and the Curies shared a Nobel Prize in 1903 for this discovery.
In 1896, French scientist Henri Becquerel (1852?1908) discovered that uranium darkened photographic plates through several thick layers of paper. Marie Curie (1867?1934) and Pierre Curie (1859?1906), her husband, discovered that polonium and radium did likewise. Marie Curie coined the term radioactivity for the emission of energy by these elements. Becquerel and the Curies shared a Nobel Prize in 1903 for this discovery.Marie Curie (fig. 2.3) was not only the first woman in the world to receive a Nobel Prize but also the first woman in France even to receive a Ph.D. She received a second Nobel Prize in 1911 for further work in radiation. Curie crusaded to train women for careers in science, and in World War I, she and her daughter, Irène Joliot-Curie (1897?1956), trained physicians in the use of X-ray machines. Curie pioneered radiation therapy for breast and uterine cancer.
Henri Becquerel and the Curies are credited with discovering radioactivity for the emission of energy by elements[Why tag this text]People who studied and dicovered radiation[General-Do not useA great achivment in science history[Why tag this textErin Griph
Morgan Peil
Eponym is a word named after a person.Acronym is a word created from the first letters of multiple words in the name of a procedure, anatomical component, etc.These challenge the acquisition of a medical vocabulary because neither describes to what it is in reference.[Why I tagged this]An eponym is a term that is named after a person and an acronym is a term that is pronouncable and each letter is the first letter of each word of the whole term. One cannot dissect the term from suffixes and prefixes[Why I tagged thisEponyms are medical terms turned into names of teachers and predecessors that made it easier for some clinicians to say in early treatments. Acronyms are pronounceable words that are the abbreviation to a set or series of words in a medical terminology. Like PET as used in the section, abbreviated for positron emission tomography. These are difficult for interpreting now in to todays anatomical terms because they have changed the meaning of the original terms created by greeks and latins.[Why I tagged ThisMatthew Robert Schmidt
Hauser Joseph Alan
The Thoracic Vertebrae There are 12 thoracic vertebrae (T1?T12), corresponding to the 12 pairs of ribs attached to them; no other vertebrae have ribs. The function of the thoracics is to support the thoracic cage enclosing the heart and lungs. They lack the transverse foramina and bifid processes that distinguish the cervicals, but possess the following distinctive features of their own (fig. 8.25b):
Throacic Vertebrae: T1-T12- correspond to 12 pairs of ribs attached to them. Function is to support the thoracic cage enclosing the heart and lungs. Medium sized [bigger than cervical, smaller than lumbar]. In most cases ribs insert between two vertebrae. [Why tag this]thoracic vertebrae function[Why tag thisThoracic are attached to the ribs[Why tag thisAlyssa Harmes
Brandon Brandemuehl
Why do we consider a growing child to be alive, but not a growing crystal? Is abortion the taking of a human life? If so, what about a contraceptive foam that kills only sperm? As a patient is dying, at what point does it become ethical to disconnect life-support equipment and remove organs for donation? If these organs are alive, as they must be to serve someone else, then why isn't the donor considered alive? Such questions have no easy answers, but they demand a concept of what life is?a concept that may differ with one's biological, medical, legal, or religious perspective.
We do not consider growing crystal to be alive since it is not responsive and has no excitability. Additionally, a growing crystal can not move from one place to another with its own effort unlike most living organism.[Why I tagged this]What did you conclude on some of the issues if you did reach one?[Why I tagged thisI thought this was interesting because it talks about many controversial issues of life and I related to this because last semester I took a philosophy class that talks about the topics of ethical issues in health care[Why I tagged thisandrew baker
Danny Duong
hypertonic or hypotonic fluids are given for special purposes.
It is important to note that osmolarity and tonicity are not the same
What are some of the [Why tag this text]What special purposes would an intravenous fluid be given as a hypertonic or hypotonic solution when that could be harmful to the patient?[Why tag this texthow exactly are they not the same?[Why tag this textMatthew Robert Schmidt
Lauren Anthe
Calcitonin Calcitonin is secreted by C cells (clear cells) of the thyroid gland, a large endocrine gland in the neck (see fig. 17.9, p. 647). It is secreted when the blood calcium concentration rises too high, and it lowers the concentration by two principal mechanisms (figs. 7.15 and 7.16a):
secreteed by the cells in the thyroid gland and goes into the blood stream[Why I tagged this]secreted when blood calcium concentration is too high [Why I tagged thisCalcitonin is secreted by C cells in the thyroid gland as a defense mechanism to lower to high of a level of calcium in the body. Calcitonin does this through osteoclast inhibition and osteoblast stimulation causing the level of calcium in the blood plasma to lower.[Why I tagged thisPaola Arce
Michael Franzini
I think this is a very important question to answer, possibly the most important as far as stem cell research goes. If this question can be answered, more research and funding can go to this area.[Why tag this text]if more research and practices are conducted than i believe we could balance it.[Why tag this textLauren Anthe
the cell cycle is just so interesting to think about and learn about. this is going on in our bodies all the time creating so many cells[Why tag this text]Cell Cycle, all the different steps and part of it.[Why tag this textdoes this happen with every living cell?[Why tag this textKaitlyn Britten
Holland
Consider for the moment an analogy to human structure: The English language, like the human body, is very complex, yet an infinite variety of ideas can be conveyed with a limited number of words. All words in English are, in turn, composed of various combinations of just 26 letters. Between an essay and an alphabet are successively simpler levels of organization: paragraphs, sentences, words, and syllables. We can say that language exhibits a hierarchy of complexity, with letters, syllables, words, and so forth being successive levels of the hierarchy
Consider for the moment an analogy to human structure: The English language, like the human body, is very complex, yet an infinite variety of ideas can be conveyed with a limited number of words. All words in English are, in turn, composed of various combinations of just 26 letters. Between an essay and an alphabet are successively simpler levels of organization: paragraphs, sentences, words, and syllables. We can say that language exhibits a hierarchy of complexity, with letters, syllables, words, and so forth being successive levels of the hierarchy. Humans have an analogous hierarchy of complexity, as follows (fig. 1.7): Page 13 The organism is composed of organ systems, * organ systems are composed of organs, * organs are composed of tissues, * tissues are composed of cells, * cells are composed partly of organelles, * organelles are composed of molecules, and * molecules are composed of atoms.
This to me is why the human body is so interesting. If all organs are reversed, there is no harm because they are all working normal together. But one organ reversed is a serious problem[Why I tagged this]This is helpful to understand the relationship between different levels of human structure and the hierarchy of anatomy.[Why I tagged thisThis is a good way to remember how the body is linked.[Why I tagged thisLaura Kovach
Janis McNamara
Diffusion can be observed by dropping a dye crystal into a dish of still water. As the crystal dissolves, it forms a colored zone in the water that gets larger and larger with time (fig. 3.14). The dye molecules exhibit net movement from the point of origin, where their concentration is high, toward the edges of the dish, where their concentration is low. When the concentration of a substance differs from one point to another, we say it exhibits a concentration gradient. Particle movement from a region of high concentration toward a region of lower concentration is said to go down, or with, the gradient, and movement in the other direction is said to go up, or against, the gradient.
I think this is like when you die easter eggs but im not sure. Yout put the tablet in and after time the color has spread to the entire cup of water[Why tag this text]Question 4: Solute down a concentration gradient.When a solute moves down a concentration gradient it means that a particle moves from a region of high concentration to a region of lower concentration.[Why tag this textI think this is interesting because I didnt know exactly what diffusion was before I read this section, but now i know diffusion is a process that can be apart the living and nonliving. Where as Osmosis is always apart of the nonliving. I had a difficult time identifying the differences between osmosis and diffusion though?[Why tag this textSarah Ertl
Callie McCarthy
So if our bodies are capable of recoginizing and destroying cancer cells, why do people still need kemo treatments to kill the cancer.[Why tag this text]If changes in the glycocalyx activate the immune system to recognize and destroy then why does cancer ge tso bad? Where is the line that gets cross where the immune system can't fight it anymore. And does this change in the glycocalyx happen gradually or all at once?[Why tag this textI didn't know that the Glycocalyx could fight the cancer[Why tag this textNadin
Hussain
Organelles and other cellular components are composed of molecules. The largest molecules, such as proteins, fats, and DNA, are called macromolecules. A molecule is a particle composed of at least two atoms, the smallest particles with unique chemical identities.
Will we need to know the function of each?[Why I tagged this]molecules[Why I tagged thisBasic definitions- All organelles have a different function within the cell. DNA is required for human composition, is often the result of genetic predispostiton for disease, and is a macromolecule. Human life depends on water molecules.[Why I tagged thisCorianne
Amanda Baxter
There are several ways to measure the intensity of ionizing radiation, the amount absorbed by the body, and its biological effects. To understand the units of measurement requires a grounding in physics beyond the scope of this book, but the standard international (SI) unit of radiation exposure is the sievert3 (Sv), which takes into account the type and intensity of radiation and its biological effect
There are several ways to measure the intensity of ionizing radiation, the amount absorbed by the body, and its biological effects. To understand the units of measurement requires a grounding in physics beyond the scope of this book, but the standard international (SI) unit of radiation exposure is the sievert3 (Sv), which takes into account the type and intensity of radiation and its biological effect. Doses of 5 Sv or more are usually fatal. The average American receives about 3.6 millisieverts (mSv) per year in background radiation from natural sources and another 0.6 mSv from artificial sources. The most significant natural source is radon, a gas produced by the decay of uranium in the earth; it can accumulate in buildings to unhealthy levels. Artificial sources of radiation exposure include medical X-rays, radiation therapy, and consumer products such as color televisions, smoke detectors, and luminous watch dials. Such voluntary exposure must be considered from the standpoint of its risk-to-benefit ratio. The benefits of a smoke detector or mammogram far outweigh the risk from the low levels of radiation involved. Radiation therapists and radiologists face a greater risk than their patients, however, and astronauts and airline flight crews receive more than average exposure. U.S. federal standards set a limit of 50 mSv/year as acceptable occ
what is a physical half-life compared to a biological half-life?[Why tag this text]its so interesting that someone took the time to figure all this out and now because of finding out all of this it can help us in the future with illness and having a better understanding [Why tag this textways to measure ionizing radiation and the different levels that affect the body.[General-Do not useLauren Anthe
Brandon Brandemuehl
Proteoglycans form gels that help hold cells and tissues together, form a gelatinous filler in the umbilical cord and eye, lubricate the joints of the skeletal system, and account for the tough rubbery texture of cartilage.
Proteoglycans form gels that help hold cells and tissues together, form a gelatinous filler in the umbilical cord and eye, lubricate the joints of the skeletal system, and account for the tough rubbery texture of cartilage. Their structure and functions are further considered in Chapter 5.
This will be really helpful for my biochemistry class i am in, we are learning about these types of things.[Why tag this text]Proteoglycans form the ground substance in the extracellular matrix and also function as lubricant and a support structure. (An annotation I made in Chapter 5 regarding the histology of connective tissues discusses this as well.)[Why tag this textAlina Gur
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is secreted by the parathyroid glands, which adhere to the posterior surface of the thyroid gland (see fig. 17.10, p. 648). These glands release PTH when blood calcium is low. A mere 1% drop in the blood calcium level doubles the secretion of PTH. PTH raises the blood calcium level by four mechanisms (figs. 7.15 and 7.16b): 1. PTH binds to receptors on the osteoblasts, stimulating them to secrete RANKL, which in turn raises the osteoclast population and promotes bone resorption. 2. PTH promotes calcium reabsorption by the kidneys, so less calcium is lost in the urine. 3. PTH promotes the final step of calcitriol synthesis in the kidneys, thus enhancing the calcium-raising effect of calcitriol. 4. PTH inhibits collagen synthesis by osteoblasts, thus inhibiting bone deposition.
this is secreted by the parathyroid glands and adhere to the posterior surface of the thyroid gland[Why I tagged this]Secreted by the parathyroid glands, release PTH when blood calcium is low[Why I tagged thisParathyroid hormone does not increase the absorption of phosphate, because phosphate is only needed for bone depostion. PTH works in many ways to stop the bone from depositing calcium! It increases osteoclasts, promotes calcium reabsorption, promotes calcitrol synthesis, in inhibits osteoblasts. Hypoparathyroidism can cause low levels of PTH, resulting in low calcium levels and high phosphate. Symptoms of hypothyroidism include hand and foot spasms, as calcium carried in the blood is essential for muscle function.Hyperparathyroidism could be caused by cancer, and increases calcium in the blood. High levels in the blood are also associated with kidney stones because calcium builds up, or heartburn because excess calcium causes increased acid production of the stomach. [Why I tagged thisRachel Feivor
Amanda Baxter
Because the arm can move in all three anatomical planes, the shoulder joint is said to have three degrees of freedom, or to be a multiaxial joint. Other joints move through only one or two planes; they have one or two degrees of freedom and are called monaxial and biaxial joints, respectively. Degrees of freedom are a factor used in classifying the synovial joints.
These are crazy how many degrees these can be found [Why tag this]Would the head/neck joint be two or three degrees of freedom then? It seems to have two for sure but the third when moving can cause problems.[Why tag thisthere are three anatomical planes of movement; multiaxial has the most movement, type 3, and type 2. [Why tag thisSamuel Nichols
Thomas Hensler
Ionic compounds can be composed of more than two ions. Calcium has two valence electrons. It can become stable by donating one electron to one chlorine atom and the other electron to another chlorine, thus producing a calcium ion (Ca2+) and two chloride ions. The result is calcium chloride, CaCl2. Ionic bonds are weak and easily dissociate (break up) in the presence of something more attractive, such as water. The ionic bonds of NaCl break down easily as salt dissolves in water, because both Na+ and Cl- are more attracted to water molecules than they are to each other.Page 49 Apply What You KnowDo you think ionic bonds are common in the human body? Explain your answer.Covalent bonds form by the sharing of electrons. For example, two hydrogen atoms share valence electrons to form a hydrogen molecule, H2 (fig. 2.6a). The two electrons, one donated by each atom, swarm around both nuclei in a dumbbell-shaped cloud. A single covalent bond is the sharing of a single pair of electrons. It is symbolized by a single line between atomic symbols, for example H?H. A double covalent bond is the sharing of two pairs of electrons. In carbon dioxide, for example, a central carbon atom shares two electron pairs with each oxygen atom. Such bonds are symbolized by two lines?for example, O=C=O (fig. 2.6b).
what is a cation and an anion?[Why tag this text]Ionic/Covalent bonds. impromptu question[Why tag this textIonic bonds are broken when attracted to another atom.[General-Do not useGarrett Key
lenarch2
1.) Ausculation2.) Histology3.) Histopathology4.) Histology5.) Palpation[Why I tagged this]Auscultation would be used in order to listen to a patient for a heart murmur. Histology would be used to study the microscopic structure of the liver.Histopathology would be employed to examine the liver tissue for signs of hepatitis.Dissection would be used to learn the blood vessels of a cadaver.Finally, palpation would be the means of a breast self-examination.[General_Do Not Usejennifer lassiter
Fibers Three types of protein fibers are found in fibrous connective tissues: Collagenous (col-LADJ-eh-nus) fibers. These fibers, made of collagen, are tough and flexible and resist stretching. Collagen is the body's most abundant protein, constituting about 25% of the total. It is the base of such animal products as gelatin, leather, and glue.13 In fresh tissue, collagenous fibers have a glistening white appearance, as seen in tendons and some cuts of meat (fig. 5.13); thus, they are often called white fibers. In tissue sections, collagen forms coarse, wavy bundles, often dyed pink, blue, or green by the most common histo logical stains. Tendons, ligaments, and the deep layer of the skin (the dermis) are made mainly of collagen. Less visibly, collagen pervades the matrix of cartilage and bone. Reticular14 fibers. These are thin collagen fibers coated with glycoprotein. They form a spongelike framework for such organs as the spleen and lymph nodes. Elastic fibers. These are thinner than collagenous fibers, and they branch and rejoin each other along their course. They are made of a protein called elastin, whose coiled structure allows it to stretch and recoil like a rubber band. Elastic fibers account for the ability of the skin, lungs, and arteries to spring back after they are stretched. (Elasticity is not the ability to stretch, but the tendency to recoil when tension is released.) Fresh elastic fibers are yellowish and are sometimes called yellow fibers.
These fibers are very important because each one has different characteristics but they all work together within connective tissue to provide the base attachement for our muscles and organs. [Why tag this text]describe the three types of protein fibers found in the fibrous connective tissues.[Why tag this textprotein fibers vary. there are three kinds of them and they are collagenous whcih are tough and flexible, reticular fibers that are thin collagen that have glycoprotein on them. Then elastic fibers are thiner than collagenous fibers and they have branches and they rejoin each other [Why tag this textlenarch2
lindsay krueger
In hydrolysis, a water molecule ionizes into OH- and H+. A covalent bond linking one monomer to another is broken, the OH- is added to one monomer, and the H+ is added to the other one. All digestion consists of hydrolysis reactions.
A way to remember hydrolysis is to look at the prefix and suffix of the word. Hydro means water and lysis means to split. So basically hydrolysis means splitting of water, which would yield OH- and H+[Why tag this text]I would also like this reaction to be explained better as weel just so i can understand the concept better.[Why tag this textDi meaning [Why tag this textErin Griph
Sarah Hudson
Ligaments hold bones together at the joints and are discussed in chapter 9. Tendons are structurally similar to ligaments but attach muscle to bone; they are discussed with the muscular system in chapter 10.
Do ligaments conduct any sort of electrical signal or actions, as muscles do (and subsequently tendons carryout, via the muscular command/impules)? I.E: Do ligaments induce or play an initiating role in bone movement? Or do they simply aid in it as a supporting structure?[Why I tagged this]I always thought that tendons and ligaments were the same general thing until now. Is there a specific reason as to why tendons and ligaments are grouped into two different systems?[Why I tagged thisI find this important because the difference between ligaments and tendons confuse me. I now know that ligaments hold the bones together via joints. Tendons are similar but the bones attach to the muscle instead of the joint that it forms.[Why I tagged thisCaitlin
Lauren Thiel
Dialysis treatment for kidney patients is based on diffusion of solutes through artificial dialysis membranes.
so when we inhale the oxygen we are diffusioning our bloodstream?[Why tag this text]This is an excellent example of diffusion. By inhaling oxygen we do not need a membrane. Better yet, i can picture this happening from inhaling air to the process of oxygen being carried by the bloodstream.[Why tag this textI always wondered how dialysis worked for kidney patients. I didn't know that it was a process based on diffusion. How are artificial dialysis membranes created to allow this process to work?[Why tag this textTou Xiong Thao
Samantha B Johnson
This reaction appears in this book more often than any other, especially as we discuss respiratory, urinary, and digestive physiology.The direction in which a reversible reaction goes is determined by the relative abundance of substances on each side of the equation. If there is a surplus of CO2, this reaction proceeds to the right and produces bicarbonate and hydrogen ions. If bicarbonate and hydrogen ions are present in excess, the reaction proceeds to the left and generates CO2 and H2O. Reversible reactions follow the law of mass action: They proceed from the side with the greater quantity of reactants to the side with the lesser quantity. This law will help to explain processes discussed in later chapters, such as why hemoglobin binds oxygen in the lungs yet releases it to muscle tissue.In the absence of upsetting influences, reversible reactions exist in a state of equilibrium, in which the ratio of products to reactants is stable. The carbonic acid reaction, for example, normally maintains a 20:1 ratio of bicarbonate ions to carbonic acid molecules. This equilibrium can be upset, however, by a surplus of hydrogen ions, which drive the reaction to the left, or adding carbon dioxide and driving it to the right.
And this is what we see in the common soda, the carbonic acid is otherwise know as carbonation. & after awhile it dilutes out and becomes flat.[Why tag this text]If CO2 is combined with H2O why isn't oxygen mentioned in the product?[Why tag this textHomeostasis in the body is maintained by reversible reactions. The term reversible makes it easy to remember that the reaction can go either way depending on the amount of reactants. The rate of this reaction is increased by higher concentration. This is an important part of physiology because I have worked with many patients suffering from COPD, which causes a buildup of CO2 in the lungs if too much oxygen is given. These patients also have a higher risk of developing pneumonia, and may require steroid inhalers to prevent inflammation of the lung. [Why tag this textChelsea Moore
Amanda Baxter
When there is surgical removal of part of the flexor retinaculum what are there any negative consequences? Is there any less mobility of the wrist or such?[Why Tag This]Interesin to know. My mom had this surgery, and her understanding of what they cut was nothing like this description[Why Tag ThisCarpal Tunnel Syndrome: When tissues in the carpal tunnel become inflamed, swolled, or fibrotic. [Why Tag ThisCorianne
Danielle Henckel
Osteoporosis is now diagnosed with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), which uses low-dose X-rays to measure bone density.
Osteoporosis is now diagnosed with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), which uses low-dose X-rays to measure bone density. DEXA allows for early diagnosis and more effective drug treatment. Treatments for osteoporosis are aimed at slowing the rate of bone resorption. Estrogen-replacement therapy is out of favor because it increases the risk of breast cancer, stroke, and coronary artery disease. The bis-phosphonates (Fosamax, Actonel), among the current preferred treatments, act by destroying osteoclasts. They have been shown to increase bone mass by 5% to 10% over 3 years, and to reduce the incidence of fractures by 50%. Parathyroid hormone and derivatives such as teriparatide (Forteo) also are highly effective, but present a risk of bone cancer if used too long. The quest for safer drugs continues.But as is so often true, an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure. Drug treatments for osteoporosis cost a patient thousands of dollars annually; exercise and a good bone-building diet are far less costly. The optimal means of preventing osteoporosis is with good diet and exercise habits between the ages of 25 and 40, when bone density is on the rise. The greater bone density a person has going into middle age, the less he or she will be affected by osteoporosis later.
diagnosed with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. low-dose X-rays to measure bone densityincrease bone mass by 5% to 10% over 3 years[Why I tagged this]My mom just got this done the other day.[Why I tagged thishow osteoporosis is diagnosed and the treatments[Why I tagged thisQuinn
Alyssa Harmes
define anatomy and physiology and relate them to each other;
Anatomy is the study of structure while physiology is the study of function. They go hand in hand because in order to fully understand the structure one must understand how and why the structure does what it does. [Why I tagged this]Anatomy and physiology both mean the study of something, so antomy is the study of the structure and relationships between body parts. Physiology is the study of the function of the body parts. [Why I tagged this
Both anatomy and physiology have different meanings but they have to coincide with each other in order to understand the definition of both. Anatomy is the structure of something and physiology is how things work. An example of why you have to know the definition of both is that to fully interpret how an organ works, you have to know the anatomy of the body to see what organs help make that one specific organ function. Every organ plays a role in the functions of other organs. [Why I Tagged Thiskailey Cortez
Melissa Stevenson
new information[Why Tag This]Are these some of our strongest muscles?[Why Tag ThisTHere is so much in this information that is such good information[Why Tag ThisSenny Xiong
Lauren Anthe
sebaceous (oil) glands.
he rest of the body is covered with thin skin, which has an epidermis about 0.1 mm thick, with a thin stratum corneum (see fig. 6.6). It possesses hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands.
what causes some people to have more oily skin than others?[Why tag this text]So is it that where you have thick skin you are more likely to not get acne because you have have sebaceous glands?[Why tag this textwhy is the rest covered in thin skin?[Why tag this textMaisey Mulvey
Lauren Anthe
1. What is the difference between anatomy and physiology? How do these two sciences support each other?
1. What is the difference between anatomy and physiology? How do these two sciences support each other? 2. Name the method that would be used for each of the following: listening to a patient for a heart murmur; studying the microscopic structure of the liver; microscopically examining liver tissue for signs of hepatitis; learning the blood vessels of a cadaver; and performing a breast self-examination.
Useful information[Why I tagged this]Anatomy is the study of structure, while physiology is the study of funciton. The two go hand and hand; you can't study the function of the liver with out knowing the structure of it. Or maybe you could, you would just be more disruptive and intrusive. Or does this mean if you don't know the anatomy than how do you know it's a liver or an organ and how do you know you want to study what is does. You wouldn't want to study something that was meaningless to you. Also, if you don't know the physiology of something than the structure of it is less meaningful. Right? I think so. [Why I tagged thisThe different is anatomy is the study of structure while physiology is the study of function. They need each other because to know the structure you have to know the function. Auscultation to listen to a heart murmer, Dissection for learning the blood vessels, and Palpation for a self breast exam and histology for hepatitis[Anatomy and PhysiologyRachel Larsen
Stephanie
Making proteins for packaging or export. If a protein is to be packaged into a lysosome or secreted from the cell (such as a digestive enzyme), the ribosome docks on the rough endoplasmic reticulum and the new protein spools off into the cisterna of the ER instead of into the cytosol. The ER modifies this protein and packages it into transport vesicles whose destiny we will examine later.
Making proteins for packaging or export. If a protein is to be packaged or secreted, the ribosome docks on to the RER and the protein goes into the ER instead of the cytosol. The ER then modifies this and packages it into transport vesicles. [Why tag this text]The cell is like a factory, each organelle has a job and it takes all of them working rapidly and together to keep everything moving the way it is supposed to. [Why tag this textmaking proteins for packaging or exporting - lysosomes - rough ER[Why tag this textBonnie Watson
Alyssa Harmes
Failing to recognize the body's own tissues
ailing to recognize the body's own tissues, a misguided antibody known as rheumatoid factor also attacks the synovial membranes
What type of infection? I'm confused as to how this comes about. [Why tag this]If they are made for our body, how do these antibodies fail to recognize our tissue?[Why tag thiswhat are synvoial membranes?[Why tag thisMichea Jones
Lauren Anthe
metacarpophalangeal joints between the metacarpal bones of the hand and the proximal phalanges of the fingers, and the interphalangeal joints between the proximal and middle or the middle and distal phalanges (or proximal-distal in the thumb, which has no middle phalanx)
actions of the hand are mainly flexion and extension but also include:[Why Tag This]that really helps to remember the muscles when they are named after there location and appeararance[Why Tag Thiswhat the majority of the mucles act on in the hand[Why Tag ThisLauren Anthe
Blood, for example, normally has a pH ranging from 7.35 to 7.45. Deviations from this range cause tremors, fainting, paralysis, or even death.
Blood, for example, normally has a pH ranging from 7.35 to 7.45. Deviations from this range cause tremors, fainting, paralysis, or even death. Chemical solutions that resist changes in pH are called buffers. Buffers and pH regulation are considered in detail in Chapter 24.
wow, i did not know this. That seems like such a small range and major consequences for any deviation. What are some factors that would cause this change to occur in the blood.[Why tag this text]I have fainted a couple times, so that means my blood pH was off? Why and how could it be off?[Why tag this textthis is interesting to me and i would like to find out what types of things could disrupt or change the pH balance in the body causing tremors fainting paralysis or even death. does alcohol have a big role in causing these things to happen depending on there pH level?[Why tag this textJungas
MARIAH
Acid?base balance. Bone tissue buffers the blood against excessive pH changes by absorbing or releasing alkaline phosphate and carbonate salts.
absorbs or releases phosphate and carbonate salts[Why I tagged this]I know that womans pH levels can change on many occasions due to little things ... How does this affect the bones?[Why I tagged thisBefore taking this class I only thought bones were soley for support and movement. Now i know that bones and bone tissue do a lot more than that! Such as acid base balane, electrolyte balance, and blood formation. [Why I tagged thisJelena Ristic
Zoe Hitzemann
A single molecule of carbonic anhydrase, for example, breaks carbonic acid (H2CO3) down to H2O and CO2 at a rate of 36 million molecules per minute.
I would have thought that an enzyme was all used up after being activated by its substrate.[Why tag this text]This means that the body needs to somehow regulate how much of an enzyme is present otherwise you will create too much of a product and throw off the concentration gradients and impact other body functions.[Why tag this textJust an astonishing number of carbonic acids broken down in a single minute. Hard to image the speed that this is taking place.[Why tag this textBrandon Neldner
Nicholas Bruno
Especially in men, steroid abuse can be linked to severe emotional disorders.
Very intersting how the same drug can have opposite effects on people of different sexes due to their physiological make up[Why tag this text]I find this interesting because you mostly hear about mnen abusing steroids, and how that affects them. You rarely hear about a female using them, or hear about the affects it has on her.[Why tag this textWhat other emotional disorders are linked to steroid abuse in men? [Why I tagged thisAshley Wiedmeyer
Brittany
Four (sometimes five) tiny coccygeal vertebrae (Co1 to Co4 or Co5) fuse by the age of 20 to 30 years to form the coccyx39 (COC-six) (fig. 8.26), colloquially called the tailbone. Although it is indeed the vestige of a tail, it is not entirely useless; it provides attachment for the muscles of the pelvic floor.
Four (sometimes five) tiny coccygeal vertebrae (Co1 to Co4 or Co5) fuse by the age of 20 to 30 years to form the coccyx39 (COC-six) (fig. 8.26), colloquially called the tailbone. Although it is indeed the vestige of a tail, it is not entirely useless; it provides attachment for the muscles of the pelvic floor. Vertebra Co1 has a pair of horns (cornua) that serve as attachment points for ligaments that bind the coccyx to the sacrum. The coccyx can be fractured by a difficult childbirth or a hard fall on the buttocks.
What decides how many coccygeal vertebrae you recieve?[Why tag this]I was always told by my high school science teachers that the coccyx has no purpose, but it apparently does. This is another example of evidence for evolution.[Why tag thisThis section describes how the sacrum is fully fused by age 26 and the coccyx isn't fully fused until sometimes as late as age 30; why does the coccyx take longer than the sacrum? I feel that since the coccyx only serves as an anchor for the pelvic muscles and not much else it shouldn't take this long to develop. [Why tag thisMia Breidenbach
Jonathan Rooney
In 1775, Blagden spent 45 minutes in a chamber heated to 127° C (260° F)?along with a dog, a beefsteak, and some research associates. Being dead and unable to maintain homeostasis, the beefsteak was cooked. But being alive and capable of evaporative cooling, the dog panted, the men sweated, and all of them survived.
History does not record whether the men ate the beefsteak in celebration or shared it with the dog.Positive Feedback and Rapid Change
This is important because Charles Blagden did an experiment that proves how negative feedback works to keep us alive in living things[Why I tagged this]Very interesting experiment, quite dangerous though.[Why I tagged thisThis sentence made me laugh. Really no point to it. However, [Why I tagged thisAlejandra Contreras
Claire Silkaitis
The names of individual carbohydrates are often built on the word root sacchar- or the suffix -ose, both of which mean ?sugar? or ?sweet.?
The names of individual carbohydrates are often built on the word root sacchar- or the suffix -ose, both of which mean ?sugar? or ?sweet.? The most familiar carbohydrates are the sugars and starches.
I didnt even know that there were different kinds of carbohydrates that is why I highlighted this. And to make things worse they all have different names.[Why tag this text]Is it the structure of carbohydrates which makes them sweet, or the other way around? Or is this like the older more birthdays example, where they mean the same thing? Or is it something else completely?[Why tag this textIs this why they say dont eat carbs they are bad for you? Since its mostly sugar? [Why tag this textChelsea Moore
Erin Griph
This is not to say that you must be conversant in Latin or Greek grammar to proceed with your study of anatomy.
This is similar to other languages such as spanish. Each language has their own exceptions[Why I tagged this]Having pictures to go along with the names will really help to understand what these look like and what they do[Why I tagged thisYes but if you knew a few words it will only make is that much easier for you![Why I tagged thisSami
Maisey Mulvey
Only found in thick skin.[Why tag this text]Since this layer is only seen in thick skin, is this the layer that would become a callus on the soles of our feet or the palms of our hands? If not, what does create the callus?[Why tag this textabove the stratum granulosum seen only in areas with thick skin[Why tag this textKasey Kallien
Jelena Ristic
FIGURE 8.35The Pelvic Girdle.(a) Anterosuperior view, tilted slightly toward the viewer to show the base of the sacrum and the pelvic inlet. (b) Median section, to show the greater and lesser pelvis and the pelvic inlet and outlet.
so is this entire picture called [Why tag this]I never know that the little knot in the corner of my mouth was a muscle that is a point of covergence of several muscles.[General]I always irritat this tissue (i think that's how you would say it) by biting and chewing on the inside of my cheek when I get nervous or just randumly. The tissue actully heals really quickly and so I have heard that everything in or on the mouth does.[Why Tag ThisBeing able to palpate certain muscles helps me remember where and what these muscles are. Hopefully we'll be able to palpate more in lab too.[Why Tag ThisKaitlynn
Kasey Kallien
so would these early ground dwellers. Being able to stand up not only helps an animal stay alert but also frees the forelimbs for purposes other than walking. Chimpanzees sometimes walk upright to carry food, infants, or weapons (sticks and rocks), and it is reasonable to suppose that our early ancestors did so too.Page 12These advantages are so great that they favored skeletal modifications that made bipedalism12standing and walking on two legs?easier. Fossil evidence indicates that bipedalism was firmly established more than 4 million years ago; footprints of bipedal primates have been preserved in volcanic ash in Tanzania dated to 3.6 million years ago. The anatomy of the human pelvis, femur, knee, great toe, foot arches, spinal column, skull, arms, and many muscles became adapted for bipedal locomotion, as did many aspects of human family life and society. As the skeleton and muscles became adapted for bipedalism, brain volume increased dramatically (table 1.1). It must have become increasingly difficult for a fully developed, large-brained infant to pass through the mother's pelvic outlet at birth. This may explain why humans are born in a relatively immature, helpless state compared with other mammals, before their nervous systems have matured and the bones of the skull have fused. The helplessness of human young and their extended dependence on parental care may help to explain why humans have such exceptionally strong family ties.
a possible need to evolve from our ancestors[Why I tagged this]Came in conjuction with standing upright[Why I tagged thisThis was important because it explains how bipedalism was an advantage and why some primates have adapted to be able to become bipedal[Why I tagged thisMatthew Robert Schmidt
Danny Duong
rthroplasty,34 a treatment of last resort, is the replacement of a diseased joint with an artificial device called a prosthesis.35 Joint prostheses were first developed to treat injuries in World War II and the Korean War.
Total hip replacement (THR), first performed in 1963 by English orthopedic surgeon Sir John Charnley, is now the most common orthopedic procedure for the elderly. The first knee replacements were performed in the 1970s. Joint prostheses are now available for finger, shoulder, and elbow joints, as well as the hip and knee. Ar
a treatment of last resort, is the replacement of the diseased joint with an artificial device alled the prosthesis.[Why tag this]does this help?[Why tag thisWho would have knewn that the first performed hip replacement was in 1963 by John Charnley. I think that is very cool that we were able to performe that type of surgery way back than. And now look we can use them for fingers, elbows and more. [Why tag thisLauren Anthe
chanel
1. Stem cells- undifferentiated cells that divide and give rise to the keratinocytes. They are found only in the deepest layer of the epidermis, called the stratum basale.2. Keratinocytes- the hreat minority of epidermal cells. They are named for their role in synthesizing keratin. In ordinary histological specimens, nearly all visible epidermal cells are keratinocytes3. Melanocytes- occur only in the stratum basale, amid the stem cells and deepest keratinocytes. Synthesize the brown to black pigment melanin. Have branching processes that spread among the keratinocytes and continually shed melanin-containing fragments from their tips.4. Tactile cells- relatively few in number, are receptors for touch. Are found in the basal layer of the epidermis and are associated with an underlying dermal nerve fiber.5. Dendritic cells- found in two layers of the epidermis called the stratum spinosum and stratum granulosum. Are imune cells that originate in the bone marrow but migrate to the epidermis and epithelia of the oral cavity, esophagus, and vagina.[Why tag this text]theres the stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum[Why tag this textMelanocytes, tactile cells, stem cells, dendritic, keratinocytes. Melanocytes - give skin colorTactile Cells - sensory cellsStem cells - divide and give rise to the keratinocyteskeratinocyes- synthesize keratine. all visable epidermal cells are keratinocytesdendritic- sense pathogens and alert the immune system to activate[Why tag this textLauren Anthe
Jelena Ristic
I can see this part of anatomy and physiology is going to be the death of me. I can't spelling in English, so, how am I going to spelling in some crazy dead languages? ***And yes... English is my first language. [Why I tagged this]Come back from the dead? haha well, just get the pieces of the words down and use the pieces to form words as you do english.[Why I tagged thisI agree with Justin, especially since just changing a couple letters can end up being completely the wrong body part! This will definitely take a lot of studying and memorizing; does anybody have any helpful ways of remembering this?[Why I tagged thisandrew baker
Mackenzie DeClark
Exocrine glands are classified as simple if they have a single unbranched duct and compound if they have a branched duct. If the duct and secretory portion are of uniform diameter, the gland is called tubular.
Exocrine glands are classified as simple if they have a single unbranched duct and compound if they have a branched duct. If the duct and secretory portion are of uniform diameter, the gland is called tubular. If the secretory cells form a dilated sac, the gland is called acinar and the sac is an acinus32 (ASS-ih-nus), or alveolus33 (AL-vee-OH-lus). A gland with secretory cells in both the tubular and acinar portions is called a tubuloacinar gland (fig. 5.31).
Question 3: Simple glands are exocrine glands that have a single unbranched duct. An example would be a sweat gland. Compound glands are exocrine glands that have a branched duct. This would be a mammory gland.[Why tag this text]exocrine glands are simple and are single unbranched ducts and when they are compounded they then have a branched duct.[Why tag this textIt is good to know this because when looking at a duct its always good to know what kind it is. But this also makes me think how complex we are, not only our systems are complex, but our ducts have variations and complexities as well. [Why tag this textlindsay krueger
Justin Rosinski
1 mole= 6.023x 10^23 (avogadros number)[Why tag this text]Even though this is more advanced than what I learn in high school, I still remember doing calculations and measuring substances in my chemistry class.[Why tag this textWe learned about this in Chem 100 but the way they are discribing it is confusing. Dont you just add up the individual mass of each atom in the chemical formula to get the molelar weight.[Why tag this textDuan Phan
Flees Robert John
Protraction17 (fig. 9.15a) is the anterior movement of a body part in the transverse (horizontal) plane, and retraction18 (fig. 9.15b) is posterior movement. Your shoulder protracts, for example, when you reach in front of you to push a door open. It retracts when you return it to the resting (zero) position or pull the shoulders back to stand at military attention. Such exercises as rowing a boat, bench presses, and push-ups involve repeated protraction and re traction of the shoulders.
Protraction17 (fig. 9.15a) is the anterior movement of a body part in the transverse (horizontal) plane, and retraction18 (fig. 9.15b) is posterior movement. Your shoulder protracts, for example, when you reach in front of you to push a door open. It retracts when you return it to the resting (zero) position or pull the shoulders back to stand at military attention. Such exercises as rowing a boat, bench presses, and push-ups involve repeated protraction and re traction of the shoulders.
When my chiropractor said I had to retract my upper body I was confused until I asked him. I tend to slouch when standing and sitting.[Why tag this]I do not understand this concept at all [Why tag thisdescription of protraction and retraction[Why tag thisLauren Anthe
Alyssa Harmes
Lot of good information here.[Why Tag This]This whole section is a good resource expecially the tables and charts with the explantaion of where the msucles are starting and their insertion origin.[Why Tag ThisI tagged this because I have heard that you can swallow your tongue but I am not sure if it is true. Can a person really swallow their tongue[Why Tag ThisKaitlyn Britten
Tony Sustachek
The Upper LimbThe upper limb is divided into four segments containing a total of 30 bones per limb: The brachium49 (BRAY-kee-um), or arm proper, extends from shoulder to elbow. It contains only one bone, the humerus. The antebrachium,50 or forearm, extends from elbow to wrist and contains two bones: the radius and ulna. In anatomical position, these bones are parallel and the radius is lateral to the ulna. The carpus,51 or wrist, contains eight small carpal bones arranged in two rows. The manus,52 or hand, contains 19 bones in two groups: 5 metacarpals in the palm and 14 phalanges in the fingers.
Upper limb:Brachium: Extends from shoulder to elbow, only contains the humerusAntebrachium: Forearm, the radius and the ulnaCarpus: Wrist, contains eight bones. Carpal bones allow for movements. Manus: Hand, contains 19 bones in two groups. [Why tag this]consists of brachium, antebrachium, carpus, and manus[Why tag thisThe upper limb contains 30 bones per limb. There are four segments, brahium, antebrachium, carpus,manus. They all contain different numbers of bones. [Why tag thisBrittany Nycz
Anisa Janko
A hair is also known as a pilus (PY-lus); in the plural, pili (PY-lye). It is a slender filament of keratinized cells that grows from an oblique tube in the skin called a hair follicle (fig. 6.7).
A hair is also known as a pilus (PY-lus); in the plural, pili (PY-lye). It is a slender filament of keratinized cells that grows from an oblique tube in the skin called a hair follicle (fig. 6.7).[image #1] Figure 6.7Structure of a Hair and Its Follicle.(a) Anatomy of the follicle and associated structures. (b) Light micrograph of the base of a hair follicle.APR Module 4: Integumentary: histology: hair follicle: LM: Medium Magnification
is that what makes the hair grow at an angle and not striaght upwards?[Why tag this]when pulling out a hair on your body, you often see a white tip from where it was within the dermis. Is that the dermal papilla being exposed? or the the hair bulb [always] white?[Why tag thisOur hair is more unique than we all think.[Why tag thisEmily Zuelzke
PangJeb Vang
the fibers are parallel to each other
The parallel arrangement of fibers is an adaptation to the fact that tendons and ligaments are pulled in predictable directions by musculoskeletal stresses. With some minor exceptions such as blood vessels and sensory nerve fibers, the only cells in this tissue are fibroblasts, visible by their slender, violet-staining nuclei squeezed between bundles of collagen. This type of tissue has few blood vessels, so injured tendons and ligaments are slow to heal.
It is important to make sure you do not mix this up with smooth muscle tissue. You must look for the fibers.[Why tag this text]I found the answer I was looking for: regularity of connective fibers directly relates to the position of the fibers. Parallel = regular. [Why tag this textI once tore my ligament in my elbow. I was in so much pain and now I know why. I'm super gald I got to read this, it now makes sense.[Why tag this textAlina Gur
Kelly Stahl
The muscles of this layer serve only the great and little toes. They are the flexor digiti minimi brevis, flexor hallucis brevis, and adductor hallucis. The adductor hallucis has an oblique head that extends diagonally from the midplantar region to the base of the great toe, and a transverse head that passes across the bases of digits II?IV and meets the long head at the base of the great toe.
Ventral layer 3 only serve the toes. It is comprised of the flexor digiti minimi brevis, flexor hallucis brevis, and adductor hallucis. [Why Tag This]ventral layer 3 - location and action[Why Tag Thisit's important to know that these are all attached and how these muscle opperate together.[Why Tag ThisAlyssa Harmes
Rebecca Hoefs
Doing an experiment properly involves several important considerations. What shall I measure and how can I measure it? What effects should I watch for and which ones should I ignore? How can I be sure that my results are due to the factors (variables) that I manipulate and not due to something else? When working on human subjects, how can I prevent the subject's expectations or state of mind from influencing the results? Most importantly, how can I eliminate my own biases and be sure that even the most skeptical critics will have as much confidence in my conclusions as I do? Several elements of experimental design address these issues:
Consideration of designing an experiment[Why I tagged this]by confronting these questions, we can form a firm hypothesis and study to produce the most satisfactory results[hypothesisThis was important because it addresses the many factors that must be answered when doing a scientific experiment so one can get the most accurate data possible for their research[Why I tagged thisNick Lund
Danny Duong
This is a clear explanation of the difference between heat and temperature. [Why tag this text]I find this really interesting. I've always wondered what helps us maintain our body temperature so well, and now I know at least part of what does.[Why tag this textI tagged this because it is interesting and provides a reason why water can take a long time to boil[Why tag this textKristin Basche
Tony Sustachek
However, if it is going to be packaged into a lysosome or secreted from the cell (for example, insulin), the entire polyribosome migrates to the rough ER and docks on its surface.
other times that chaperones held guide or send signals[Why tag this text]how does the cell get heated or stressed out?[Why tag this textThat makes a lot of sense why the Rough Endoplasmic Recticulum has all the ribisomes stuck on it. But why don't the polyribosomes migrate to the Smooth Endoplasmic Recticulum?[Why tag this textLauren Anthe
mainkao
The RNA produced by transcription is an ?immature? form called pre-mRNA. This molecule contains ?sense? portions called exons that will be translated into a protein, and ?nonsense? portions called introns that must be removed before translation. Enzymes remove and degrade the introns and splice the exons together into a functional mRNA molecule, which then leaves the nucleus. It may help you in remembering these if you think of introns being removed while still in the nucleus and the exons being exported from the nucleus to undergo translation in the cytoplasm.
The RNA produced by transcription is an ?immature? form called pre-mRNA. This molecule contains ?sense? portions called exons that will be translated into a protein, and ?nonsense? portions called introns that must be removed before translation. Enzymes remove and degrade the introns and splice the exons together into a functional mRNA molecule, which then leaves the nucleus. It may help you in remembering these if you think of introns being removed while still in the nucleus and the exons being exported from the nucleus to undergo translation in the cytoplasm.Through a mechanism called alternative splicing, one gene can code for more than one protein. Suppose a gene produced a pre-mRNA containing six exons separated by noncoding introns. As shown in figure 4.6, these exons can be spliced together in various combinations to yield codes for two or more proteins. This is a partial explanation of how the body can produce millions of different proteins with no more than 25,000 genes.
does that mean its not a full strand of RNA?[Why tag this text]I tagged this section of the reading because it further explained to me previous questions I had about splicing parts of the RNA molecule. How DNA, and RNA works is a topic I have been unsure of. I enjoyed reading this portion because it gave a more in-depth description of what goes on than what I am used to.[Why tag this textThis is so shockingly complex. It is also a good start to one of the many possible answers to the question posed in Salon and addressed yesterday in lecture: [Why tag this textKasey Bowers
jennifer lassiter
At such time, however, most of the body is still biologically alive and its organs may be useful for transplant.
Physiological Variation
If this is true, why are families sometimes given hope that their loved one may come back?[Why I tagged this]How are organs transferred to other people without dying? [Why I tagged thisThis is important because no two people are a like and many things are different depending on many physiological variables which makes it a need to treat everyone differently depending on these variables[Why I tagged thisLauren Thiel
Danny Duong
what would happen if the tendon is rip?[Why tag this]This would make sense because of the constant use of the muscle in order to move a joint, thus the need for a very secure muscle-joint connection so the lever system doesn't fail. Why would tendonitis be so common? And does tendonitis then mean less flexibility of the joint, because tendons stabilize joints?[Why tag thiswhat would happen if the tendons tear?[Why tag thisMia Breidenbach
lujain
can hair in those areas grow at different time periods or after a certain age if you don't have hair there will it never grow in those areas?[General_Do not use]I would like to know more about how the hairiness of a person can determine what health risks a person may have. I always thought that hair was hair and some people were just genetially hairier than others[Why tag thisexcessive hair[Why tag thisRiley Spitzig
Jelena Ristic
Is this a cross between level one and level two?[Why tag this]third class lever[Why tag thisthird-class lever and examples[Why tag thisKaela Tjugum
Alyssa Harmes
Figure 6.13Burns.(a) First-degree burn, involving only the epidermis. (b) Second-degree burn, involving the epidermis and part of the dermis. (c) Third-degree burn, extending through the entire dermis and often involving even deeper tissue.
It is interesting to know that a first degree burn, specifically sunburn, is erytherma. It is neat to know what is occuring with the blood flow and red blood cells due to the burn. [Why tag this]describes which layer/layers of skin each burn effects[Why tag thisI was wondering what did they mean by seconed-dgree burn, and now i get it.[Why tag thisChad Mudd
bayan
In both apocrine and merocrine sweat glands, specialized myoepithelial34 cells are found amid the secretory cells at the deep end of the gland. They have contractile properties similar to those of smooth muscle. The sympathetic nervous system stimulates them to contract, squeeze the base of the gland, and force perspiration up the duct?particularly under conditions of overheating, nervousness, or arousal.
What makes the glands similar.[General_Do Not Use]Both apocrine and merocrine sweat glands have more differences than similiarities. I thought it was very interesting to read about the differences in them. Merocrine glands are used mainly when you're working out or in a very hot environment and apocrine glands are more for when you're stressed or nervous.[Why tag thisIs there a reason they are only found in the end of the glands? [Why tag thisAshley McBain
Lauren Anthe
TABLE 8.2 Anatomical Features (Markings) of BonesTerm Description and ExampleArticulationsCondyle A rounded knob that articulates with another bone (occipital condyles of the skull)Facet A smooth, flat, slightly concave or convex articular surface (articular facets of the vertebrae)Head The prominent expanded end of a bone, sometimes rounded (head of the femur)Extensions and projectionsCrest A narrow ridge (iliac crest of the pelvis)Epicondyle An expanded region superior to a condyle (medial epicondyle of the femur)Line A slightly raised, elongated ridge (nuchal lines of the skull)Process Any bony prominence (mastoid process of the skull)ProtuberanceA bony outgrowth or protruding part (mental protuberance of the chin)Spine A sharp, slender, or narrow process (mental spines of the mandible)Trochanter Two massive processes unique to the femurTubercle A small, rounded process (greater tubercle of the humerus)Tuberosity A rough elevated surface (tibial tuberosity)DepressionsAlveolus A pit or socket (tooth socket)Fossa A shallow, broad, or elongated basin (mandibular fossa)Fovea A small pit (fovea capitis of the femur)Sulcus A groove for a tendon, nerve, or blood vessel (intertubercular sulcus of the humerus)Passages and cavitiesCanal A tubular passage or tunnel in a bone (auditory canal of the skull)Fissure A slit through a bone (orbital fissures behind the eye)Foramen A hole through a bone, usually round (foramen magnum of the skull)Meatus An opening into a canal (external acoustic meatus of the ear)Sinus An air-filled space in a bone (frontal sinus of the forehead)
this is very important to know for my career in the future[Why tag this]Knowing this stuff will be very beneficial for the rest of the class material.[Why tag thisIn studying the anatomical skeleton, I did not realize there was so much minute terminology. This table of the Anatomical features and marking was big help in outling those numerous features and in understanding the big role in helping to visualize bone attachments. [Why tag thisJoseph Skarlupka
Catherine Andersen
It is also an important consideration in training for athletics or dance, in clinical diagnosis, and in monitoring the progress of rehabilitation.
Structure of the articular surfaces of the bones. In many cases, joint movement is limited by the shapes of the bone surfaces. For example, you cannot straighten your elbow beyond 180° or so because, as it straightens, the olecranon of the ulna swings into the olecranon fossa of the humerus and the fossa prevents it from moving any farther. Strength and tautness of ligaments and joint capsules. Some bone surfaces impose little if any limitation on joint movement. The articulations of the phalanges are an example; as one can see by examining a dry skeleton, an interphalangeal joint can bend through a broad arc. In life, however, these bones are joined by ligaments that limit their movement. As you flex one of your knuckles, ligaments on the anterior (palmar) side of the joint go slack, but ligaments on the posterior (dorsal) side tighten and prevent the joint from flexing beyond 90° or so. The knee is another case in point. In kicking a football, the knee rapidly extends to about 180°, but it can go no farther. Its motion is limited in part by a cruciate ligament and other knee ligaments described later. Gymnasts, dancers, and acrobats increase the ROM of their synovial joints by gradually stretching their ligaments during training. ?Double-jointed? people have unusually large ROMs at some joints, not because the joint is actually double or fundamentally different from normal in its anatomy, but because the ligaments are unusually long or slack. Action of the muscles and tendons.
When I shadowed a Physical Therapist, I remember watching her measure the angles of a woman's ankle joint when flexed and relaxed so she could make an assessment as to any improvements in the woman's injured ankle and range of motion in that ankle, compared to the range of motion in her uninjured ankle. [Why tag this]Range of motion is very important in athletics. If an athlete has a limited range of motion that inhibits their athletic performance, it could ultimately cause an injury if the ROM of a joint is pushed beyond it's limit.[Why tag thisStructure of articular surfaces of bones, strength and tautness of ligaments and joiny capsules, and action of the muscles and tendons are all limits on the range of motion[Why tag thisChristina Colarossi
Ethan Kelly
named for the number of amino acids they have?for example, dipeptides have two and tripeptides have three.
20 Amino Acids[Why tag this text]The 20 amino acids[General-Do not useI thought this was interesting because I've seen brands of shampoo that advertise Keratin in the ingredients. This now makes sense: Keratin gives your hair strength.[Why tag this textlenarch2
Stephanie
This is interesting to me because I was not aware of this. Is there a special reason or benefit of this ?[Why tag this]It's very interesting that within one week the limbs, of the baby in embrionic development, are rotated and formed.[Why tag thisThis is amazing, the development we go through from conception to birth is incredible.[Why tag thisNadin
Madeline
People who are allergic to aspirin or penicillin often wear MedicAlert bracelets or necklaces that note this fact in case they need emergency medical treatment and are unable to communicate.
People who are allergic to aspirin or penicillin often wear MedicAlert bracelets or necklaces that note this fact in case they need emergency medical treatment and are unable to communicate. Why would it be important for a person with situs inversus (see Deeper Insight 1.2) to have this noted on a MedicAlert bracelet?
this is a good example of how technology is altered by Science[alteration]people who are allergic to certain medicines where medicalert breceltes in case of emerencies.[Why I tagged thisIt is important because the doctor may be confused in diagnosing a patient with this disorder otherwise[Why I tagged thislindsay krueger
Janis McNamara
This is really interesting. It seems nature is one of the most efficient engineers. THe variation of surface structures across different types of cells(stomach vs nasal etc.) truly represents intelligient design. [Why tag this text]It's interesting to me how specialized and truly complex our bodies are that our cells develop structures to increase their absorptive surface to help provide max nourishment to the cell[Why tag this textThe amount of absurption microvilli do is incredible, and they give the cell a numerous amount of increased surface area to do so. Can two microvilli of different cells absob something half way and each cell take half?[Why tag this textStephanie
corey
Muscle fibers and neurons are regarded as electrically excitable cells because their plasma membranes exhibit voltage changes in response to stimulation. The study of the electrical activity of cells, called electrophysiology, is a key to understanding nervous activity, muscle contraction, the heartbeat, and other physiological phenomena. The details of electrophysiology are presented in chapter 12, but a few fundamental principles must be introduced here so you can understand muscle excitation.In an unstimulated (resting) cell, there are more anions (negative ions) on the inside of the plasma membrane than on the outside. Thus, the plasma membrane is electrically polarized, or charged, like a little battery. In a resting muscle cell, there is an excess of sodium ions (Na+) in the extracellular fluid (ECF) outside the cell and an excess of potassium ions (K+) in the intracellular fluid (ICF) within the cell. Also in the ICF, and unable to penetrate the plasma membrane, are anions such as proteins, nucleic acids, and phosphates. These anions make the inside of the plasma membrane negatively charged by comparison to its outer surface.
Electrically Excitable Cells:Electophysiology is key to understanding nervous activity. An unstimulated or resting cell has more anions inside than outside. The inside is then negatively charged compared to outside. [Why I tagged this]Electrically Excitable Cells:Electophysiology is key to understanding nervous activity. An unstimulated or resting cell has more anions inside than outside. The inside is then negatively charged compared to outside. Difference in charge is called electrical potential. Cations override negative anions inside the cell, making it temporarily positive. This is called depolarizzation. Repolarization is when it becomes negative again. [Why I tagged thisI am interested to look further into the field of electrophysiology. Without the use of electrical impulses the body would not be able to carry out criticals functions such as movement and the production of a heartbeat. I am trained in using an AED device and know of the dangers this device can have on the body if it is not properly used. [Why I tagged thisJonathan Rooney
Crossing the quadriceps from the lateral side of the hip to the medial side of the knee is the narrow, straplike sartorius, the longest muscle of the body.
Crossing the quadriceps from the lateral side of the hip to the medial side of the knee is the narrow, straplike sartorius, the longest muscle of the body. It flexes the hip and knee joints and laterally rotates the thigh, as in crossing the legs. It is colloquially called the ?tailor's muscle? after the cross-legged posture of a tailor supporting his work on the raised knee.
This is what I tend to pull a lot or im quite sore. Im not really sure why this is what is most sore when I work out.[Why Tag This]How long is the sartorius?[Why Tag ThisA previous professor of mine called this the captain morgan muscle it really helped me to remember it because it helps put the leg up like the guy on the bottle.[Why Tag ThisCassi Malko
Erin Griph
Fusiform7 (FEW-zih-form)?spindle-shaped; elongated, with a thick middle and tapered ends, as in smooth muscle cells.
long spindle look, smooth muscle cells.[Why tag this text]I'm trying to think of a good way of remembering this topic because fusiform is the only one that I cannot remember. They are muscle cells so does that mean that the have more fibrous tissues? [Why tag this textQuestion 2: Cell Shapes:Squamous, a thin, flat cell with a small bulge for the nucleus.Stellate, a starshaped cell, with multipe processes protruding from the cell.Columnar, a taller, retangular shaped cellFusiform, spindle-shaped, wider at the center and thinner at the ends.[Why tag this textGrace
Sarah Ertl
Flexion lines (flexion creases) are the lines on the flexor surfaces of the digits, palms, wrists, elbows, and other places (see fig. B.19, p. 395). They mark sites where the skin folds during flexion of the joints. The skin is tightly bound to deeper connective tissues along these lines.
Crazy! what happens if one burns their finger? does the exact pattern grow back from the underyling skin?[Why tag this text]Flexiion lines are the fold lines one certain parts of skin from flexion[Why tag this textWould this suggest that we are born with very few flexion lines and they simply grow deeper with age due to the extended use of joints?[Why tag this textAnthony Wheeler
Alina Gur
I thought this was a very important tip that to help learn terms easier they should be broken down and looked at carefully[Why I tagged this]Question 3: Pericardium: peri- around, cardi- heartAppendectomy: addend- addendix ec- out of, tomo- cutSubcutaneous: sub- below, cutane- skin, -ous: full ofPhonocardiogram: phono- sound, cardi- heart, -gram: recording ofOtorhinolaryngology: oto- ear, rhin- nose, laryng- larnyx, -logy: study of[Why I tagged thisPericardium=Through the structure of the heartAppendectomy=The process of cutting the bottom of the Appendix[Why I tagged thisSarah Ertl
Hauser Joseph Alan
What about just maintaining estrogen use through menopause, such as birthcontrol. ?[Why I tagged this]This is such a great comment. It should be on a billboard somewhere. I have couple of people with hip replacements due to low calcium level and bone density prior to being 40 and they are constantly complaining about pain. But that could be due to the surgery too. Just scares me.[Why I tagged thisI have emailed this excerpt to my mother, sister, aunt and cousin. [Why I tagged thisJerry S Yang
jennifer lassiter
Question 8: Anaerobic respiration has disadvantages in compared to aerobic repiration because it does not remove more energy from pyruvic acid and produces lactic acid which is toxic. The advantage is that it allows for glycolysis continue without the presense of oxygen.[Why tag this text]This reinforces infomation from Bio 150 about why aerobic respiration is a better form of energy breakdown that anerobic respiration. It points out that not as much energy is produced, and that lactic acid is actually toxic to the body.[Why tag this textAnaerobic fermentation: With no oxygen pyruvic acid is converted into lactic acid. [Why tag this textJoe Nimm
Danielle Henckel
These ligaments cross each other in the form of an X; hence, they are called the anterior cruciate28 (CROO-she-ate) ligament (ACL) and posterior cruciate ligament (PCL). These are named according to whether they attach to the anterior or posterior side of the tibia, not for their attachments to the femur. When the knee is extended, the ACL is pulled tight and prevents hyperextension. The PCL prevents the femur from sliding off the front of the tibia and prevents the tibia from being displaced backward. The ACL is one of the most common sites of knee injury (see Deeper Insight 9.4).
I had no idea anything was in the joints I thought it was just all one big structure, but turns out it has structures inside it as well.[Why tag this]How much force, and in what direction, would be needed to tear the ACL? [Why tag thiswell that makes it easy to identify[Why tag thisKaylee Richards
Lauren Anthe
Ionic bond is the attraction of a cation to an anion. Covalent bond form by the sharing of one or more electrons. Single covalent bond is the sharing of one electron pair. Double covalent bond is the sharing of two electron pairs. Nonpolar covalent bonds are equally attracted to both nuclei. Polar covalent bonds are attracted to one nucleus than to the other. Hydrogen bond is a weak attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen aton in one molecule and a slightly negative oxygen or nitrogen aton in another. Van der Waals bond are weak, brief attraction between neutral atoms.[Why tag this text]I think in some cases you can describe some types of chemical bonds as though they are like relationships. For example, a polar covalent bond can be described when electrons are more attracted to one nucleus than to another like I am saying I am more attracted to Ryan Gosling than other actors. [Why tag this textA chemical bond is a region that forms when electrons from different atoms interact with each other. The types of bonds are ionic and covalent bonds. An Ionic bond is formed when one atom accepts or donates one or more of its valence electrons to another atom. A covalent bond is formed when atoms share valence electrons.[Why tag this textNoelle
kailey Cortez
Table 4.1 Comparison of DNA and RNAFeature DNA RNASugar Deoxyribose RiboseTypes of nitrogenous bases A, T, C, G A, U, C, GNumber of nitrogenous bases Averages 108 base pairs 70?10,000 bases, mostly unpairedNumber of nucleotide chains Two (double helix) OneSite of action Functions in nucleus; cannot leave Leaves nucleus; functions mainly in cytoplasmFunction Codes for synthesis of RNA and protein Carries out the instructions in DNA; assembles proteinsThe essential function of the three principal RNAs is to interpret the code in DNA and use those instructions to synthesize proteins. RNA is a disposable molecule that works mainly in the cytoplasm, while DNA is irreplaceable and remains safely behind in the nucleus, ?giving orders? from there. This process is described in the next section of the chapter.
Table 4.1 - I thought this table was super easy breakdown between the functions of RNA and DNA. It gets confusing and to see it listed like this, helps simplify a challenging concept.[Why tag this text]I tagged this because it is so important to know the differences between DNA and RNA and how they compare. [Why tag this textDakota Francart
soha
I find it rather interesting that muscle nerve fibers follow the all-or-none law and twitches do not. It would make sense if the nerve fibers are supplied with the necessary amount of energy to reach the action potential that the twitch would have equal responses. I would like to explore this concept in class. [Why I Tagged This]I understand that a muscle must contract at its maximum extent, but if a twitch undergoes contraction, why does the twitch too not have an all-or-none law? Twitches must vary in strength, but how can this be due to my previous question? [Why I Tagged ThisThis is very interesting, I didnt even know that twitches could be caused by many different factors. But when a person has turrets syndrome, do any of these come into play with the disease? [Why I Tagged ThisEmily
Kayla Theys
4. How does an ionic bond differ from a covalent bond?
Such harm caused by free radicals is why antioxidants are such an important part of the diet.[Why tag this text]It occurs when an extra electron is added to a molecule or compound. It becomes harmful because they gang up and kill more and more molecules and sometimes damages even heart tissue. And our body protect against it by producing antioxidants to neutralize the existing free radicals.[Why tag this textIonic bonds are weak and easily break up in the presence of something more attractive, such as water and a covalent bond forms by sharing electrons[Why tag this textHauser Joseph Alan
Kenyetta
The major deep muscles are the semispinalis thoracis in the thoracic region and quadratus lumborum in the lumbar region. The erector spinae and quadratus lumborum are enclosed in a fibrous sheath called the thoracolumbar fascia, which is the origin of some of the abdominal and lumbar muscles. The multifidus is a collective name for a series of tiny muscles that connect adjacent vertebrae to each other from the cervical to lumbar region.
so if they are all similar why have so many?[Why tag this]Alot of the muscles seem to be named after their origins and attachment areas.[Why tag thisI've noticed that many smaller muscles lie underneath larger muscles and attach to more places. The larger muscles help provide the strength needed to move large structures and the smaller ones provide more intricate movement to the joints.[Why tag thisJoshua Collier
Caitlin
Question 7: why glycocalyx is important.Glycocalyx is important to human survival because it is vital for immunity to infection and denfense against caner. They help in protection, transplant compatibility, cell adhesion, fertilization, and embryonic development.[Why tag this text]This is very good information to know and seems importnat to understand and how significant the funtion of the Glycocalyx is in the plasma membrane. It's the basis of the plasma membrane that serves to protect and bind the cells together so the physical tissue won't fall apart. [Why tag this textSeems like without the Glycocalyx the cell would basically be destroyed. Withouth this the cell would break down and die, and its also important for fertilization.[Why tag this textPatrick O'Connell
Forensic pathologists look for a fractured hyoid as evidence of strangulation.
Didn't know the larynx was closely associated with the skull. Thought it was mainly for speaking and breathing purposes.[Why tag this]When I went to physical theraphy for my vocal injury, I was taught how to safely manipulate the hyoid bone to loosen the attached muscles to lessen the tension put on my voicebox. It was actually really cool to learn![Why tag thiswould a fractured hyoid bone lead to sudden death?[Why tag thisAlina Gur
Ashley Wiedmeyer
Molecules are chemical particles composed of two or more atoms united by a chemical bond.
Molecules are chemical particles composed of two or more atoms united by a chemical bond. The atoms may be identical, as in nitrogen (N2), or different, as in glucose (C6H12O6). Molecules composed of two or more elements are called compounds. Oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) are both molecules, because they consist of at least two atoms; but only CO2 is a compound, because it has atoms of two different elements.Molecules can be represented by molecular formulae that identify their constituent elements and show how many atoms of each are present. Molecules with identical molecular formulae but different arrangements of their atoms are called isomers4 of each other. For example, both ethanol (grain alcohol) and ethyl ether have the molecular formula C2H6O, but they are certainly not interchangeable! To show the difference between them, we use structural formulae that show the location of each atom (fig. 2.5).
Molecules:2 or more atoms connected by a chemical bond. Can be two of the same elements or two different ones. Two different elements result in a compound. [Why tag this text]Molecules: chemical particles consisting of two or more atoms. can either be just a molecule or compound.[Why tag this textStephanie
Garrett Key
The sugar in RNA is ribose instead of deoxyribose. RNA contains three of the same nitrogenous bases as DNA?adenine, cytosine, and guanine?but it has no thymine; a base called uracil (U) takes its place (see fig. 4.1b). Transfer RNA has more than 50 different nitrogenous bases, but for our purposes, we don't need to consider any except A, U, C, and G.
Why is thymine replaced by uracil? [Why tag this text]RNA info[Why tag this textRNA uses ribose instead of deoyribose - it also uses A C G U instead of T. it has many bases that can connect[Why tag this textAmanda
Linda Xiong
So would this be unhealthy for those huge body builders, and is this why they have to take so many supplements to stay that big, because the cells are designed to get that huge?[Why tag this text]I am still confussed by this statement. If you are always taking the square of the diameter and the cube of the diameter, what is the point where the cell is [Why tag this textSo if a cell gets this big and doesn't rupture does it do any good in the body or is just in a way dead? Can a cell be too small to do good?[Why tag this textHeather Archibald
Lindsay Orgas
The Lumbar Vertebrae There are five lumbar vertebrae (L1?L5). Their most distinctive features are a thick, stout body and a blunt, squarish spinous process for attachment of the strong lumbar muscles (fig. 8.25c). In addition, their articular processes are oriented differently than on other vertebrae. The superior processes face medially (like the palms of your hands about to clap), and the inferior processes face laterally, toward the superior processes of the next vertebra. This arrangement resists twisting of the lower spine. These differences are best observed on an articulated skeleton.
Lumbar Vertebrae: Five lumbar vertebrae, most distinct features= thick, stouth body and blunt parts. [Why tag this]I had two stress fractures in my L5, so learning about the lumbar vertebrae really interests me.[Why tag thisThere are 5 lumbar vertebrae and this is where i have my back injury. This makes sense because it was told that due to the strenious activies my back was going through, the lumbar muscles could not support the lumbar spine.[General_Do not useSamantha Herron
Brandon Brandemuehl
Earlier we considered the clinical importance of variations in human anatomy, but physiology is even more variable. Physiological variables differ with sex, age, weight, diet, degree of physical activity, and environment, among other things. Failure to consider such variation leads to medical mistakes such as overmedication of the elderly or medicating women on the basis of research that was done on men.
How is this part of a characteristic of life? This seems to be more a product of living rather than a way to tell if something is living.[Why I tagged this]This would be very important to consider, say if a patient were going in for therapy after an accident. If they were elderly their recovery would be quite different from a younger person's.[Why I tagged thisIt is interesting that both form and function vary from person to person and also changes throughout different phases in life. [Why I tagged thisSophie
Jonathan Rooney
I highlighted this section of the reading because when I first read it, I was very confused. To better understand this section of the reading, I needed to read, and then re-read what was written. I believe this section of the reading is also particularly important because it discusses the connections the brain and the ears have with one another. Without these blood vessels, bones, and connections, the brain and the ears would not cooperate with one another. [Why tag this]I thought this was intersting because I always thought that w it was my pulse that I was hearing while amlaying down, now I know that it is my heart.[Why tag thisI get migraines and sometimes I can hear and feel a pounding in my head. Is that the carotid artery pulsating?[Why tag thischanel
Cassi Malko
Blows to the head can also shear off the olfactory nerves that pass through the ethmoid bone and cause anosmia, an irreversible loss of the sense of smell and a great reduction in the sense of taste (most of which depends on smell). This not only deprives life of some of its pleasures, but can also be dangerous, as when a person fails to smell smoke, gas, or spoiled food.
Wow, quite interesting. I had never heard of someone losing their sense of smell due to a blow to the head.[Why tag this]This reminds me of the poor Richard III whos crushed skull was found benith the [Why tag thisI've often wondered why these two sense are so connected, such as when you have a cold and you also lose your ability to taste. [Why tag thisJohn
Sophie
Are there seriously that many to go over??[Why tag this]joint that allows maximum movement[Why tag thisThe shoulder and hip joints are examples.[Why tag thisRebecca Teplitz
Rachel
In the remainder of this chapter, we consider about 160 muscles. The following suggestions may help you develop a rational strategy for learning the muscular system: Examine models, cadavers, dissected animals, or a photographic atlas as you read about these muscles. Visual images are often easier to remember than words, and direct observation of a muscle may stick in your memory better than descriptive text or two-dimensional drawings. When studying a particular muscle, palpate it on yourself if possible. Contract the muscle to feel it bulge and sense its action. This makes muscle locations and actions less abstract. Atlas B, following this chapter, shows where you can see and palpate several of these muscles on the living body. Locate the origins and insertions of muscles on an articulated skeleton. Some study skeletons are painted and labeled to show these. This helps you visualize the locations of muscles and understand how they produce particular joint actions. Study the derivation of each muscle name; the name usually describes the muscle's location, appearance, origin, insertion, or action. Say the names aloud to yourself or a study partner. It is harder to remember and spell terms you cannot pronounce, and silent pronunciation is not nearly as effective as speaking and hearing the names. Pronunciation guides are provided in the muscle tables for all but the most obvious cases.
These are helpful hints for me to keep in mind because I know one thing that worries me about this chapter is my ability to memorize origin, insertion, function, and names of all the differnt muscles we are to study. [Why tag this]with 600 hundred muscles in our body I can't even imagine how hard it would have been if there wasnt a strategy to name these muscles[Why tag thisWith the amount of material we are about to cover in a short amount of time I thought this section was helpful with tips in how to try to remember everything. [Why tag thisBelaynesh
Claire Silkaitis
The radius and ulna are attached along their shafts by a ligament called the interosseous (IN-tur-OSS-ee-us) membrane (IM), which is attached to an angular ridge called the interosseous margin on each bone. Most fibers of the IM are oriented obliquely, slanting upward from the ulna to the radius. If you lean forward on a table supporting your weight on your hands, about 80% of the force is borne by the radius. This tenses the IM, which pulls the ulna upward and transfers some of this force through the ulna to the humerus. The IM thereby enables two elbow joints (humeroradial and humeroulnar) to share the load and reduces the wear and tear that one joint would otherwise have to bear alone.
The radius and ulna are attached along their shafts by a ligament called the interosseous (IN-tur-OSS-ee-us) membrane (IM), which is attached to an angular ridge called the interosseous margin on each bone. Most fibers of the IM are oriented obliquely, slanting upward from the ulna to the radius. If you lean forward on a table supporting your weight on your hands, about 80% of the force is borne by the radius. This tenses the IM, which pulls the ulna upward and transfers some of this force through the ulna to the humerus. The IM thereby enables two elbow joints (humeroradial and humeroulnar) to share the load and reduces the wear and tear that one joint would otherwise have to bear alone. The IM also serves as an attachment for several forearm muscles.
What happens if this ligament is torn closer to one of the bones then the other? does the other bone then work harder to counter the effect or does the arm only work half the time?[Why tag this]I love reading and learning about how the structure of the body allows particular function. In this case, I am very interested in how the ulna and radius work together with the help of the IM. It exemplifies the body's ability to carry out functions that prevent certain problems, such as the wearing of joints. [Why tag thisI have always wondered if there was anything keeping the radius and ulna together. Why not have just one large bone, like the femur, instead of two smaller bones? What are the benefits of the two smaller bones?[Why tag thisEmily
Jourdan Richardson
Any science is more enjoyable if we consider not just the current state of knowledge, but how it compares to past understandings of the subject and how our knowledge was gained. Of all sciences, medicine has one of the most fascinating histories. Medical science has progressed far more in the last 50 years than in the 2,500 years before that, but the field did not spring up overnight. It is built upon centuries of thought and controversy, triumph and defeat. We cannot fully appreciate its present state without understanding its past?people who had the curiosity to try new things, the vision to look at human form and function in new ways, and the courage to question authority.
Any science is more enjoyable if we consider not just the current state of knowledge, but how it compares to past understandings of the subject and how our knowledge was gained. Of all sciences, medicine has one of the most fascinating histories. Medical science has progressed far more in the last 50 years than in the 2,500 years before that, but the field did not spring up overnight. It is built upon centuries of thought and controversy, triumph and defeat. We cannot fully appreciate its present state without understanding its past-people who had the curiosity to try new things, the vision to look at human form and function in new ways, and the courage to question authority.The Greek and Roman Legacy
I agree with this becuase when I did some lab group assignment we used the past lab work done from ther people and compaired what we got and what we didn't get that was the same. we compaired our results and used our knowledge and knowledge of others to keep learning.[Why I tagged this]
I tagged this because I feel this segment is the ultimate out come of applying knowledge. To learn from our past and to grow to better humanity is just is the one of the most admoral things I know. I feel this is an example of learning and it result.Having had cancer as child, i am always amazed at how much the treatment plan changes. 10 years out of treatment, i decided to shadow some of my doctors and nurses. While observing the daily work, i notice that there was a new approach to how the spinal taps were done. When i had been going through chemotherapy, spinal taps were almost barrark. The patient was given morphine and verside, to daze confuse them. Then three to four nurses would hold the patient down while they injected medicine and drew spinial fluid. Now they knock the kids out and only one nurse is need to perform the procedure. Know that others will not have to endure the horrific expericenes that i had to go through relieves me, because no one should have to feel what i did during that time. [Why I tagged thisTo appreciate what we know now, we have to understand the past. We have to study the people who thought to look at the human body in different ways. [Anatomy and PhysiologyColin Bauman
Stephanie
The boundary between the epidermis and dermis is histologically conspicuous and usually wavy. The upward waves are fingerlike extensions of the dermis called dermal papillae9 (see fig. 6.3), and the downward waves are extensions of the epidermis called epidermal ridges.
erlike extensions of the dermis called dermal papillae9 (see fig. 6.3), and the downward waves are extensions of the epidermis called epidermal ridges. The dermal and epidermal boundaries thus interlock like corrugated cardboard
The dermis controls alll basically. The epidermis is just the layer that covers it.[Why tag this text]Important to know what separates the two layers and how they are separated.[Why tag this textthese two layers fit together like a puzzle piece due to the ridges on either ends of them. They fit together [Why tag this textErin Griph
One of the most conspicuous signs of human variation is skin color, which can range from the color of espresso or milk chocolate to café au lait or light peach. Such variation results from a combination of evolutionary selection pressures, especially differences in exposure to ultraviolet
One of the most conspicuous signs of human variation is skin color, which can range from the color of espresso or milk chocolate to café au lait or light peach. Such variation results from a combination of evolutionary selection pressures, especially differences in exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UVR).UVR can have two adverse effects: It causes skin cancer and it breaks down folic acid, a B vitamin needed for normal cell division, fertility, and fetal development. It also has a desirable effect: It stimulates keratinocytes to synthesize vitamin D, which is needed for the absorption of dietary calcium and thus for healthy bone development.
Would darker skin put you at greater risk for melanoma since the body is making more melanon and a greater chance for growth to get out of control or would the extra melanon help to prevent cancer?[Why tag this text]how is it that evetryone is a different color[Why tag this textDo people of dark skin colors have a lower risk for skin cancer? Do people light skin colors run less of a risk of being Vitamin D deficient?[Why tag this textLauren Anthe
Quinn
An especially movable syndesmosis exists between the shafts of the radius and ulna, which are joined by a broad fibrous interosseous membrane. This permits such movements as pronation and supination of the forearm. A less movable syndesmosis is the one that binds the distal ends of the tibia and fibula together, side by side (see fig. 9.2c).
Why are these not visible on an xray?[Why Tag This?]This statement makes sense, but what about those who are double jointed? [Why Tag This?syndesmoses function[Why Tag This?Alejandra Contreras
Kaela Tjugum
The secondary ossification center becomes hollowed out by the same process as the diaphysis, generating a secondary marrow cavity in the epiphysis. This cavity expands outward from the center, in all directions. At the time of birth, the bone typically looks like step 4 in Figure 7.9. In bones with two secondary ossification centers, one center lags behind the other in development, so at birth there is a secondary marrow cavity at one end while chondrocyte growth has just begun at the other. The joints of the limbs are still cartilaginous at birth (fig. 7.10).
bone growth and remodeling[Why I tagged this]What would be the purpose of one ossification center lagging behind the other? I can see why limb joints are still cartilage at birth, because the newborn must be able to scrunch up in order to fit through the mother's vagina. These more flexible joints allow them to do that. [Why I tagged thislast stage of endochondral ossification[Why I tagged thisMia Breidenbach
Alyssa Harmes
Why do we have inclusions then if it is unecessary for cell life?[Why tag this text]so then why are they apart of the cell? doesn't another organelle do the job of getting rid of foreign bodies[Why tag this textThis is an interesting part of the cell because it is not necessary to the cell's survival and inclusions are not inside of it's own membrane so I assume they are just floating around inside the cell? What benefit do these inclusions provide to the cell if they are not necessary for survival?[Why tag this textLauren Anthe
Christina Colarossi
2. Why is the biological half-life of a radioisotope shorter than its physical half-life?
Fe is an atom because it is an element. H2 is a molecule because it contains two atoms of the same element. NH3 is a compound because it contains atoms of different elements.[Why tag this text]iron is an atom, there is only one element type and one atomhydron gas is a molecule, because there is only one element and multiple atomsammonia is a compound and molecule because there are multiple atoms and elements[Why tag this textBecause they differ in physical behavior, many of them are unstable and they decay to more stable isotopes by giving off radiation. The time required is 50% of atoms to decay to a more stable state. It is quite mobile and rapidly excreted by the kidneys[Why tag this textJonathan Lowe
Kenyetta
Vasodilation reduces body temperature because the widening of blood vessels causes warm blood to flow closer to the surface of the body and the blood loses heat to the surrounding air outside the body (Saladin, p. 18-19).[Why I tagged this]Does vasodilation reduce the body temperature by having the body sweat to cool it off?[Why I tagged thisIt widens blood vessels to have warm blood flow near the skin to allow the heat to escape the body[Why I tagged thisAbigail
Matthew Robert Schmidt
all learned in medical terminology last semester.[Why I tagged this]memorize[Why I tagged thisgood examples of words and how endings can change the meaning of words.[Why I tagged thisMatthew Robert Schmidt
Gabriela
You can easily imagine the importance of such conditions in diagnosing appendicitis, performing gallbladder surgery, interpreting an X-ray, auscultating the heart valves, or recording an electrocardiogram.
This is why medical imaging is important, because it helps us see what is not seen with the naked eye.[Why I tagged this]Having technology to help us see the insides of our body can prevent many problems throughout the human body. [Why I tagged thisLauren Thiel
In skeletal anatomy, the fulcrum is a joint; the effort is applied by a muscle; and the resistance can be an object against which the body is working (as in weight lifting), the weight of the limb itself, or the tension in an opposing muscle.
This is very crazy so weird how all this can happen and how this is explained [Why tag this]Good way of explaining it. needed to know this for the quiz. [Why tag thisare there more of certain types of levers in certain parts of the body?[Why tag thislenarch2
Hannah Lucas
ATP is named for its three phosphate groups. Other common functional groups include hydroxyl, methyl, and amino groups (fig. 2.14).
Good note to remember.[General-Do not use]this is important to know[Why tag this textI've know about ATP for some time now but never knew why it was called ATP. [Why tag this textTayelor Neiss
Joshua Collier
failure, and stroke.
people who use anabolic steroids in adolescence may never attain normal adult height.
I thought this was interesting because I've seen brands of shampoo that advertise Keratin in the ingredients. This now makes sense: Keratin gives your hair strength.[Why tag this text]I remember reading that Michael Duncan died of a heart attack and there were rumors that is was because of supposed steriod use. Obviously I'm sure if that's true at all, but it would make sense that he suffered from heart failure if he did do steroids in the past.[Why tag this textI had a friend who was part of a high school wrestling team. His coach encouraged the use of steriods. My friend gained a lot of weight and never grew past 5'4[Why tag this textSarah Kallas
unctions of
Muscle cells characteristics: responsiveness, conductivity, contractility, extensibility, and elasticity. [Why I tagged this]Characteristics of Muscles:Responsiveness; Muscle cells respond with electrical changes to stimuliConductivity; Electrical change triggers a wave of excitation that travels along the cellContractility; Muscle cells shorten substantially when stimulatedExtensibility; Ablitity to stretchElasticity; Recoil[Why I tagged thisFunctions of Muscles:Movement, stability, communication, control of openings and passages, heat production, glycemic control.[Why I tagged thisDanielle Henckel
define energy and work, and describe some types of energy
describe some types of energy;
Engergy is the capacity to do work, while work means to move something[Why tag this text]Energy is the capacity to do work. Work means moving something whether it being a muscle or molecule. Some examples are pumping blood, contracting skeletal muscles, or breaking chemical bonds.[Why tag this textpotential and kinectic[Why tag this textChristeen Tuck
The beard and pubic and axillary hair signify sexual maturity and aid in the transmission of sexual scents. We will further reflect on this in a later discussion of apocrine sweat glands, whose distribution and function add significant evidence to support this theory.
So, I should invent a cologne that smells like male pubic hairs or underarms? And call it BIOSCI 202.[Why tag this]facial/pubic hair - sexual scents - signify puberty[Why tag thisyeah i don't understand how this can give a sexual scent[Why tag thisAlyssa Harmes
Lauren Anthe
One ribosome can work very rapidly, adding about two to six amino acids per second. Most proteins take from 20 seconds to several minutes to make. But a ribosome does not work at the task alone. After one ribosome moves away from the leader sequence, another one often binds there and begins the process, following along behind the first?and then another and another, so that a single mRNA is commonly translated by 10 or 20 ribosomes at once. This cluster of ribosomes, all translating the same mRNA, is called a polyribosome. The farther along the mRNA each ribosome is, the longer is the protein spooling from it (fig. 4.9). Not only is each mRNA translated by all these ribosomes at once, but a cell may have 300,000 identical mRNA molecules, each being simultaneously translated by some 20 ribosomes. With so many ?factory workers? doing the same task, a cell may produce over 100,000 protein molecules per second?a remarkably productive factory! As much as 25% of the dry weight of liver cells, which are highly active in protein synthesis, is composed of ribosomes.
what makes ribosomes work faster than others?[Why tag this text]At what point in the protein making process does a working ribosome become a free ribosome outside of the rough er?[Why tag this textI keep reading about thousands, hundreds of thousands and millions of chemicals and proteins and all types of things that are used and produced in cells at very high rates. It is very difficult for me to understand how all these things can fit inside of our cells and the rates at which these things processes are occurring. I just cant quite seem to comprehend it.[Why tag this textElizabeth
Kristofer Schroeckenthaler
What happens to the epiphyseal plates as a person gets shorter with age? [Why I tagged this]I feel as though I grew to my height very quickly (about 4th grade!) and have not grown taller since. I have decided my body has tried to compensate for not getting taller by getting wider. Okay, okay, maybe thats not medically correct, but let me just think that.[Why I tagged thisCan the vertebral column grow as well? Wouldnt this add to a person's height and is this a significant factor in a person's height? I know there are people who have really long torsos and short legs and vice versa. It just seems to me that the length of the vertebral column is also a factor of a person's height and not just the lower limbs.[Why I tagged thisAshley Wiedmeyer
Riley Spitzig
four regions of the lower limb[Why tag this]This section corresponds to the section in 8.4 that describes the bones of the upper limb. This allowed me to make the comparisons between the two.[Why tag thisThis is interesting because this is just how the upper limbs are organized with one bone in the first region and two in the second along with either carpal or tarsal bones that make up the hand and feet.[Why tag thisAllyson Tetzlaff
Riley Spitzig
It says that a [Why I tagged this]I find this interesting because this happened to one of my famil frineds when she was in preschool[Why I tagged thisIf the blow to the skull did go through all layers, how would the doctors realign the bone? Or would the person die if the blow broke through all layers?[Why I tagged thisBrianna Brugger
Leah Daul
I always thought that steroids were just a man-made drug, but now I realize that they are a lipid and that all types of them are created from cholesterol within the body. [Why tag this text]I never realized that a steroid was a lipid. I didn't even know that they naturally occured in the human body. I believed that they were just a manufatucred hormone, used to boost people with low immues systems or to cheat in sports.[Why tag this textSo everything thst we eat that is high in cholesterol is esentially a steriod. So when people take steriods for training and body building that means they are messing with their hearts and hormones. Does this fall into the reasoning for people who take steriods to be tempermental and anxious? High heart rate and gain of testosterone/estrogen.[Why tag this textAmie Emrys
Nadin
The opposite of dehydration synthesis is hydrolysis16 (fig. 2.15b). In hydrolysis, a water molecule ionizes into OH- and H+. A covalent bond linking one monomer to another is broken, the OH- is added to one monomer, and the H+ is added to the other one. All digestion consists of hydrolysis reactions.
A condensation reaction produces water as a by product, and is called dyhydration synthesis (production of a polymer from a monomer)The opposite is hydrolysis, in which a water molecule is broken apart. The images really helped me to understand this concept, with the water droplet either being produced or broken apart to go into the reaction.[Why tag this text]Question 2: dehydration synthesis converts a monomer to a polymer and hydrolysis converts a polymer to a monomer. This is because in hydrolysis a covalent bond is broken and in dehydration synthesis a convalent bond is formed.[Why tag this textHydrolysis involves water breaking down. Digestion is made up of hydrolysis reactions[Why tag this textSarah Ertl
Stephanie
The Maxillae The maxillae (mac-SILL-ee) are the largest facial bones. They form the upper jaw and meet each other at a median intermaxillary suture (see figs. 8.3, 8.4a, and 8.5a). Small points of maxillary bone called alveolar processes grow into the spaces between the bases of the teeth. The root of each tooth is inserted into a deep socket, or alveolus. If a tooth is lost or extracted so that chewing no longer puts stress on the maxilla, the alveolar processes are resorbed and the alveolus fills in with new bone, leaving a smooth area on the maxilla.
14 facial bones[Why tag this]description of the maxillae[Why tag thisMaxillae are the largest facial bones. Does the growth of this affect a person's growth into an underbite, overbite etc.?[Why tag thisNoelle
The Sphenoid Bone.
The greater wing also forms part of the lateral surface of the cranium just anterior to the temporal bone (see fig. 8.4a). The lesser wing forms the posterior wall of the orbit and contains the optic canal, which permits passage of the optic nerve and ophthalmic artery (see fig. 8.14). Superiorly, a pair of bony spines of the lesser wing called the anterior clinoid processes appears to guard the optic foramina. A gash in the posterior wall of the orbit, the superior orbital fissure, angles upward lateral to the optic canal. It serves as a passage for three nerves that supply the muscles of eye movement.
I was in an anatomy class last semester at oshkosh an I found that I had trouble keeping straight the sphenoid bone and the ethmoid bone. I would always confuse them when looking at a frontal view of the skull, hopefully now I will remember that the sphenoid bone has a mothlike or butterfly shape. [Why tag this]Can we please go over this in lecture?[Why tag thisIts intersting that the inside of the skull near the eyes forms a wing shape. The lesser wing also forms a canal for the optic nerve, it is difficult to remember all of the canals for different vessels or nerves. The optic foramina is even evolved to with bony spines to protect it. This is an example of the specialization of sturcture. [Why tag thisDanielle Henckel
Amanda Baxter
On the Origin of Species scarcely touched upon human biology, but its unmistakable implications for humans created an intense storm of controversy that continues even today. In The Descent of Man (1871), Darwin directly addressed the issue of human evolution and emphasized features of anatomy and behavior that reveal our relationship to other animals. No understanding of human form and function is complete without an understanding of our evolutionary history.
It is extremely heated, I still remember all the reasons and proofs and it goes both ways, almost makes me a lil mad though when someone takes a shot at creationism[Why I tagged this]The controversy between Creationsim and Evolutionism continues even today. As a student who studied in a private religious high school, I am fully aware of how heated the topic can become. [Why I tagged thisI tagged this because I found it interesting. Why did some people refuse to believe the theory of human evolution, besides religious reasons? [Why I tagged thisAlina Gur
Jourdan Richardson
Four biological criteria of life: responsiveness, reproduction, organization, metabolismOne clinical criteria of life: no reflexesIf someone were clinically dead, he would show no brainwaves, refleces, respiration or heartbeat other than what is being provided by life support. If these functions were being supported by life support, however, all of the organs should remain alive and be available to redistribution and organ transplants.[Why I tagged this]Evolution, Development, Homestatis, and Metabolism; Physiological Variation. A person can be declared legally dead if the things that control the body, such as the brain and heart, are not working, meaning not pumping blood or transmitting signals, but the organs can still be alive and useful.[Why I tagged thisHomeostasis, cellular composition, metabolism, and organization for clinical presence of brain waves. The person could only be supported by artificial support but could still have functionality to some organs that could be used in a transplant[Why I tagged thisJourdan Richardson
Matthew Robert Schmidt
A section cut on a slant between a longitudinal and cross section is an oblique section.
two more ways of dividing oragans or other things.[Why tag this text]I understand the longitudinal and cross sections, but when would it be more beneficial to use an oblique section. Would it depend on the particular organ or tissue?[Why tag this textstructures that is cut in a slant between longitudinal and cross section[Why tag this textFlees Robert John
Gabriela
We consider here the five primary types of lipids in humans?fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, eicosanoids, and steroids
We consider here the five primary types of lipids in humans?fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, eicosanoids, and steroids (Table 2.7).
I tagged this text because it is interesting that steroids are a part of lipids. I had not previously known that and furthermore I have had to take a kind of steroids for a medical condition before so I hope to learn more about them.[Why tag this text]Types of fat to remember![General-Do not useI wonder if the right people can use this information to make fat popular or even important. I've heard of good fat and bad fat, but the extent of fat uses and importance is incredible. I will definitely think twice before passing up fish for their good fat.[Why tag this textErin Griph
Jerry S Yang
In human structure, they are especially important in protein folding, the binding of proteins to each other and to other molecules such as hormones, and the association of lipid molecules with each other.
I was never really sure how to think of the van der Waals force but these examples help me to understand the bond force. It is hard to think that this bond is only 1% of a covalent bond, which we see in CO2- air is hard to break apart. This description helps to see bonds occuring visuallly as opposed to mentally.[Why tag this text]It's important to have proteins in our body because they allow us to grow and helps protect the body.[Why tag this textThe Van der Waals forces are so important in the body because protein folding and binding plays a role in the fuction of the protein. If a formation of a protein is not correct, the protein cannot function.[Why tag this textSami
Emily
A molecule is held together, and molecules are attracted to one another, by forces called chemical bonds. The bonds of greatest physiological interest are ionic bonds, covalent bonds, hydrogen bonds, and van der Waals forces (Table 2.3).
What makes a chemical bond so strong that it can hold a molecule together?[Why tag this text]Question 8: Inoic bonds differ from covalent bonds because ionic bonds are only a weak attraction between ions whereas a covalent bond is a sharing of pairs of electrons. Thus covalent bonds are stronger.[Why tag this textWhat holds molecules together and what types there are![General-Do not useSarah Ertl
Erin Griph
FIGURE 7.4 The Histology of Osseous Tissue.(a) Compact and spongy bone in a frontal section of the hip joint. (b) The three-dimensional structure of compact bone. Lamellae of one osteon are telescoped to show their alternating arrangement of collagen fibers. (c) Microscopic appearance of decalcified spongy bone. (d) Microscopic appearance of a cross section of an osteon of dried compact bone.
I chose this because I think thats absoultely crazy how the bone marrow changed from a child to an adult. Since adults are older there bones turn yellow because of age. Does that mean since they are turning yellow because of age they get weaker? or stronger? The yellow bone marrow contains fat cells but they have a different role. The bones would start changing to yellow bone marrow by the age of 5. These fat cells are the last resort for body's energy, but if there is an excesive amount of blood loss, the yellow bone marrow can change back to red bone marrow within 1-2 hours. Thats whats my high school teacher taught us. [Why I tagged this]What is a good way to characterize figure d?[Why I tagged thisOsseous Tissue[Why I tagged thisNicole Korstanje
Amanda
fantastic info [Why Tag This]It is important to read through this paragraph to understand more about the deep muscles and that our bodies mostly consists of muscles. I also think that it is intresting that each human being have a anatomical snuffbox. [Why Tag ThisIt's important to know that these two serve only the thumb and index finger becasue the thumb is bordered by tendons. [Why Tag ThisSophia Wood
Rebecca Hoefs
The hard part of the nail is the nail plate,
The hard part of the nail is the nail plate, which includes the free edge overhanging the tip of the finger or toe; the nail body, which is the visible attached part of the nail; and the nail root, which extends proximally under the overlying skin
This makes sense, but what is the purpose of toe nails?[Why tag this]Why do some people have ridges in their nail plate?[Why tag thisdo nails really serve a purpose exactly?[Why tag thisBrianna Brugger
Lauren Anthe
muscle compartments; where it occurs[Why tag this]why only in these areas?[Why tag thisAn example of muscle compartment would be the biceps.[Why tag thisLauren Anthe
Elvia Rivas
This is very true! This is basically the whole reasoning behind discrimination and racism and such. It doesn't make sense to me because we are all made of the same things just different colors. So I guess we really can't blame biology just our own opinions on others. [Why tag this text]weird[Why tag this textso wouldn't that be more related to how society wants our appearance to be with our looks?[Why tag this textJelena Ristic
Lauren Anthe
Usually the fracture leaves a slight thickening of the bone visible by X-ray, but in some cases, healing is so complete that no trace of the fracture can be found.
Is there any disability to the thickening of the bone?[Why I tagged this]Is this healing stronger than the bone was before or is it actually easier to break in the same area?[Why I tagged thisI have often heard people complain, and have occasionally felt myself, a pain near the area they had once broken a bone. Is this legitimate or rather the factor of a runaway imagination?[Why I tagged thismary furner
Cassi Malko
The occipital bone continues anterior to this as a thick median plate, the basilar part. On either side of the foramen magnum is a smooth knob called the occipital condyle (CON-dile), where the skull rests on the vertebral column. At the anterolateral edge of each condyle is a hypoglossal14 canal, named for the hypoglossal nerve that passes through it to innervate the muscles of the tongue. In some people, a condylar (CON-dih-lur) canal is found posterior to each occipital condyle.Internally, the occipital bone displays impressions left by large venous sinuses that drain blood from the brain (see fig. 8.5b). One of these grooves travels along the midsagittal line. Just before reaching the foramen magnum, it branches into right and left grooves that wrap around the occipital bone like outstretched arms before terminating at the jugular foramina. The venous sinuses that occupy these grooves are described in chapter 20.Other features of the occipital bone can be palpated on the back of your head. One is a prominent medial bump called the external occipital protuberance?the attachment for the nuchal15 (NEW-kul) ligament, which binds the skull to the vertebral column. A ridge, the superior nuchal line, can be traced horizontally from this protuberance toward the mastoid process (see fig. 8.5a). It defines the superior limit of the neck and provides attachment to the skull for several neck and back muscles. It forms the boundary where, in palpating the upper neck, you feel the transition from muscle to bone. By pulling down on the occipital bone, some of these muscles help to keep the head erect. The deeper inferior nuchal line provides attachment for some of the deep neck muscles. This inconspicuous ridge cannot be palpated on the living body but is visible on an isolated skull.
As I am looking at the figure A (inferior view), I can feel that internarillary suture with my tongue. [Why tag this]important to know [Why tag thisthe occipital bone[Why tag thissoha
Alyssa Harmes
dentify the origin, insertion, action, and innervation of any of these muscles.
In the illustrations, you will note some major muscles that are not discussed in the associated tables?for example, the pectoralis major and serratus anterior. Although they are located in the trunk, they act upon the limbs and limb girdles, and are further discussed in tables 10.8 and 10.9.
Rectus Abdominis:-Origin:pubic symphysis and superior margin of pubis-Insertion: xiphoid process; costal cartilages 5-7-Innervation: anterior rami of spinal nerves T6-T12-Action: flexes lumbar region of vertebral column, producing forward bending at the waist[Why tag this]Transverse AbdominalAction: Compresses abdominal contents, with same effects as external oblique, but does not contribute to movement of vertebral columnOrigin: Inguinal ligament, iliac crest of thoracolumbar fascia; costal cartilagesInsertion: Linea alba; pubs; aponeurosis of internial obliqueInnervation: Anterior rami of spinal nerves[Why tag thisnot all muscles located in the trunk are muscles used for the trunk.[Why tag thisNick Lund
lenarch2
Carbon atoms readily bond with each other and can form long chains, branched molecules, and rings?an enormous variety of carbon backbones for organic molecules. Carbon also commonly forms covalent bonds with hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur.
One example of this is hydrocarbon structures, which are long carbon chains.[Why tag this text]Carbon can also form bonds with hydroxide to form alcohols, chlorine atoms, bromine atoms, etc...it all depends on what structure it's trying to form. Some structures in organic chemistry, depending on the amount of carbons, are edible, where some of them are not. In the same case, some structures formed are fine to be around humans, non poisonous, and there are some that are poisonous. [GeneralThe same way that water molecules are important to life, on the elemental level carbon serves the same role. It is capable of bonding to either itsself or other atoms, and makes it useful in creating everything from small molecules to massive proteins.[Why tag this textChristina
Joe Nimm
Interesting fact, i didnt know vitamin d had such a big impact on pregnancy.[Why tag this text]This is a very interesting fact that makes so much sense as to why women crave more vitamin D and calcium than men. It also emphasizes the importance of getting a healthy, daily dosage of vitamin D and calcium because of the important roles in development these two vitamins play.[Why tag this textIf women need UVR to absorb calcium for pregnancy and lactation, when does it become too much that they are at risk for infertility? [Why tag this textChristina Colarossi
Kristen Grzeca
This to me is the basic out line of how the hiearchy is formed, which is important in the sense that it gives a view of how complex the human body is since these are the basics and each these things occur in each system in the body, in which showin g the complexity. [Why I tagged this]This is a good thing to memorize.[Why I tagged thisThis is the hierarchy of the body[Why I tagged thisAlejandra Contreras
Melissa
I tagged this because its a perfect example of negative feedback [Why I tagged this]Our bodies can be compared to an internal furnace that work in cycles of activation. [Why I tagged thisnegative feedback keeps the temperature at a stabalized range.[Why I tagged thisJonathan Rooney
Jelena Ristic
Several of these elements are classified as minerals?inorganic elements that are extracted from the soil by plants and passed up the food chain to humans and other organisms. Minerals constitute about 4% of the human body by weight. Nearly three-quarters of this is Ca and P; the rest is mainly Cl, Mg, K, Na, and S. Minerals contribute significantly to body structure. The bones and teeth consist partly of crystals of calcium, phosphate, magnesium, fluoride, and sulfate ions.
Several of these elements are classified as minerals?inorganic elements that are extracted from the soil by plants and passed up the food chain to humans and other organisms. Minerals constitute about 4% of the human body by weight. Nearly three-quarters of this is Ca and P; the rest is mainly Cl, Mg, K, Na, and S. Minerals contribute significantly to body structure. The bones and teeth consist partly of crystals of calcium, phosphate, magnesium, fluoride, and sulfate ions. Many proteins include sulfur, and phosphorus is a major component of nucleic acids, ATP, and cell membranes. Minerals also enable enzymes and other organic molecules to function. Iodine is a component of thyroid hormone; iron is a component of hemoglobin; and some enzymes function only when manganese, zinc, copper, or other minerals are bound to them. The electrolytes needed for nerve and muscle function are mineral salts.
This statement is very interseting because as I was looking over the elements, I was asking myself how did most of these elements relate to the human body.[Why tag this text]Where are minerals located within the structure of bone? Is bone made of tissue and minerals (crystals) or do minerals help to make up the ground substances of bone and teeth? Just curious.[Why tag this textIt is interesting to think where and what each element and mineral goes to in your body, and what they do to help the body with their functions[Why tag this textNadin
Nicholas Bruno
This is a list of all Carbs and their functions. MUST KNOW[General-Do not use]I don't understand the difference between glucose and galactose. I know that galactose is converted into glucose but I don't understand how or why.[Why tag this textPossible test question and helps put information into a clear organized table that will be easy to study[Why tag this textAshley McBain
Riley Spitzig
Special Movements of the Foot A few additional movement terms are unique to the foot. Dorsiflexion is a movement in which the toes are elevated, as one might do in applying toenail polish (fig. 9.22a). In each step you take, the foot dorsiflexes as it comes forward. This prevents you from scraping your toes on the ground and results in the characteristic heel strike of human locomotion when the foot touches down in front of you. Plantar flexion is movement of the foot so the toes point downward, as in pressing the gas pedal of a car or standing on tiptoes. This motion also produces the toe-off in each step you take, as the heel of the foot behind you lifts off the ground. Plantar flexion can be a very powerful motion, epitomized by high jumpers and the jump shots of basketball players.
Special movements of the foot: See figure 9.22[Why tag this]This reminds me of when I was in TaeKwon-Do. When learning new kicks, we would have to position our feet in a certain way. When kicking boards, we would have to position our foot in a certain way to the do the kick correctly. [Why tag thisspecial movements of the foot[Why tag thisKristen
Alyssa Harmes
Sprains (torn ligaments and tendons) are common at the ankle, especially when the foot is suddenly inverted or everted to excess. They are painful and usually accompanied by immediate swelling. They are best treated by immobilizing the joint and reducing swelling with an ice pack, but in extreme cases may require a cast or surgery. Sprains and other joint disorders are briefly described in table 9.1.
I tagged this because I find that a sprain is sometimes way more painful than a broken bone, and until today, never knew that a sprain was actually torn ligaments. I always just thought that the muscles were over stretched which caused the pain and swelling. [Why tag this]I have sprained my ankle before and it was followed by swelling a few hours afterwards.[Why tag thisWhy is it that sprains are worse than breaks of a bone? This doesn't make a lot of sense.[Why tag thisNicole Latzig
mary furner
Isn't botox very dangerous for you? What if the bacteria travels to other places in your body? People really will do anything to look younger, wow.[Why I tagged this]This is especially interesting to me because I worked in the esthetic business and have had Botox, and have been trained on how to administer it, however do not have the qualifications to do so. There are definitely some risks to Botox injections, that is why it is imperative to research your nurse or physician administering it![Why I tagged thisWhat are the undesireable consequences of botox? If too much of the ACh is blocked could this lead to permanant flaccid muscle paralysis of the face? Can botulinum toxin spead to other parts of the body?[Why I tagged thisAshley Wiedmeyer
Riley Spitzig
Each time a tRNA leaves the E site, it goes off to pick up another amino acid from a pool of free amino acids in the cytosol. One ATP molecule is used in binding the amino acid to the tRNA; therefore protein synthesis consumes one ATP for every amino acid added to the chain.
how large does it get?[Why tag this text]so basically it leaves to come back and pick another amino acid?[Why tag this textone ATP for every amino acid added to the chain[Why tag this textTayelor Neiss
The walls of matrix between the lacunae calcify and block nutrients from reaching the chondrocytes
Osteoblasts
bone growth and remodeling[Why I tagged this]wouldn't this be a bad thing?[Why I tagged thisthese line the cavity and begin to deposit osteoid tissue and calcify it to form a temporary network of bony trabeculae[Why I tagged thisAnthony Wheeler
Brittany Nycz
Wolff's27 law of bone states that the architecture of a bone is determined by the mechanical stresses placed upon it, and the bone thereby adapts to withstand those stresses.
Wolff's27 law of bone states that the architecture of a bone is determined by the mechanical stresses placed upon it, and the bone thereby adapts to withstand those stresses. Wolff's law is a fine example of the complementarity of form and function, showing that the form of a bone is shaped by its functional experience. It is admirably demonstrated by Figure 7.5, in which we see that the trabeculae of spongy bone have developed along the lines of stress placed on the femur. Wolff observed that these stress lines were very similar to the ones that engineers saw in mechanical cranes. The effect of stress on bone development is quite evident in tennis players, in whom the bones of the racket arm are more robust than those of the other arm. Long bones of the limbs are thickest at about midshaft, because this is where they are subjected to the greatest stress.
Wolff's27 law of bone states that the architecture of a bone is determined by the mechanical stresses placed upon it, and the bone thereby adapts to withstand those stresses. Wolff's law is a fine example of the complementarity of form and function, showing that the form of a bone is shaped by its functional experience. It is admirably demonstrated by Figure 7.5, in which we see that the trabeculae of spongy bone have developed along the lines of stress placed on the femur. Wolff observed that these stress lines were very similar to the ones that engineers saw in mechanical cranes. The effect of stress on bone development is quite evident in tennis players, in whom the bones of the racket arm are more robust than those of the other arm. Long bones of the limbs are thickest at about midshaft, because this is where they are subjected to the greatest stress.Bone remodeling comes about through the collaborative action of osteoblasts and osteoclasts. If a bone is little used, osteoclasts remove matrix and get rid of unnecessary mass. If a bone is heavily used, or a stress is consistently applied to a particular region of a bone, osteoblasts deposit new osseous tissue and thicken the bone. Consequently, the comparatively smooth bones of an infant or toddler develop a variety of surface bumps, ridges, and spines (described in chapter 8) as the child begins to walk. The greater trochanter of the femur, for example (see fig. 7.5; also see fig. 8.38, p. 269), is a massive outgrowth of bone stimulated by the pull of tendons from several powerful hip muscles employed in walking.
Bone remodeling comes about through the collaborative action of osteoblasts and osteoclasts. If a bone is little used, osteoclasts remove matrix and get rid of unnecessary mass. If a bone is heavily used, or a stress is consistently applied to a particular region of a bone, osteoblasts deposit new osseous tissue and thicken the bone. Consequently, the comparatively smooth bones of an infant or toddler develop a variety of surface bumps, ridges, and spines (described in chapter 8) as the child begins to walk. The greater trochanter of the femur, for example (see fig. 7.5; also see fig. 8.38, p. 269), is a massive outgrowth of bone stimulated by the pull of tendons from several powerful hip muscles employed in walking.On average, bones have a greater density and mass in athletes and people engaged in heavy manual labor than they do in sedentary people. Anthropologists who study ancient skeletal remains use evidence of this sort to help distinguish between members of different social classes, such as distinguishing royalty from laborers. Even in studying modern skeletal remains, as in investigating a suspicious death, Wolff's law comes into play as the bones give evidence of a person's sex, race, height, weight, work or exercise habits, nutritional status, and medical history.The orderly remodeling of bone depends on a precise balance between deposition and resorption, between osteoblasts and osteoclasts. If one process outpaces the other, or both processes occur too rapidly, various bone deformities, developmental abnormalities, and other disorders occur, such as osteitis deformans (Paget disease), osteogenesis imperfecta (brittle bone disease), and osteoporosis
bone depends on a precise balance between deposition and resorption, between osteoblasts and osteoclasts. If one process outpaces the other, or both processes occur too rapidly, various bone deformities, developmental abnormalities, and other disorders occur, such as osteitis deformans (Paget disease), osteogenesis imperfecta (brittle bone disease), and osteoporosis (see table 7.2 and Deeper Insight 7.4).
Describe the stages of intramembranous ossification. Name a bone that is formed in this way.
Describe how a cartilage model is transformed into a long bone in endochondral ossification.
Describe the five zones of a metaphysis
Describe the five zones of a metaphysis and the major distinctions between them.
How does Wolff's law explain some of the structural differences between the bones of a young child and the bones of a young adult?
This is why working out the recommended amount helps to greatly reduce bone loss as we age.[Why I tagged this]how a bone looks and how strong it is depends on where it is in the body and how much stress is going to be put upon it.[Why I tagged thisDoes this also apply to stress placed on the bone by weight of the human body or regular activity? Despite dietary differences, would bones of atheletes need to adapt to the amount of stress placed on them and become thicker and stronger than a standard person?[Why I tagged thisWhen thinking of bone, you generally think of it has a hard object of the skeleton that serves as protection and muscle attachment for movement. However, they are much more than that, as they contains blood vessels and other important components. Two of these components are the existence of osteoclasts and osteoblasts, which allow bones to remodel. I think this is so amazing because you are always told that your bones stop growing at a certain age, and you think they never change beyond that point, but although the bone itself stops growing, the components within it continue to grow/change.[Why I tagged thisI've always heard that punching things--or people--increases the size of your knuckles. I've also observed that many professional boxers have pronounced or robust knuckles for their hand size. So, I wonder if Wolff's Law applies boxers and street fighters?[Why I tagged thisWolff's Law - description[Why I tagged thisI feel like it would be helpful to see some comparitive pictures between say an olympic weightlifter and a man who goes home and lays on the couch all night. I looked online for some picutures showing the differences between bones of a healthy and a malnourished person, but I find that most of the time, a visual representation of what is being discussed will really drive the point home and help me to remember it in the long term.[Why I tagged thisAccording to Wolff's law, we should then be able to reshape any bones with the appropriate force- thereby correcting malformations.[Why I tagged thisI've actually noticed this myself when watching tennis matches on television! I remember thinking how crazy it was to be able to see such a noticeable size difference in a player's more dominant hand verses their other. I remember thinking to myself that they must focus on strengthening their dominant side and how weird that is! But now I understand why-it's not the muscle in the bone it's the bone itself. You can see easily on both Rafael Nadal and Rodger Federer. [Why I tagged thisthe remodeling of bone requires break down and re-ossification. osteoblasts and osteoclasts work together to be able to form new, stronger bone. [Why I tagged thisI am a waitress and am on my feet sometimes for 14hrs a day. I would be curious to see which of my skeletal bones woudl be heavily matrixed and which are less matrixed than a person with a different occupation.[Why I tagged thisvariables in bone repair[Why I tagged thisBone remodeling would be a lifelong process because its where mature bone tissue is removed from the skeleton and new bone tissue is formed. This process also controls the reshaping or replacement of bone when it comes to injuries like fractures but also other damage that can occur during normal activity. Your body when you are in your first year of life your body will fully be replaced with new bone tissue. But when you get older, bone remodeling occurs about 10% per year. [Why I tagged thisBone Remodeling: Uses osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Osteoclasts remove matrix and mass of bones that are not used. Osteblasts also deposit osseous tissue and thicken the bone is used bones. [Why I tagged thisA really good, striaght forward reason why in order to maintain healthy bone thickness it is important to USE resistance exercises that stress the bones enough into stimulating new growth. If you don't use it you lose it![Why I tagged thisThis seems similar to muscle. If the muscle is used more, it gets larger and if it isn't used it gets smaller. [Why I tagged thisThis is quite fascinating. Even as a child, when their bones are still developing and growing, the bones are being remodelled. I didn't know that children actually have this as well.[Why I tagged thisIts interesting to know that even as a child the bones are remodeling.[Why I tagged thisPhysical activity seems more important than calcium intake when determining an individual's risk of osteoporosis. Incidence of osteoporosis is greater in developed societies characterized by high calcium intake and low levels of physical activity than in developing societies characterized by nutrient deficiencies and high levels of physical activity.[Why I tagged thisWouldnt bones also have to be stronger and denser in people that are overweight?[Why I tagged thisAthletes and manual laborers have a greater density and mass in their bones as compared to sedentary people. [Why I tagged thisThis makes a lot of sense since many athletes require a lot of force and wear/tear on their body and bones.[Why I tagged thisI know that bone mass can diminish over time but I did not know that athletes could have higher bone density than others. What is the cause of this? I wonder if it could be that the bones have to endure more stress so they strengthen themselves.[Why I tagged thisstandards that need to be met during bone remodeling[Why I tagged thisThis is interesting, but why may it cause that?? Usually osteoblast and osteoclast processes steadly.[Why I tagged thisintramembranous ossification-produces the flat bones of skull and clavicle, its also known as the growth of bones on the skull and clavicle[Why I tagged thisthe hyaline cartilage is first replaced by osseous tissue, continues from fetal development to around age 20[Why I tagged thisReverse cartilage, cell proliferation, cell hypertrophy, calcification, and deposition. All are involved with the lacuna and thinning of the walls. [Why I tagged thisreserve cartilage-far away from marrow cavity, consists of hyaline cartilage with no signs of bone transformationcell proliferation-second farthest from cavity, location where chondrocytes multiplycell hypertrophy-where cells stop dividing and enlarge (hypertrophy) such as in primary ossificationcalcification-minerals calicfy cartilage, not permanent mineral depositsbone deposition-where the lacunae break down and chondrocytes die, large amounts of blood vessels and marrow[Why I tagged thiswolffs law states bone structure is determined by mechancial stresses, which means that the adult bones would show more signs of stress since they have had more exposure to outside elements than that of a child[Why I tagged thisSamantha B Johnson
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Solvency is the ability to dissolve other chemicals. Water is sometimes called the universal solvent because it dissolves a broader range of substances than any other liquid.
Solvency is the ability to dissolve other chemicals. Water is sometimes called the universal solvent because it dissolves a broader range of substances than any other liquid.
Solvency is the ability to dissolve other chemicals. Water is sometimes called the universal solvent because it dissolves a broader range of substances than any other liquid. Substances that dissolve in water, such as sugar,
Solvency is the ability to dissolve other chemicals. Water is sometimes called the universal solvent because it dissolves a broader range of substances than any other liquid. Substances that dissolve in water, such as sugar,
Solvency is the ability to dissolve other chemicals. Water is sometimes called the universal solvent because it dissolves a broader range of substances than any other liquid. Substances that dissolve in water, such as sugar, are said to be hydrophilic6 (HY-dro-FILL-ic); the relatively few substances that do not, such as fats, are hydrophobic7
Solvency is the ability to dissolve other chemicals. Water is sometimes called the universal solvent because it dissolves a broader range of substances than any other liquid. Substances that dissolve in water, such as sugar, are said to be hydrophilic6 (HY-dro-FILL-ic); the relatively few substances that do not, such as fats, are hydrophobic7 (HY-dro-FOE-bic).
Solvency is the ability to dissolve other chemicals. Water is sometimes called the universal solvent because it dissolves a broader range of substances than any other liquid. Substances that dissolve in water, such as sugar, are said to be hydrophilic6 (HY-dro-FILL-ic); the relatively few substances that do not, such as fats, are hydrophobic7 (HY-dro-FOE-bic).
Solvency is the ability to dissolve other chemicals. Water is sometimes called the universal solvent because it dissolves a broader range of substances than any other liquid. Substances that dissolve in water, such as sugar, are said to be hydrophilic6 (HY-dro-FILL-ic); the relatively few substances that do not, such as fats, are hydrophobic7 (HY-dro-FOE-bic). Virtually all metabolic reactions depend on the solvency of water. Biological molecules must be dissolved in water to move freely, come together, and react. The solvency of water also makes it the body's primary means of transporting substances from place to place.
Solvency is the ability to dissolve other chemicals. Water is sometimes called the universal solvent because it dissolves a broader range of substances than any other liquid. Substances that dissolve in water, such as sugar, are said to be hydrophilic6 (HY-dro-FILL-ic); the relatively few substances that do not, such as fats, are hydrophobic7 (HY-dro-FOE-bic). Virtually all metabolic reactions depend on the solvency of water. Biological molecules must be dissolved in water to move freely, come together, and react. The solvency of water also makes it the body's primary means of transporting substances from place to place.To be soluble in water, a molecule must be polarized or charged so that its charges can interact with those of water. When NaCl is dropped into water, for example, the ionic bonds between Na+ and Cl- are overpowered by the attraction of each ion to water molecules. Water molecules form a cluster, or hydration sphere, around each sodium ion with the Od - pole of each water molecule facing the sodium ion. They also form a hydration sphere around each chloride ion, with the Hd + poles facing it. This isolates the sodium ions from the chloride ions and keeps them dissolved (fig. 2.9b).
Solvency:The ability to dissolve other chemicals.Water is the univeral solvent and the things that dissolve in water are hydrophilic [and thus, polarized], the things that aren't are hydrophobic. Because of water's solvency it can transport things throughout the body. [Why tag this text]interesting, i always knew that but is there anything water can dissolve?[Why tag this textThis is why water is the essental for life on earth. I was also wonderng why when you dirnk lots of water you can hear it sometimes while walking almost as if it was just spread everywhere in the body.[Why tag this textuniversal solvent is what water is called becasue it breaks down a bigger range of substances[Why tag this textwhat solvency is; why water is universal solvent[Why tag this textit's intersting to me because I just know that Water is sometimes called the universal solvent.[Why tag this textthis is always interesting to me because i enjoy doing chemistry and learning about these kind of things[Why tag this textthis is always interesting to me because i enjoy doing chemistry and this was always fun to learn[Why tag this textSolvency: ability to dissolve other chemicals. Hydrophilics: substances that dissolve in water. Hydrophobics: substances that dont dissolve in water like fats.[Why tag this textGood explaination of the terms hydrophilic and hydrophobic! important to know when studying processes of th body![General-Do not useThis imformation is important to know so that we can think of water of something that can dissolve everything or most things. Also it is important to know what a solvent is and what a soluble is and to know the difference. [Why tag this textHelps define what solvency is, also I find it cool how water can be called the universal solvent! Helps define hydropilic and hydrophobic.[Why tag this textWater is considered a universal solvent because most things dissolve in it, except fats and few others.[Why tag this textAnother very important aspect of why Water is vital for human life. Not only does it make a majority of the body, it is used in all metabolic reactions and solvency of water helps the body transport substances.[Why tag this textit's interesting to find out exactly what happens chemically when things such as salt dissolve in water. I never knew the exact chemical reaction that happens when it is dissolved. I also never knew that metabolic reactions depended on the solvency of water. Why is this? I understand that the body is comprised of water, but why do metabolic reactions depend on the solvency of water?[Why tag this textdefines how water is a main factor in solvency and how solvency plays a role in chemical bonds found in our body.[General-Do not useThis makes complete sense because everything relies on water.[Why tag this textIt is intresting that such a simple molecule can be [Why tag this textWhy is it that water can dissolve more substances than an acidic compound?[Why tag this textThis makes water so valuable and special because it's the only substance that can dissolve the most substances[General-Do not useHow would your body charge a molecule? Does this refer to an induced dipole?[Why tag this textI never knew that water is called a universal solvent sometimes! I didn't know that it dissolves so many substances other than liquids. I thought it was too weak to do that[Why tag this textAs far as mixing a hydrolific solution and a hydrophobic substance, what makes a good emulsifying agent? I know soap is used to do this in order to remove grease or oil, so would that mean that an emulsifier would need to be a basic substance, as soap is? Or is soap an emulsifier for another reason?[Why tag this textI found the terminology in this sentence important. Knowing the difference between hydrophillic and hydrophobic is significant.[Why tag this textUnderstanding the differences and properties of hydrophobic and hydrophilic molecules is very critical to defining any organism and the mechanisms that make life for that organism possible. Hydrophobic molecules are not polar and are not capable of hydrogen bonding with polar molecules. Hydrophilic molecules are capable of hydrogen bonding with other polar molecules. Many molecules that are essential to life are amphiphilic, meaning they contain both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions.[Why tag this textAnother example of a hydophilic substance is salt and another example of a hydrophobic substance is oil.[Why tag this textThis is a fun fact and what is really cool is that not only can you see hydrophillic and hydrophobic occur in nature, in the kitchen and also in our bodies. In the kitchen, you can see this while baking (or cooking, of course, or even doing the dishes) - when you have to add oil (fatty hydrohobic) to water, you can see the two separate -especially when you mix the two of them together and then let the container sit/rest for a little bit. You can also see this in our bodies, down to the plasma membranes of our cells. The plasma membrane consists of a phospholipid bilayer, with the lipid part of the structure facing inward to avoid any water because lipids (fats) are hydro[phobic and the other end faces outward (outside of cell and into cell) because it is hydrophyllic. [Why tag this textHydrophobic substances are those that do not dissolve in water such as fats; hydrophilic substances are those that do dissolve in water such as sugars.[Why tag this textIs it because of fats' hydrophobic properties that causes a build up in the body? [Why tag this textElizabeth Stein
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Is it true that the way our gluteul muscles are formed is what allows us to stand upright?[Why Tag This]What is the difference between the muscles?[Why Tag ThisThis is interesting to me that the force is the strongest when the thigh is flexed at the 45 degree angle i always wondered why my tract coach taught us to start our races from a crouched down position.[Why Tag ThisI don't understand the evolutionary purpose of having an enlarged gluteus. It doesn't seem that the enlarged ass would improve structure/function. It is purely passed on through genetic breeding over time, making it similar to a peacock's tail?[Why Tag ThisI did not know the gluteal muscles were divided in to three, I always thought the gluteous were just one muscle and that it was composed of moslty fat, since a lot of girls have cellulite and the gluteous are usually really soft. [Why Tag ThisWe see in this excerpt and the image below that the gluteus maximus makes up the lean mass of the buttock. I am curious as to what types of movement the buttocks are responsible for. It seems to me that most of the motions of walking and running rely on muscles that are in the legs, such as quadriceps and hamstrings. What is the function of the buttocks muscles. Furthermore, when you flex your buttocks muscles there seems to be very little fat in the region, but when you relax it seems to be composed of almost all fat. Why is this the case?[Why Tag ThisThis section reminds me of the exercise that Dr. Petto showed our class. If we keep our hand in our back pocket and move our leg forwards or backwards we can feel the gluteus muscles in action. I was very interested to learn that the crouching position allows the gluteus muscles to exert more force. [Why Tag ThisI highlighted this because I didn't know about the three glueteal muscles: the glutues maximus, medius, and minimus. I find it really interesting that the reason runners start a race in a crouched position is because the gluteus maximus generates the most force when the thigh is at a 45 degree angle.[Why Tag ThisWell this is weird I never thought that the gluteus medius is the major muscle that provides most of the lifting while going up the stairs, I would have thought that the leg muscles are the ones being worked the most because whenever I run up the stairs my leg muscles are the ones that hurt because they were used the most, not the gluteus maximus.[Why Tag ThisThis explains why runners start in their stance and how the gluteal muscles produce so much power[General_Do Not UseIt is interesting to read about how the gluteus maximus helps us perform everyday functions such as climbing the stairs. The gluteus maximus is the largest lean muscles of the butt. It helps generates the maximum forces when your thigh is flex. They gave the example of running a foot race. When it is hard for older people to get off a chair is that because this muscle is deteriorating. [Why Tag ThisWhy is it that women store more fat around these areas than men?[Why Tag Thismuscles of the gluteus maximus[Why Tag ThisThis gives a bit of a background of the actual femur which is located on the hip bone. It is quite important to know the significance of where each bone is from from the beginning. [Why Tag ThisIf you have more muscle mass in your gluteus maximus, would this allow you to run faster and be more agile? [Why Tag ThisI had to go to physical therapy after I had knee surgery, and I was surprised that they told me to build up my gluteal muscles. Since they were weak, my knees caved inward as I walked up stairs, and I had to retrain myself to use my gluteal muscles for support when I stepped up.[why i tagged thisWould you say that this is one of the most biggest muscles because it is used mostly when we walk or run?[Why Tag ThisVery interesting. This answered my question to why they say 45 degree in the legs is needed to start out the race well. [Why Tag ThisI found this entire paragraph helpful it shows alot of help and interesing information. [Why Tag ThisI know that this is a werid question. But while reading this I thought of running up and down the staris for thsi drill workout I remember doing in high school for track. I liked doing the stairs for some reason, but my question is, does having a bigger buttocks make it easier? What is the difference with people of smaller butts to bigger butts? Whats normal? Not to be racists, but black people tend to have bigger butts, why is this?[Why Tag ThisI didn't know that muscles had a certain position that they work best in.[Why Tag ThisWow, this is interesting to me because I was completely unaware of this fact. I knew a crouched position was used to help push off, but I didn't know it was the gluteus maximus that was working and was actually working full force from this angle. There is actually a scientific reason for this race postition.[Why Tag ThisWhen I ran track in middle school, I never understood why it was best to start that way. It made more sense to me that standing up is the best way because you are ready to dart forward. [Why Tag ThisI find this interesting because i never really thought about the science of how you start a race before. I ran track in high school but I guess you dont really think about the science that is behind athletics. Its also making me wonder if that is why speed skaters crouch while skating? I know it gives them balance but after reading this im sure it also gives them more power.[Why Tag ThisSo this is the main reason why sprinters start in a crouched loaded starting block. Very interesting. [Why Tag ThisI never thought about it until now, but if I hadn't known this and thought about starting races in that position, it would have seemed non-sensical to me. I know there are different low-starting positions that people use. Does it depend on the runner's preference, or is there one position that is best?[Why Tag ThisI didnt realize how intrecate muscle were and that they have optimal angles that they produce the most amount of force untill i was in some of my higher level core classes. [Why Tag ThisBefore i started personal training I always wondered why runners had big butts, but after researched learned the same thing that because of the gluteal muscles they get a stronger first lead.[Why Tag ThisThis is super interesting! I never knew that is why track runners began races like that.[Why Tag ThisI have always wondered about that![Why Tag ThisLauren Anthe
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The clavicle braces the shoulder, keeping the upper limb away from the midline of the body. It also transfers force from the arm to the axial region of the body, as when doing pushups. It is thickened in people who do heavy manual labor, and because most people are right-handed, the right clavicle is usually stronger and shorter than the left. Without the clavicles, the pectoralis major muscles would pull the shoulders forward and medially?which indeed happens when a clavicle is fractured. The clavicle is the most commonly fract
The clavicle braces the shoulder, keeping the upper limb away from the midline of the body. It also transfers force from the arm to the axial region of the body, as when doing pushups. It is thickened in people who do heavy manual labor, and because most people are right-handed, the right clavicle is usually stronger and shorter than the left. Without the clavicles, the pectoralis major muscles would pull the shoulders forward and medially?which indeed happens when a clavicle is fractured. The clavicle is the most commonly fractured bone in the body because it is so close to the surface and because people often reach out with their arms to break a fall.
So if body parts are more flexible, they are easier to dislocate?[Why tag this]What does it mean when you have chicken wings? And how to you get rid of them, or flatten them out?[Why tag thisThe clavicle helps transfer weight from your arms to the axial portion of the body when lifting and since most people are right-handed, most right clavicles are shorter and stronger than the left. Is this pre-determined, or does the clavicle undergo change during childhood when bones are still being set? [Why tag thisAre there any other strucutres within the human body that thicken, or change due to more prominent use of a particular structure or function?[Why tag thisAs I learned all too well in eight grade. Interestingly, the clavicale also reformes and shapes itself the fastest.[Why tag thisI tagged this text specifically talking about the clavicle, because I would not have guessed this as being the most commonly fractured bone in the body, but then again the way in sticks out more than others would make it more vulnerable.[Why tag thisThe pectoral girdle supports the arms and functions as the link between the arms and the axial skeleton. It is composed of two bones called the clavicle (collarbone) and the scapula (shoulderblade). [Why tag thisI knew or atleast could educatively guess that the clavicle was the most commonly broken bone, however i didn't know really how important it was and all the functions it actually was doling.[Why tag thisfunctions of the clavicle[Why tag thisI know that muscles can be strengthened and thickened as work is done to them but I find it interesting that bones can do this as well. I just assumed that bones were relatively the same with all people.[Why tag thisIt doesn't make sense to me that a person who is right handed would have a stronger right clavicle than their left clavice. If the right side of the body is in use more than the left wouldn't the bone become weaker through use? How similar are bones to muscles in the fact that they can become strengthened? [Why tag thisSome important functions of the clavicle include bracing the shoulder in place and keeping the upper arms from shifting towards the midline of the body.[Why tag thisWhy, if most people use their right hand, is the right vlavical shorter than the left?[Why tag thisThis is an interesting fact that one bones can be stronger than its opposing side. How does this happen?[Why tag thisDoes this also mean that shorter people are less likely to break their bones than taller people? [Why tag thisClavicle is mostly fractured bone in the body. Even if everyone has clavicles, why is it that some people still have hunched shoulders?[Why tag thisso the bone adapts by thickening?[Why tag thisHow is this process done? How exactly does it get thickened? [Why tag thisI didn't know bones could change in size due to the work you do.[Why tag thisI find this interesting because I'm left handed, so I am assuming that my left clavicle is stronger and shorter than my right.[Why tag thisCan other bones be shortened as a result of heavy labor? [Why tag thisIt is interesting to me that the right clavical is longer and stronger than the left. [Why tag thisDoes this mean the actual bone gets stronger, or just the muscles and tendons around it?[Why tag thisI tagged this because my left clavical is longer than my right and I am curious about this topic and would like to learn more. It is clearly visible that it is longer and I wonder why[Why tag thisIs this because the muscles on the right-side in right-handed people are stronger and therefore exert more force on the bone causing it to compress more than the clavicle on the left-side?[Why tag thisI know muscles can become stronger, but it is interesting that bone can too. [Why tag thisI'm left handed. does that mean my left clavicle is stronger than my right or what?[Why tag thisI thought this was interesting to learn that for right handed people, their right clavicle is stronger than their left. I also thought it was interesting to know that the clavicle is the most commonly fractured bone in the body. I have never broken a bone before but from this passage I could relate my brother's accident it. Like the passage stated, people often reach out with their arms to break a fall, and I guess that explained how my brother fractured his clavicle. [Why tag thisWhy would it be shorter?[Why tag thisCould there be other ways that makes the shoulders pull foward? I have seen some people that look like that at my work and who I know that have never fractured their clavicle but look like that.[Why tag thisAndrea Benson
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lenarch2
hypothetico?deductive method. An investigator begins by asking a question and formulating a hypothesis?an educated speculation or possible answer to the question. A good hypothesis must be (1) consistent with what is already known and (2) capable of being tested and possibly falsified by evidence. Falsifiability means that if we claim something is scientifically true, we must be able to specify what evidence it would take to prove it wrong. If nothing could possibly prove it wrong, then it is not scientific.
this method is also confusing. is it also called just deductive method without the hypothetico in front of it[Why I tagged this]Hypothesis method: think of a hypothesis and test it. [Why I tagged thisHow the Hypothetico-deductive method works, and this is the one that is most commonly used.[Why I tagged thishypothetico-deductive method[Why I tagged thisdef of sci method[Why I tagged thisI think this is a very important study because it makes numerous observations and see what kinds of things happen to the body. this is the best method i think[Why I tagged thisHypoethetico-Deductive Method[Why I tagged thisSo kind of like the first steps in the old scientific method?[Why I tagged thisexplains what a hypothesis is - which is how much physiology is studied.[Why I tagged thisThe first step of all experiments[Why I tagged thisIt shows why a hypothesis is needed. [Why I tagged thisStates what a good hypothesis is, it is important to know when creating or developing an experiment. [Why I tagged thisRequirements to be a hypothesis[Why I tagged thisThe components that make a hypothesis useful and enhance the discoveries of an experiment or study.[Why I tagged thisGood to know what a good hypothesis is because it helps think of a good basis for the experiment[Why I tagged thisThis could be very useful when doing lab or if we have to create some sort of experiment using the scientific method[Why I tagged thisI thought this was important because it explains the aspects of a good hypothesis[Why I tagged thisThis is good information to know. When trying to conduct an experiment, one always needs a good hypothesis so that one's research is solid and strong. [Why I tagged thisThe actual definition of hypothesis.[Why I tagged thisbeing in this class you need to know how to make a good hypothesis and the differnece between hypothesis and theory[Why I tagged thisAn if - then statement[Why I tagged thisScience is all about proving things wrong - that is how modernization and new advancements occur. The studying and rennovating of old things.[Why I tagged thisWhy would we need evidence to possibly prove it wrong if it has already been proven right? This seems unecessary. [Why I tagged thisI do not particularly like this definition of falsifiablility and defining what is considered scientific. I feel as though it is leaving things too broad. Under this definition someone could make an argument for creationism. Creationism can be proven wrong though scientific evidence that supports evolution over creation and therefore allows creationism to be loosely defined as [Why I tagged thisDetermines what is and is not scientific.[Why I tagged thisI had no idea that something had to be able to be able to be proven wrong to be scientific.[Why I tagged thisJelena Ristic
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Would you classify the egg sections in the previous figure as longitudinal, cross, or oblique sections?
Would you classify the egg sections in the previous figure as longitudinal, cross, or oblique sections? How would the egg look if sectioned in the other two planes?
Not all histological preparations are sections. Liquid tissues such as blood and soft tissues such as spinal cord may be prepared as smears, in which the tissue is rubbed or spread across the slide rather than sliced
Not all histological preparations are sections. Liquid tissues such as blood and soft tissues such as spinal cord may be prepared as smears, in which the tissue is rubbed or spread across the slide rather than sliced.
Not all histological preparations are sections. Liquid tissues such as blood and soft tissues such as spinal cord may be prepared as smears, in which the tissue is rubbed or spread across the slide rather than sliced. Some membranes and cobwebby tissues like the areolar tissue in figure 5.14 are sometimes mounted as spreads, in which the tissue is laid out on the slide, like placing a small square of tissue paper or a tuft of lint on a sheet of glass.
Skin Surface: EpithelialFat: ConnectiveSpinal Cord: NervousMost Heart Tissue: MuscularBone: EpithelialTendons: ConnectiveBlood: ConnectiveInner Living of the Stomach: Epithelial[Why tag this text]I would classify the eggs as longitudinal sections[Why tag this textWouldn't it be oblique either way?[Why tag this textI would classify the egg sections as longitudinal because it was cut in the same vertical manner as the humerus. If the egg was sectioned as cross it would be sliced horizontally with a top and bottom half. An oblique section would diagonally cut the egg. The yolk would still be in half but on a diagonal field.[ANSWERThe egg section was a longitudinal section I believe..[Why tag this textLongitudinal[General-Do not use
I would classify them as longitudinal sections because they have been split into pieces vertically. If sectioned in cross, right down the middle, the picture would look like a circle or oval with the yolk on the inside. For oblique, it would look similar but the shape of the egg would be more lop-sided or oval-like. [Why tag this textI think I would classify the egg to be a longitudinal section because in order to see the length of the yolk, you would need to cut it in half. [Why tag this textin the example above the egg is cut into longitudinal section. like the sphere or bone being shown to demomstrate, the egg is cut into vertical thin slices. if it were to be cut into cross sections the egg would appear to be cut in half, such as the ones we find during easter. oblique sections would show the egg being cut diagonally, simply holding the egg and cutting it left top to bottom right side. [General-Do not usethe egg originally was cut into longitudinal sections. if it was crossed we would have seen the top and bottom of the egg. both sides would still show the yolk. if it was cut in the oblique section is would have been diagonally cut which still would have shown a yolk on both sides of th egg. for the longitudinal and oblique cuts the egg would have been different proportions.[Why tag this textthe egg was cut into longitudinal sections in the picture. we would see the middle inside of the egg if it were cut in cross sections, and if it were to be oblique cut we would see the middle part still but more of an oval shape[Why tag this texta lot of techniques go into understandy the makeup and funtions of creates us.[Why tag this textLongitudinal=long way, left and right halfCross: Short way, top and bottom halfOblique: Diagnol, upper/lower half[Why tag this textIf the egg were cut in a cross section it would be more round and circular and if in an oblique section, more ova and slanted. These are guesses clearly, and very confusing for me! I'm wondering how the yolk would be affected, if at all, too ..[Why tag this textcross - circular with the yolk in the middleoblique - elongated circle with yolk in the middle[General-Do not usebecause liquid substances cant really be divided into sections they are prepared by being rubbed or spread across a slide.[Why tag this textI think it is important to know all of the various ways tissue specimens are observed. Without advances in the microscope, as well as microbiology, our knowledge of histology would be skewed, and innaccurate. [Why tag this textThis is true, I remember that the instructor for my Clinical Laboratory Science course mentioned this and my classmates and I actually went through the process of preparing slides using blood.[Why tag this textThere are diffrent and proper ways to exmaine tissues and blood.[Why tag this textintersting[Why tag this textI never thought of blood as a tissue. I normally think of tissue as a solid but according to the definition of a tissue found in this section, it's definitely clear to me as to why blood is considered a tissue. I've noticed I've been learning the science behind a lot of common terms and processes through this book. [Why tag this textI never knew this! Interesting, I just thought they took a drop of liquid and flattened it with a clear cover over it[Why tag this textExplains how liquid tissues can be prepared onto a slide.[Why tag this textIn lab, I prepared a sample of my own buccal cells (stained with methyl blue) using this [Why tag this textThis creates a vivid and distinct picture in my mind because in lab I viewed a blood sample under the microscope. It appeared as a smear but there were also circles, like blood droplets.[Liquid TissuesWhy do some tissues have to be smeared on instead of slice? [Why tag this textI've never thought of blood as 'Liquid tissue but it makes sense being that blood is made by our body and it serves a purpose[Why tag this textThe term [Why tag this textI have prepared these sorts of slides many times in various settings. I have done it in other biology classes as well as when I worked at my vet clinic back home (I formally wanted to become one)[Why tag this textKaitlynn
Janis McNamara
Elizabeth
Rebecca Sherer
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jess Tegelman
holly kluge
Richard Cook
Sarah Kallas
Danielle Henckel
Petra Stevanovic
Elvia Rivas
Morgan Peil
Hussain
Amanda Bartosik
Nicholas Bruno
Alina Gur
Kenyetta
Joshua Collier
Alexandra Schmit
Brendan Semph
RNA Structure and FunctionBefore we leave this section, we mustn't forget th
RNA Structure and FunctionBefore we leave this section, we mustn't forget those smaller cousins of DNA, the ribonucleic acids (RNAs). There are several forms of RNA in a cell, but we will focus on the three that are directly involved in producing proteins: messenger RNA (mRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and transfer RNA (tRNA). DNA cannot produce proteins without their help. Other RNA types play various regulatory roles that we will not consider.The individual roles of mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA are described later, but for now we consider what they have in common and how they differ from DNA (table 4.1). The most significant difference is that RNA is much smaller, ranging from about 70 to 90 bases in tRNA to slightly over 10,000 bases in the largest mRNA. DNA, by contrast, averages more than 100 million base pairs long. Also, whereas DNA is a double helix, RNA consists of only one nucleotide chain, not held together by complementary base pairs except in certain short regions where the molecule folds back on itself. The sugar in RNA is ribose instead of deoxyribose. RNA contains three of the same nitrogenous bases as DNA?adenine, cytosine, and guanine?but it has no thymine; a base called uracil (U) takes its place (see fig. 4.1b). Transfer RNA has more than 50 different nitrogenous bases, but for our purposes, we don't need to consider any except A, U, C, and G. Table 4.1 Comparison of DNA and RNAFeature DNA RNASugar Deoxyribose RiboseTypes of nitrogenous bases A, T, C, G A, U, C, GNumber of nitrogenous bases Averages 108 base pairs 70?10,000 bases, mostly unpaired
structure: same as DNAfunction: onvert the information stored in DNA into proteins[General-Do not use]there are several forms of RNA in cells. the three main ones are messanger RNA, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA. [Why tag this textRNA Structure/Function:Three main RNAs:Messenger RNA: mRNARibosomal RNA: rRNATransfer RNA: tRNARNA is much smaller, RNA is only one nucleotide chain, sugar in RNA is ribose. RNA contains three of the same bases, adenine, cytosine, and guanie. It doesn't have thymine instead it has uracil. [Why tag this textThis iinformation is very important because not only does it discuss and provide information about DNA, but it also introduces RNA and its functions. There are several different forms on RNA (ribonucleic acids) in a cell. mRNA (messenger), rRNA(ribosomal), tRNA(transfer). Without the help of these DNA cannot produce protein. [Why tag this textRNA is just a smaller version of DNA?[Why tag this textHave to remember that RNA is smaller than DNA and has several form that do different functions.[General-Do not useQuestion 6: DNA consists of a double helix chain whereas RNA consists of a single strand. DNA codes for RNA and protein synthesis in the nucleus. RNA carries out what the DNA tells or codes for it to do and is found in the cytoplasm.[Why tag this textRNA helps DNA complete tasks, such as produce proteins, that DNA cannot do on its own. Introducing the different types of RNA allows us to start thinking about these nucleic acids and keep our eyes open to the information that will be presented later on each type.[Why tag this textDNA also needs RNA to produce proteins.Types of RNA mRNArRNAtRNA[Why tag this textIt is so interesting that the smallest particles/organisms of life intereact and run the way we do socially. there is the governing body DNA or higher social archy that tells the RNA or second heirarchy in a sociaty/governing body which messages and tasks to carry out. It's quit wonderful to know that DNA plays a bigger role in us then just making up our composition.[Why tag this textRNA is best known for protein production and is an essential part of human molecular makeup.[Why tag this textThere are three types of RNA; messenger (mRNA), ribosomal (rRNA), and transfer (tRNA). mRNA carries protein information from the DNA to the ribosomes. tRNA transfers amino acids to the protein site within the ribosomes. rRNA along with protein form into what is known as ribosomes. The structure of RNA differs from DNA because it has a hydroxl group present, and this makes it single stranded. RNA just like DNA is essential in gene making.[Why tag this textDNA cant produce protein without RNA.3 main types of RNA- mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA[Why tag this textIt is important to understand that these various types of RNA play different roles in cell synthesis, understanding how they all connect to one another gives us a better view of well the individual parts of a cell work together to function as a whole.[Why tag this text
I tagged this text because it talks about the three main types of RNA that are used in the cell. Also because at the end it talks about DNA cannot produce any proteins without the help of RNA. So that makes me think what would happen with cell division and anything that DNA needs to do if it didn't have RNA to help.[Why tag this textI think it would be interesting to see these different forms of RNA in action. RNA has such a big role and does so many different things.[Why tag this textwhy are their so many several forms of RNA? [Why tag this textCan anybody lack these proteins?[Why tag this textSo without the RNA, DNA couldn't function correctly. It couldn't produce the necessary proteins that it needs to create. RNA and DNA seem very similar except that RNA is a lot smaller and is an accessory to the DNA rather than the main focus itself. [Why tag this textRNA and DNA are different. DNA cannot produce proteins without RNA. [Why tag this textproduces proteins [Why tag this textIt amazes me how much one little cell goes through, and everything involved to make the cell work properly for RNA[General I chose to annotate this text because it shows the difference between DNA and RNA. Although they have some similar nirogenous bases, the differ with the number of nucleotide chains.[Why tag this textwhat mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA have in common and how they differ from DNA[Why tag this textNeed to know differences between RNA and DNA. RNA are much smaller and RNA consists of only one nucleotide chain, not double helix[Why tag this textI never relised that RNA is so much smaller than DNA. Also RNA makes protien and DNA cant even though DNA is so much bigger than DNA. Why is it that DNA cant make protien? Is DNA just not programed that way?[Why tag this textWhy is RNA different from DNA[Why tag this textImportant differences to remember between DNA and RNA![General-Do not usePaola Arce
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reductionism. First espoused by Aristotle, this has proven to be a highly productive approach; indeed, it is essential to scientific thinking. Yet the reductionistic view is not the only way of understanding human life.
Just as it would be very difficult to predict the workings of an automobile transmission merely by looking at a pile of its disassembled gears and levers, one could never predict the human personality from a complete knowledge of the circuitry of the brain or the genetic sequence of DNA
one could never predict the human personality from a complete knowledge of the circuitry of the brain or the genetic sequence of DNA.
Holism14 is the complementary theory that there are ?emergent properties? of the whole organism that cannot be predicted from the properties of its separate parts?human beings are more than the sum of their parts.
Holism14 is the complementary theory that there are ?emergent properties? of the whole organism that cannot be predicted from the properties of its separate parts?human beings are more than the sum of their parts.
Holism14 is the complementary theory that there are ?emergent properties? of the whole organism that cannot be predicted from the properties of its separate parts?human beings are more than the sum of their parts. To be most effective, a health-care provider treats not merely a disease or an organ system, but a whole person. A patient's perceptions, emotional responses to life, and confidence in the nurse, therapist, or physician profoundly affect the outcome of treatment.
Holism14 is the complementary theory that there are ?emergent properties? of the whole organism that cannot be predicted from the properties of its separate parts?human beings are more than the sum of their parts. To be most effective, a health-care provider treats not merely a disease or an organ system, but a whole person. A patient's perceptions, emotional responses to life, and confidence in the nurse, therapist, or physician profoundly affect the outcome of treatment. In fact, these psychological factors often play a greater role in a patient's recovery than the physical treatments administered.
hese psychological factors often play a greater role in a patient's recovery than the physical treatments administered.Page 14
theory of large complexed study of human bodys, Can not just be prodected by just one thing but by many parts put together.[Why I tagged this]Reductionism[Why I tagged thisLiterally, this is the process of [Why I tagged thisunderstanding the complex human body by studying parts of the organism - as small as the cells, molecules, and atoms.[Why I tagged thisreductionism is essential to understanding physiology.[Why I tagged thisWe all have different personalities so it would of course be hard to examine it. But it would be cool to know more on how someone's personality is made.[why i tagged thisThis thought has always been interesting to me! I am a psych major and have always been curious how everyone has a brain, but no two people use it exactly the same. [PsychologyIf I were an anatomist I do not think that I would follow this view. How can we fully understand the human body (as well as any other species) if we do not dig deeper than what we can see. By simply examining what is on the outside wives us no indication as to why we are the way we are, or how we work. If every anatomist followed this view, I do not think that we would be where we are today. We would still be so naive as to what is going on at every second inside ourselves.[Why I tagged thisI feel both theories (reductionism and holism) need to be understood and equally used to understand how the human body works and can be treated. [Why I tagged thisemergent properties of the organism that can't be predicted from the properties of its separate parts[Why I tagged thisThis is what is most interesting to me. I love the idea of holism. We are more than just parts. How we think, act, view life, process negative situations can effect our physical health not just out mental health![Why I tagged thisHolism def[Why I tagged thisholistic explaination[Why I tagged thisNot really getting this.[Why I tagged thisthogh reductionism is effective, you must study the body as a whole to get the whole picture.[Why I tagged thisAnother approach to the human body's theory of development. Which can be compared and contrasted to the reduction theory.[Why I tagged thisAs a health care professional I have reviewed articles about the benifits of meditation and positive thinking after surgery, and I have encouraged this in patients. Holism is important for understanding human physiology.[Why I tagged thisHolism def.[Why I tagged thisI've read about osteopathic medicine and holistic approaches to health care as friends have pursued this approach to med school and child birth experiences. Using a midwife as opposed to OB/GYN for example made my sister-in-laws birthing experience exceptionally more manageable for her because of the holistic approach used.[Why I tagged thisHolism is very important to every area of medicine. In order to provide care and treatment, the whole aspect of the patient must be included otherwise the patient may not be able to recover[Why I tagged thisThis is very important to keep in mind while treating an individual. You have to take into account everything from the actual injury to the person's personality to successfully administer a treatment. [Why I tagged thisThis is the basis behind hollistic medicine and osteopathic medicine practices. The reason I am looking forward to a career in Physcial Therapy is to become more involved in the hollistic healing process of my future patients. [Why I tagged thisHumans are not just composed of different parts, they have different personalities, feelings, and ways of thinking that contribute to their being as a whole.[Why I tagged thisUnderstanding this helps us become better potential health care provider.[Why I tagged thisKnowing that the person working with you knows what they are doing makes you less stressed that something else will go wrong.[Why I tagged thisIt was very clear to me when I went in for surgery after breaking my left knee that each of the individuals (surgeon, physical therapist, nurse, anesthesiologist) took a holistic approach and were all very concerned with my mental well-being as well as my physical well-being with the surgery. They made sure to make it clear the recovery time would depend greatly on my mental state rather than solely my fitness level.[Why I tagged thisThis so interesting and we know this is true because there are so many health problems that are caused by stress. [Why I tagged thisI wonder a lot how often our medical [Why I tagged thisthis is very true. I went to see a naturopathic doctor I did not believe in and his treatment did not help becuase I believed that it would not[Why I tagged thisMatthew Robert Schmidt
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The pelvis is the most sexually dimorphic part of the skeleton?that is, the one whose anatomy most differs between the sexes. In identifying the sex of skeletal remains, forensic scientists focus especially on the pelvis. The average male pelvis is more robust (heavier and thicker) than the female's owing to the forces exerted on the bones by stronger muscles. The female pelvis is adapted to the needs of pregnancy and childbirth. It is wider and shallower and has a larger pelvic inlet and outlet for passage of the infant's head.
The pelvis is the most sexually dimorphic part of the skeleton?that is, the one whose anatomy most differs between the sexes. In identifying the sex of skeletal remains, forensic scientists focus especially on the pelvis. The average male pelvis is more robust (heavier and thicker) than the female's owing to the forces exerted on the bones by stronger muscles. The female pelvis is adapted to the needs of pregnancy and childbirth. It is wider and shallower and has a larger pelvic inlet and outlet for passage of the infant's head. Table 8.5 and figure 8.37 summarize the most useful features of the pelvis in sex identification
The pelvis is the most sexually dimorphic part of the skeleton?that is, the one whose anatomy most differs between the sexes. In identifying the sex of skeletal remains, forensic scientists focus especially on the pelvis. The average male pelvis is more robust (heavier and thicker) than the female's owing to the forces exerted on the bones by stronger muscles. The female pelvis is adapted to the needs of pregnancy and childbirth. It is wider and shallower and has a larger pelvic inlet and outlet for passage of the infant's head. Table 8.5 and figure 8.37 summarize the most useful features of the pelvis in sex identification.
The pelvis is the most sexually dimorphic part of the skeleton?that is, the one whose anatomy most differs between the sexes. In identifying the sex of skeletal remains, forensic scientists focus especially on the pelvis. The average male pelvis is more robust (heavier and thicker) than the female's owing to the forces exerted on the bones by stronger muscles. The female pelvis is adapted to the needs of pregnancy and childbirth. It is wider and shallower and has a larger pelvic inlet and outlet for passage of the infant's head. Table 8.5 and figure 8.37 summarize the most useful features of the pelvis in sex identification.
he pelvis is the most sexually dimorphic part of the skeleton?that is, the one whose anatomy most differs between the sexes. In identifying the sex of skeletal remains, forensic scientists focus especially on the pelvis. The average male pelvis is more robust (heavier and thicker) than the female's owing to the forces exerted on the bones by stronger muscles. The female pelvis is adapted to the needs of pregnancy and childbirth. It is wider and shallower and has a larger pelvic inlet and outlet for passage of the infant's head. Table 8.5 and figure 8.37 summarize the most useful features of the pelvis in sex identification. [image #3]
I've heard of seat belts choking people, but never hurting their pelvis. [weird]I thought it was interesting to learn that seatbelts can fracture the pubis. [Why tag thisIs the pattern of a heavier pelvis for males and wider pelvis for females consistant throughout all primates or only in human becaus eof how we walk?[Why tag thisGood to know. Didn't know that at all.[Why tag thisI find this useful to know.. Before this chapter i did not know much about the skeletal structure.[Why tag thisThe differences between the male and female pelvic bones are worthy of noting. These differences demonstrate the roles that evolution designated to the sexes over millions of years. The male pelvis is much thicker and stronger than a females pelvis because men have evolved more muscle mass that must be supported. Females give birth, so the female pelvis has evolved to be wider and more shallow to allow for passage of an infant. [Why tag thisThe fact that the pelvis is the most sexually dimorphic part of the skeleton makes sense to me. I wasn't surprised by this fact because it is a huge part of reproduction and females need the proper base for carrying a child. [Why tag thisI think these differences are extremely interesting. Not only do they help to determine the sex when looking at sketital remains, but the modifications made for child bearing are very interesting. What ever happened to the man that gave birth? was this just a rumor or did that actually happen, i guess I could google that. But what about chidren that are born asexual. would you look at the shape of their pelvis and disreguard their sexual organs (or lack thereof) to determine what their sex should be? or do their pelvis' look different all together?[Why tag thissex can be identified by the structure of the pelvis [Why tag thisThis is the reason why women have more [Why tag thisBest way to identify remains is to look at the pelvis. A male's pelvis is thicker and strong wheres the female's is adapted to the childbirth and is wider. [Why tag thisHow do these differences affect how running or jogging affects the pelvis differently for men and women? I was told that when a woman runs or joggs she puts more stress on the pelvis than a man does. [Why tag thisI always wonder what happens when a girls pelvis isn't wide enough. Are there a lot of woman who cannot give birth because their build is too small? I also wonder if that is a more prevalant problem in certain parts of the world because of the culture and what certain people eat. Interesting.[Why tag thisI never knew that there was a differenciation betwen the two. But it makes sense because obviously woman are built differnt to give birth. My question is if in any cases a person develops the pelvis of the opposite sex and if so does that effect a womans ability to give birth? Would she need a C section?[Why tag thisIs it possibe for something tohappen at birth with twins where the male of the twins could get the female pelvic? and vis versa?[Why tag thisI thought this was intresting because it is talking about how if scientist were to find a skeleton and try to define it's sex they wouldlook at the pelivis to distinguish between the sexes. This is important to know because the pelvis for a male and female have different uses. [Why tag thisI think this is a perfect example of how form fits function, all the adaptations and changes of the women's pelvis truly fit their purpose for child-bearing.[Why tag thisThe comparison of the pelvis between males and females. Males pelvis is more heavier and thicker than the feamles owing to the forces exerted on the bones by stronger muscle. [Why tag thisIt's so weird how everyone has different shaped hip bones. [Why tag thisThe differences in skeletal structure of the pelvic in male and female do play a role in reproductive roles. Women's pelvic structure allows them to bear childrens. [Why tag thisWhy is that, that men have heavier and thicker pelvic bones than women? What if a very small male and a big boned woman would have died would people mix that information up about their sex just because the female's pelvic bone was thicker and heavier? Or would they still be able to tell?[Why tag thisIs this how scientists determine between male and female skeletons when doing archeology? [Why tag thisWhen women do not have big enough pelvises is this why they used to die during child birth back in the olden days, and now is this a primary reason why we do surgery to remove the child known as a [Why tag thisI understand that men have a bigger build and need more support for that, but don't women need stronger bones to bear a child? Although the pelvis shifts during labor, wouldn't you think the bones should be stronger/thicker, than men's, to handle the movement. The contradiction to me is really interesting![Pelvic StrengthI thought this was amazing to know that the male and female pelvis are different from one another due to the female's needs of pregnancy and childbirth. [Why tag thisI have hip problems and I never knew that female's hip are weaker and wider than males. That is why females tend to have more hip problems than males.[Why tag thisI have always known that the women's hips widen during puberty to prepare her for birth, but what is it that exactly happens to cause this widening? [Why tag thisWhat would happen if a womens pelvis for some reason wasnt large/wide enough to have the fetus reside there? Would it cause defects in the baby? or would the pelvis start deforming?[Why tag thisIs there a way to tell the perspective age of a woman simply based on the width of the hip bones? Or could one even tell if she were in the early stages of pregnancy due to small changes in the appearance of the hips? (I ask because I had seen cases of this in the show BONES and was wondering if the ideas are plausible.)[Why tag thisAt what age do the hips start to widen out and at what age do the hips stop? typically ?[Why tag thisGiaLee
Samuel Nichols
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Genes average about 3,000 bases long, but range up to 2.4 million bases.
All humans, worldwide, are at least 99.99% genetically identical
All humans, worldwide, are at least 99.99% genetically identical, but even the 0.01% variation means that we can differ from one another in more than 3 million base pairs. Various combinations of these single-nucleotide polymorphisms2 account for all human genetic variation.
Some chromosomes are gene-rich (17, 19, and 22) and some are gene-poor (4, 8, 13, 18, 21, and Y; see fig. 4.17).
Before the HGP, we knew the chromosomal locations of fewer than 100 disease-producing mutations; we now know more than 1,400, and this number will surely rise as the genome is further analyzed.
Before the HGP, we knew the chromosomal locations of fewer than 100 disease-producing mutations; we now know more than 1,400, and this number will surely rise as the genome is further analyzed. This opens the door to a new branch of medical diagnosis and therapy called genomic medicine (see Deeper Insight 4.2).
How does this coding activity take place?[Why tag this text]That is amazing that a gene can be very small of be really big. Why do they range in different sizes?[Why tag this textprotein packaging[General-Do not useHow long is that in yards?[Why tag this textbasic set up of a gene sequence[Why tag this textThis is interesting because you often hear people say that a certain race can or cannot do something better than another race because of their genes. [Why tag this textI think this is amazing! With all the differences among people that are seen everyday, you would never guess to see this statistic. However, it is even more amazing that the .01 percent variation that does exist can cause all the difference among people genetically. [Why tag this textI can apply the information i have learned from a previous anthropology class last year to this.[Why tag this textThat's very interesting, how much change we human can be even though we are all genetically 99.99% identical. [Why tag this textIt's hard to believe that we are all so similar yet so different.[Why tag this textTHAT IS CRAZY!! never knew.[Why tag this textIt is crazy to think that the 1 percent difference can make us all look so different! [Why tag this textWith such a small variation, it is amazing to think that it can cause so much difference, both in base pair number and also in physical variation.[Why tag this text I think this is interesting because when we look at other humans there's a large variety of appearances. We all may look differently but yet we are only 0.01% different from another human. This is a very small amount. [Why tag this textPeople really are the same underneath it all.[Why tag this textI tagged this portion of the text, because I find the numbers in this paragraph hard to believe. I never knew that all humans worldwide are at least if not more than 99.99% identical. It is strange to think that 0.01% variation actually means a lot more then most people would calculate. When looking at the population as a whole we are more alike then we think, but at the same time completely different. This concept is hard to grasp, but is beyond fascinating at the same time.[Why tag this textIt's amazing to me that there is such a small genetic difference between all humans. Just a .01% variation of genes makes everyone so different from one another.[Why tag this textits amazing how similar we all are[Why tag this textThis is very interesting because to think that the identicle rate for all human beings is as high as 99.99% sounds almost unbelieveable. But understanding how a one percent difference can make a big change in our genes shows us how long/big our genetic makup is. [Why tag this textVery interesting that a 0.01 variation in genetics can cause such a change between humans[Why tag this textHow many genes are humans at most different by? if the .01% difference was applied to the number of genes only 2.5 genes would be different. So, most of the identical base pairs would come from the junk DNA. Also, the difference could just come from having slight base pair differences in some genes that would give us the vast diversity viewed in humans.[Why tag this textIt is diffucult to grasp how much DNA a single cell contains. It is also surprising how a minor amount of variations in DNA can result in such an array of genetic variation.[Why tag this textIt is quite amazing that we can differ from one another in more than three million base pairs. Does our great variance relate to our population size and the evolution that had transpired to make our species? Are we the species with the greatest variance on earth?[Why tag this textSo incredible to think that all humans are actually 99.99% identical however that .01% could actaully mean the difference of 3 million base pairs.[Why tag this textChromosomes are numbered by their size as I currently understand. Now, this statement is inferring that size is not proportional to the amount of genes. What is in this extra [Why tag this textwhy are some chromosomes rich and most are poor?[Why tag this textWhy would some chromosomes be more [Why tag this textWhy are some chomosome gene-rich and others gene poor? How does our body decide that?[Why tag this textThis particular sentence about chromosome suprises me because i never knew that with in our chromosomes that we have some which are gene-rich, and some that are considered to be gene-poor. I looked at figure 4.17 to try and understand but it was actually the opposite i saw that the richer genes were actually way smaller than the poor ones. Why is that so?[Why tag this textHGP has helped us diagnose and treat diseases to better our population[Why tag this textIs it because of the hgp that husband and wife can now literally pick the characteristics of their child (blue eyes, blonde hair) eliminate all alleles that may cause disease and make test tube babies?[Why tag this textsarah
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[image #4]
Types of Secretions
Types of Secretions
Types of Secretions
Types of Secretions Glands are classified not only by their structure but also by the nature of their secretions. Serous (SEER-us) glands produce relatively thin, watery fluids such as perspiration, milk, tears, and digestive juices. Mucous glands, found in the tongue and roof of the mouth among other places, secrete a glycoprotein called mucin (MEW-sin). After it is secreted, mucin absorbs water and forms the sticky product mucus. Goblet cells are unicellular mucous glands.
Types of Secretions Glands are classified not only by their structure but also by the nature of their secretions. Serous (SEER-us) glands produce relatively thin, watery fluids such as perspiration, milk, tears, and digestive juices. Mucous glands, found in the tongue and roof of the mouth among other places, secrete a glycoprotein called mucin (MEW-sin). After it is secreted, mucin absorbs water and forms the sticky product mucus. Goblet cells are unicellular mucous glands. (Note that mucus, the secretion, is spelled differently from mucous, the adjective form of the word.) Mixed glands, such as the two pairs of salivary glands in the chin, contain both serous and mucous cells and produce a mixture of the two types of secretions. Cytogenic34 glands release whole cells. The only examples of these are the testes and ovaries, which produce sperm and egg cells.
Types of Secretions Glands are classified not only by their structure but also by the nature of their secretions. Serous (SEER-us) glands produce relatively thin, watery fluids such as perspiration, milk, tears, and digestive juices. Mucous glands, found in the tongue and roof of the mouth among other places, secrete a glycoprotein called mucin (MEW-sin). After it is secreted, mucin absorbs water and forms the sticky product mucus. Goblet cells are unicellular mucous glands. (Note that mucus, the secretion, is spelled differently from mucous, the adjective form of the word.) Mixed glands, such as the two pairs of salivary glands in the chin, contain both serous and mucous cells and produce a mixture of the two types of secretions. Cytogenic34 glands release whole cells. The only examples of these are the testes and ovaries, which produce sperm and egg cells.Modes of SecretionModes of Secretion Glands are classified as merocrine or holocrine depending on how they produce their secretions. Merocrine35 (MERR-oh-crin) glands, also called eccrine36 (EC-rin) glands, have vesicles that release their secretion by exocytosis, as described in chapter 3 (fig. 5.32a). These include the tear glands, pancreas, gastric glands, and many others. In holocrine37 glands, cells accumulate a product and then the entire cell disintegrates, so the secretion is a mixture of cell fragments and the substance the cell had synthesized prior to its disintegration (fig. 5.32b). Only a few glands use this mode of secretion, such as the oil-producing glands of the scalp and certain glands of the eyelid. Holocrine secretions tend to be thicker than merocrine secretions.
that makes sense to just combine the two words, makes it easy to remember[Why tag this text]This may be a dumb question but what happens to the secretoryportiont after it is finished secreting whatever it needs to secret?[Why tag this textThere are different types of secretions too? Why?! Let juices flow one way and thats it. The body is a mysterious thing.[Why tag this textTypes of secretions:Serous: Oily, thin, watery fluids [sweat, milk, tears, digestive juices]Mucous: Mucin turns into mucus hen you add water.Mixed glands: Secrete bothCytogenic: Release whole cells, testes/ovaries[Why tag this textI think its importent to know the differnt types of sectetion due to the fact that our body secrets every time we go to the bathroom or throw up.even when we sweat our body secrets[Why tag this textGives light to the type of secretions that glands have[Why tag this textIt is important to understand the different types of secretions to understand glands.[Why tag this textBy understanding the different types of secreations and also knowing that glands are classified not only by their structure but also by the nature of their secretions shows how in depth and how important it is to educate yourself on specific areas of the body. Depending on how glands produce their secretions also depend on whether or not their merocrine or holocrine. [Why tag this textI chose this because as I was reading this I remember learning that our whole body has a lot of oil producing glands thats why peoples faces look shiny. Everyone has these glands because when someone is working out or doing something active they sweat and these or secretions they are talking about.[Why tag this textThere are different types of glands that secretes in their own ways.Serous glands: are produced watery and thin ; ex. tearsMucous glands: secrets glycoprotein called mucin ; ex. toungue - turns into sticky mucusCytogenic glands: releases whole cells such as those in the reproductive systems; ex. sperm or egg[Why tag this textSecretions is what define gland, different kind of secretions help provide gland the ability to absorbs water and forms sticky product mucus.[Why tag this textwhen you are classifying glands they can be classified by their sturcture and the secretions they release.[Why tag this textthe physical properties of the secretions further differentiate glands. there are thin and thick secretions.[Why tag this textCan you explain more how glands are classified by their nature of their secretion? I tried to look up for more examples. All I know is that every gland is resposible for spicific secretion; Like mucus glands for mouth.[Why tag this textNever knew this. have gone over this a couple times. and will be a couple times more.[Why tag this textso by what the are secreting?[Why tag this textI found this perticularlly interesting that there are within our bodies these tiny sacs that are responsible for sweat, tears and digestion. So many parts, so many purposes within the human body[Why tag this textExplains for glands that secrete have different types of secretions for different gland types and locations.[General-Do not useMedical terms are usually very hard to understand from someone not in the profession. I think it is interesting how the names of things in the medical field come about. The way that these glands are classified is by their structure and the type of secretion that comes out of them. Again, before reading this section of the text I had no awareness of the fact that glands had different names according to the structure and secretion.[Why tag this textI never realized all the differences between glands[Why tag this textOnce again, does this have anything to do with a virus that makes your glands swollen?[Why tag this textjust a cool fact i never knew![Why tag this text2 types of glands that do different things for the body. One forms sweat and tears and the other forms protein secretions.[General-Do not usethis is a very important secretion because without it we would not be able to break down food in our mouth for proper digestion[Why tag this textYes, thank you. I have the worst cold right now and these are acting up like crazy. [Why tag this textDo we have mucous glands in our nose? I have bad allergies and during allergy season I always have mucous draining in the back of my throat.[Why tag this textThis makes me wonder what happens to these glands when you are sick and have a bunch of mucus in the back of your throat. Do they become swollen?[Why tag this textIs it just the defense mechanism, or why then when we are sick do we tend to produce more mucus then? Or do we produce then same smount but there is a lesser concentration of mucin?[Why tag this textIf only we could know when mucin was released, it would give us a heads up on when we will get sick/get mucus. Also, if mucin absorbs water and forms mucus how come when sick you are not to drink milk and avoid dairy? I always thought mucus was formed from dairy products.[why tag thisNadin
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Up to 60% of currently used drugs work by altering the activity of G proteins.
The GlycocalyxExternal to the plasma membrane, all animal cells have a fuzzy coat called the glycocalyx9 (GLY-co-CAY-licks) (fig. 3.10), composed of the carbohydrate moieties of membrane glycolipids and glycoproteins. It is chemically unique in everyone but identical twins, and acts like an identification tag that enables the body to distinguish its own healthy cells from transplanted tissues, invading organisms, and diseased cells. Human blood types and transfusion compatibility are determined by glycolipids. The glycocalyx includes the cell-adhesion molecules that enable cells to adhere to each other and that guide the movement of cells in embryonic development.
External to the plasma membrane, all animal cells have a fuzzy coat called the glycocalyx9 (GLY-co-CAY-licks) (fig. 3.10), composed of the carbohydrate moieties of membrane glycolipids and glycoproteins. It is chemically unique in everyone but identical twins, and acts like an identification tag that enables the body to distinguish its own healthy cells from transplanted tissues, invading organisms, and diseased cells. Human blood types and transfusion compatibility are determined by glycolipids. The glycocalyx includes the cell-adhesion molecules that enable cells to adhere to each other and that guide the movement of cells in embryonic development.
External to the plasma membrane, all animal cells have a fuzzy coat called the glycocalyx9 (GLY-co-CAY-licks) (fig. 3.10), composed of the carbohydrate moieties of membrane glycolipids and glycoproteins. It is chemically unique in everyone but identical twins, and acts like an identification tag that enables the body to distinguish its own healthy cells from transplanted tissues, invading organisms, and diseased cells. Human blood types and transfusion compatibility are determined by glycolipids. The glycocalyx includes the cell-adhesion molecules that enable cells to adhere to each other and that guide the movement of cells in embryonic development. The functions of the glycocalyx are summarized in table 3.2.
External to the plasma membrane, all animal cells have a fuzzy coat called the glycocalyx9 (GLY-co-CAY-licks) (fig. 3.10), composed of the carbohydrate moieties of membrane glycolipids and glycoproteins. It is chemically unique in everyone but identical twins, and acts like an identification tag that enables the body to distinguish its own healthy cells from transplanted tissues, invading organisms, and diseased cells. Human blood types and transfusion compatibility are determined by glycolipids. The glycocalyx includes the cell-adhesion molecules that enable cells to adhere to each other and that guide the movement of cells in embryonic development. The functions of the glycocalyx are summarized in table 3.2.
That is a lot of drugs, I would have never guessed. [Why tag this text]I tagged this because I do not really understand why altering the activity of G proteins would make certain drugs effective. Because a message is not able to be fully transmitted?[Why tag this textIs the inital hormone or stimulate always the same and the drugs just alter the activity within the cell. Is this also how steriods work by altering the g-proteins?[Why tag this textWhat happens when there is over-activation of G proteins? I imagine this would put extraordinary stress on your body and may lead to some sort of heart failure or disruption of chemical signals. [Why tag this textIs this due to the ability of G proteins to relay information to other membrane proteins, or is there another role of G proteins that makes them such good candidates for alterations by drug therapies?[Why tag this textWhich part of the cell do the other 40% of drugs alter?[Why tag this textI didn't know that the Glycocalyx could fight the cancer[Why tag this textGlycocalyx: On the outside of the plasma membrane there is a fuzzy coat called the glycocalyx that is made of glycolipids and glycoproteins. It is the ID tag of the cell and serves to protect the cell [cushion], provide immunity by allowing the immune system to ID foreign invaders, it binds cells together, and helps with fertilization and embryonic development. [Why tag this textIt's really neat to me to be able to read the description of the glycocalyx coat and be able to fully understand and picture what is going on after I got to see it during lab when we viewed cells. You could actually see the fuzziness or bristle like structures all around the cells. [Why tag this textIt is interesting that plant cells do not have this. [Why tag this textHow exactly does HIV affect the Glycocalyx to make the body turn against itself?[Why tag this textglycocalyx definition and function[Why tag this textI tagged this because I find it interesting how all animal cells have the glycocalyx, however it's chemically unique for everyone with the exception of identical twins. [Why tag this textThis is interesting to me because I always thought that the plasma membrane was the only outer membrane but to find out that there was another membrane that is unique to everyone except in identical twins is very unique to me.[Why tag this textI thought that this was interesting because I did not know that the fuzzy coat of all animal cells are called glycocalyx9. This is chemically different in everyone except for identicle twins. It identifies the healthy cells from foreign cells in the body. The glycocalyx enable cells to help guide embryotic development cells.[Why tag this textIf someone had Immune Deficiency disorder would that be caused by a flaw in the glycocalyx?[Why tag this textAll animal cells had glycocalx and what it job is to acts like an identifcation tag and help improving healthy cells from transplanted tissues.[Why tag this textThe cell glycocalyx is specific to an individual organism but identical twins have the same. I think this is cool.[Why tag this textThis whole section is new to me. I love learning about new things and i think it is important to know about the glycocalyx because it has so many important functions. It is composed of carbohydrates and glycoproteins, and is uniwue in everyone but identical twins. This was very interesting to read about![Why tag this textThis is fascinating. I never knew that our body's had this. So this is how our body's identify what cells are ours, so our body's know when say, we have a blood transfusion, or an organ transplant. What causes these cells to reject some of these transplants, but not others?[Why tag this textDoes that mean it has the same function of the DNA?[Why tag this textI am curious about if, due to its chemical uniqueness in all individuals (execpt identical twins), glycocalyx can be used as means of identification in Jane/John Doe's. Currently (as mentioned in lab), mitochondrial DNA is utilized for this purpose becuase it is the product of matrilineal inheritance. Could glycocalyx be used in this manner as well?[Why tag this textCan it defferentiate from foreign cells that come from a blood relative vs. those from an outside doner? In the instance of some transplants they say there is a better chance of acceptance if the doner is inside your family - is this the part of the body/cell that can make that determination?[Why tag this textWhy is it not unique for twins? This is why a twin would be the best donor for a transplant.[Why tag this textDoes this mean that identical twins will ALWAYS have the same blood type? Have there been any rare medical cases in which twins did not have the same blood type? Does this affect the rH factor by chance?[Why tag this textThis is interesting to me because despite the many different types of cells and the complexity of the body we are still able to recognize ourselves as ourselves on a cellular level; not just on a conscious level. [Why tag this textI found this interesting that ones cells can so easily detect its healthy cells from diseased ones. [Why tag this textIt is interesting that the glycocalyx is chemically idenitical in indentical twins. Obviously they look simillarly, but I am interested to know to what degree their similarities exist--down to the cellular level in this case. [Why tag this textWould the gloycocalyx be one of the reasons that people receiveing organ transplants need to take anit-rejection mediciations?[Why tag this textEven if a transplant is a match for the recipient, does the glycocalyx still determine that it is compatible? Since no one, aside from identical twins, has the same glycocalyx, won't the body still reject the transplant even if it's a match? Are there medications that alter this?[Why tag this textthis is new to me. i thought that twins identical twins were more originon when it came to cells in the body.[Why tag this textMegan Page
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Potential energy is energy contained in an object because of its position or internal state but that is not doing work at the time.
Potential energy is energy contained in an object because of its position or internal state but that is not doing work at the time.
Potential energy is energy contained in an object because of its position or internal state but that is not doing work at the time. Kinetic energy is energy of motion, energy that is doing work.
Potential energy is energy contained in an object because of its position or internal state but that is not doing work at the time. Kinetic energy is energy of motion, energy that is doing work. I
Potential energy is energy contained in an object because of its position or internal state but that is not doing work at the time. Kinetic energy is energy of motion, energy that is doing work. It is observed in musculoskeletal movements,
Kinetic energy is energy of motion, energy that is doing work. It is observed in musculoskeletal movements, the flow of ions into a cell, and vibration of the eardrum, for example.
It is observed in musculoskeletal movements, the flow of ions into a cell, and vibration of the eardrum, for example.
The water behind a dam has potential energy because of its position. Let the water flow through, and it exhibits kinetic energy that can be tapped for generating electricity. Like water behind a dam, ions concentrated on one side of a cell membrane have potential energy that can be released by opening gates in the membrane. As the ions flow through the gates, their kinetic energy can be tapped to create a nerve signal or make the heart beat.
Within the two broad categories of potential and kinetic energy, several forms of energy are relevant to human physiology.
Within the two broad categories of potential and kinetic energy, several forms of energy are relevant to human physiology. Chemical energy is potential energy stored in the bonds of molecules. Chemical reactions release this energy and make it available for physiological work. Heat is the kinetic energy of molecular motion. The temperature of a substance is a measure of rate of this motion, and adding heat to a substance increases this rate. Electromagnetic energy is the kinetic energy of moving ?packets? of radiation called photons. The most familiar form of electromagnetic energy is light. Electrical energy has both potential and kinetic forms. It is potential energy when charged particles have accumulated at a point such as a battery terminal or on one side of a cell membrane; it becomes kinetic energy when these particles begin to move and create an electrical current?for example, when electrons move through your household wiring or sodium ions move through a cell membrane.
Within the two broad categories of potential and kinetic energy, several forms of energy are relevant to human physiology. Chemical energy is potential energy stored in the bonds of molecules. Chemical reactions release this energy and make it available for physiological work. Heat is the kinetic energy of molecular motion. The temperature of a substance is a measure of rate of this motion, and adding heat to a substance increases this rate. Electromagnetic energy is the kinetic energy of moving ?packets? of radiation called photons. The most familiar form of electromagnetic energy is light. Electrical energy has both potential and kinetic forms. It is potential energy when charged particles have accumulated at a point such as a battery terminal or on one side of a cell membrane; it becomes kinetic energy when these particles begin to move and create an electrical current?for example, when electrons move through your household wiring or sodium ions move through a cell membrane.Free energy is the potential energy available in a system to do useful work. In human physiology, the most relevant free energy is the energy stored in the chemical bonds of organic molecules.
I absolutely love the idea of potential energy. It is so interesting and there's so much to it. It is very abstract and makes you think! For example; one thing has little potential energy by itself but if you take something else (which normally has little potential energy) and place them by each other, they suddenly have great amounts of potential energy. It's so simple and complex at the same time. There's a saying that goes something like this and i know im missing a part of it: the worlds greatest resource is human potential. It's also our most wasted resource. (something like that)[Why tag this text]Potential energy is the energy potential containted in an object. It only needs to be set off to release the potential energy stored in the system.[Why tag this textVery important to realize that energy does not always come from things in motion. It can be stored, such as the water behind a dam.[Why tag this textPeople confused the different types of energy. Even if an object is moving, say falling from top to bottom of something, it can have potential energy, but not kinetic, even though, by definition, kinetic energy involves the motion aspect of things. This concept refers to the physics part of biology.[Why tag this textPotential Energy definition[Why tag this textI am taking physics 107 and we are just learning about this now! I think that this is kind of cool that both of my classes I'll be learning about the same thing but just in different context. Where in physics I'll learn about an object and in a&p I'll learn about the body in both kinetic and potential energy![Why tag this textI found relearning this essential for when my manager says I'm not doing anything at work I can tell her I have potential energy.[Why I tagged thisTo differentiate between kinetic and potential energy I think of this example: potential energy is the energy a roller coaster car has at the peak of a hill when it is not falling and kinetic energy is the energy the roller coaster car has when it is going down the hill past the peak.[Why tag this textpotential and kinetic energy are import because they are aways present, in an example when laying in bed you have potential energy after you fall out of bed your kinetic energy increses till right before you hit the floor when you hit your maximum kinetic energy[Why tag this textI tagged this because I am an athlete and this is the type of energy that I use to compete. Furthermore, I might want to major in kinesiology and that is the study of human movement.[Why tag this textKinetic energy definition[Why tag this textI had always thought this was the only kind of energy! I didn't know there was a type of energy that doesn't do work.[Why tag this textWhat is a musculoskeletal movement?[Why tag this textI really like this example because I'm a visual learning and to actually see this happening in my head really helps me understand the differences between kinetic and potential energy.[Why tag this textvery good example. helped me thoroughly understand the meaning of both kinetic and potential energy[Why tag this textI found this significant because it describes what potential and kinetic energy is and gives an example so that the readers can understand how it works,[Why tag this textThis gives an example of potential and kinectice energy.[Why tag this textThis concept is used during ATP production. Protons are pumped out of the cell which produces potential energy until they reach the ATP synthase in which the Protons rushing through the ATP synthase produces the kinetic energy to produce ATP[Why tag this textThis is a great example of ptential and kinetic energy and it makes more since to me now. If i am clear on these definitons another example would be: If i am sledding and i am at the top of the hill i am in potential energy because of my position. But once i leave the top of the hill and accelerate to the bottom i am in kinetic energy because i am moving[Why tag this textFound this to be a very helpful analogy. Just thinking about the energy behind a dam is amazing. [Why tag this textEnergy of cells that make the heart beat[Why tag this textI am confused and questioning how the ions passing through gates can make the heart beat?[Why tag this textI am still in awe that a simple ion, with movement in contact of another moving ion can make such a difference in the body.[Why tag this textThis is interesting because it shows that most things in the body are regulated by concentration gradients and that these graidents can be used for energy.[Why tag this textIs this related or the basis of rapid depolarization in cardiac cells?[Why tag this textI know that the body is amazingly good at conserving energy and taking the path of least resistance, but it never occured to me that the heart is capable of recapturing energy from ions flowing through it, not just taking advantage of the differences in electrical gradient.[Why tag this textI highlighted this sentence because I think it's crucial to understand the difference between the two types of energy. I haven't taken a class since my freshman year of high school (about 5 years ago) that this has even been brought up, so it took a while for me to remember and comprehend the difference between the two again.[Why tag this textThis particular section stood out to me because last semester I took a physics class that was geared towards nursing and healthcare majors. When I took this class, I was amazed that physics could relate to the human body in so many different ways. Once again, I am surprised to see physics come up in my anatomy course.[Why tag this textI have tagged this portion of Energy and Chemical Reactions because this literary illusration was one of the ones that I was able to visualize, watch as my children run around and grasp...whereas section 2.2 was more difficult for me to grasp or visualize.[Why tag this textJoe Nimm
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Most of the skin is 1 to 2 mm thick, but it ranges from less than 0.5 mm on the eyelids to 6 mm between the shoulder blades. The difference is due mainly to variation in the thickness of the dermis, although skin is classified as thick or thin based on the relative thickness of the epidermis alone. Thick skin covers the palms, soles, and corresponding surfaces of the fingers and toes.
Most of the skin is 1 to 2 mm thick, but it ranges from less than 0.5 mm on the eyelids to 6 mm between the shoulder blades. The difference is due mainly to variation in the thickness of the dermis, although skin is classified as thick or thin based on the relative thickness of the epidermis alone. Thick skin covers the palms, soles, and corresponding surfaces of the fingers and toes. Its epidermis alone is about 0.5 mm thick, due to a very thick surface layer of dead cells called the stratum corneum
Most of the skin is 1 to 2 mm thick, but it ranges from less than 0.5 mm on the eyelids to 6 mm between the shoulder blades. The difference is due mainly to variation in the thickness of the dermis, although skin is classified as thick or thin based on the relative thickness of the epidermis alone. Thick skin covers the palms, soles, and corresponding surfaces of the fingers and toes. Its epidermis alone is about 0.5 mm thick, due to a very thick surface layer of dead cells called the stratum corneum (see fig. 6.3). Thick skin has sweat glands but no hair follicles or sebaceous (oil) glands. The rest of the body is covered with thin skin, which has an epidermis about 0.1 mm thick, with a thin stratum corneum (see fig. 6.6). It possesses hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands.Functions of the SkinThe skin is much more than a container for the body. It has a variety of important functions that go well beyond appearance, as we shall see here. Resistance to trauma and infection. The skin suffers the most physical injuries to the body, but it resists and recovers from trauma better than other organs do. The epidermal cells are packed with the tough protein keratin and linked by strong desmosomes that give this epithelium its durability. Few infectious organisms can penetrate the intact skin. Bacteria and fungi colonize the surface, but their numbers are kept in check by its relative dryness, its slight acidity (pH 4?6), and certain defensive antimicrobial peptides called dermcidin and defensins. The protective acidic film is called the acid mantle.
Why exactly is the hypodermis not considered part of the skin?[Why tag this text]I was unaware that there was another layer of tissue below the dermis (hypodermis). This layer of skin is mostly made up of Adipose tissue and when you get a shot, it's injected in this part of the skin because it absorbs quicker. [Why tag this textIf it is not part of the skin... what is it part of?[Why tag this texthype means below. Below dermis[Why tag this textNot part of the skin![Why tag this textWhen i was a baby iwas born with jaunice and had to be wrapped around with a blue light up blanket[Why tag this textThe skin diagram [Why tag this textWhy is that we don't have thick skin in the areas of our eyelids?[Why tag this textthick and thin cells correspond to different types of tissue. For instance, if thick skin can be represented by the skin residing on the bottom of your foot then some thick skin is certainly stratified squamous (keratinzied)[Why tag this textWe may not think about it but I feel like we take advantage of our skin because it is our first defense mechanism, also to think it is the biggest organ in our body. But people abuse it by going tanning and destroying the skin. [Why tag this textVery small[Why tag this textwow! never knew this or never would have guessed this.[Why tag this textI remember learning in high school through a lab experiment that there is a huge correlation to the thickness of a particular area of skin and its sensitivity to touch. [Why tag this textthe proctective layer being the skin is very thin[Why tag this textThis shows that skin varies in many ways, and on some spots of the body can protect you more.[Why tag this textthe protective layer being the skin is very thin[Why tag this textWhy is there such variety? What are the reasons for having such a range of thickness?[Why tag this textI tagged this part of the text, because there is so much more to skin then we give credit. Most people just think of it as the structure that covers our body, but in fact there is more than meets the eye. Skin is made up of multiple layers, some which include the dermis and epidermis. In addition hair follicles, sebaceous and sweat glands are a part of the skin. We often take skin for granted and do things that many would consider reckless, such as sun tanning. Skin is an essential component of the body and it should be protected.[Why tag this textinteresting information, it help us get knowledge about the skin very well. [Why tag this textvery importan to know about the skin structure and tissues[Why tag this textwonder how we would look if that skin was as thick as the shoulder blades[Why tag this textWhat is the purpose of having such thick skin between our shoulder blades? I would think that we would need thinker skin on our knees or hands.[Why tag this textI wonder why it is so thick here?[Why tag this textso even though all skin is thick skin on some parts of the body it is thin?[Why tag this textWhat happens if thin skin is present at a location where there is supposed to be thick skin? or vice versa? [Why tag this textis that because it comes in contact with the most objects?[Why tag this textThis passage was helpful because it made me understand why the palms of our hands, fingers and toes do not have hair but the rest of the skin on our body does. [Why tag this textIf this skin is thick skin, then what is the skin surrounding our entire body called if the skin on our eyelids are thin?[Why tag this textI thought dead cells flaked off? Interesting.[Why tag this textdead cells. [Why tag this textSarah
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What Vesalius was to anatomy, the Englishman William Harvey (1578?1657) was to physiology.
What Vesalius was to anatomy, the Englishman William Harvey (1578?1657) was to physiology. Harvey is remembered especially for his studies of blood circulation and a little book he published in 1628, known by its abbreviated title De Motu Cordis (On the Motion of the Heart). He and Michael Servetus (1511?53) were the first Western scientists to realize that blood must circulate continuously around the body, from the heart to the other organs and back to the heart again.
arvey is remembered especially for his studies of blood circulation and a little book he published in 1628, known by its abbreviated title De Motu Cordis (On the Motion of the Heart). He and Michael Servetus (1511?53) were the first Western scientists to realize that blood must circulate continuously around the body, from the heart to the other organs and back to the heart again. This flew in the face of Galen's belief that the liver converted food to blood, the heart pumped blood through the veins to all other organs, and those organs consumed it.
arvey is remembered especially for his studies of blood circulation and a little book he published in 1628, known by its abbreviated title De Motu Cordis (On the Motion of the Heart). He and Michael Servetus (1511?53) were the first Western scientists to realize that blood must circulate continuously around the body, from the heart to the other organs and back to the heart again. This flew in the face of Galen's belief that the liver converted food to blood, the heart pumped blood through the veins to all other organs, and those organs consumed it. Harvey's colleagues, wedded to the ideas of Galen, ridiculed him for his theory, though we now know he was correct (see p. 750). Despite persecution and setbacks, Harvey lived to a ripe old age, served as physician to the kings of England, and later did important work in embryology. Most importantly, Harvey's contributions represent the birth of experimental physiology?the method that generated most of the information in this book.
Modern medicine also owes an enormous debt to two inventors from this era, Robert Hooke and Antony van Leeuwenhoek, who extended the vision of biologists to the cellular level.
Vesalius to anatomy = Harvey to physiology.[Why I tagged this]Very important western scientists [Why I tagged thisWIlliam Harvey- father of physiology[Why I tagged thisWilliam Harvey's work disproved Galen's idea. His work overcame the stagnant beliefs of the time, encouraging further exploration in physiology.[Why I tagged thisHe was the first to make accurate statements about PHYSIOLOGY.[Why I tagged thisThe motion of the heart by Harvey[Why I tagged thisHarvey and Servetus's contribution[Why I tagged thisWilliam Harvey and Michael Servetus are important because they discovered the circulation of blood. Although Harvey was ridiculed for his beliefs he still stood by his findings and later was proven to be correct which I think is very impressive[Why I tagged thisHarvey and Servetus served Galen and proved him wrong[Why I tagged thisImportant discovery.[Why I tagged thisWilliam Harvey & MIchael Servetus first note the blood circulates continuously around body from heart.[Why I tagged thisReal facts to proofed that blood flew around the body and back to the hearts and then go back to other organs.[Why I tagged thisI tagged this part because I find it interesting. Harvey, Servetus and Galen's ideas connected to each other. With their ideas and because of the connection they discovered how blood circulates.[Why I tagged thisThis is a pivotal point in the timeline of medicine and biology. It would be advantageous to know this important concept for further chapters and for the basis of understanding how many of the theories or mechanisms we explore came to be.[Why I tagged thisWas a big innovation to how us living beings are able to survive and live. [Why I tagged thishow blood works[Why I tagged thisCorrected the previous incorrect theories of Galen, whom people had studied for years. Many thought he was absolutely wrong that about blood circulation.[Why I tagged thisThis marked as a turning point in the understanding of the physiology of the body thanks to Harvey. [Why I tagged thisto see how far our thinking about our bodies has come.[Why I tagged thisfor not dissecting a human body, this is a very good guess[Why I tagged thisTheme again. [Why I tagged thisTheory's do take long before they are known to be true it should be this way because of questioning of the new theory not because of pier pressure.[Why I tagged thisharvey created expirimental physiology[Why I tagged thisHarvey was the starting point for what scientists are continuing to do today to develop treatments - experimental physiology.[Why I tagged thisInteresting to know where the information in the book is coming from.[Why I tagged thisWas he the only that actually did a proper experiment?[Why I tagged thisThrough experimental physiology, he was able to contradict Galen's theory of blood. Harvey stated that blood circulated through the entire body constantly.[Why I tagged thisExperimental physiology- important to keep in mind as a very important means to getting information and gaining knowledge, still used today.[Why I tagged thisI think that both hooke and leeuwenhoek are two great examples of how we can definatly lean more of the human body by studying the foundation of life which is living cells. they where obvioulsy on to something and i think the knew there was more to humans and life than just organs and limbs. [Why I tagged thisJelena Ristic
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An organ is a structure composed of two or more tissue types that work together to carry out a particular function. Organs have definite anatomical boundaries and are visibly distinguishable from adjacent structures. Most organs and higher levels of structure are within the domain of gross anatomy. However, there are organs within organs?the large organs visible to the naked eye often contain smaller organs visible only with the microscope. The skin, for example, is the body's largest organ. Included within it are thousands of smaller organs: Each hair, nail, gland, nerve, and blood vessel of the skin is an organ in itself. A single organ can belong to two organ systems. For example, the pancreas belongs to both the endocrine and digestive systems.A tissue is a mass of similar cells and cell products that forms a discrete region of an organ and performs a specific function. The body is composed of only four primary classes of tissue: epithelial, connective, nervous, and muscular tissue. Histology, the study of tissues, is the subject of chapter 5.Cells are the smallest units of an organism that carry out all the basic functions of life; nothing simpler than a cell is considered alive. A cell is enclosed in a plasma membrane composed of lipids and proteins. Most cells have one nucleus, an organelle that contains its DNA. Cytology, the study of cells and organelles, is the subject of chapters 3 and 4.Organelles13 are microscopic structures in a cell that carry out its individual functions. Examples include mitochondria, centrioles, and lysosomes.Organelles and other cellular components are composed of molecules. The largest molecules, such as proteins, fats, and DNA, are called macromolecules. A molecule is a particle composed of at least two atoms, the smallest particles with unique chemical identities.
Different type of organ systems[Why I tagged this]How many organ systems do apes have?[Why I tagged thisThe 11 systems work together and are interconnected to make up a functioning organism. [Why I tagged thisI feel this is very important to know in the future of this class.[Why I tagged thisIt is good to know how many organ systems and what they are in the body. [Why I tagged thisit s good to see all the systems that make that help our bodies function[Why I tagged this11 ORGAN SYSTEMS FOUND IN THE HUMAN BODY[Why I tagged thisI did not know that the skeletal system is part of the 11 organ systems. It is intersting to see all of the different organ systems carrying out specific functions, yet working together in harmony.[Why I tagged thisKnowing the 11 organ systems names will be beneficial in the future of this course. Getting a head start on memorizing all of the names will make it easier when they are referenced in the future. [Why I tagged thisImportant to know the different organ systems in order to know what makes up each system.[Why I tagged thisAlthough there are multiple organ systems in the human body, they all connect to make sure our bodies function properly. [Why I tagged thisThe 11 systems that make up the human body. Level 1.[Why I tagged thisorgans that belong to one system are involved physically awith other organ systems.they all tie together in some way.[Why I tagged thisThe system is a sum of it's parts. The whole cannot function if one part isn't working.[Why I tagged thisI highlighted this because it gives a detailed explanation of the different level of heirarchy in the human body[Why I tagged thisquestion: is it possible that there is such a thing as a smaller living unit than a cell??[Why I tagged thisWhat is the most complex organ with the most tissue types?[Why I tagged thisHow many tissue types could an organ be composed of?[Why I tagged thisorgans ar different tissuse made up of two or more different tissusaes. they work together to make afunction.[Why I tagged thisI thought this was important because it explains what an organ is[Why I tagged thisI found this interesting because there are many different organs in your body and each one has a designated function to help with the function of the body to maintain your homeostasis in order you to keep living. [Why I tag thisDifferent types of tissues[Why I tagged thisOrgans, heart lungs skin, etc. level 2.[Why I tagged thisdef. of organ[Why I tagged thisSince organ systems are made up of a variety of organs, this definition helps us know the basics of an organ which can help breakdown the steps to a cell. [Why I tagged thisQuestion 2: Tissues are relevant to the definition of an organ because an organ must be made-up of at least two different tissue types. An organ cannot be made up of simiply one tissue type.[Why I tagged thisOrgans are composed of two or more tissue types. The skin, for example, has many layers. It is important to note that one organ can belong to different organ systems.[Why I tagged thisdef. organs[Why I tagged thisIt is good to know what an organ is so you know exactly what your looking at. [Why I tagged thisOrgan def[Why I tagged thisDefines what an organ is, and tells you the importance of it. Useful to know about.[Why I tagged thisJungas
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FIGURE 7.3Bone Cells and Their Development.(a) Osteogenic cells give rise to osteoblasts, which deposit matrix around themselves and transform into osteocytes. (b) Bone marrow stem cells fuse to form osteoclasts.
Osteogenic10 (osteoprogenitor) cells are stem cells that develop from embryonic mesenchymal cells (see p. 145) and then give rise to most other bone cell types. They are found in the endosteum, the inner layer of the periosteum, and in the central canals. They multiply continually, and some go on to become the osteoblasts described next.
Osteogenic10 (osteoprogenitor) cells are stem cells that develop from embryonic mesenchymal cells (see p. 145) and then give rise to most other bone cell types. They are found in the endosteum, the inner layer of the periosteum, and in the central canals. They multiply continually, and some go on to become the osteoblasts described next. Osteoblasts11 are bone-forming cells. They are roughly cuboidal or angular, and line up in a single layer on the bone surface under the endosteum and periosteum and resemble a cuboidal epithelium (see fig. 7.8). Osteoblasts are nonmitotic, so the only way new ones can be generated is by mitosis and differentiation of osteogenic cells. They synthesize the soft organic matter of the bone matrix, which then hardens by mineral deposition. Stress and fractures stimulate osteogenic cells to multiply more rapidly and quickly generate increased numbers of osteoblasts, which reinforce or rebuild the bone. In 2007, it was discovered that osteoblasts also have a hormonal function. They secrete osteocalcin, previously thought to be only a structural protein of bone. Osteocalcin has now been shown to stimulate insulin secretion by the pancreas, increase insulin sensitivity in adipocytes, and limit the growth of adipose tissue. Osteocytes are former osteoblasts that have become trapped in the matrix they deposited. They reside in tiny cavities called lacunae,12 which are interconnected by slender channels called canaliculi13 (CAN-uh-LIC-you-lye). Each osteocyte has delicate fingerlike cytoplasmic processes that reach into the canaliculi to contact the processes from neighboring osteocytes. Some of them also contact osteoblasts on the bone surface. Neighboring osteocytes are connected by gap junctions where their processes meet, so they can pass nutrients and chemical signals to one another and pass their metabolic wastes to the nearest blood vessel for disposal.
Osteogenic10 (osteoprogenitor) cells are stem cells that develop from embryonic mesenchymal cells (see p. 145) and then give rise to most other bone cell types. They are found in the endosteum, the inner layer of the periosteum, and in the central canals. They multiply continually, and some go on to become the osteoblasts described next. Osteoblasts11 are bone-forming cells. They are roughly cuboidal or angular, and line up in a single layer on the bone surface under the endosteum and periosteum and resemble a cuboidal epithelium (see fig. 7.8). Osteoblasts are nonmitotic, so the only way new ones can be generated is by mitosis and differentiation of osteogenic cells. They synthesize the soft organic matter of the bone matrix, which then hardens by mineral deposition. Stress and fractures stimulate osteogenic cells to multiply more rapidly and quickly generate increased numbers of osteoblasts, which reinforce or rebuild the bone. In 2007, it was discovered that osteoblasts also have a hormonal function. They secrete osteocalcin, previously thought to be only a structural protein of bone. Osteocalcin has now been shown to stimulate insulin secretion by the pancreas, increase insulin sensitivity in adipocytes, and limit the growth of adipose tissue. Osteocytes are former osteoblasts that have become trapped in the matrix they deposited. They reside in tiny cavities called lacunae,12 which are interconnected by slender channels called canaliculi13 (CAN-uh-LIC-you-lye). Each osteocyte has delicate fingerlike cytoplasmic processes that reach into the canaliculi to contact the processes from neighboring osteocytes. Some of them also contact osteoblasts on the bone surface. Neighboring osteocytes are connected by gap junctions where their processes meet, so they can pass nutrients and chemical signals to one another and pass their metabolic wastes to the nearest blood vessel for disposal.Osteocytes have multiple functions. Some resorb bone matrix and others deposit it, so they contribute to the homeostatic maintenance of both bone density and blood concentrations of calcium and phosphate ions. Perhaps even more importantly, they are strain sensors. When a load is applied to a bone, it produces a flow in the extracellular fluid of the lacunae and canaliculi. This apparently stimulates the sensory primary cilia on the osteocytes and induces the cells to secrete biochemical signals that regulate bone remodeling?adjustments in bone shape and density to adapt to stress. Osteoclasts14 are bone-dissolving cells found on the bone surface. They develop from the same bone marrow stem cells that give rise to the blood cells. Thus, osteogenic cells, osteoblasts, and osteocytes all belong to one cell lineage, but osteoclasts have an independent origin (fig. 7.3). Each osteoclast is formed by the fusion of several stem cells, so osteoclasts are unusually large cells (up to 150 µm in diameter, visible to the naked eye). They typically have 3 or 4 nuclei, but sometimes up to 50, each contributed by one stem cell. The side of the osteoclast facing the bone surface has a ruffled border with many deep infoldings of the plasma membrane. These increase the cell surface area and thus enhance the efficiency of bone resorption. Osteoclasts often reside in pits called resorption bays (Howship15 lacunae) that they have etched into the bone surface. Bone remodeling results from the combined action of these bone-dissolving osteoclasts and bone-depositing osteoblasts.
What is a good way to characterize figure d?[Why I tagged this]Osteogenic cells turn into osteoblasts. Stem cells lead to formation of osteoclasts. Could stem cells turn into osteoblasts as well? Would an osteogenic cell ever turn into an osteoclast?[Why I tagged thisosteogenic:stem cells, found in eendosteum, and inner layer of periosyeum, and central canalsosteoblasts:bone-forming cellsonly way they can be produced are from mitosis or differentiation of osteogenic cells.osteocytes:former osteoblasts, located in lacunae. [Why I tagged thisWhat type of cells do osteogenic cells develop into if they don't become osteoblasts?[Why I tagged thisWhich one is most important?[Why I tagged thisWould these stem cells be beneficial for use in other parts of the body since they multiply continually? Could these end the embryonic stem cell issue?[Why I tagged thisWhat first gets infected when you get ostoporosis?[Why I tagged thisI thought these 3 passages where important to know because it described the functions of the cells of the bone. Such as Osteoblasts are bone form cellings that repair the bone from fractures. [Why I tagged thisDo these continue to exist/thrive throughout adulthood, or do the diminish with time?[Why I tagged thisOsteogenic bone cells are stem cells that give rise to most other bone cell types. Osteoblasts are cuboidal or angular and are bone-forming cells. Osteocytes are former osteoblasts that have trapped themselves in the matrix they deposited. [Why I tagged thisstem cells are extremely interesting. I would like to learn more about them, and what factors assist in stem cells changing to other types of cells.[Why I tagged thisOsteogenic cells contribute to osteoblasts that form into osteocytes.[Why I tagged thisfound in the endosteum, inner layer of the periosteum and the central canals[Why I tagged thisI find stem cells and the possibilities they may hold scientifically and medically. Really like reading about them and would like to learn more about them. The possibilities, risks, ethical issues, the whole debate.[Why I tagged thisI think it is important to know the different type of cells and what their functions are.[Why I tagged thisThe four principal types of bone cells [Why I tagged thisosteogenic cells developic from embryonic mesenchymal cells. They continuoously multiply and some go on to become osteoblasts.[Why I tagged thisstem cells that develop from embryonic mesenchymal cells. Found in endosteum[Why I tagged thiscan these cells be found in adults or only children?[Why I tagged thisare these the cells that are harvested when doing stem cell research?[Why I tagged thisThere is embryonic and adult stem cell research. I'm not sure where we are at in the embryonic stem cell debate. However, I think there are multiple sources of adult stem cells within the body?In response to Adrian Kange's comment: are these the cells that are harvested when doing stem cell research?--[Why I tagged thisOsteogenic - type of bone cell - description, location[Why I tagged thisI am attempting to understand the means by which specialized cells, such as these osteogenic cells, accumulate the proper organelles and contents during proliferation from mesenchymal cells. For example, I would expect there to be a very small number of mitochondrion in these cells, since I would assume cellular respiration is not as neccessary in bones? This type of specialization blows my mind! How can embryonic cells specialize from the same cells to become so many different kinds? [Why I tagged thisIt is interesting how every [Why I tagged thisIf these cells are stem cells do osteoblasts, osteoclasts, osteocytes form from them?[Why I tagged thisAre these the same stem cells that cause so much controversy? If not can they be used in the same way as those stem cells?[Why I tagged thisosteogenic cells are stem cells.[Why I tagged thiswhat do these things to help better bone?[Why I tagged thisDifference between three types of bone cells:Osteogenic cells- develop from embryonic mesenchymal cells; reproduce most of the other bone types.Osteoblasts- cells that form bones; only reproduce by mitosis; secrets osteocalcin.Osteocytes- previous osteoblasts trapped in their own matrix; found in lacunae.[Why I tagged thisOsteogenic cells give rise to osteoblasts, which deposit matrix around themselves and transform into osteocytes. [Why I tagged thischaracteristic of bone[Why I tagged thisDoes all of the Osteogenic cells turn into Osteoblasts?? All these different type of Osteo- names formed from these cells?[Why I tagged thisShannon Stinson
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In nineteenth-century Germany, Carl Zeiss (1816?88) and his business partner, physicist Ernst Abbe (1840?1905), greatly improved the compound microscope, adding the condenser and developing superior optics. With improved microscopes, biologists began eagerly examining a wider variety of specimens. By 1839, botanist Matthias Schleiden (1804?81) and zoologist Theodor Schwann (1810?82) concluded that all organisms were composed of cells.
In nineteenth-century Germany, Carl Zeiss (1816?88) and his business partner, physicist Ernst Abbe (1840?1905), greatly improved the compound microscope, adding the condenser and developing superior optics. With improved microscopes, biologists began eagerly examining a wider variety of specimens. By 1839, botanist Matthias Schleiden (1804?81) and zoologist Theodor Schwann (1810?82) concluded that all organisms were composed of cells. Although it took another century for this idea to be generally accepted, it became the first tenet of the cell theory, added to by later biologists and summarized in chapter 3. The cell theory was perhaps the most important breakthrough in biomedical history; all functions of the body are now interpreted as the effects of cellular activity.
Although the philosophical foundation for modern medicine was largely established by the time of Leeuwenhoek, Hooke, and Harvey, clinical practice was still in a dismal state.
Although the philosophical foundation for modern medicine was largely established by the time of Leeuwenhoek, Hooke, and Harvey, clinical practice was still in a dismal state. Few doctors attended medical school or received any formal education in basic science or human anatomy.
Although the philosophical foundation for modern medicine was largely established by the time of Leeuwenhoek, Hooke, and Harvey, clinical practice was still in a dismal state. Few doctors attended medical school or received any formal education in basic science or human anatomy. Physicians tended to be ignorant, ineffective, and pompous. Their practice was heavily based on expelling imaginary toxins from the body by bleeding their patients or inducing vomiting, sweating, or diarrhea. They performed operations with filthy hands and instruments, spreading lethal infections from one patient to another and refusing, in their vanity, to believe that they themselves were the carriers of disease. Countless women died of infections acquired during childbirth from their obstetricians. Fractured limbs often became gangrenous and had to be amputated, and there was no anesthesia to lessen the pain. Disease was still widely attributed to demons and witches, and many people felt they would be interfering with God's will if they tried to treat it.
And one that recreated a better microscopes[Why I tagged this]First to created the Microscopes.[Why I tagged thisZeiss and Abbe improve compound microscope, and Schleiden and Schwann conclude everything is made of cells (1839)[Why I tagged thisThey are important because they improved the microscope for everyone to use! and for biologists to keep improving and studying everything[Why I tagged thisImproved the microscope so it could be mass used around the medical community.[Why I tagged this19th century- the improvising of microscopes and the theory that all organisms are composed of cells (Schwann) in 1839[Why I tagged thisAbbe and Zeiss, A to Z is better then Hooke and Leeuwenhoek, H to L[Why I tagged thisCarl Zeiss and Ernst Abbe are responsible for improving microscopes with much more powerful optics and clearer images[Why I tagged thisThe use of the microscope has greatly advanced medicine and I think its important to know who is responsible for such things[Why I tagged thisExtremely important discovery in biology.[Why I tagged thisAble to see clearer images of cells.[Why I tagged thisZeiss improved the function of the microscopes which helped biologists examine more specimens[Why I tagged this Zeiss and Abbe's inovation of the micorscope helped Schleiden and Schwann deveolop cell theory. The author fails to mention that Schleiden and Schwann were having this conversation over a meal.[Why I tagged thisquestion 1Galen saw science as a way to discover. it was not concrete and it was ever changing. He warned that he could be wrong but his followers didnt listen to him. They took the book literally and praised it as lawQuestion 2Vesalius did dissection himself. He pointed out that much of the anatomy described by Galen was wrong. He was also the one to publush the first illustrations for teaching anatomy. His findings and illustrations are even used today and helped begin the legacy of modern medicine, including milestones such as Gray's Anatomy.Question 3They were the inventors of the microscope. They were the first to observe that living things were made of cells. their inventions paved the way for the cell theory. It also led to the discovery of microscopic organisms.I found it very interesting that within the last 50 years their have been more advances in medicine than in the past 2500 years. It is amazing to think of what will happen in the next 50 years.[Why I tagged thisThe beginning of the cell thoery which is likely the most important part of studying functions of the body.[Why I tagged thisThe basic understanding of cellular theory is the ultimate reductionism- seeing things at the cellular level allows us to understand how the parts function within the whole. Figuring out cell behavior and function is essential to medicine.[Why I tagged thisThe first two to come up with the theory that EVERYTHING was made up of cells.[Why I tagged thisThis was a revolutionary discovery in the world of science. [Why I tagged thisSchleiden and Schwann came up with the cell theory.[Why I tagged thisMatthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann were important because they brought about the idea which eventually evolved into what we know as the cell theory which is an amazing step in biomedical history[Why I tagged thisAristotle argued that complex structures came from a variety of simple components. Then centuries later this idea was later developed and proven accurate by the improvement of the microscope. With this one theory one can see how science is constantly building ontop of what other scientist have discovered. Constantly progressing and changing. [Why I tagged thisCell theory: 1839, M. Schleiden & T. Schwann, all organisms were composed of cells.[Why I tagged thisIt is good to know that all our functions start at the cellular level.[Why I tagged thisGood to know what the cell theory is[Why I tagged thisMost important theory in history.[Why I tagged thisImportant fact to remember[Why I tagged thisThe examination of cells on a microscopic level was not only a revolution in science resulting in the cell theory, but it also contributed significantly in studying the components of cells and the differences between them. Eventually, the cell theory, as well as the development of microscopes lead to the study of other microscopic elements of the body, such as blood. The examination of blood, for example, made it apparent that blood cells are not only composed of erythocytes and leukocytes, but other cells such as monocytes, neutrophils, lymphocytes and platelets. With these new components, scientists, as well as doctors, could closely examine blood specimans to determine the cause of blood related problems such as leukemia.[Why I tagged thisWhat exactly does the philosophical foundation of modern medicine entail? Can we discuss this in class?[Why I tagged thisI found this interesting because not many doctors back then were going to school to become educated in the anatomy of the body. It seems that they were still learning new information pertaining to the body in order for it to become widely known. [Why I tagged thisReally unbelievable!! So interesting and enjoyable to know[Why I tagged thisIt's unique to see that even the history of anatomy and physiology also had such a 180 degree change of how medicine was practiced. It went through a period of poor hygene to extreme clean and such proper hygene in a matter of recent history. Reminded me a fact about consuming lobster in early history was meant for less wealthy and now it is consider upper class to have lobster. [Why I tagged thisCorianne
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Not all hair is alike, even on one person. Over the course of our lives, we grow three kinds of hair: lanugo, vellus, and terminal hair.
Not all hair is alike, even on one person. Over the course of our lives, we grow three kinds of hair: lanugo, vellus, and terminal hair. Lanugo21 is fine, downy, unpigmented hair that appears on the fetus in the last 3 months of development. By the time of birth, most of it is replaced by vellus,22 similarly fine, pale hair. Vellus constitutes about two-thirds of the hair of women, one-tenth of the hair of men, and all of the hair of children except for the eyebrows, eyelashes, and hair of the scalp. Terminal hair is longer, coarser, and usually more heavily pigmented. It forms the eyebrows and eyelashes and covers the scalp; after puberty, it forms the axillary and pubic hair, the male facial hair, and some of the hair on the trunk and limbs.
Not all hair is alike, even on one person. Over the course of our lives, we grow three kinds of hair: lanugo, vellus, and terminal hair. Lanugo21 is fine, downy, unpigmented hair that appears on the fetus in the last 3 months of development. By the time of birth, most of it is replaced by vellus,22 similarly fine, pale hair. Vellus constitutes about two-thirds of the hair of women, one-tenth of the hair of men, and all of the hair of children except for the eyebrows, eyelashes, and hair of the scalp. Terminal hair is longer, coarser, and usually more heavily pigmented. It forms the eyebrows and eyelashes and covers the scalp; after puberty, it forms the axillary and pubic hair, the male facial hair, and some of the hair on the trunk and limbs.Structure of the Hair and Follicle
Is this why some races or ethnicities are considered [Why tag this text]why and how is pigmentation different? If every person has the same kind cell making up their hair, why are some red or blond or brown?[Why tag thisI never knew that over our life time we grew three kinds of hair. I always thought the hair we were born with is what kept on growing and growing. It is interesting to know that our hair is replaced three times throughout our lifetime.[Why tag thisI thought this was interesting because before reading this I did not know that there were different stages and different types of hair. Also that the hair on a fetus is not the hair the baby is born with. [Why tag thiswhat is it that makes everybody's hair growth so different. Does it have to do with genes?[Why tag thisI never knew that hair was classified into three different types. It is also interesting to know that certain types of hair are actually replaced by other types later in life. I wonder what the purpose of having these different types of hair at different stages in our lives would be. [Why tag this Even in the one person there are different kinds of hair[Why tag thisMy grandpa had cancer and went through chemotherapy, and he ended up losing his hair, but it grew back patchy in some spots and not the same style or color it was before chemo. Is this what happens? Like, your hair goes through that process again?[Why tag thisI tagged this section of the reading, because I find it interesting that hair found in one part of the body is not like hair in another part. I never knew there were three different kinds of hair. These different types include lanugo, vellus, and terminal. This change in hair is typically seen early on. Lanugo hair usually appears in the last three months of the fetus's development. The change between lanugo and vellus hair take place around then if not shortly after the time of birth. We rarely stop to think about simple things such as our hair and how it came to be, because the majority of change that happened was at a very young age we therefore overlook it.[Why tag thisthe three kinds of hair that humans grow and where it grows on the body[Why tag thisI never knew there were different kinds of hair so I founf this very interesting. I guess though when you bring home a newborn there hair color changes and the texture sometimes and this could be because of that change.[Why tag thisThree types of hair, lanugo is for fetus, fine downy unpigmented. Vellus replaces this, fine pale hair, mostly in women. Terminal hair is coarse heavy pigment it is for pubic, facial eyelashes.[Why tag thisI am curious what cause these types of hair to grow. The protein from the body or it just forms as the body experienced change?[Why tag this
What causes hair changes in humans? I.e. going from straight to curly hair throughout your lifetime.[Why tag thisImportant information to know the different typres of hair on the body.[Why tag thisI always noticed that there was thicker hair o my head and thinner on my arms ect but I had no idea they had terms or there are 3 not 2.[Why tag thisI did not know there were different types of hair that humans grow throughout their lives. It makes sense, but i never thought about it. [Why tag thisits interesting how as we grow and change so does our hair.[Why tag thisI did not know that as we grow we grow three kinds of hair, lanugo, vellus, and terminal hair. I also didnt know that eyebrows are use dto keep the sweat or debris out of the eyes. [Why tag thisthroughout the course of our lives we grows three kinds of hair called lanugo, vellus, and terminal hair.Lanugo is fine, downy, unpigmented hair. This hair develops of a fetus in the last 3 months.Vellus is 2/3 of the hair of woman. 1/10 if men, and all of the hair of children except for eyebrows, eyelashes, and hair of the scalp. terminal hair, long, coarse, and more pigmented. terminal hair forms the eyelashes, eyebrows and scalp hair. [Why tag thisI never knew this! Anyone can tell that a babys hair is different that an adults hair but I never knew this was so specific and all had certain names. Very interesting to me and I think it would be to the general public if they knew about this![Why tag this3 different types of hair in a person. Forensic scientists use this to identify suspects (forensic science class).[Why tag thisThree types of hiar? I never knew that! I always thought we had one hair and thats it.[Why tag thisWhat happens to lanugo hair? The text says its replaced but does that mean lanugo hair falls out, or the vellus hair grows in its place. Does the vellus hair have a new and seperate location is basically the question. [Why tag thisEarliest stage[Why tag thisWhy can eyebrows grow back but not eyelashes?[Why tag thisI wonder why women have more vellus hair than men. I know that women have more body fat in order to assist with reproductive tasks, but I don't see how hair type would relate to this.[Why tag thisthe three tpes of hair are lang, vellus and terminal hair. Langu is fine,downy, unpigmented hair that appears on the fetus in the last 3 months. The vellus is similarly fine pale hair. Vellus consit of 2/3 of hair on wome. And terminal hai is longer an usually more heavy. I never knew that we have three diferent hair typs.[Why tag thisIs this also known as baby hair? [Why tag thisSecond stage[Why tag thisSarah Kallas
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What is the difference between a mixture and a compound?
What are hydrophilic and hydrophobic substances? Give an example of each.
Why would the cohesion and thermal stability of water be less if water did not have polar covalent bonds
Why would the cohesion and thermal stability of water be less if water did not have polar covalent bonds?
How do solutions, colloids, and suspensions differ from each other? Give an example of each in the human body
How do solutions, colloids, and suspensions differ from each other? Give an example of each in the human body.
What is one advantage of percentage over molarity as a measure of solute concentration? What is one advantage of molarity over percentage?
If solution A had an H+ concentration of 10-8 M, what would be its pH? If solution B had 1,000 times this H+ concentration, what would be its pH? Would solution A be acidic or basic? What about solution B?
related to daily scenarios. when people have bladder infections is that related to the PH?[Why tag this text]ths is such a great mechanism that our body have developed to keep the body safe. makes me wonder what else can our body do to maintain life. This reminds me a lot about strategy. Just like a game of volleyball, we want to attack a certain location of the volleyball court so that we can achieve a desire result. Like aspirin being uncharged in the stomach so it can enter the blood stream. [Why tag this textHow would a physician manipulate the pH of urine to rapidly excrete poisons? What circumstances would require this type of treatment? [Why tag this textWhat is the effect of pH on urine and what can cause it to become unnaturally acidic or basic?[Why tag this textThis is a great point and one I think we forget. This allows the body to rid itself of potentially dangerous chemicals. It also is a good reminder of the importance is staying hydrated and voiding the bladder regularly to help this proces along.[Why tag this textA mixture is a set of multiple compounds that do not have a chemical reaction and a compound is a set of multiple elements in which DO have a chemical reaction[why tag thismixture-a set of multiple compounds combinedcompound-a combination of multiple elements[Why tag this textA compound is a substance in which elements are chemically bonded. A mixture is made up of two or more elements that are bonded with no chemical reaction.[Why tag this textA compound is a substance in which atoms of different elements are chemically held to one another. A mixture is a substance made by combining two or more different materials in such a way that no chemical reaction occurs. A mixture can usually be separated back into its original components, a compound can't[Why tag this textA mixture is a substance where multiple sets of compounds that doesnt have a chemical reaction . A compound is substance where elements do have a chemical reaction.[Why tag this textA mixture is just physically combined substances where compounds are chemically combined. [Why tag this textHydrophilic is simply the process of substances dissolving in water, like sugars. Hydrophobic is key to stay away from water and therefore do not dissolve in water, like lipids.[Why tag this textSubstances that dissolve in water such as sugar are said to be hydrophilic and the relatively few substances that do not such as fats are said to be hydrophobic.[Why tag this textHydrophilic are substances that dissolve in water, such as sugar. Hydrophobic are the few substances that do not dissolve in water, such as fats. [Why tag this texthydrophilic-substance that dissolves in waterhydrophobic-substance that does not dissolve in water[Why tag this textHydrophilic substances are polar substances, which means they like water and dissolve in polar sulutions whereas hydrophobic substances are water -repelent or are non polar and dissolve in nonpolar solvents[Why tag this textHydrophillic is a substance that dissolves in water and hydrophobic is a substance that doesnt dissolve in water. [Why tag this texthaving a polar covalent bond would cause the body to have a harder time controlling heat levels in a human[Why tag this textThe human body would have a difficult time trying to control heat levels because there would be + and - charges but no hydrogen bonding [Why tag this textBecause there would be some positive and negative charges and there would be no hydrogen bonding between molecules of water.[Why tag this textThe body would have a more difficult time maintaining homeostasis and overall body temperature if water did to have covalent bonds. [Why tag this textsolution-very small, clear, permeable, example is salt watercolloid-large, cloudy often, impermeable, example is blood proteinsuspension-medium sized, usually opague, impermeable, example is fat in blood[Why tag this textSolutions are very small and clear just like salt. Colloids are pretty large and cloudy like mixtures of water and protein. Suspensions are medium-sized and opaque like blood cells in the plasma. [Why tag this textSolutions consist of particles of matter called solute mixed with a more abundant substance (usually water) called the solvent. An example of a solution would be the passing of particles through a selectively permeable membrane, such as a dialysis tube and cell membranes. Colloids are an aqueous mixture of particles that are too large to pass through most selectively permeable membranes but still small enough to remain evenly dispersed through the solvent. In the body, the most common colloids are mixtures of protein and water, such as the albumin in blood plasma. Lastly, suspensions are a heterogeneous mixture containing solid particles that are sufficiently large for sedimentation (the tendency for particles in suspension to settle out of the fluid in which they are entrained, and come to rest against a barrier). Suspensions can be found in the blood cells in our blood plasma.[Why tag this textThey are all different in size Solution being the smallest, Colloid being the second smallest and Suspension being the largest of them all. Soultion is clear, Colloid is often cloudy and Suspension is a cloudy-opaque. Some examples in the human would be glucose in blood (solution), proteins in blood (colloid), and blood cells (suspension).[Why tag this textSolutions are very small and remain see through like saliva. A colloid is a little larger and is more opaque, Like the mucous. and the suspensions are larger yet and remain not see throughout like a sample of red blood cells[Why tag this textSolutions with the same molarity have the same number of molecules per volume because morality takes differences in molecular weight into account. [Why tag this textSolutions with the same molarity have the same # of molecules/volume.[Why tag this textWhile taking molecular weight into account a solute concentration considers the number of moles of solute per liter of solution. [Why tag this textsolution A is acidic with pH of two, solution B is basic. [Why tag this textQuestion 8: Solution A would have a pH of 7.00 and is neutral. Solution B would have a pH of 4.00 is acidic.[Why tag this textSolution A would be neutral because it has a pH of 7 and solution B would be acidic because it has a pH of 4[Why tag this textJerry S Yang
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Many anatomical structures are significantly longer in one direction than another?the humerus and esophagus, for example
Many anatomical structures are significantly longer in one direction than another?the humerus and esophagus, for example. A tissue cut in the long direction is called a longitudinal section (l.s.), and one cut perpendicular to this is a cross section (c.s. or x.s.) or transverse section (t.s.). A section cut on a slant between a longitudinal and cross section is an oblique section
Many anatomical structures are significantly longer in one direction than another?the humerus and esophagus, for example. A tissue cut in the long direction is called a longitudinal section (l.s.), and one cut perpendicular to this is a cross section (c.s. or x.s.) or transverse section (t.s.). A section cut on a slant between a longitudinal and cross section is an oblique section.
Many anatomical structures are significantly longer in one direction than another?the humerus and esophagus, for example. A tissue cut in the long direction is called a longitudinal section (l.s.), and one cut perpendicular to this is a cross section (c.s. or x.s.) or transverse section (t.s.). A section cut on a slant between a longitudinal and cross section is an oblique section. Figure 5.2 shows how certain organs look when sectioned on each of these planes.
This seems to support the idea that we have to look at the whole situation rather than each individual part. There are many different ways we can observe something relatively simple, like a hard boiled egg, yet depending on how we look at it, you could entirely miss something tremendously important. We must approach things from many different angles to fully understand what is going on.[Why tag this text]This statement brings up a good point in which I am going to try to keep in mind when viewing slides under a microscope. It is important to always be aware of what may be missing, knowing there is a potential for it to be.[Why tag this textThis seemed interesting to me because of the fact that they're comparing edible objects to our organs. This definitely gives us the opportunity to experiment on our own and physically see how the body is set up using different everyday objects.[Why tag this textI had never thought of that before I always just assumed that a tissue section would have all of the cell components[Why tag this textThought this was interesting based on how the structure of a hard boiled egg and a nucleus or an egg in the ovary can be related.[Why tag this textThis is something that I have to remind myself, because I tend to assume everything will look like the perfectly engineered cross sections we see diagrammed in our textbook.[Why tag this textThis is important to keep in mind because it explains to us how to interpret tissues that Histologist have prepared for our viewing.[Why tag this textI believe it is vital to understand how tissues are prepared for study in order to understand that no tissue sample will allow perfect visual imagining of what structures look like when found in its original form in human anatomy. Being able to account for these types of innaccuracies allows students to recognize that what they are studying are not complete representations, but understanding (as stated in earlier chapters) parts of the whole will increase basic knowledge of human form and function. [Why tag this textwhy are anatomical structures significantlly longer in one direction than another? I read this and wondered why and looked it up because it interested me. [Why tag this textstructures are longer in one direction than the other[Why tag this textBy knowing the anatomical structures because not all tissues are sectioned and cut in the same matter due the height and length of the body part.This is important for the study since different types of structures are sectioned vary between parts. This creates different types of sections for the same structure, which can be interpreted in multiple ways.[Why tag this textThis explains that depends on how the cell sample is separated you will see a better quality for some structures depending on the section chose.[Why tag this textit is important to section tissues so we can see through the microscope.Sectioning reduce a 3D structure to 2D. an organ may look different when sectioning it in different levels. In Figure 5.2 There are three types of cutting the longitudinal ,cross section and Oblique section each one of them provides different image . is cutting the organ in one of these ways better than the other? and is there any specific situation that we need to use one of these ways?[Why tag this textDepending on which way you cut does it determine what you can and can not see?[Why tag this textWhat are the benefits of cutting tissue into longitudinal, cross or oblique sections? [Why tag this textI can relate to this vocabulary. I worked in an E.R for a couple years and had to help with multiple x-rays. Though I am use to some terms such as A/P (anteritor/postierior). But, I didn't quite grasp oblique till now.[Why tag this textIt is important to pay attention to whay type of tissue you are slicing and how you are going to cut it. Every type of tissue is different depending on where you are disecting it from so it is important on how you cut it to get the best view of the tisse. [Why tag this textDifferent structures in length, each direction have a different point of explaination, for example, longitudinal sections, when we cutting the longer direction.[Why tag this textIt is telling the different cuts to tissues and what they are called. will be very helpful in lab and case studies[Why tag this textI am interested in finding out by depending on which way a specimen is cut, what different aspects you can learn about a tissue or bone. By viewing a complex specimen in a variety of ways, the understanding and under lying importance of those cells and functions are brought to light.[Why tag this textsections in which organs, bones, tissue, ect can be divided into[Why tag this textDepending on the way that an object is cut it can vary significantly in shape. Think of the object as a whole when viewing cross sections.[Why tag this textIt describes the different types of sections invovled[Why tag this textExplains the different types of cuts, how they are done, where they are and what they are called[Why tag this texttupes of histology sections and their abbreviations[Why tag this textdifferent sectioning terms[Why tag this textKnowing these definitions will help us understand how the bone, tissue, or blood vessel, etc is cut. It will greatly help you understand what you are looking at in the body and understand what is wrong or what you are looking at [Why tag this textwhen you cut tissue samples the long way you cut them longitudinal. when you cut one perpendicular it is called a cross section. when cut on a slant then its oblique.[Why tag this textI found out what these terms mean and what they look like when cut. They are called something different according to how they are cut. Cross section is being cut horizontally, longitudinal sections are cut vertically and oblique sections are cut at an angle. Cutting a tissue or bone differently can let doctors see what is going with it. [Why tag this textThese planes are going to be important to remember when participating in Lab and viewing different parts/sections of things. [Why tag this textThe three ways sectioning are stated here, and how they are different. Below, the image pictures each of the sections. Figure 5.2 shows a picture of the three sections.[Why tag this textcutting of a structure in the long derection[Why tag this textwagnera2
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Functions of the SkeletonThe skeleton plays at least six roles: Support. Bones of the lower limbs, pelvis, and vertebral column hold up the body; nearly all bones provide support for the muscles; the mandible and maxilla support the teeth. Protection. Bones enclose and protect the brain, spinal cord, heart, lungs, pelvic viscera, and bone marrow. Movement. Limb movements, breathing, and other movements are produced by the action of muscles on the bones. Electrolyte balance. The skeleton stores calcium and phosphate ions and releases them into the tissue fluid and blood according to the body's physiological needs. Acid?base balance. Bone tissue buffers the blood against excessive pH changes by absorbing or releasing alkaline phosphate and carbonate salts. Blood formation. Red bone marrow is the major producer of blood cells, including cells of the immune system.
Functions of the SkeletonThe skeleton plays at least six roles: Support. Bones of the lower limbs, pelvis, and vertebral column hold up the body; nearly all bones provide support for the muscles; the mandible and maxilla support the teeth. Protection. Bones enclose and protect the brain, spinal cord, heart, lungs, pelvic viscera, and bone marrow. Movement. Limb movements, breathing, and other movements are produced by the action of muscles on the bones. Electrolyte balance. The skeleton stores calcium and phosphate ions and releases them into the tissue fluid and blood according to the body's physiological needs. Acid?base balance. Bone tissue buffers the blood against excessive pH changes by absorbing or releasing alkaline phosphate and carbonate salts. Blood formation. Red bone marrow is the major producer of blood cells, including cells of the immune system.Bones and Osseous TissueBone, or osseous3 tissue, is a connective tissue in which the matrix is hardened by the deposition of calcium phosphate and other minerals. The hardening process is called mineralization or calcification. (
The skeleton is what keeps everything together. It provides support, pretection, the ability for movement, and balances electrolights. It balances the acid to base retio within the body and without all these things it would not be posible for humans to move or exist the way we do. [General]support, protection, movement, electrolyte balance, acid-base balance, and blood formation are the main functions of the skeletion[Why I tagged thissupport, protection, movement, electroylite balnace, acid-base balance, blood formation[Why I tagged thisFunctions of Skeleton:Support: Hold up body, provide support for muscles.Protection: Enclose and Protect brain, spinal cord, etcMovement: Movements of limbs, breathing [muscle on bone]Electrolyte Balance: Storing calcium and phosphate ions to release when neededAcid-Base Balance: Buffers the blood against excessive PH changesBlood Formation: Major producer of blood cells [bone marrow does this][Why I tagged thisthe functions of the skeleton[Why I tagged thisThe skeletion is the only reason why humans can live. I'am also surprised at how many functions is serves. I did not know that the skeletion provieds an acid-base balance.[Why I tagged thisThe skeleton is not the only reason why humans can live. It is important to recognize the vital functions of all of our body systems. They work in conjunction to enable life.In response to Morgan Peil's comment: The skeletion is the only reason why humans can live. I'am also surprised at how many functions is serves. I did not know that the skeletion provieds an acid-base balance.--[Why I tagged thisI found this information useful. I was interested to read the part about electrolytes, I always see this on water bottles, or sports drinks but was never really sure what electrolytes were. [Why I tagged thisThis is very important information due to the fact that the skeletal system plays such a major and important role for our body. Support is key and the skeleton provides structural support for the entire body, protection it surrounds soft tissue, for example ribs and sternum protect the heart and lungs, skull protects the brain, movement, because the skeletal muscle is attached to bone it is able to pull on the bone when it contracts, electrolyte balance because the skeleton can be used as a storage it is able to store calcium, phosphate ions and release them into the tissue fluid and blood, acid base balance or mineral homeostasis stores calcium, phosphorus minerals are released into the blood when needed and lastly blood formation red bone marrow produces red blood cells and other blood elements.[Why I tagged thisI annotated this because there are many funtions of the skeleton such as support, protection, movement, electrolyte balance, acid-base balance, and blood formation. [Why I tagged thisThe skeleton has many functions and purposes.[Why I tagged this#NAME?[Why I tagged thisMany of us think that the skeleton is only for providing framework for the body. But in fact, the skeleton has six roles: support, protection, movement, electrolyte balance, acid-base balancce and blood formation.[Why I tagged thisI never knew this until now[Why I tagged thisThis shows the functions of the skeleton. [Why I tagged thisWould any of these skeletal roles increase and/or decrease as you get older in life?[Why I tagged thisThe skeleton plays at least six roles in our body: to support our muscles, protect our vital organs and other important tissues and nerves, produce movement in our bodies, provide electrolyte balance for our bodies physiological needs, keeps our acid-base balance in check, and produces blood and immune system cells.[Why I tagged thisI thought this was important to know how the bones supports, protects, provide movement, balance, and blood formation to the body. [Why I tagged thisThe skeleton has at least six roles consisting of supporting the body, protecting the body, movement of the body, balancing electrolytes, balances acid-base, and forming blood.[Why I tagged thisI knew that the skeleton plays a big part in support,protection, and movement. What i did not know is that the skeleton helos in blood fromation. When i think of our skeleton, i think of bones, i never think of the red bone marrow in our bones that produce blood cells. I find it so interesting that even our bones can produce blood cells.[Why I tagged thisThere are 6 main functions of the skeleton; support, protection, movement, electrolyte balance, acid-base balance and blood formation. [Why I tagged thisCan you explain this a little more[Why I tagged thisthe six roles that the functions of the skeleton have:[Why I tagged thisI found this information to be interesting because you usually think the only functions that the skeleton has is support but it also forms blood formation, protection, movement, and provides electrolyte balance.[Why I tagged thissupport the muscles, and other bones[Why I tagged thisMost of the bones of the body provide support for the muscles of the the body[Why I tagged thisThis is an important break down of the skeleton. Most people think the skeleton is just the structural support of the body but it definately plays a much larger role as illustrated here.[Why I tagged thisSix roles of the skeleton[Why I tagged thisI knew that the skeleton supported the body, as well as movement and balance but I did not know that it was also responsible for the rest. [Why I tagged thisthese are the main roles that the skeleton provides.[General_Do Not UseIt is interesting to learn another function of the skeleton, but the book chose to remove it. The detoxification of the body from certain contaminants such as lead and mercury. Why would the body do this if it is hard to extract such contaminants or even excrete it? [Why I tagged thisWhen the word 'skeleton' comes to my mind, the first thing i think of is bones and how our body moves. The skeleton plays many other roles that I wouldn't suspect such as balancing our electrolytes, acid-base buffering, and red blood cell formation.[Why I tagged thisBrittany Nycz
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The Scapula
The Scapula
The Scapula The scapula44 (fig. 8.31), named for its resemblance to a spade or shovel, is a triangular plate that posteriorly overlies ribs 2 through 7. Its only direct attachment to the thorax is by muscles; it glides across the rib cage as the arm and shoulder move. The three sides of the triangle are called the superior, medial (vertebral), and lateral (axillary) borders, and its three angles are the superior, inferior, and lateral angles. A conspicuous suprascapular notch in the superior border provides passage for a nerve. The broad anterior surface of the scapula, called the subscapular fossa, is slightly concave and relatively featureless. The posterior surface has a transverse ridge called the spine, a deep indentation superior to the spine called the supraspinous fossa, and a broad surface inferior to it called the infraspinous fossa.45
The Scapula The scapula44 (fig. 8.31), named for its resemblance to a spade or shovel, is a triangular plate that posteriorly overlies ribs 2 through 7. Its only direct attachment to the thorax is by muscles; it glides across the rib cage as the arm and shoulder move. The three sides of the triangle are called the superior, medial (vertebral), and lateral (axillary) borders, and its three angles are the superior, inferior, and lateral angles. A conspicuous suprascapular notch in the superior border provides passage for a nerve. The broad anterior surface of the scapula, called the subscapular fossa, is slightly concave and relatively featureless. The posterior surface has a transverse ridge called the spine, a deep indentation superior to the spine called the supraspinous fossa, and a broad surface inferior to it called the infraspinous fossa.45
This makes sense for sure. I wish there was a nice visual.[Why tag this]I alway thought the finger was the most fractured bone. Good to know[Why tag thisThat's crazy that this is one of the most commonly broken bones in the body! It has such an important function but yet its so fragile. [Why tag thisI always wondered why when you break your calvicle (collar bone) that your arm is put in a sling. Now I know that it is because it holds the shoulder in place and transfers force from the arm to other parts of the body[Why tag thisI've known a few people who've fractured their clavicle. And I knew a guy who broke it twice! I definitely agree it's the most commonly fractured bone in the body.[Why tag thisI had always thought that phlanges or radius/ulna would be the most commonly broken. The clavicle seems stronger than those bones.[Why tag thisI have heard heard of other fractured bones but not really clavicle. And thats supposed to be the most commonly fractured bone in the body. [Why tag thisI did not know that the clavicle was the most commonly fractured bone. [Why tag thisI wonder why through natural selection and evolution that this wasn't changed. When I was younger i broke ths bone. IT really didn't take a lot to break it either.[Why tag thisI work in a nursing home, and one of my residents a few weeks ago fractured her clavicle trying to break her fall. It seems like a bone that is difficult to set, or maybe she is being careless, but the bone still has a huge lump where it did the morning she went to the doctor. [Why tag thisWhen I used to snowboard often, a lot of people I knew kept breaking their clavicle and I was never sure as of why or how? But this all is coming together now as during a fall, putting your hands out in front is one of the first biological responses. [Why tag thisDoes its shape have anything to do with the clavicle's susceptibility to fracture?[Why tag thisWhat does it mean when you have chicken wings? And how to you get rid of them, or flatten them out?[Why tag thisI wonder how one can easily dislocate the scapula so it pops out in the back. what happens in what fossa?[Why tag thisattached to the thorax by muscles and goes across rib cage[Why tag thisAKA shoulder blades[Why tag thisWhen looking at scapula how can you tell if it is backwards or if it is the right way?[Why tag thisUnderstanding the function of a bone is important when studying the body because knowing their normal function and postition can help if something doesn't seem right at any time. Also, knowing the interaction between the different bones with eachother can help with the understanding of how our body works.[Why tag thisAs I was reading this it made me think. Some people have the clavicle bone sticking out and it is showable behind their backs. Does that only apply when you are sitting down?[Why tag thisWhen I was dissecting the human cadaver this was of the bones that we looked at. It was smaller than I thought it would be. Seeing all the different sizes of the bones and all the bones is general was a great experience. I would definetly do it again. [Why tag thisThe scapula supports so many areas of the upper area of the body. it also has attachments to a number of muscles and ligaments/tendons. It supports and or is supported by other bones, muscles and joints[Why tag thisThe scapula is my favorite bone. It is beautiful in its detail. The subscapular fossa make the bones look like wings. Is the subscapular fossa the same on each side of each of the scapula?[Why tag thisI never knew that the scapula was given its name because of the similar resemblance it has to a shovel. There are three different sides of the scapula that are called the superior, medial and the lateral boarders.[Why tag thisWhat does the scapula exactly do?[Why tag thisIs it true that the scapula is basically free floating; that it isn't actually attached to the muscle?[Why tag thisIs this the bone you can see on people across the chest mostly on really fit people?[Why tag thisThe shape of the scapula looks like it might be protecting the lungs. Other than maybe support and protection of the thoratic cavity I can not think of many purposes of the scapula.[Why tag thisThe scapula moves with the shoulder across the ribs and it is named after it's resemblance to a spade or shovel, triangle shaped.[Why tag thisThis is a good way to remember the name/features of such a peculier bone. The 3 sides use directional terms (superior=top,medial=inside/vertebral side, and lateral=outer side)[Why tag thisWhat is the physiologic function of the scapula? What was it in our ancestors? How has it evolved? Seems there is something more to the story in that it is only attached to the thorax via muscle... [Why tag thisWhat happens if the notch gets a crack in it? what would happen as the never presses against the crack?[Why tag thisThis nerve heads to the supraspinatous and infraspinatous muscle which allow abduction and external rotation of the arm. [Why tag thisSteven Bertschy
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Vitamin D synthesis
Vitamin D synthesis. The skin carries out the first step in the synthesis of vitamin D, which is needed for bone development and maintenance. The liver and kidneys complete the process.
Sensation
Sensation.
Sensation. The skin is our most extensive sense organ. It is equipped with a variety of nerve endings that react to heat, cold, touch, texture, pressure, vibration, and tissue injury
Sensation. The skin is our most extensive sense organ. It is equipped with a variety of nerve endings that react to heat, cold, touch, texture, pressure, vibration, and tissue injury (see chapter 16). These sensory receptors are especially abundant on the face, palms, fingers, soles, nipples, and genitals. There are relatively few on the back and in skin overlying joints such as the knees and elbows.
Sensation. The skin is our most extensive sense organ. It is equipped with a variety of nerve endings that react to heat, cold, touch, texture, pressure, vibration, and tissue injury (see chapter 16). These sensory receptors are especially abundant on the face, palms, fingers, soles, nipples, and genitals. There are relatively few on the back and in skin overlying joints such as the knees and elbows. Page 182
Which ones?[Why tag this text]So I take it is good to tan? [Why tag this textI think this is an interesting and unique fact about the skin that some people may not know about. Sun tan lotion blocks our ability to synthesize VitD so it may be good to get a few minutes of exposure from the sun before slabbing on the lotion.[Why tag this textWhat is the first step of vitamin d synthesis? If you do not get enough vitamin d through lack of sun or dairy products what happens to the part of the skin used for synthesizing vitamin d?[Why tag this textThey say 15 minutes in the sun helps with vitamin D synthesis. Is this true?[Why tag this textThis important because these sections describe the different functions of the skin. Our skin does more than just protect us from the outside world and each function is described in these sections.[Why tag this textI believe the body needs sunlight to carry out this process, however due to sunblock some children are becoming deficent, is this true?[Why tag this textfunction: vitamin D synthesis[Why tag this textThis is interesting to me because there are some people in my family that have conditions that could be related to vitamin D deficiency. I would like to know more about how the skin is involved with vitamin D synthesis and why the sun is important in this process.[Why tag this textThis process seems similar to photosynthesis. We are a long way from using solar energy to power our bodies but it always interested me that we can make vitamin D by absorbing sunlight.[Why tag this textI know that Vitamin D is essential for our bodies but how much is too much?[Why tag this textVitamin D aid against high blood pressure, cancer,osteoporosis and a lot of autoimmune diseases like multiple sclerosis. When the body is lacking Vitamin D conditions like skeletal deformities,muscle weakness,rickets, and osteomalacia.[Why tag this textSo what happens if your body is vitamin d deficient? My body has been for the longest time and my development is perfectly normal. [Why tag this textThis is why being in the sun can help you. Seasonal depression disorder is caused by this.[Why tag this textWhen skin recieves vitamin D, most likely from the sun, is when skin pigmentation changes creating a [Why tag this textThe skin has several functions it does for the body: it aids in resistance to trauma and infection, it is a barrier to water, vitamin D synthesis, and sensation. Vitamin D is synthesized through the skin from the sun. I would like to know more about this process. How much sun do we need during the day and also how much is too much sun which will lead to sunburn. Reading about sensation was also interesting. It reminds me of when the doctor does the knee tap test that your sensory receptors react and you knee jerks. [Why tag this textI never knew this.[Why tag this textI didnt know what the function was of Vitamin D in the body, its important to know.[Why tag this textso in order to carry out this process the skin has to allow UV RAYS from the sun?[Why tag this textDoes that mean that using nail polish remover is harmful? Or would that just apply if it was used excessively?[Why tag this textHow do [Why tag this textit is weird to think about all the things our skin can do for us like protect our insides, keep the body at the perfect temperature, and feel and react to all sensation that requires feeling.[Why tag this textI tagged this because I am curious about the people who cannot feel pain and I am wondering is it is a problem with their skin or their brain[Why tag this textSome people can't feel anything when they touch them, is the problem in the sensory nerves or the skin itself? [Why tag this textfunction: sensation[Why tag this textI highlighted this area because I actually just found out that three different friends of mine suffer from Raynaud's Syndrome, where they lose feeling and coloration in their fingers and toes much quicker in the cold. Is the something in the skin to blame for this or does this have to do with other nerve endings?[Why tag this textin other words its our sensory units? feel, touch[Why tag this textI was wondering about the relationship between these nerve endings and the skin and what is the reason for a rash caused by Shingles? I know Shingles is essentially the [Why tag this textHaving previously mentioned my previous experience of learning about how thickness of skin correlates to sensitivity, I wonder if there is also a correlation between thinness of skin and the abundance of nerve endings. [Why tag this textMelissa
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Epithelia are classified into two broad categories? simple and stratified?with four types in each category. In a simple epithelium, every cell touches the basement membrane, whereas in a stratified epithelium, some cells rest on top of other cells and do not contact the basement membrane
Epithelia are classified into two broad categories? simple and stratified?with four types in each category. In a simple epithelium, every cell touches the basement membrane, whereas in a stratified epithelium, some cells rest on top of other cells and do not contact the basement membrane
Epithelia are classified into two broad categories? simple and stratified?with four types in each category. In a simple epithelium, every cell touches the basement membrane, whereas in a stratified epithelium, some cells rest on top of other cells and do not contact the basement membrane (fig. 5.3).
Epithelia are classified into two broad categories? simple and stratified?with four types in each category. In a simple epithelium, every cell touches the basement membrane, whereas in a stratified epithelium, some cells rest on top of other cells and do not contact the basement membrane (fig. 5.3).
will be important during lecture when talking about location and action of [General-Do not use]thIS IS HOW YOU extinguish between a simple and stratified epithelia, with four types in each category[Why tag this textThis section has put me under the impression that Epithelia is the boss of all tissues. The roles that it serves and the functions it provides to the body is something I would've never imagined a tissue to do. [Why tag this textshows beginning of new section, explains epithelia classification[Why tag this textVery important to learn and understand now. Much of what we will go over in not only this histology section, but much of the material over the semester will resport back to these tissues.[Why tag this textThis is an important introduction sentence to the rest of 5.2 because it is necessary to understand the difference between the two categories of epithelia, and how each works. I didn't realize before reading this that there was more than one category of [Why tag this textpithelia can be broken down into two categories. those two categories are simple and strtified. both categories have four types found in the group.[Why tag this textShould know this[Why tag this textEpithelia= simple and stratified[Why tag this textI found it so interesting that epithelial tissue was so common and varied in the body. I had only heard of epithelium in the intestines before so I had no idea how prevalent it really was in the body.[Why tag this textBasement membrane help provide materials such as proteins, glycoproteins to the epithelium tissue and also epithelia is category into two types simple and stratfified.[Why tag this textthere are two categories that classify the epethilia. Simple epithilium's cells touches the basement membrane whereas the stratified the cells do not contact the basement membrane rather they lay on top of other cells[Why tag this textThe two categories that epithelia are classified into[Why tag this textThis explains the two different types of epithelium what their structure is.[General-Do not usemain differenences between simple and stratified spitheliaum[Why tag this textWhy wouldn't you want to know the two categories of Epitheial tissue? This should be known because there are differences between the categories of tissues that harbor specific functions for the tissue to use. Their locations are important since not all are in the same place.[Why tag this textI tagged this because I did not know the epithelia was classified into two categories. Then within those categories it is broken down into four types. I found this really interesting and learned a lot. The picture also helped really explain this. [Why tag this textThis information/table is/are going to be very helpful in determining types of epithelia.[Why tag this textQuestion 1: Simple epithelia are where each single cell must touch the base membrane. Stratified epithelia are cells that sit on top of each other not directly on top of the basement membrane. Pseudostratified columnar epithemium belong into the simple epithelia because they are in a single layer even though they immitate the appearance of stratified or multiple cell layers.[Why tag this textcatagories[Why tag this texttwo categories of epithelia [Why tag this textclassification of epithelia [Why tag this textOur high school biology teacher was great at drilling this difference into our heads... I don't think I will ever be able to confuse these. [Why tag this textthe difference between simple and stratified epithelia[Why tag this textTwo catergories of epithelia and the differences between them, such as where the cells are located in relation to the basement membrane[Why tag this textI found his fact important because when identifying whether an epithelium is simple or stratified, I will need to know what makes it simple or statified. I will need to understand that simple epithelium cells touches the baseent membrane and the stratified epithelium doesn't.[Why tag this textI remember learning about simple and stratified and the four types within, but the new fact for me is that in simple epithelia, every cell touches and in stratified, they just sit on top of the other cells[Why tag this textExplains one the differences between simple epithelium and stratified epithelium[Why tag this textadd to anno # 6[Why tag this textso in order for a cell to be simple it has to touch the basement membrane and if it doesnt it is considered stratified because its resting on other cells[Why tag this textThis is one of the categories of the epithelium, it is important to knoe so that you understand more. [Why tag this text2 types of epithelia. in a simple epithelia every cell touches basement membrane.[Why tag this textJungas
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This shows how easy it is to affect the bone with foreign substance and the outcomes it has on our bodies[Why I tagged this]I was not aware that bones needed so many hormones. I was aware of the vitality of the vitamins. It makes sense that hormones would play such a large role though because hormones play such a large role in maturing into adulthood. Among other things.[Why I tagged thisOther factors affecting Bone:Bone growth is rapid in puberty--surges of growth hormone, estrogen and testosterone promote ossification. [Why I tagged thisIt is surprising that something so vital like bone growth still isn't completely understood. It was also surprising how there are 20 different hormones that affect the way a bone grows.[Why I tagged thisIt surprises me that there are this many things that affect bone that are not well understood. [Why I tagged thisAre the bone the most nutrient dense resperve in our body?[Why I tagged thisIn regards to table 7.1; isn't cortisol released when a person is stressed? If so, wouldn't that mean a person under chronic stress be at a higher risk for osteoporosis?[Why I tagged thisI found it interesting that there are at least 20 more hormones, growth factors, and vitamin that can affect osseous tissues in many ways that is still not well understood. At puberty a person can grow at a faster rate because of the growth hormones - estrogen or testosterones. Girls mature and grow faster than boys because their estrogen has a stronger effect earlier than boys - so boys keep growing and are usually taller. [Why I tagged thisI found it very useful information [Why I tagged thisIt is interesting to learn that there are at least 20 hormones that affect growth factors. Bone growth is more rapid in puberty were girls grow faster than boys because estrogen has a stronger effect than testosterone. This is why boys tend to be taller than girls because they have longer time to grow. It also mentions that steroids can have a affect such as soda. I was wondering if any other types of drinks such as juices have effects. Does this mean parents shouldn't allow children to drink soda? [Why I tagged thisThis is interesting because I did not know about it.[Why I tagged thisI didn't know that Estrogen was a key component that prevents osteoporosis. So woman who take birth control are probably less likely to get osteoporosis than females who dont? Less likely than men?[Why I tagged thisBone growth is rapid in puberty and adolescence. Girls grow faster than boys becuase estrogen has a stronger effect than testosterone. [Why I tagged thisIs this why bones are easier to break as we get older?[Why I tagged thisDo birth control pills, that contain high levels of progesterone and estrogen help bone formation?[Why I tagged thisIf these bones are affected by hormones during puberty the most. Do bones also become affected when a woman under goes menstration, pregnancy, and menopause since their hormones are fluctuating as well, or do the hormones that affect women in those stages of life differ from the hormones that affect bone?[Why I tagged thisDoes this mean that the later you hit puberty, the taller you will be? Coming from a family with 5 girls, I hit puberty later than my sisters and is the tallest girl our of all of us. [Why I tagged thisI've really only every thought of puberty as being hormonal. It makes sense though that during puberty, the bones are affected and grow at a rapid rate. This is why girls go through puberty faster than boys do, and then the boys catch up.[Why I tagged thisI still don't understand how this makes males grow taller usually? If woman's estrogen makes a stronger effect, but males grow for a longer time, wouldn't that make their height a more equal level?[Why I tagged thisI found this very relavent during my middle school years. Many girls were much taller than the average boy.[Why I tagged thisThis also helps understand why girls who have an eating disorder have issues with their menstrual cycles and are more likely to break bones. [Why I tagged thisHow is the effect of estrogen different from that of testosterone? Is there a reason that women do not naturally grow taller than men?[Why I tagged thisWhy is it that males tend to grow taller than females?[Why I tagged thisThat is interesting. I wonder what studies have been done. There are so many negative sides to cola.[Why I tagged thisWhy is the bone density in women more sensitive to cola drinking?[Why I tagged thisThis is amazing, but also kind of scary cola is one of my favorite sodas, I already have osteoporosis, I dont want to hurt my bones more then I laready am.[Why I tagged thisAn interesting example of how chemicals ingested into the body effects female and male bodies differently at times. [Why I tagged thisI know as you get older bones become weaker and thinner, but could drinking cola be a catalyst to osteoporosis in women? I find this interesting because you don't often think that cola will give you less dense bones.[Why I tagged thisIt is important that we recognize how our social and lifestyle choices can seriously affect our metabolic processes. Similar to the warnings required by cigarette companies, I wonder when the FDA requirements will also mandate cola manufacturers to include those same warnings?[Why I tagged thisDo researchers have thoughts on what prevents the binding of intestinal calcium and phosphoric acid from causing loss of bone density in men?[Why I tagged thisI dont understand how it only affects women? How does it interfere with absorption of calcium? Why do consumers still use phosporic acid in cola?[Why I tagged thisWhy is this more prominent in women? Is this also what happens to teeth with cavities?[Why I tagged thisNadin
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Atlas A describes the major body cavities and the membranes that line them and cover their viscera (p. 34). We now consider some histological aspects of these membranes.The largest membrane of the body is the cutaneous membrane?or more simply, the skin (detailed in chapter 6). It consists of a stratified squamous epithelium (epidermis) resting on a layer of connective tissue (dermis). Unlike the other membranes to be considered, it is relatively dry. It resists dehydration of the body and provides an inhospitable environment for the growth of infectious organisms.The two principal kinds of internal membranes are mucous and serous membranes. A mucous membrane (mucosa) (fig. 5.33a) lines passages that open to the exterior environment: the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts. A mucous membrane consists of two to three layers: (1) an epithelium; (2) an areolar connective tissue layer called the lamina propria39 (LAM-ih-nuh PRO-pree-uh); and sometimes (3) a layer of smooth muscle called the muscularis mucosae (MUSK-you-LAIR-iss mew-CO-see). Mucous membranes have absorptive, secretory, and protective functions. They are often covered with mucus secreted by goblet cells, multicellular mucous glands, or both. The mucus traps bacteria and foreign particles, which keeps them from invading the tissues and aids in their removal from the body. The epithelium of a mucous membrane may also include absorptive, ciliated, and other types of cells.A serous membrane (serosa) is composed of a simple squamous epithelium resting on a thin layer of areolar connective tissue (fig. 5.33b). Serous membranes produce watery serous fluid, which arises from the blood and derives its name from the fact that it is similar to blood serum in composition. Serous membranes line the insides of some body cavities and form a smooth outer surface on some of the viscera, such as the digestive tract. The pleurae, pericardium, and peritoneum described in atlas A are serous membranes. Their epithelial component is called mesothelium.
The largest membrane of the body is the cutaneous membrane-or more simply, the skin
Membranes:Cutaneous Membrane [skin], dry, externalMucous Membrane: internal, lines passages that open to external, 2-3 layers [epithelium, aereolar connective tissue called lamina propria and sometimes a layer of muscle.] Used for absorbing, secreting and protecting. Serous: Simple squamos resting on aereolar tissue. Line insides of body cavities[Why tag this text]Nice summary of membranes.[Why tag this textIt simply states that our largest organ is the skin. This is something I like to know because it isn't something that is really noticable or something thought of when picturing a organ. [Why tag this texti never really thought of how much skin can do for you.also i just learned that it consists of a strtified squamous epithelium that rests over connective tissue[Why tag this textThe skin is a very important part of the body, although it is out in the open and anything can really get to it. It is important for everything else to do its job so when something does get into the cutaneous membrane it heals or gets protected right away[Why tag this textrelatively dry [Why tag this textIsn't this also what they use to describe parts of the plant? If so are they similar in what they do or was this just a same name?[Why tag this textserves the biggest purpose and protection to the body[Why tag this textI now know what the largest membrane of the body is, and it has me wondering what the smallest membrane of the body is?[Why I tagged thisThe skin is actually my personal favorite facet of anatomy and physiology to study because I find it so interesting. For the longest time I have wanted to be a dermatologist-- still do actually. Even though I am a kinesiolgy major (pre PT now), it's still an interest of mine. [Why tag this textthe largest membrane, which is fully external and dry[Why tag this textIn 5.2, when there was a passage describing the vertical growth of stratified squamous epithelium, I was wondering if that was referencing skin. This answers my questions. It's also interesting to note that the largest membrane in the human body is actually our skin.[Why tag this textIs the cutaneous membrane part of or the same as the integumentary since they are both the skin?[Why tag this textimportant to remember that this is the largest membrane in the body and why[General-Do not useSkin is the largest membrane of the body and the largest organ.[Why tag this textWould it be safe to say that through evolution, their are patterns of similarity? Thus, the skin personifies the cell membrane that protects all of the organ(ells) and creates barrier that limit what goes in and out of the body.[Why tag this textFirst of all, I tagged this statement because I have always found it interesting that skin is the largest organ of the body. The first time I ever learned this fact a few years ago or so I can assure you that I was not shocked per say, but surprised to say the least. This is because before that day I never thought about skin that way. We typically take skin and its functions for granted but then when you start to learn more in detail about skin and its functions, you really learn to appreciate it more and want to take better care of yourself. Skin is so important because it acts as a (surprisingly tough yet thin) protective barrier to keep environmental stuff out and internal stuff in (minus certain regulatory secretions, of course). If we did not have skin, everything that we come into contact with on a daily basis would have no problem finding its way inside of our body and the stuff inside would have no problem finding a way to ooze out into the environment. Our skin is our first and foremost line of defense against potentially harmful bacteria, chemicals, and so on.[Why tag this textI have never thought of the skin as a membrane before, only as an organ. It is interesting that the skoin can both protect against dehydration and infection and open up to allow sweat to be relased in order to maintain a stable body temperature.[Why tag this textThe skin is the largest organ system and works to protect the body from disease. My eye doctor told me last week that the lower eyelid is the most common place cancer is found on the face, which was surprising to me.[Why tag this textI have never thought of the skin bing a membrane. It is interesting though that the skin really is a giant membrane that covers the surface of our entire body. It is selectively permeable and protects a giant cell, our body, from the environment outside.[Why tag this textWhen you think of organs the first thing that normally doesn't come in mind is skin. I found this portion of the text interesting because the skin does so much for the human body such as shielding us from harmful bacteria which reduces infections. [Why tag this texti find it interesting that the skin is a membrane and an organ. i did not know that the skin did so much to keep us healthy. It provides an inhospitable enviromnment for infections and keeps us from loosing fluids.[Why tag this textLargest organ of the body, protects everything on the inside from uv rays[Why tag this textThis sounds very familiar from when I learned this back in my AP environmental class[Why tag this textI never really realized how important our skin was to our body. And not only is our skin exremely important when it comes to protecting our body from harm but it also is important due to the fact that just by looking at somebody's skin it can give you a good idea as to what their health is like at that point in time. I am a runner and I have seen many people become hydrated. You can tell if somebody is dehydrated by just touching their skin.[Why tag this textQuestion 6: The layers of the mucous membrane is made up of two to three layers. The epithelium is made up of epithelial tissue.The laminda propria is made up of connective tissue.The muscularis mucosae is made up of muscle tissue.[Why tag this textJust to remeber the two types[General-Do not useIt explains the two types of membrans and breaks down the mucous membrane[Why tag this textthere are two kinds of internal membranes - mucous and serous membranes. Mucous membranes lines openings that consists of two to three layers - epithelium, lamina propria, and sometimes a muscularis mucosae. Mucous membranes are able to absorbs, secrete and protect the body by trapping foreign particles. Serous membranes are composed of simple squamous epithelium and produce secretions inside body cavities such as the digestive tract. [Why tag this texttwo principal kind of membranes[Why tag this textQuestion 5: Mucous membrane lines passages that are exposed to the outside environment. The serous membrane lines the inside of body cavities.[Why tag this textThis is something that pertains to all the organ systems which should be known when seperating the types of membranes in the organ systems and organs. Each membrance leads to the functionabilty of the organs and organ system and the makeup.[Why tag this textMichael Franzini
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Adhesion is the tendency of one substance to cling to another, whereas cohesion is the tendency of molecules of the same substance to cling to each other.
Adhesion is the tendency of one substance to cling to another, whereas cohesion is the tendency of molecules of the same substance to cling to each other.
Adhesion is the tendency of one substance to cling to another, whereas cohesion is the tendency of molecules of the same substance to cling to each other. Water adheres to the body's tissues and forms a lubricating film on membranes such as the pleura and pericardium. This helps reduce friction as the lungs and heart contract and expand and rub against these membranes.
Adhesion is the tendency of one substance to cling to another, whereas cohesion is the tendency of molecules of the same substance to cling to each other. Water adheres to the body's tissues and forms a lubricating film on membranes such as the pleura and pericardium. This helps reduce friction as the lungs and heart contract and expand and rub against these membranes.
Adhesion is the tendency of one substance to cling to another, whereas cohesion is the tendency of molecules of the same substance to cling to each other. Water adheres to the body's tissues and forms a lubricating film on membranes such as the pleura and pericardium. This helps reduce friction as the lungs and heart contract and expand and rub against these membranes. Water also is a very cohesive liquid because of its hydrogen bonds. This is why, when you spill water on the floor, it forms a puddle and evaporates slowly. By contrast, if you spill a nonpolar substance such as liquid nitrogen, it dances about and evaporates in seconds, like a drop of water in a hot dry skillet. This is because nitrogen molecules have no attraction for each other, so the little bit of heat provided by the floor is enough to disperse them into the air. The cohesion of water is especially evident at its surface, where it forms an elastic layer called the surface film held together by a force called surface tension. This force causes water to hang in drops from a leaky faucet and travel in rivulets down a window.
After all of the chemistry classes, I finally understand how substances dissolve- Thank you! [Why tag this text]gives the reason why adhesion and cohesion are different[Why tag this textI tagged this part because I get easily confused with the terms adhesion and cohesion and this gives a clear deffiniton of how they are different.[Why tag this textThis is interesting on how water is as simple as it looks but it holds a big role in our life. Without it our organs will be destroyed by what we eat and they will not be healthy like how it should be. No protection in the inside of our body if there were no water. [Why tag this textAdhesion: One substrance sticking together. Water adheres to body tissues. Cohesion: Same substances clinging together. Water sticks together in a puddle. Surface tension![Why tag this textThis property of water can be seen in the formation of a meniscus in a test tube or container of water. [Why tag this textIm tagging this because it's hard for me to remember the meaning of this term but I'll remember it because ill just thing of adhesive tape that sticks! [Why tag this textExplaining the difference between cohesion and adhesion.[Why tag this textAdhesion: tendency of substance to cling to another substance. Cohesion: tendency of molecules of same substance to cling to each other.[Why tag this textthey are still clinging to something, so why do we need another vocab word?[Why tag this textcan an element be both adhesive and cohesive? [Why tag this textdifference is that adhesion is the substance clinging to another while cohesion is molecules of a substance clinging to another.[General-Do not useI think of adhesion as ad- to ad to itselfcohesion as co- something or someone else (ex: co-woker, co-mingle, etc. co is social)[Why tag this textA simple way I remember these definitions of adhesion and cohesion is by the first two letters of each. ADhesion (emphasizing the a and d) is the process of one substance ADDING another substance to cling to. COhesion (emphasizing the c and o) is lie co-worker where someone is the something you are. in cohesion is the same two substances clinging together. [Why tag this textOur body has such a physiological dependency to water that if forms a adhesive bond with water molecules, meaning that it has the ability to cling onto another substance. This is intersting when considering the pleura which has a adhesive bond to water enabling the lungs to expand while not creating too much friction on the pleura. [Why tag this textBefore I did not nderstand why the body was so highly dependent on water, but it is the universal solvent in which the most substances can dissolve. out body converts all of our food into sugar which is capable of dissolving in water. Water also adheres to tissue for lubrication in lungs and throat. It is important to prevent tissue damage of epithelium by maintaining lubrication. Without this, our bodies would not be able to keep up with repair. [Why tag this textThe whole process of adhesion is amazing to me. I've never put much thought into how versitle water is from its structure and often take advantage of how essential it is for life. This paragraph was especially interesting to me and brought up questions about why water does other interesting things other than hang from a faucet. I've heard of a term called 'water memory' where water molecules remember where particles once dissolved in it. This just doesn't seem true and after reading this paragraph, I wanted to read more information on the different qualities of water. [Why tag this textAdhesion and cohesion of water[Why tag this textA N2 (liquid nitrogen) molecule has a higher molecular weight than water: however, because of adhesion and cohesion water has a far higher boiling point than liquid nitrogen because can adhear to one another or cohere to a different substance to give it the effect of having a higher molecular weight. [Why tag this textExplains why some liquids pool together when spilled, specifically water. Explains why bugs can walk on water. Their light weight is a factor, but the water molecules cling (cohesion) to one another so the bug does not break through the surface.[Why tag this textHow does water's cohesive property support life?[Why tag this textI remember testing properties of water cohesion in earlier science classes by dropping water onto a penny with an eye dropper and watching the water cling together to form a [Why tag this textWater also exhibits cohesion when you are wiping it up with a paper towel. If you put the tip of a paper towel in a puddle of water, all the water molecules will eventually get soaked up because they bring eachother along when they are touched by the paper towel.[Why tag this textThis is interesting: So it says that water mainly keeps our insides in place and prevents it from rubbing on each other. So say if we had no water period. How would we look? Or is it even possible?? Can we not have water and survive since out heartbeats/pulse is still there.[Why tag this textThis chart is an easy way to identify types of solutions, and even gives examples. [Why tag this textWHen i spill water i never clean it up because i knew that some how it always goes away, and now i know why! [Why tag this textI learned that anything cohesive dissolves slowly rather than if it was nonpolar, it would dissolve in seconds. I always used to get those confused.[Why tag this textI find this interesting because I never really understood exactly why this happened. In high school chemistry our teacher did a demo with liquid nitrogen. I know now that it evaporates when hitting the floor because of its' nonpolarity while liquid does not because of hydrogen bonds.[Why tag this textWe are currently discussing this same topic in my Bio 150 class. It is interesting to see that my classes are overlapping which only helps me to better understand the concept.[Why tag this textThis explains why water disolves into air when spilled and how nitrogen does not.[Why tag this textNever knew the reason why somethings may instantly evaporate while water evaporates real slowly.[Why tag this textWhy does water evaporate quickly in this way and not when it just spills onto the floor?[Why tag this textLauren Anthe
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Energy is the capacity to do work.
Energy is the capacity to do work. To do work means to move something
Energy is the capacity to do work. To do work means to move something,
Energy is the capacity to do work. To do work means to move something, whether it is a muscle or a molecule
Energy is the capacity to do work. To do work means to move something, whether it is a muscle or a molecule.
Energy is the capacity to do work. To do work means to move something, whether it is a muscle or a molecule. Some examples of physiological work are breaking chemical bonds, building molecules, pumping blood, and contracting skeletal muscles. All of the body's activities are forms of work.
Energy is the capacity to do work. To do work means to move something, whether it is a muscle or a molecule. Some examples of physiological work are breaking chemical bonds, building molecules, pumping blood, and contracting skeletal muscles. All of the body's activities are forms of work.Energy is broadly classified as potential or kinetic energy. Potential energy is energy contained in an object because of its position or internal state but that is not doing work at the time. Kinetic energy is energy of motion, energy that is doing work. It is observed in musculoskeletal movements, the flow of ions into a cell, and vibration of the eardrum, for example. The water behind a dam has potential energy because of its position. Let the water flow through, and it exhibits kinetic energy that can be tapped for generating electricity. Like water behind a dam, ions concentrated on one side of a cell membrane have potential energy that can be released by opening gates in the membrane. As the ions flow through the gates, their kinetic energy can be tapped to create a nerve signal or make the heart beat.
Energy is the capacity to do work. To do work means to move something, whether it is a muscle or a molecule. Some examples of physiological work are breaking chemical bonds, building molecules, pumping blood, and contracting skeletal muscles. All of the body's activities are forms of work.Energy is broadly classified as potential or kinetic energy. Potential energy is energy contained in an object because of its position or internal state but that is not doing work at the time. Kinetic energy is energy of motion, energy that is doing work. It is observed in musculoskeletal movements, the flow of ions into a cell, and vibration of the eardrum, for example. The water behind a dam has potential energy because of its position. Let the water flow through, and it exhibits kinetic energy that can be tapped for generating electricity. Like water behind a dam, ions concentrated on one side of a cell membrane have potential energy that can be released by opening gates in the membrane. As the ions flow through the gates, their kinetic energy can be tapped to create a nerve signal or make the heart beat.Within the two broad categories of potential and kinetic energy, several forms of energy are relevant to human physiology. Chemical energy is potential energy stored in the bonds of molecules. Chemical reactions release this energy and make it available for physiological work. Heat is the kinetic energy of molecular motion. The temperature of a substance is a measure of rate of this motion, and adding heat to a substance increases this rate. Electromagnetic energy is the kinetic energy of moving ?packets? of radiation called photons. The most familiar form of electromagnetic energy is light. Electrical energy has both potential and kinetic forms. It is potential energy when charged particles have accumulated at a point such as a battery terminal or on one side of a cell membrane; it becomes kinetic energy when these particles begin to move and create an electrical current?for example, when electrons move through your household wiring or sodium ions move through a cell membrane.
Energy is the capacity to do work. To do work means to move something, whether it is a muscle or a molecule. Some examples of physiological work are breaking chemical bonds, building molecules, pumping blood, and contracting skeletal muscles. All of the body's activities are forms of work.Energy is broadly classified as potential or kinetic energy. Potential energy is energy contained in an object because of its position or internal state but that is not doing work at the time. Kinetic energy is energy of motion, energy that is doing work. It is observed in musculoskeletal movements, the flow of ions into a cell, and vibration of the eardrum, for example. The water behind a dam has potential energy because of its position. Let the water flow through, and it exhibits kinetic energy that can be tapped for generating electricity. Like water behind a dam, ions concentrated on one side of a cell membrane have potential energy that can be released by opening gates in the membrane. As the ions flow through the gates, their kinetic energy can be tapped to create a nerve signal or make the heart beat.Within the two broad categories of potential and kinetic energy, several forms of energy are relevant to human physiology. Chemical energy is potential energy stored in the bonds of molecules. Chemical reactions release this energy and make it available for physiological work. Heat is the kinetic energy of molecular motion. The temperature of a substance is a measure of rate of this motion, and adding heat to a substance increases this rate. Electromagnetic energy is the kinetic energy of moving ?packets? of radiation called photons. The most familiar form of electromagnetic energy is light. Electrical energy has both potential and kinetic forms. It is potential energy when charged particles have accumulated at a point such as a battery terminal or on one side of a cell membrane; it becomes kinetic energy when these particles begin to move and create an electrical current?for example, when electrons move through your household wiring or sodium ions move through a cell membrane.Free energy is the potential energy available in a system to do useful work. In human physiology, the most relevant free energy is the energy stored in the chemical bonds of organic molecules.
Energy: The capacity to do work, in our definiton, to move something. Examples: Breaking chemical bonds, breaking bad, building molecules, pumping blood, contracting muscles, etc.Energy can be potential or kinetic energy. Potential energy is energy that is contained, but not doing work. Kinetic energy is energy that is doing work. Dam example. [Why tag this text]sometimes I feel as if I dont no energy to anything its like a lazy feeling.[Why tag this textI annotated this statment because this term for energy capacity [Why tag this textGives the differance between the two[Why tag this textDefinitions of energy and work[Why tag this textwithout energy there would be nothing. Every single thing that a person does invloves energy. Some less than others, but still that requires energy[Why tag this textI found this interesting because I always thought energy was what made us get motivated for a test or to go see a friend. I didnt know that it was a capacity to do work[Why tag this textEnergy and work go hand in hand. You can't do work without energy, vice versa.[Why tag this textI found it interesting that Energy has the capacity to do work. This explains why the body functions the way it does.[Why I tagged thisEnergy is as essential as air. Without it life wouldn't exist. We don't even how much energy we use on a molecular level everyday. [Why I tagged this I am tagging this text because it simplifies what energy and work are. Everything that your body does is some form of work. This means that your body is constantly doing work. [Why tag this textI think this is very important because without energy, there would be no possible way to perform work. Our bodies would not be able to perform internally or externally. Such as exercise or even keeping our blood circulated. [Why tag this textAfter reading the first few paragraphs I learned that there are many types of energies. Chemical, potential, kinetic etc... There obviously can't be any work if there is no type of energy involved.[Why tag this textits funny when people say they don't have the energy to work out because we all have energy; we just have to have the mind set to use our energy for exercise. [Why tag this textEverything to do with our bodies envolve energy and work. Our muscles, blood, etc. are constantly moving and using these two forms to keep us alive.[Why tag this textI tagged this because I agree with it. Engery plays an important role when it comes down to doing work. An example I thought of is my friend. He works out a lot but he barely eats. Eating gives you strength and engerizes the body. Sometimes he would be too exhausted to work out or even faint. [Why tag this textDefinitions and comparison of energy and work.[Why tag this textImportant to know that energy is the capicity to do work. Whether its the movement of a muscle or a molecule. All the body's activities are forms of work[Why tag this textthis section also is pretty formiliar to me because i took ap psyhics in high school[Why tag this textThe body is constantly working so the body is constantly expending energy.[Why tag this textI tagged this text because everything we do requires energy and engergy is the capacity to do work, so we are essentially always doing some form of work.[Why tag this textEnergy and Work[Why tag this textQuestion 1: Energy is the capacity to do work. Potential energy is energy the object possess when at rest and kinetic energy is energy of motion.[Why tag this textWe all know the general concept of energy, but I think we rarely take the time to break it down and really understand what it means. Usually we think about whether or not we have the energy to get through the day, but what we really should be thinking about is what we need to do to make that happen. Only then can we truly understand what energy is and how much we need[Why I tagged thisGood explaination of how energy ties into the work needed to make the body function.[General-Do not useGood definition of Energy and make many good points [General-Do not useI didn't know that energy and work are terms applied to our body because I remember working with these terms in my physics class in high school and we were only using them to calculate for example how fast was a car accelerating and how much work was done or energy.[Why tag this textamazing info about the energy and how it works [Why tag this textDefining energy.What it does, and some detail into the difference between potential energy and kinetic energy [Why tag this textWe use energy in our everyday activities. Can humans operate without using energy at all? [Why tag this textAnswer is no, everything runs on energy.[Why tag this textI tagged these three paragraphs in the text, because the way in which energy has the capacity to do work is interesting. There are times where it may not seem like work is being done, but in fact it is. Something as simple as moving your arm to pick something up off the floor is a prime example of this. [Why tag this textWhen i think of energy i think of one thing speed. I never think that energy could be made up of two parts. I wonder if that is why sometimes you have a sudden burst of energy some days.[Why tag this textJasmin James
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Distribution and Types Hair occurs almost everywhere on the body except the palms and soles; palmar, plantar, and lateral surfaces and distal segments of the fingers and toes; and the lips, nipples, and parts of the genitals. The limbs and trunk have about 55 to 70 hairs per square centimeter, and the face has about 10 times as many. There are about 30,000 hairs in a man's beard and about 100,000 hairs in the average person's scalp. The density of hair does not differ much from one person to another or even between the sexes; indeed, it is virtually the same in humans, chimpanzees, and gorillas. Differences in apparent hairiness are due mainly to differences in texture and pigmentation.
Distribution and Types Hair occurs almost everywhere on the body except the palms and soles; palmar, plantar, and lateral surfaces and distal segments of the fingers and toes; and the lips, nipples, and parts of the genitals. The limbs and trunk have about 55 to 70 hairs per square centimeter, and the face has about 10 times as many. There are about 30,000 hairs in a man's beard and about 100,000 hairs in the average person's scalp. The density of hair does not differ much from one person to another or even between the sexes; indeed, it is virtually the same in humans, chimpanzees, and gorillas. Differences in apparent hairiness are due mainly to differences in texture and pigmentation.Not all hair is alike, even on one person. Over the course of our lives, we grow three kinds of hair: lanugo, vellus, and terminal hair. Lanugo21 is fine, downy, unpigmented hair that appears on the fetus in the last 3 months of development. By the time of birth, most of it is replaced by vellus,22 similarly fine, pale hair. Vellus constitutes about two-thirds of the hair of women, one-tenth of the hair of men, and all of the hair of children except for the eyebrows, eyelashes, and hair of the scalp. Terminal hair is longer, coarser, and usually more heavily pigmented. It forms the eyebrows and eyelashes and covers the scalp; after puberty, it forms the axillary and pubic hair, the male facial hair, and some of the hair on the trunk and limbs.
While speaking with several coworkers, one brought up the topic of armpit hair. After discussing the topic at length and doing a bit of research online, we found that quite often humans have more hair under one armpit than the other. Is this due to having more hair follicles under one arm than the other? Is there a name for this phenomenon?[Why tag this]the distribution of hair by type is the reason why men appear FAR more hairy than women.[Why tag thisI never knew that we had THAT much hair. i knew that we had about the same as chimps, only i never had a number to really bring it into focus. [Why tag thisI think this is very interesting in seeing how much hair actually on us. I found it very suprising to hear that chimpanzees and gorillas have the same density of hair as humans do.[Why tag thisWhy do men have beards but women do not? Is it just a result from the higher testosterone levels in a man's body?[Why tag thisIt is interesting to note that the density of hair does not vary significantly between individuals. The difference in hairiness appearance is caused mostly by hair pigmentation and texture variations.[Why tag thisIs this because these parts are made different layers of skin that do not promote hair growth?[Why tag thiswhy doesnt hair grow on our palms and soles? Is there something different in the skin that doesn't grow the hair?[why tag this textFor what reason is there no hair on our palms and soles of our feet? Or is there no specific reason?[Why tag thisWhat is the reason for no hair on our palms and soles of our feet? Or is there no specific reason.[Why tag thisWhy is hair not able to grow in certain areas of the body?[Why tag thisnot many places do not have hair[Why tag thiswhy does hair not grow in these areas?[Why tag thisI had always wondered why certain sections of skin did not have hair. Is there any particular reason, either evolutionary or simply functionally?[Why tag thisThe reason as to why there are some areas in our bodies that dont grow hair, is because of the lack of hair follicles. Also, important to note is that, the palm, and sole is very thick skin. This draws my attention, as to why are there some people that are more hairy than others? Genes, play a role on these, but is there another reason or an explanation that would help understand this better?[Why tag thisdistribution and types of hair follicles[Why tag thisThere are no hairs in the internal openings, correct?[Why tag thisThats a lot of hair on the body. Its so fine that we hardley even notice it. Why does hair come in thicker in some places than in others? Ex- face vs legs.[Why tag thisThis is just weird to think about. We can all see hair on our leg and trunk however we cannot see as clearly the hair on everyones faces (especially girls). So it is weird to think that we have 10 times more hairs on the face than on the limbs and legs.[Why tag thisthats alot of hair.... why does the face have more? [Why tag thisIt's crazy to think that there can be that much hair in such a small area. There is even more than is actually visible. [Why tag thisWow how intersting this is! I never would have guessed that there are that many hairs on a man's beard or a person's scalp! How do scientist know this?[Why tag thisThis is very interesting. Does this hold true between different races of people? I can count the number of hair on my face and I don't have a lot of hair on my head. [Why tag thishad no idea that everyone had mostly the same density of hair, thought it was different for each person[Why tag thisThis is obviously referring to a single strand of hair correct and not the whole head of hair? because if I run my hands through my hair and someone else's hair, my hair usually feels much thicker.[Why tag thisI thought this was interesting to know that the density of hair on a person is no different from hair on a gorilla or a chimpanzee. [Why tag thisInteresting to think that all hair is virtually the same between sexes and also in chimpanzees and gorillas. That what makes the difference is mainly because of the texture or pigmentation[Why tag thisIt seems impossible that men and women contain the same density of hair on their bodies. To test this statement I examined a square inch of my arm and then a square inch of my girlfriend's arm in the same exact region. I counted the number of hairs in that square inch on each and it turned out that we essentially did have the same number of hairs. The only difference was the color and length of the hairs. I have to imagine that this fact would surprise most people. [Why tag thisThis is very interesting to me because I did not know this. I thought that every person had a different density of hair.[Why tag thisis this another reason why people think that humans are similar to monkeys?[Why tag thisI thought this was very interesting and never thought of it this way. Its weird to think our hair is virtually the same as chimpanzees and gorillas. [Why tag thisI never would have thought that the amount of hair between humans and gorillas is the same. I always believed that even with men, they were simply hairier than woman. However to know that that is because of pigment is something new to learn. It is also differnent to think about the fact that not all the hair on ones body is the same. We tend to just think of it as hair but there are differences. [Why tag thisThomas Hensler
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Why would osteomyelitis be more likely to occur in an open fracture than in a closed fracture?
What is a callus? How does it contribute to fracture repair?
Osteoporosis
The most common bone disease is osteoporosis (literally, ?porous bones?), a severe loss of bone density. It affects especially spongy bone, since this is more metabolically active than dense bone and has more surface area exposed to bone-dissolving osteoclasts (fig. 7.20a). As a result, the bones become brittle and highly subject to pathological fractures from stresses as slight as sitting down too quickly. Fractures occur especially in the hip, wrist, and vertebral column. As the vertebrae lose bone, they become compressed and the spine is often deformed into a condition called kyphosis (?widow's hump?) (fig. 7.20b, c). Hip fractures are especially serious. Each year, about 275,000 elderly Americans fracture their hips, and about 1 in 5 of these die within a year from complications of the resulting loss of mobility, such as pneumonia and thrombosis.
The most common bone disease is osteoporosis (literally, ?porous bones?), a severe loss of bone density. It affects especially spongy bone, since this is more metabolically active than dense bone and has more surface area exposed to bone-dissolving osteoclasts (fig. 7.20a). As a result, the bones become brittle and highly subject to pathological fractures from stresses as slight as sitting down too quickly. Fractures occur especially in the hip, wrist, and vertebral column. As the vertebrae lose bone, they become compressed and the spine is often deformed into a condition called kyphosis (?widow's hump?) (fig. 7.20b, c). Hip fractures are especially serious. Each year, about 275,000 elderly Americans fracture their hips, and about 1 in 5 of these die within a year from complications of the resulting loss of mobility, such as pneumonia and thrombosis.
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stress-break caused by abnormal trauma to a bonepathological-break in bone weakened by a diseasecomminuted-bone is broken into 3 or more piecesgreenstick-incompletely broken, merely bent on opposite sidedisplaced-at least one piece of bone is shifted out of alignment[Why I tagged this]osteomyelitis are more likely to occur in open fractures because they take longer to repair, plus they create an opening in the bone for the osteomyelitis to take place[Why I tagged thiscallus-bony healing tissue that forms around the end of a bone, it gradually fills into the bones to become compact and create a new bone to replace the broken one[Why I tagged thisA callus is a combination of fibrocartilage and dead bone. It contributes to fracture repair by acting as a splint. [Why I tagged thisA hard callus is commonly prduced around a fracture because it is cememted to dead bone and acts like a temporaty splint to join broken bones together. It is our own healing process besides casts and splints ect.[Why I tagged thisCallus- thickened and hardened part of the skin. There are four steps to a fracture...1. Inflammation2. Soft callus3. Hard callus4. Bone remodeling [Why I tagged thisI have heard of Osteoporosis a lot through my life but I never heard of the cancer Osteosarcoma and am glad this chapter made me aware of that condition.[Why I tagged thisWhy is this more common with age? Is it simply that the cells are unable to keep their density because they wear out over time or is there another cause?[Why I tagged thisI have always heard or been told to drink milk, because it helps your bones. Is this true, or is there a better way to ensure one is getting the proper amount of calcuim?[Why I tagged thisHow does one develop osteoporosis? Is it hereditary?[Why I tagged thisis there a way to reverse osteoporosis?[Why I tagged thisvery helpful information about the bone disease .[Why I tagged thisEarlier in this chapter it talked about athletes having more dense bones. Would they then tend not to develop osteoporosis or is it inevitibly in somebody's genes to loose bone mass no matter what? [Why I tagged thisWhat medication/treatments are available for individuals with osteoporosis? Would these medication try to help promote the development of spongy bone?[Why I tagged thisosteoporosis cause the bones to dissolve and become less dense especially in the spongy bone area.[General_Do Not UseI found this interesting because i did not know that the most common bone disease is osteoporosis. Fractures occur especially in the hip, wrist and vertebral column. Each year 275,000 elderly Americans fracture their hips and about 1 in 5 of these die within a year. wow. [Why I tagged thisThis is interesting to me because my Grandmother suffers from osteoporosis. I have heard that it is more common in women than men... is that true?[Why I tagged thisOsteoporosis is the most common type of bone disorder in which the bone becomes dangerously porous and brittle, losing most of it's density and strength. [Why I tagged thisCan this also be a problem for younger people or children? People with bone desease or other problems can this become such a problem that they lose mobility their entire lives and have to us a wheelchair?[Why I tagged thisThis is probably the most well known bone disease. I have never met anyone with this, but I hear it is fairly common. I'm sure I'll be able to relate when I am working in the nursing home over the summer.[Why I tagged thismost common bone disease: osteoporosis; where the fractures usually occur and what part of the bone it affects[Why I tagged thisOh I see, what about arthritis? is it the same thing? There is pain within the bones or joints of someone with arthritis.[Why I tagged thisOsteoporosis: Loss in bone density. [Why I tagged thisLoss of bone density. It is interesting to see in image four what this actually looks like. I did not think that the bone structure would be this small and thin, but I can see now where the density becomes lower and how that happens. [Why I tagged thisHow does this ever even occurr? Bad genes?[Why I tagged thisOh my gosh! This is terrible! I have heard a lot about this bone disease and I never knew this many people died from it!!?? Is there no way of preventing it? I guess not, because we can't replace bone?[Why I tagged thisEach of these bones vary a great amount in shape and size and density. How is it that this is most common in the bones that have the least common with each other?[Why I tagged thisWhen I worked in the hospital over the summer there were many geriatrics who suffereed from this. I did not work with treatment much but what can they do to help avoid or fix this?[Why I tagged thisI find this interesting because my grandma fell and broke her hip a number of years ago. She didn't die and is still alive.[Why I tagged thisThis is concerning to me as my grandma fell and broke her hip. It's been around six months since the accident.[Why I tagged thisWhy is it the hips that fracture the most?[Why I tagged thishow can hip fractures lead to pneumonia and thrombosis?[Why I tagged thisWhat looks like here is that she has the spine disease, kyphosis. My grandmother's back was actually really bad because she was really hunched to the fact that her whole entire upper part of her body was literally leaned forwards, almost looked like a turtle with it's neck out of a shell. She alwaysed complained about all the hard work that she had to do back in Laos. Her daily agenda was just to go out into the fields and garden. [Why I tagged thisFord Elizabeth Emily
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This is very interesting to learn where the word [ I am curious as to how this term was later used to reference what we know was influenza]There is generally more information from a individual scientific fact. Why? Although theories offers many information from many directions they're not [ theory. They're just suggestions and thoughts of how something works or what the outcome will be. But on the other handI find this to be really interesting because it makes me think of how our bodies have evolved and makes me wonder whether or not one's appendix would be categorized under [ the appendix serves no purposeEvolution provides the most logical explanation for both the unity and diversity of life on earth. That I know of or can understand.***However, due to my novice and undergraduate level I guess, I have yet learned the deeper more complex chemical interactions and causes that historically and biologically led to dscent with modification in all its extent that has led to the form and function of the modern man.***Like most undergrad text books [ like a story-teller tells a story. Change in frequency of gene expression is evidenceFor years I have had concerns about the function of my own [ I'm often surprised to find that my temperature rarely exceeds around 99.2 degrees. Due to thisThe actual names of the three germ layers remind me of the discussion in chapter 1 as to why anatomical terminology moved away from using eponyms and toward using descriptive terms. By remembering that [ ""meso"" means middleWhen I first started reading this chapter I was not sure what [ now knowing what it is I realize how important it really is because we use histologist to do so many things in our research and to learn new things about tissuesIt's going to be important to know what [ adispose tissueSince macrophagegs almost act like little [ and other harmful thingsBefore this, I don't think I ever realized that blood was a tissue, At first the idea that is was a connection tissue was odd, but it makes sense. Blood is everywhere, and it [ PlusAt first I didn't understand how a fluid substance like blood could be classified as [mucous membrane lies near the [ respiratoryTo me these few sentences seem like they are saying that tissue has the ability to grow, but it doesn't exactly say in the senetnce anywhere that it is abnormal. But when it says it is called [ such as abnormalities growing like tumorsThe topic of stem cells always seems to be a touchy subject. When you think scientifically about the goals that everone has been talking about for quite a few years now for medicine, it makes sense, but then you bring in morals and so on, and then it becomes difficult. Every time I hear [The phrase [You would think that a [ physically AND chemically. It's interesting to see that just because something is mixed together physically doesn't mean the chemical properties are mixed. I always get these two confusedLot's of women go on [ if sugar gives you energyWhy is this so? Why are saturdated fats so bad for you while unsatured fats are not. People always talk about [ avocadoExamples of food that are the [ nutsI'd always thought that this was interesting. I remember in my freshmen year in high school, I'd taken a biology class and in there we'd talked about [ and it's quite interesting to see that there are people out there who thinks that way. That some things came from or out of someone/something else. For example take the fruit fliessquamous-thin, flat, scaly, like egg [ multiple pointed processes projecting from bodycolumnar-taller than wideGene- [TI found this part particularly interesting because when I was in a microbiology course last spring, I spent days learning about this process. While reading this, I was able to imagine in my head the process that is [ and slowly went through this described process in this section of the reading. The animated figure in the video thoroughly demonstrated this processThis information is very important because the cell cycle is the life cycle of a cell - basically from the time it is [ SMelanoma is a cancer that arises from the melanocytes. It accounts for no more than 5% of skin cancers, but it is an extremely aggressive and drug-resistant type. It can be treated surgically if it is caught early, but if it metastasizes, which usually occurs quickly, it is unresponsive to chemotherapy and is usually fatal. The average person with metastatic melanome lives only 6 months from diagnosis, and only 5% to 14% of patients survive with if for 5 years. One must be sure to give self examinations when a new mole emerges or is any change in size, shape, or color. The American Cancer Society suggests an [ B is for border irregularityMy father is a veterinarian and throughout my childhood and into adulthood has often recounted stories of his anatomy and physiology courses. A common phrase he likes to employ for [ it's a little intimidatingThis is probably why so many women always say, [ no matter how much weight I loseThis paragraph interests me for a couple reasons. First off, I've heard of TMJ syndrome but never once bothered to question what [ I think it will be a clue that helps me remember it's the term for jaw. SecondlyIn my work, we often teach people [ deep breathsI really enjoy the [ because it makes me feel like what I'm reading is relevant to what my career will be some day. I had never really known how exactly hernias occur or what specifically a hernia is. The amount of pressure that can be reached (1500 PSI) inside of the abdominal cavity is amazing. HoweverThe rotator cuff are the tendons of the remaining scapula muscles, they are also called [ infraspinatusOsteoblasts neutralize the inhibitors that most tissues have in order to prevent the formation of hydroxyapatite crystals and the precipitation of the salts in the bone matrix. The positive feedback process functions as such: as the first few crystals form in the bone matric, they act as [ attracting more calcium and phosphate. The more hydroxyapatite that formsSandy C. Yang
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24 of which play normal physiological roles in humans.
Table 2.1 groups these 24 according to their abundance in the body
Six of them account for 98.5% of the body's weight: oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, and phosphorus.
Six of them account for 98.5% of the body's weight: oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, and phosphorus.
Six of them account for 98.5% of the body's weight: oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, and phosphorus. The next 0.8% consists of another 6 elements: sulfur, potassium, sodium, chlorine, magnesium, and iron. The remaining 12 elements account for 0.7% of body weight, and no one of them accounts for more than 0.02%; thus they are known as trace elements.
Six of them account for 98.5% of the body's weight: oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, and phosphorus. The next 0.8% consists of another 6 elements: sulfur, potassium, sodium, chlorine, magnesium, and iron. The remaining 12 elements account for 0.7% of body weight, and no one of them accounts for more than 0.02%; thus they are known as trace elements.
Six of them account for 98.5% of the body's weight: oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, and phosphorus. The next 0.8% consists of another 6 elements: sulfur, potassium, sodium, chlorine, magnesium, and iron. The remaining 12 elements account for 0.7% of body weight, and no one of them accounts for more than 0.02%; thus they are known as trace elements. Despite their minute quantities, trace elements play vital roles in physiology.
Six of them account for 98.5% of the body's weight: oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, and phosphorus. The next 0.8% consists of another 6 elements: sulfur, potassium, sodium, chlorine, magnesium, and iron. The remaining 12 elements account for 0.7% of body weight, and no one of them accounts for more than 0.02%; thus they are known as trace elements. Despite their minute quantities, trace elements play vital roles in physiology. Other elements without natural physiological roles can contaminate the body and severely disrupt its functions, as in heavy-metal poisoning with lead or mercury
24 elements in body. Mainly: Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Calcium and phosphorous. Then: Iron, Sulfur, Potassium, Sodium and Chlorine. [Why tag this text]Something I didn't know and found interesting.[Why tag this textit surprises me how many elements are actually apaprt of the body [Why tag this texttable 2.1 is really important because it shows us essentially what we are made of and how much of it we have. it's important because if we don't know what we are made of physically, it will be harder to understand the concepts behind physiology and anatomy[Why tag this textThat's super interesting. I did not know that. It's crazy to me how so many elements exsist but it seems like these are the ones that really matter and are known universally. [Why tag this textI tagged this part of the text because I think that it is interesting that 98.5% of our body weigh is composed of such simple common elements. Remembering those six elements could make it easier to understand other bodily processes.[Why tag this textIt's extremely amazing that 98.5% of the entire body weight can be accounted for by six elements that come together in many various ways to perform various functions. [Why tag this textTable of elements and percentage of body weight[Why tag this textIt is intresting that only six elements account for the majority of our body weight.[Why tag this textIt is mindblowing knowing that 3 elements (O, C, and H) comprise 93% of our body's weight and account for the complexity of life. [Why tag this textits surprising how elements make up most of the body if not almost all of it[Why tag this textThis seems to be most relevant to anatomy and physiology, because it is important to understand the make-up of our bodies in order to understand why they function the way they do.[Why tag this textI find this information to be extremly important. It is amazing that our body is made out of mainly 6 elements. Our bodies, being so complex in structure and function can be broken down itno these elements.[Why tag this textI highlighted this because i feel it is important to know what our bodys are made up of.[Why tag this textI tagged this because I wanted to learn more about the element are and what they account for in the human body. I found the numbers interesting. I thought iron would have accounted for more than 0.8%.[Why tag this textAmazing how the body is made up of so few chemicals and how even the slightest change can throw off one's system. I have problems with my sodium being low, which they've attributed to low heart rate and low BP, which triggers dizziness (among other symptoms), which can be very severe. [Why tag this textI find this part of the text interesting since it has to do with the elements that are in our bodies. These elements are ones we are born with and should work on keeping them at good levels. For example, if we don't intake a lot of iron, we could be at risk of getting anemia.[Why tag this textThis lists off the elements that make up the majority of our body weight and the importance of having even the slightest ammout off.[General-Do not useI once heard that since the body is comprised of mostly carbon, that after you die, you can be compressed into a diamond, since diamonds are composed of carbon. But based off of table 2.1, carbon only makes up 18% of the major elements. Is that enough to be compressed into a diamond? Is that myth even true or possible?[Why tag this textI actually find it funny that calcium is on of the major elements in our body weight, because im 18 years old and I have osteoporosis, and I only have about haft of what we need of calcium in my body. I have been Lactose Intolerance ever since I was born. It has been rough with all the bones I have broken.[Why tag this textIt is interesting how these elements are trace elements and make up so little a percentage of the body, but the littlest imbalance of some can have a dramatic impact on our lives.[Why tag this textwow we have 24 elements in our body and out of 24 6 of them make up almost our whole body wieght [Why tag this textEven though trace elements only exist in such small quantities in the body, they still are so vital and important. Nott having the right composition levels, even with such tiny amounts, can be dangerous.[Why tag this textAccording to this statement, these 12 elements could only account for no more than .24% of the total body weight, but it states that they account for .7%. Is this a typo? It is a minute detail, but I was just curious.[Why tag this textDoing more research on trace elements its crazy they make up only 0.7 perecent of the body. Each mineral has a different role but they are all needed for a healthy body growth and function. Which is very important and they only make up 0.7 perecent!![Why tag this textWhat roles do these trace elements play that make them so important?[Why tag this textWhat trace elements play vital roles in physiology, and what do they do?[Why tag this textThis really shows the importance of having biochemists and people who specialize in knowing and studying the types of chemical reactions which go on in the body. It seems so miniscule but is the basis for much of the medicine and treatments we see today.[Why tag this textThis is good inforamation to know. Its interesting to me what elements help the body and also that there are also elements that harm the body and its processes![General-Do not useWhat types of vital roles do they play in physiology? I didnt know that they had such an important role, that does some what confuse me because i thought physiology was the study of the functions of organisms.[Why tag this textInteresting.[Why tag this textmainkao
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explain how DNA and proteins are organized to form the chromosomes
xplain how DNA and proteins are organized to form the chromosomes; and
describe the types of RNA, their structural and functional differences, and how they compare with DNA.
With improvements in the microscope, biologists of the late nineteenth century saw that cell division is immediately preceded by nuclear division, and during nuclear division, the chromosomes split neatly in two and distribute their halves to the two daughter cells.
With improvements in the microscope, biologists of the late nineteenth century saw that cell division is immediately preceded by nuclear division, and during nuclear division, the chromosomes split neatly in two and distribute their halves to the two daughter cells. They came to suspect that the nucleus was the center of heredity and cellular control, and they began probing it for the biochemical secrets of heredity. Swiss biochemist Johann Friedrich Miescher (1844?95) studied the nuclei of white blood cells extracted from pus in used hospital bandages, and later the nuclei of salmon sperm, since both cell types offered large nuclei with minimal amounts of contaminating cytoplasm. In 1869, he discovered an acidic, phosphorus-rich substance he named nuclein. He correctly believed this to be the cell's hereditary matter, although he was never able to convince other scientists of this. We now call this substance deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and know it to be the repository of our genes.
With improvements in the microscope, biologists of the late nineteenth century saw that cell division is immediately preceded by nuclear division, and during nuclear division, the chromosomes split neatly in two and distribute their halves to the two daughter cells. They came to suspect that the nucleus was the center of heredity and cellular control, and they began probing it for the biochemical secrets of heredity. Swiss biochemist Johann Friedrich Miescher (1844-95) studied the nuclei of white blood cells extracted from pus in used hospital bandages, and later the nuclei of salmon sperm, since both cell types offered large nuclei with minimal amounts of contaminating cytoplasm. In 1869, he discovered an acidic, phosphorus-rich substance he named nuclein. He correctly believed this to be the cell's hereditary matter, although he was never able to convince other scientists of this. We now call this substance deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and know it to be the repository of our genes.
the intimate relation between structure and function explains as to why the remarkable properties of this chemical substance allow it to function as a very efficient and effective vehicle for storing information.[Why tag this text]An example of form benefitting the function of DNA would be the hydrogen bonds between the nucleotides. Since hydrogen bonds require little energy to break, DNA can do it easily when it needs to replicate. [Why tag this text
The structure of a DNA is a latter that twisted. To relate to its function, the DNA performs proteins to allow the structure to grow and function and replicates. [Why tag this textNEED TO KNOW THIS[Why tag this textIts amazing to me that these little strands are so complex and that they made me. Its just facinating.[Why tag this textDNA is packaged with histone proteins, and together the DNA is formed into structual units called nucleosomes.[Why tag this textHow do we know what are DNA is written?[Why tag this texthow does this happen..?[Why tag this textNEED TO KNOW HOW THEY DO THIS[Why tag this textmessenger rna-mediates the transfer of genetic information from the cell nucleus to ribosomes in the cytoplasmribosomal rna- A molecular component of a ribosome, the cell's essential protein factory. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) fabricates polypeptides (assemblies of amino acids that make up proteins).transfer rna-small molecule in cells that carries amino acids to organelles called ribosomes, where they are linked into proteins.[Why tag this text
I always take this for granted. Without the microscope we would not be any where as advanced as we are in the biology field or the health fields. The microscpope opened up the micro world for observations and allowed scientists to get a look into what was truly making people sick and even how we humans are made[Why tag this texti wonder how many people would of thought of the same thing? its amazing how people discover so much in life and look how it has helped us in todays world[Why tag this textPretty remarkable experiment to be doing in the late 1800's to be able to come up with the idea of nuclein being the cell's hereditary matter.[Why tag this textI tagged this part of the text, because I found it interesting that the Swiss biochemist Johann Friedrich Miescher was able to discover nuclein when extracting pus from used hospital bandages and then later the nuclei of salmon sperm. I would have never thought of that ever being a possibility, but when it comes to science anything is possible. It is truly amazing where you can find some answers to science.[Why tag this textWhy is DNA important and how does it determine our makeups?[Why tag this textI tagged this section of the reading becuse I found it to be the most interesting part. I had always wondered how the DNA of a cell was discovered. I found it interesting that Miescher discovered DNA in pus as well as salmon sperm. These would be the last two places I would expect any scientist to discover what makes up a cell's genetic material. [Why tag this text it's a describe the structure of the cell nucleus.[Why tag this textimprovement of microscopes led to..[Why tag this textWhat happens when the nucleus of a cell divides [Why tag this textWhy are they called daughter cells? Why not brother cells?[Why tag this textI wonder why the name 'daughter' cell was picked instead of other fitting names such as offspring or son cell. I think this could be because the first cell you get is a female egg, therefore all cells are considered female. Now I wonder why cars are assumed to be female..[Why tag this textI found it interesting that scientists were able to test solely the nucleus for hereditary information without directly effecting or directly changing any variables.[experimentsThis was one of the biggest stepts to understanding the framework of the body. Before they did not even consider anything smaller then what we could see. Not only that, but that people had genetic makeup, that holds our hair color, skin color and even eye color. [Why tag this textI think that these are two really opposite things to studie and look at, to compare and contrast. There isn't any other large nuclei cell that you could look at?[Why tag this textA truly dedicated scientist will go to great lengths to conduct research. I wonder about the other substances he observed before deciding that pus and salmon sperm were the best.[The price of scienceI think its important to remember how different information was found in past history and that without these findings on DNA we wouldnt beable to do as much research about humans as we are currently able to.[Why tag this textName of famous biochemist - may need to know for future[Why tag this textdoes pus contain only white blood cells? [Why tag this textInteresting, but kind of disturbing at the same time because it's not sanitary. But hey, you have to do what you have in order to get the results and data that you need and want right.[Why tag this textWhat is the reason we did not keep the name Meischer came up with and decide to call it DNA?[Why tag this textI didn't know that Johann Friedirich was the first to discovering deoxyribonucleic acid(DNA), that was very interested.[Why tag this textWow this is very interesting to me because of how DNA came to what we know fo it now and how important it is. I understand why it was hard to understand Friedrich Miescher for his discovery at the time, atleast he gets credit for it today. I also never knew what DNA actually stands for, which is deoxyrubonuckecleic acid. How do scientists come up with this huge names? Isn't it all the different syllabes? or something like that? (the different parts of words like pre-suffixes? etc.)[Why tag this textthis tells the discovery and history of our gene matter briefly[Why tag this textKaylee Richards
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Necrosis45 (neh-CRO-sis) is premature, pathological tissue death due to trauma, toxins, infection, and so forth.
Necrosis45 (neh-CRO-sis) is premature, pathological tissue death due to trauma, toxins, infection, and so forth. Infarction is the sudden death of tissue, such as cardiac muscle (myocardial infarction) or brain tissue (cerebral infarction), that occurs when its blood supply is cut off.
Necrosis45 (neh-CRO-sis) is premature, pathological tissue death due to trauma, toxins, infection, and so forth. Infarction is the sudden death of tissue, such as cardiac muscle (myocardial infarction) or brain tissue (cerebral infarction), that occurs when its blood supply is cut off.
Necrosis45 (neh-CRO-sis) is premature, pathological tissue death due to trauma, toxins, infection, and so forth. Infarction is the sudden death of tissue, such as cardiac muscle (myocardial infarction) or brain tissue (cerebral infarction), that occurs when its blood supply is cut off. Gangrene is any tissue necrosis resulting from an insufficient blood supply, usually involving infection.
Necrosis45 (neh-CRO-sis) is premature, pathological tissue death due to trauma, toxins, infection, and so forth. Infarction is the sudden death of tissue, such as cardiac muscle (myocardial infarction) or brain tissue (cerebral infarction), that occurs when its blood supply is cut off. Gangrene is any tissue necrosis resulting from an insufficient blood supply, usually involving infection. Dry gangrene often occurs in diabetics, especially in the feet. A lack of sensation due to diabetic nerve damage can make a person oblivious to injury and infection, and poor blood circulation due to diabetic arterial damage results in slow healing and rapid spread of infection.
Necrosis45 (neh-CRO-sis) is premature, pathological tissue death due to trauma, toxins, infection, and so forth. Infarction is the sudden death of tissue, such as cardiac muscle (myocardial infarction) or brain tissue (cerebral infarction), that occurs when its blood supply is cut off. Gangrene is any tissue necrosis resulting from an insufficient blood supply, usually involving infection. Dry gangrene often occurs in diabetics, especially in the feet. A lack of sensation due to diabetic nerve damage can make a person oblivious to injury and infection, and poor blood circulation due to diabetic arterial damage results in slow healing and rapid spread of infection. This often necessitates the amputation of toes, feet, or legs. A decubitus ulcer (bed sore or pressure sore) is a form of dry gangrene that occurs when immobilized persons, such as those confined to a hospital bed or wheelchair, are unable to move, and continual pressure on the skin cuts off blood flow to an area. Gas gangrene is necrosis of a wound resulting from infection with certain bacteria of the genus Clostridium, usually introduced when a wound is contaminated with soil. The disorder is named for bubbles of gas (mainly hydrogen) that accumulate in the tissues. This is a deadly condition that requires immediate intervention, often including amputation.
This is interesting and resonable becasue it does make sense that if you don't use/exercise part of your body, then it will die off. Im someone that rarely exercises so it makes me wonder if some of my tissues have gone through atrophy. [Why tag this text]That's a very sad story. But also reminds me of chapter one (how adaption is important to survive) in this case astonauts stayed in space for 108 days which caused their bodies to adapt without gravity and then suddenly they went back. It is abvious that this caused tissue death and a lot of bad side effects.[Why tag this textCan continuous starvation cause similar effects? Without proper nutrition and ability to exercise muscles normally, can these individuals become riddled with muscle atrophy?[Why tag this textMy left calf muscle was slightly atrophied because of misuse when I had a cast on my right leg for a few months. Disuse atrophy has a tendency to occur after just a short amount of time, but gaining the muscle back after the disuse takes significantly longer. [Why tag this textOne of my friends had a cast on her hand for a few months and after it was taken off she had to do a lot of hand strengthening exercises because her hand was so weak because she hadn't been using it.[Why tag this textDead cells can not be regeneration due to trauma, toxins, infection and bacteria.[Why tag this textI find necrosis fascinating. It's so creepy to see the pictures of it, or to thing about tissue dying while still on your body.[Why tag this textImportant Term[Why tag this textNecrosis[Why tag this textThis type of tissue death, unlike the previous, is sudden and not necessarily a natural process of aging. [Why tag this textQuestion 4: Atrophy is where tissue shrinks through a decrease in cell sizze or number. This occurs in normal aging as well as due to lack of organ use.Necrosis is premature tissue death. This is usually caused by trauma, toxins, and infection.Apoptosis is programmed cell death. This happens as cells have completeed their function and best function in the body by dying.[Why tag this textI found this interesting because it sounded like something my best friend's grandmother went through.[Why tag this textDefines necrosis and how it affects tissues.[General-Do not useso in other words tissue can repair itself up to a point, but onces its dead its gone[Why tag this textGood to know that they are chronic and acute ways to tissue death. Necrosis can be compared to going to the emergency room and Atrophy can be compared to cancer or diabetes, something that stay for a long time leading to death.[Why tag this textI found this very interesting because you hear of [Why tag this textnecrosis description - tissue degeneration and death[Why tag this textnecrosis is when tissue is premature and pathological death because of trauma. infaraction is when tissue dies suddenly like a cardiac muscle or brain tissue when blood supply gets cut off. gangrene is when tissue has necrosis from a lack of blood supply from infection.[Why tag this textNecrosis is very new to me. I didnt really know a lot about it going into this reading. I learned that this is the premature dead tissue caused by trauma to the body. I always thought that an infarct was all dead tissue but it is just the sudden death of tissue when blood supply is cut off. [Why tag this textCan an infarction like this one be in any type of the body? Say a Pulmonary Infarction? [Why tag this textI find this really interesting because I've never been sure what gangrene was before. I had an elderly relative who, when she was very ill, had some issues with gangrene that were very problematic for her.[Why tag this textReading about wounds and infection to soldiers in wars, especially the American Civil War, it makes sense that gangrene was most often found in the extremities as supplying blood to these locations is the most difficult. [Why tag this textGangrene[Why tag this textIt surprises me that in this section about gangrene, military personnel are not brought up because of the severity of the gangrene some have suffered. [Why tag this text My friends a diabetic, this is so strange and new to me how everything works!![Why tag this textI find this interesting because my grandfather has diabetes and has had to have both feet taken off due to this kind of situation. He was a healthy guy and followed his diet, but he still had problems with circulation to his lower extremities.[Why tag this textThis is interesting to know the science behind this because I knew someone whom lost a foot due to diabeties. interesting , but also very sad and scary![Why tag this textSo the person would have not been moved in a few days for this to happen?[Why tag this textI tagged this because it is something that I am familiar with. When I took the course to become a CNA we learned about bed sores and had to look at different kinds and many pictures of them. The ones that are less intense do not look all that bad and will heal when the pressure can be relieved. However the ones that are significantly large and deep, may never heal and are very likely to become infected. I have also seen one while doing my clinicals and could tell that it is very painful. The nurses pay very close attention to them to watch the progress and see if it gets worse.[Why tag this textI tagged this because I am very familar with theses two conditions. I work in a hospital and we do our best to keep patients active and from getting bed sores or any atrophy because they can be very dangerous to the patients health. I have also seen bed sores that are insanely progressed, down to the bone. [Why tag this texthanouf
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It was once assumed that sunscreens furnish protection against skin cancer, but more careful studies have cast doubt on this and made the issue increasingly puzzling and controversial. Sunburn and skin cancer are caused by different mechanisms, and sunscreen can protect against the former while providing no protection against the latter. Ironically, as the sale of sunscreen has risen in recent decades, so has the incidence of skin cancer?perhaps because people falsely assume that when they use sunscreen, they can safely stay in the sun longer. Sunscreen does provide some protection against squamous cell carcinoma, but apparently not against basal cell carcinoma or melanoma. Indeed, people who use sunscreen have a higher incidence of basal cell carcinoma than people who do not. Some of the chemicals used in sunscreens damage DNA and generate harmful free radicals when exposed to UV?chemicals such as zinc oxide and titanium dioxide?but much is still unknown about how sunscreen reacts on and with the skin. Epidemiological data also are yet inconclusive; skin cancer is most prevalent in older people, and not enough data are available on older people who have used sunscreen their entire lives.
Ironically, as the sale of sunscreen has risen in recent decades, so has the incidence of skin cancer-perhaps because people falsely assume that when they use sunscreen, they can safely stay in the sun longer.
It always makes my skin crawl when my one friend talks about how healthy she feels when she tans, because I have read so many articles by dermatologist that say this exact same thing. I understand the desire to be tan, sometimes. But then again I will never fully understand why one should subject themselves to UVA and UVB rays, thus knowingly raising their risk of skin cancer every time they lay in the bed. [Why tag this]I found this part of the reading interesting. Many assume that sunscreen protects the skin from getting cancer in the future but this is not all true. Sunburns and cancer and caused by different things. Sunscreen is able to protect against squamous cell carcinoma but not against basal cell carcinoma or melanoma. The chemicals in the sunscreen can hurt the body's skin layer and add harm to the skin when exposed the UV light. [Why tag thisSunscreen does not protect against skin cancer - it seems like sunscreen may actual have negative affects on the skin[Why tag thisInteresting that sun screen does not help. It is advertized in preventing skin cancer and sun burn. Does it? Probably prevents burn to PREVENT skin cancer.[Why tag thisThis is very interesting just because my dad had melanoma and it was caught early enough that they could remove it. But also sunscreen i did hear doesnt really help with anything. Talking about sunscreen, if we use it does that mean we do not produce as much vit-D since we arent catching the full suns rays?[Why tag thisI received two very severe sunburns as an adolescent. It is interesting to know that my risk level for skin cancer may be unaffected by these sunburns.[Why tag thisInteresting because have always heard that sun screen protects you from sun burn therefore protecting you from getting skin cancer. However it actually doesn't protect you from getting skin cancer. It protects from getting burned but getting burned and getting skin cancer are caused by different mechanisms.[Why tag thisIt's scary to think sun screen doesn't protect you from skin cancer. Kind of made me think about the traditional Japanese where fair pale skin is a good thing and praised. Even the earlier Americans had the same thought. If your skin was darker, it meant you had to work outside and you worked for a living. If you had fair skin, it meant you were rich and didn't have to work outside to tan. [Why tag thisThis is all pretty scary because my mom puts sunscreen on constantly. She's so afraid of skin cancer, she's the only person I've ever known to put it on in the wintertime. I know they have changed the SPF's recently. Although I'm not too sure exactly what it means.[Why tag thisthe most rediculous detail about this whole problem is that there are cancer causing agent in the SUNSCREEN that are activated by UV light...I understand that sunscreen is understood that it protects from sunburn but I also feel that the general consensus is that it also protects from skin cancer...which in reality is false![Why tag thisThis is interesting because I still assumed that. [Why tag thisThis is interesting because I thought that sunscreen protected from UVA and UVB which were the causes of skin cancer? So sunscreen doesnt protect from skin cancer? I thought it did. I guess not.[Why tag thisSo what should be done to prevent this? Completely stay out of the sun, i guess.[Why tag thisyou can get really harmed![Why tag thisWow this is something I have never heard, and I thought once I got my tan in the summer that I could just use sunscreen from then on to protect myself and be outside as long as I want. Might have to change that up a little.[Why tag thiskinda common sense[General_Do Not UseAnswered my question.[Why tag thisI know first hand that people think that way. i had the start of melonoma from staying in the sun and going tanning way to much when i was in highscool.[Why tag thisThis is really interesting. It's definitely true that people think just because they slap some sunscreen on, they are invincible to cancer and the sun's rays, but it's crazy that sunscreen can help prevent some cancers, but not others. [Why tag thisCould this also be linked to the increasing number of people who utilize tanning salons? Will increased holes in the ozone affect the amount of skin cancer?[Why tag thisThis has always been my thought process. I always felt safe with sunscreen on and would not worry as much about burning. It makes me think if getting a good tan is that important.[TanningI had no idea that sunscreen doesn't actually help protect you about sunscreen?[Why tag thisI find this very scary because I enjoy being in the sun a lot and I always think sunscreen will prevent me from any damages of the skin, but that is not always true.[Why tag thisisn't that because sun screen just helps prevent a burn?[Why tag thisIs this higher rate of cancer mainly due to the fact that older people have had longer sun exposure throughout their lives, whether or not they [Why tag thisIt is better to not wear sunscreen and stay outside for a shorter period of time[Why tag thisI never knew that sunscreen can damage DNA [Why tag thisThis is alarming to me. I had no idea that sunscreen did not protect much at all when it comes to the sun. It actually can cause cancer than to protect it. Good thing I read this because I know now that sunscreen does not enable us to be in the sun longer or have much beneficial aspects.[Why tag thisIs this statement statistically sound? Have other factors, such as those who use sunscreen may be in the sun longer or more often, been taken into account when making this statement? If so, is this to say that sunscreen causes the cancer? In the section on melanoma, it is noted that if you had a bad sunburn as a child, you are more likely to develop melanoma. If sunscreen prevents the burns, how would it, in turn, not be preventative of the cancer later in life? Is there another factor being left out in my question(s)?[Why tag thisWhat would be the best sunscreen to use then?[Why tag thisIt's interesting to read that something we use to protect ourselves from UV radiation, might actually be harming us more than protecting us. [Why tag thisI will be thinking alot more about the risk vs. benefit the next time I think of using sunscreen. If exposed to the sun for a shorter period of time it is probably better to not use sunscreen.[Why tag thisI hardly ever use sunscreen on my body because I have darker skin pigmentation and do not burn easily at all. In this case, would it be more harmful on my skin to not use sunscreen or use sunscreen? Given that some chemicals in sunscreen can generate free radicals and damage my DNA, and that it is not proven to protect me from skin cancer. I feel like having more sun on my skin is more natural than putting harmful chemicals on it.[Why tag thisLinda Xiong
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describe the two types of cartilaginous joints and give an example of each; andname some joints that become synostoses as they age.
Any point where two bones meet is called a joint (articulation), whether or not the bones are movable at that interface. The science of joint structure, function, and dysfunction is called arthrology.1 The study of musculoskeletal movement is kinesiology2 (kih-NEE-see-OL-oh-jee)
Any point where two bones meet is called a joint (articulation), whether or not the bones are movable at that interface. The science of joint structure, function, and dysfunction is called arthrology.1 The study of musculoskeletal movement is kinesiology2 (kih-NEE-see-OL-oh-jee). This is a branch of biomechanics, which deals with a broad variety of movements and mechanical processes in the body, including the physics of blood circulation, respiration, and hearing.
Any point where two bones meet is called a joint (articulation), whether or not the bones are movable at that interface. The science of joint structure, function, and dysfunction is called arthrology.1 The study of musculoskeletal movement is kinesiology2 (kih-NEE-see-OL-oh-jee). This is a branch of biomechanics, which deals with a broad variety of movements and mechanical processes in the body, including the physics of blood circulation, respiration, and hearing.The name of a joint is typically derived from the names of the bones involved. For example, the atlanto?occipital joint is where the atlas meets the occipital condyles; the glenohumeral joint is where the glenoid cavity of the scapula meets the humerus; and the radioulnar joint is where the radius meets the ulna.
Any point where two bones meet is called a joint (articulation), whether or not the bones are movable at that interface. The science of joint structure, function, and dysfunction is called arthrology.1 The study of musculoskeletal movement is kinesiology2 (kih-NEE-see-OL-oh-jee). This is a branch of biomechanics, which deals with a broad variety of movements and mechanical processes in the body, including the physics of blood circulation, respiration, and hearing.The name of a joint is typically derived from the names of the bones involved. For example, the atlanto?occipital joint is where the atlas meets the occipital condyles; the glenohumeral joint is where the glenoid cavity of the scapula meets the humerus; and the radioulnar joint is where the radius meets the ulna.Joints are classified according to the manner in which the adjacent bones are bound to each other, with corresponding differences in how freely the bones can move. Authorities differ in their classification schemes, but one common view places the joints in four major categories: bony, fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial joints. This section will describe the first three of these and the subclasses of each. The remainder of the chapter will then be concerned primarily with synovial joints.
The three types of fibrous joints are sutures, gomphoses, and syndesmoses. Sutures are joints that can barely get moved and aren't very mobile. Sutures only occur in the skull. Gomphoses are the teeth attached to its socket. Syndesmoses would be in a forearm and they allow you a lot of movement.[why tag this text?]Key point for response[Why Tag This?some joints that become synostoses (when two bones ossidy and become one single bone) are some cranial sutures that become obliterated by ossification and the adjacent cranial bones, such as the parietal bones, fuse. The epiphyses and diaphyses of the long bones are joined by cartilaginous joints in childhood and adolescence, and these become synostoses in early adulthood. The attachment of the first rib to the sternum also becomes a synostosis with age.[Why Tag This?Synostosis means the immovable joint that forms a gap between two bones that become one. Some examples of synostosis are when infants are born they have a right and left frontal but soon they fuse into one single frontal bone. In old age, parietal bones fuse because cranial sutures become destroyed. The last example of synotosis is the attachment of the first rib to the sternum. [Why Tag This?Its so awesome to learn about things that will make my other classes easier.[Why Tag This?Why are areas that bone has fused with another to make a larger bone still sometimes considered a joint?[Why Tag This?Joint: any point where two bones meet. science of joint structure, functions and dysfunction is called arthology. study of musculoskeletal movement is kinesiology. [Why Tag This?when the ribs attach to the sternum is that considered a joint?[Why Tag This?what a joint is[Why Tag This?If two any two bones meet together are articulating, why is it called a dislocation when they are seperated or misplaced? Wouldn't it be a mumble, or studder? Did the founding scientist run out of vocabulary, or did he see something that inspired articulation? Has the word itself changed over time?[Why Tag This?It is very important to know the basic concept behind a joint, because without knowing what it is, there is no way one will ever understand its purposes and all the other little things that come along with a joint and its function.[Why Tag This?I didnt know this at all, it is very interesting[Why Tag This?so then this means that not all joints are moveable?[Generaldefinition articulation[Why Tag This?I always thought that what made a joint a joint was the fat that there was movement between the connecting bones. I find this very interesting![Why Tag This?I always thought that you could move all of your joints. I didn't realize that some joints are not moveable. If someone is double jointed does that mean they can move a joint most people cannot??[Why Tag This?How is it a joint if the bones have no movement?[Why Tag This?I highlighted this because it will help with the classification of the joints [Why Tag This?Going to be helpful, but who invented these names and decided this?[Why Tag This?Are there more mobile joints than inmobile joints in the human body?[Why Tag This?I found this information to be interesting because I did not realize that where ever two bones meet is a joint. I always believed that joints had to be moveable. [Why Tag This?It is surprising that any meeting place of 2 bones is called a joint, and it does not matter if the bones can move or not at that place. I thought that in order to be a joint, the bones have to be movable at the intersection.[Why Tag This?I always thought a joint was like a knuckle, where the bones are movable and flexible to an extent.[Why tag thisPrior to reading this section, I had always thought a joint required the ability to move (i.e. the knee). I never would have considered a suture in the skull bones or a tooth articulating with the jaw to be a suture. Very interesting.[Why Tag This?This is imposrtant to know because it helps to further the understanding of what holds the bones of the body together. It helps to know why and how the bones can fit so perfectly together and make our arms move smoothly through the air. [Why Tag This?It is important to know that not all joints are movable. Depending on where the bone is located, what it is attached to, and by how flexible it is indicates a specific type of joint responsible for that function. Joints are responsible for movement, but are also important in blood circulation, respiration, and hearing. Arthritis, or inflammation of joints, is a condition that affects many older people. This is is mainly caused by the wearing away of cartiledge covering each bone.[Why Tag This?Kinesiology is a good study feild, it's mostly about movement and most physiotherapy feilds are about kenistiology [Why Tag This?Could assume the a joint was the meeting place of two bones, but i did think that it was movable meeting place. Did not know that meeting place of bones not movable still a joint[Why Tag This?I felt this annotation was important because it emphasizes what the whole chapter is about, the study of joints. I also thought it was interesting because it introduces kinesiology. [Why Tag This?Any point where two bones meet is called a joint. Kinesiologists study the movement of the musculoskeleton.[Why Tag This?I chose this because most body joints let the bones move, but different types of joints let the bone move in different ways. [Why Tag This?I found this information to be interesting because I wasnt familiar with the different areas of study that focused musculoskeletal movement and joint structure. Arthrology is the study of joint structure, and the study of musculoskeletal movement is known as kinesiology.[Why Tag This?The point where two bones meet is callled a joint. The bones don't have to be moveable. The names of the joints usually come from the name of the bones that are invovled. [Why Tag This?This word, articulation, was used in this weeks lab various times. It can also be appied when talking about the atlas and axis vertebra. The articulate in order to alow our head to shake from side to side. (or say no)[Why Tag This?Abbey
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Atrophy44 (AT-ruh-fee) is the shrinkage of a tissue through a loss in cell size or number. It results from both normal aging (senile atrophy) and lack of use of an organ (disuse atrophy). Muscles that are not exercised exhibit disuse atrophy as their cells become smaller.
Atrophy44 (AT-ruh-fee) is the shrinkage of a tissue through a loss in cell size or number. It results from both normal aging (senile atrophy) and lack of use of an organ (disuse atrophy). Muscles that are not exercised exhibit disuse atrophy as their cells become smaller. This was a serious problem for the first astronauts who participated in prolonged microgravity space flights. Upon return to normal gravity, they were sometimes too weak from muscular atrophy to walk. Space stations and shuttles now include exercise equipment to maintain the crew's muscular condition. Disuse atrophy also occurs when a limb is immobilized in a cast or by paralysis.
Atrophy44 (AT-ruh-fee) is the shrinkage of a tissue through a loss in cell size or number. It results from both normal aging (senile atrophy) and lack of use of an organ (disuse atrophy). Muscles that are not exercised exhibit disuse atrophy as their cells become smaller. This was a serious problem for the first astronauts who participated in prolonged microgravity space flights. Upon return to normal gravity, they were sometimes too weak from muscular atrophy to walk. Space stations and shuttles now include exercise equipment to maintain the crew's muscular condition. Disuse atrophy also occurs when a limb is immobilized in a cast or by paralysis.Necrosis45 (neh-CRO-sis) is premature, pathological tissue death due to trauma, toxins, infection, and so forth. Infarction is the sudden death of tissue, such as cardiac muscle (myocardial infarction) or brain tissue (cerebral infarction), that occurs when its blood supply is cut off. Gangrene is any tissue necrosis resulting from an insufficient blood supply, usually involving infection. Dry gangrene often occurs in diabetics, especially in the feet. A lack of sensation due to diabetic nerve damage can make a person oblivious to injury and infection, and poor blood circulation due to diabetic arterial damage results in slow healing and rapid spread of infection. This often necessitates the amputation of toes, feet, or legs. A decubitus ulcer (bed sore or pressure sore) is a form of dry gangrene that occurs when immobilized persons, such as those confined to a hospital bed or wheelchair, are unable to move, and continual pressure on the skin cuts off blood flow to an area. Gas gangrene is necrosis of a wound resulting from infection with certain bacteria of the genus Clostridium, usually introduced when a wound is contaminated with soil. The disorder is named for bubbles of gas (mainly hydrogen) that accumulate in the tissues. This is a deadly condition that requires immediate intervention, often including amputation.Cells dying by necrosis usually swell, exhibit blebbing (bubbling) of their plasma membranes, and then rupture. The cell contents released into the tissues trigger an inflammatory response in which macrophages phagocytize the cellular debris.
My children are very high enery and I have seen my fair share of wounds. One of the most severe did take around two years to completly heal.[Why tag this text]I found this interesting to read because I am curious to know if remodeling of tissue always gets rid of a scar or what happens when a scar does not go away even after 2 years? Are there some cases where scars do not undergo this process?[Why tag this textI have personally gone through atrophy after having knee surgery. The worst thing about it is that you lose your muscle so fast and it takes so much longer to build it back up.[Why tag this textQuestion 4: Atrophy is where tissue shrinks through a decrease in cell sizze or number. This occurs in normal aging as well as due to lack of organ use.Necrosis is premature tissue death. This is usually caused by trauma, toxins, and infection.Apoptosis is programmed cell death. This happens as cells have completeed their function and best function in the body by dying.[Why tag this textAtrophy is when tissues shrink through loss of cell size/number. Can result from aging of lack of use. Necrosis: Permanent death due to trauma/toxins/infectionsInfarction: Sudden death, like a heart attack.Gangrene: Necrosis due to lack of blood supply.[Why tag this textImportant term. [Why tag this textAstrophy is important because it is the shrinkage of a tissue through a loss in cell size or number. [Why tag this textI am particularly interested in this as I workout a lot and plan to one day be a personal trainer. This is exactly what I am trying to prevent every day of my life. For some of my future clients I will be reversing the affects of atrophy.[Why tag this textSome of the worst diseases out there in my opinon are due to muscle atrophy. However technological advancements are making it easier for people with these conditions to live a more functional lifestyle.[Why tag this textAs we learned earlier how cells grow, it is important to know how and if they die. It is kinda a circle of life, just like any species can be realted to. Something that can be accredited to the [Why tag this textatrophy is when a tssue shrinks through loss of a cell size or number. this happens with aging and not using an organ.[Why tag this textOne way that a tissue can degenerate and die. [Why tag this textI tagged this because I find it interesting that if you dont use something it can go away. Muscles for example that you dont use can shrink. I am assuming this appies to all muscle but am really interested to learn the effects on smooth muscle as opposed to skeletal. [Why tag thisso as we age or use less or an organ our tissue begins to shrink[Why tag this textGives the general definition of atrophy and how it happens. [Why tag this textDefines atrophy and how it affects tissues.[General-Do not useReading this is really interesting because i am a rehab aide at a physical therapy clinic and i see this all the time. I just find this so interesting how the body just loses muscle when not used. [Why tag this textThis was interesting because I personally have experienced atrophy of my supraspinatous and inferspinatous muscles. This was due to a pinch nerve that suffocated the muscles. It look like holes in my shoulder blade because of the shrinkage. [Why tag this textThis is interesting to me because when I suffered an injury it was remarkable how fast I found my, very strong, muscles to atrophy. They waste no time. This just shows me how important it is to constantly be using your body. If we stop using a muscle the cells become smaller and it is fast and obvious when it happens. It may not be as obvious but this has got to be true for all cells in the body meaning that if we stop using our brains that could affect us too and we might not even realize how much we are losing. The body is smart but we have to help it out because it takes a lot of repitition to remember everything, like anything else. [Why tag this textDead cells can not be regeneration due to trauma, toxins, infection and bacteria.[Why tag this textMy friend experienced a degree of atrophy in arm when he broke it. When the cast came off his arm was weaker than the other. This is why I found this section interesting.[Why tag this textsuch an interesting passage! never knew this happened to those who traveled in space i would think it would be hard to work out in space though. . [Why tag this textI tagged this because I am very familar with theses two conditions. I work in a hospital and we do our best to keep patients active and from getting bed sores or any atrophy because they can be very dangerous to the patients health. I have also seen bed sores that are insanely progressed, down to the bone. [Why tag this textThis is important to understand due to the fact that without it, breakthroughs of the universe might not have been possible, or at the very least, recooperating from journeys would be very hard on the scientists and astronauts.[Why tag this textUnderstanding tissue lose [Why tag this textatrophy description - tissue degeneration and death[Why tag this textThis is like muscular distrophy, in the sense of being a breakdown of cellular tissues and being a type/feeling of paralysis. The lack of use of a organ over a long period of time makes the body believe that muscle or that limb etc. isn't needed[Why tag this textTissues degrade over time and start to heal slower.[Why tag this textWow! I never knew this! That is super interesting. I guess it makes sense. Too bas NASA isn't sending anyone up anymore. But that's pretty cool. [Why tag this textTissue death[Why tag this textIt explains atrophy and how tissues die and degenerate[Why tag this textI found this section to be particularly interesting due to the comment about astronauts experiencing atrophy. I understand that astronauts can be off of Earth's surface for extended periods of time, however, I always have wondered how long it takes muscle to fully weaken. Because I am active in my every day life, I have never experienced atrophy, however, I have seen friends experience this. Numerous friends have broken appedages such as arms and legs and once their hard casts come off, they notice that they do not have full function of their arms or legs. This makes me question what it's like for people that are bedridden either due to disease, or pure laziness. I wonder how long it takes for them to lose function of their muscles from not using them properly or frequently.[Why tag this textI didn't know that your actual cells get smaller, I thought it was just in height and weight?[Why tag this textMegan Page
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The skin is much more than a container for the body. It has a variety of important functions that go well beyond appearance, as we shall see here.
Resistance to trauma and infection. The skin suffers the most physical injuries to the body, but it resists and recovers from trauma better than other organs do. The epidermal cells are packed with the tough protein keratin and linked by strong desmosomes that give this epithelium its durability. Few infectious organisms can penetrate the intact skin. Bacteria and fungi colonize the surface, but their numbers are kept in check by its relative dryness, its slight acidity (pH 4?6), and certain defensive antimicrobial peptides called dermcidin and defensins. The protective acidic film is called the acid mantle. Other barrier functions. The skin is important as a barrier to water. It prevents the body from absorbing excess water when you are swimming or bathing, but even more importantly, it prevents the body from losing excess water. The epidermis is also a barrier to ultraviolet (UV) rays, blocking much of this cancer-causing radiation from reaching deeper tissue layers; and it is a barrier to many potentially harmful chemicals. It is, however, permeable to several drugs and poisons (see Deeper Insight 6.1). Vitamin D synthesis. The skin carries out the first step in the synthesis of vitamin D, which is needed for bone development and maintenance. The liver and kidneys complete the process. Sensation. The skin is our most extensive sense organ. It is equipped with a variety of nerve endings that react to heat, cold, touch, texture, pressure, vibration, and tissue injury (see chapter 16). These sensory receptors are especially abundant on the face, palms, fingers, soles, nipples, and genitals. There are relatively few on the back and in skin overlying joints such as the knees and elbows. Page 182 Thermoregulation. Cutaneous nerve endings called thermoreceptors monitor the body surface temperature. In response to chilling, the body retains heat by constricting blood vessels of the dermis (cutaneous vasoconstriction), keeping warm blood deeper in the body. In response to overheating, it loses excess heat by dilating those vessels (cutaneous vasodilation), allowing more blood to flow close to the surface and lose heat through the skin. If this is insufficient to restore normal temperature, sweat glands secrete perspiration. The evaporation of sweat can have a powerful cooling effect. Thus, the skin plays roles in both warming and cooling the body. Nonverbal communication. The skin is an important means of nonverbal communication. Humans, like most other primates, have much more expressive faces than other mammals (fig. 6.2). Complex skeletal muscles insert on dermal collagen fibers and pull on the skin to create subtle and varied facial expressions. The general appearance of the skin, hair, and nails is also important to social acceptance and to a person's self-image and emotional state?whether the ravages of adolescent acne, the presence of a birthmark or scar, or just a ?bad hair day.?
There is more to the skin than just covering your body. It has a variety of functions. It is resistant to trauma/infection. It is a barrier to water and helps preventing the body from absorbing too much when swimming etc. The skin also helps with the process of vitamin D synthesis[Why tag this text]Functions of the Skin:Resistance to trauma and infection [keratin, bacteria and fungi, dryness, acididty] Acidic film is called acid mantle, it protects the skinBarrier to water [keeping water out and in]Barrier to UV rays [radiation]Vitamin D Synthesis: Sensation: Thermoregulation: Nerve endings called thermoreceptors monitor the body surface temp, if too cold the body retains heat by constricting blood vessels and if too hot the body dilates the blood vessels.Nonverbal communication: Faces/skeletal muscles control our faces. [Why tag this textThe multiple functions of skin listed in the following paragraphs.Skin serves as much more than just a container for the body[Why tag this textIf we are a one big cell, then you could say our skin is just our cell membrane[Why tag this textSkin is not merely a container for the body it also has many other important functions. Skin serves as a barrier to trauma, infection and water, produces vitaminD, senses touch, regulates body temperature and it is involved in identity and expression.[Why tag this textthe skin is to the body and is the semipermeable membrane is to the cell. all though they are not exactly alike they do share many similar characteristics in a general sense.[Why tag this textone of the functions of the skin is resistance to trauma and infection.[Why tag this textI never relised that my skin does so much or that is varies in different sizes. I just thought that the skin was there to cover the bones. It is amazing that something we can see can do so many jobs to help protect our body.[Why tag this textThis important because these sections describe the different functions of the skin. Our skin does more than just protect us from the outside world and each function is described in these sections.[Why tag this texti think it's very interesting how much skin does for the body, not just in the aspect that it holds in all of the organs but for the fact that although it covers only one body, there are thicker parts and thinner parts and how the skin differs dramatically throughout the body and how many different functions it has.[Why tag this textprotectionvitamin d synthesissensation temperatire adaptationsnonverbal communication[Why tag this textIt's pretty amazing not only how protective skin is considering what we do to ourselves/our skin, but also that it recovers so quickly.[Why tag this textThis is all so interesting to me. I figured that ihe skin suffers the most trauma, but i never thought that it recovers better than organs do. I learned that the skin is packed with tough protein keratin and thats what gives the epithelium its durability. [Why tag this textI find this interesting because I am curious how tattoos work. I just looked up that tattos penetrate far enough into the dermis, however, if they go further than this layer they can cause trauma. Why does the dermis hold ink though when ink is obviously a forgeign substance to the body? Wouldn't it push it back up to the superficial layer right away if it resist and recovers from trauma the fastest out of all organs? [Why tag this textThis information shows how strong the epidermis really is. Our skin aligns homo sapiens bodies and protects us from outside forces. [Why tag this textWhat kinds of infections can pass through the skin? Would they be viral, bacterial or fungal? If I had to guess, I would say viral, because they are incredibly small, but how long would they be able to last outside of the body? This shows how good the skin that is intact is at protecting the body.[Why tag this textMy aunt was in an accident a couple of years ago and since the accident she hasn't had feeling in the top of her face and back of her head. In this text it says that the skin goes through the most physical injuries and recovers better than other organs. When she was in her accident the skin from her forehead to the back of her head was scrapped off. This is why she no longer had feeling in her forehead and back of her head because the nerves weren't connected again.[Why tag this textAcid mantle is a new term for me, I've never learned about the pH of skin as being acidic. The stomach contents are also highly acidic. I wonder if there are parts of the body that a very basic?[Why tag this textIt surprised me how durable our skin actually is, and how good of a job it does at protecting our bodies. It surprises me that something built to take a hit and recover can get hurt by something such as a piece of paper. [Why tag this textI tagged this text because it is a good reminder at how powerful of a organ system the integumentary system is. When I look at skin, I don't necessarily think of it as an orgin, yet it resists and recovers from trauma better than other organs do. [Why tag this textit seems like it should be a given that skin recovers due to the fact that skin protects our insides.[Why tag this textI think this is very important because, as it says, the skin suffers the most physical injuries so it has to be able to recover better than most of our other organs otherwise we'd be in trouble. [Why tag this textDoes this mean that the cells that compose the skin divide and regenerate at a much higher rate compared to all of the other organs in the human body? Is this recovery rate also true for other mammals?[Why tag this textNot many people think skin is one of the more important organs of the body. I feel that it is because it is the main protection barrier on our bodies, and it also is responsibe for many actions like nonverbal communication and sensation.[Why tag this textgood information to know[Why tag this textWhy do scars happen if the epidermal cells have these proteins give the skin durability? Are these proteins only within a certain layer and if they are in all layers, why do scars happen?[Why tag this textI am very interested in the acidity of the skin that is discussed in this section. What exact bacterias are covering the skin that need to be protected by this acidity? Does the dryness of the skin keep bacterias from growing or why is this included as a source of protection?[Why tag this textso since it has the most injuries wouldn't all of it be thick skin?[Why tag this textVery true. when we are little we always fall and scrape our knees and hands. Recovery comes easy for skin compared to other organs[Why tag this textInteresting to know what protein causes skin to be tough enough to resist all the obsticles we put it through everyday.[Why tag this textIf we didn't have tough skin there would be many more deaths as well as injuries. I think we take for granted how tough our skin really is. It can recover from an injury so quickly that it seems like if a cut isn't healed in two days that is too long! The protein keratin helps our skin be strong. [Why tag this textvocab: desmosomes link the tough keratin-packed epidermal cells of skin to one another[Why tag this textring worm...self experience[Why tag this textnever knew that because of skins slight driyness and slight acidity? (is that sweat) is actually what helps keep bacteria and fungi away.[Why tag this textWhat makes the skin slightly acidic?[Why tag this textDanielle Henckel
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The most familiar type of joint is the synovial (sih-NO-vee-ul) joint, also called a diarthrosis10 (DY-ar-THRO-sis) or diarthrodial joint
The most familiar type of joint is the synovial (sih-NO-vee-ul) joint, also called a diarthrosis10 (DY-ar-THRO-sis) or diarthrodial joint.
The most familiar type of joint is the synovial (sih-NO-vee-ul) joint, also called a diarthrosis10 (DY-ar-THRO-sis) or diarthrodial joint.
The most familiar type of joint is the synovial (sih-NO-vee-ul) joint, also called a diarthrosis10 (DY-ar-THRO-sis) or diarthrodial joint. Ask most people to point out any joint in the body, and they are likely to point to a synovial joint such as an elbow, knee, or knuckle.
The most familiar type of joint is the synovial (sih-NO-vee-ul) joint, also called a diarthrosis10 (DY-ar-THRO-sis) or diarthrodial joint. Ask most people to point out any joint in the body, and they are likely to point to a synovial joint such as an elbow, knee, or knuckle. Many synovial joints, like these examples, are freely movable.
The most familiar type of joint is the synovial (sih-NO-vee-ul) joint, also called a diarthrosis10 (DY-ar-THRO-sis) or diarthrodial joint. Ask most people to point out any joint in the body, and they are likely to point to a synovial joint such as an elbow, knee, or knuckle. Many synovial joints, like these examples, are freely movable. Others, such as the joints between the wrist and ankle bones and between the articular processes of the vertebrae, have more limited mobility.
The most familiar type of joint is the synovial (sih-NO-vee-ul) joint, also called a diarthrosis10 (DY-ar-THRO-sis) or diarthrodial joint. Ask most people to point out any joint in the body, and they are likely to point to a synovial joint such as an elbow, knee, or knuckle. Many synovial joints, like these examples, are freely movable. Others, such as the joints between the wrist and ankle bones and between the articular processes of the vertebrae, have more limited mobility.Synovial joints are the most structurally complex type of joint and are the type most likely to develop uncomfortable and crippling dysfunctions. They are the most important joints for such professionals as physical and occupational therapists, athletic coaches, nurses, and fitness trainers to understand well. Their mobility makes the synovial joints especially important to the quality of life. Reflect, for example, on the performance extremes of a young athlete, the decline in flexibility that comes with age, and the crippling effect of rheumatoid arthritis. The rest of this chapter is concerned with synovial joints.
The most familiar type of joint is the synovial (sih-NO-vee-ul) joint, also called a diarthrosis10 (DY-ar-THRO-sis) or diarthrodial joint. Ask most people to point out any joint in the body, and they are likely to point to a synovial joint such as an elbow, knee, or knuckle. Many synovial joints, like these examples, are freely movable. Others, such as the joints between the wrist and ankle bones and between the articular processes of the vertebrae, have more limited mobility.Synovial joints are the most structurally complex type of joint and are the type most likely to develop uncomfortable and crippling dysfunctions. They are the most important joints for such professionals as physical and occupational therapists, athletic coaches, nurses, and fitness trainers to understand well. Their mobility makes the synovial joints especially important to the quality of life. Reflect, for example, on the performance extremes of a young athlete, the decline in flexibility that comes with age, and the crippling effect of rheumatoid arthritis. The rest of this chapter is concerned with synovial joints.General AnatomyIn synovial joints, the facing surfaces of the two bones are covered with articular cartilage, a layer of hyaline cartilage usually 2 or 3 mm thick. These surfaces are separated by a narrow space, the joint (articular) cavity, containing a slippery lubricant called synovial fluid (fig. 9.5). This fluid, for which the joint is named, is rich in albumin and hyaluronic acid, which give it a viscous, slippery texture similar to raw egg white.11 It nourishes the articular cartilages, removes their wastes, and makes movements at synovial joints almost friction-free. A connective tissue joint (articular) capsule encloses the cavity and retains the fluid. It has an outer fibrous capsule continuous with the periosteum of the adjoining bones, and an inner, cellular synovial membrane. The synovial membrane is composed mainly of fibroblast-like cells that secrete the fluid, and is populated by macrophages that remove debris from the joint cavity.
synovial joints are interesting because they allow us to move freely,and are complex structures that allow us to amazing things[Why tag this]why is this the most common joint?[Why tag thisI didn't know that they were the most common kind of joint.[Why tag thisThis type of joint is the one that allows for more movement compared to the other three types.[Why tag thisThis is important because I didn't know what body parts were included in a synovial joint. Are all the joints in this category considered hinge joints?[Why tag thisAre these joints more likely to be damaged easier because of how much they can move or does that make it harder for them to be damaged?[Why tag thisFunny that it talks about asking someone to point to a joint and they would probable point to a synovial joint such as the elbow, knee or knuckle because if someone asked me to do that, that's probable all I could point to right now.[Why tag thisWhen I first read that synovial joints are also called diarthrodial joints, I was immediately presented with the idea that these joints often develop arthritis before I read on. I would have liked to know more background information on why synovial joints are also called diarthrodial joints. My curiosity raises the question of, were these joints named diarthroidal because they develop arthritis often, or was arthritis named after seeing synovial joints develop issues?[Why tag thisI am aware that there are many different joints all throughout commonly known joint is the synovial, also referred to as the diarthrodial joint. Synovial joints consist of the elbow, knee or knuckle. Certain joints specifically synovial joints are freely movable whereas joints that surround the wrist and ankle have less ability to move freely. [Why tag thisI found this interesting because the joints I was most aware of in the body were the ones just described here, but I was unaware that they were all synovial joints. [Why tag thisIf other joints besides the synovila joints had more mobility and mechanical functions then there probably would be less injury and people could live more comfortably and we'd be super flexible. [Why tag thisSynovial Joint: Also called a diarthrosis/diathrodial joint. These are the most structurally complex joint. The facing surfaces of two bones are covered with articular cartilage [layer of hyaline cartilage], they are covered with synovial fluid which nourishes the cartilage and makes movements more friction free. A connective joint capsule encloses the cavity. Accessory structures include tendons, ligaments and bursae. A bursae is a fibrous sack fileld with synovial fluid that is located between adjacent muscles. Bursaes cushion muscles, help tendons slide more easily and enhance the mechanical function. Many bones enhance the speed and power of limb movements, and they act as levers. Levers produce a gain in speed, distance or force of motion. [Why tag thisThe most common joint is the synovial joint. Most are freely movable[Why tag thisThis type of joint is the joint that gives the most range of mobility and just the most mobility in general.[Why tag thisFor some people will this vary? I know that some people in most joints and muscles are more flexible, how is this determined? [Why tag thisWhy is this?[Why tag thisthis surprises me, because i always thought of the ankle as the most moveable joint in my body.[Why tag thisWhat makes them have more mobility?[Why tag thisso is this what the term [GeneralWhat about a person who is double jointed?[Why tag thisAnwers my first question somewhat, but how hard is it for them to become crippling?[Why tag thismost complex type of joint, likely to develop uncomfortable and crippling dysfunctions [Why tag thisThe knee is a synovial joint. ACL, PCL, LCL, and MCL ligaments make this apparent[Why tag thisWhy does this happen?[Why tag thisAre synovial joints the type of joints that most people get replaced? Why do replacements like this happen? Are they only for synovial joints or can you get other joints replaced as well? [Why tag thisSynovial joints are most commonly used and have the most stress put on them which is why they are most likely to have crippling dysfunctions such as artheritis. [Why tag thisI tagged this because I would like to learn more about the synovial joints because the reason I am taking this class is because I might want to be a physical therapist and the book says theses joints are very important to understand if you are a physical therapist.[Why tag thisIs one of these dysfunctions arthritis? I want to be an occupational therapist :)[Why tag thisI tagged this text because it seems very personal to me. I have been an athlete my entire life up until college and I have experienced plenty of difficulties with joints, especially the knee and ankle. Understanding how and why these difficulties occur is important.[Why tag thisSynovial joints are important because connect the body's most used bones, such as legs and arms. Synovial joints have the ability to move freely, so any damage that occurs within the bone, or the joint itself will make regular tasks such as walking or lifting very painful.[Why tag thisIt is interesting that the main cause of rheumatoid athritis is the degeneration of the synovial joints. [Why tag thisThis i find true and important because from experiance i sprained both ankles and its most common for people to sprain ankles and wrists which is important for medical and physical professionals to understand these types of joints. [Why tag thisWhat would happen if we did not have synovial joints? Is that a possibility not to have them or have something wrong with them?[Why tag thisSynovial joints are the most prone to arthritis and are the most structurally complex type of bone. [Why tag thisLauren Anthe
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Telophase
Telophase is the end of nuclear division but overlaps with cytokinesis9 (SY-toe-kih-NEE-sis), division of the cytoplasm into two cells.
Telophase is the end of nuclear division but overlaps with cytokinesis9 (SY-toe-kih-NEE-sis), division of the cytoplasm into two cells. Early traces of cytokinesis are visible even at anaphase.
It is achieved by the motor protein myosin pulling on microfilaments of actin in the terminal web of the cytoskeleton.
This creates a crease called the cleavage furrow around the equator of the cell, and the cell eventually pinches in two.
This creates a crease called the cleavage furrow around the equator of the cell, and the cell eventually pinches in two.
One of the most important questions in biology is what signals cells when to divide and when to stop.
One of the most important questions in biology is what signals cells when to divide and when to stop. The activation and inhibition of cell division are subjects of intense research for obvious reasons such as management of cancer and tissue repair.
One of the most important questions in biology is what signals cells when to divide and when to stop. The activation and inhibition of cell division are subjects of intense research for obvious reasons such as management of cancer and tissue repair. Cells divide when (1) they grow large enough to have enough cytoplasm to distribute to their two daughter cells; (2) they have replicated their DNA, so they can give each daughter cell a duplicate set of genes; (3) they receive an adequate supply of nutrients; (4) they are stimulated by growth factors, chemical signals secreted by blood platelets, kidney cells, and other sources; or (5) neighboring cells die, opening up space in a tissue to be occupied by new cells. Cells stop dividing when they snugly contact neighboring cells or when nutrients or growth factors are withdrawn.
One of the most important questions in biology is what signals cells when to divide and when to stop. The activation and inhibition of cell division are subjects of intense research for obvious reasons such as management of cancer and tissue repair. Cells divide when (1) they grow large enough to have enough cytoplasm to distribute to their two daughter cells; (2) they have replicated their DNA, so they can give each daughter cell a duplicate set of genes; (3) they receive an adequate supply of nutrients; (4) they are stimulated by growth factors, chemical signals secreted by blood platelets, kidney cells, and other sources; or (5) neighboring cells die, opening up space in a tissue to be occupied by new cells. Cells stop dividing when they snugly contact neighboring cells or when nutrients or growth factors are withdrawn. The cessation of cell division in response to contact with other cells is called contact inhibition.
which also states that the cells can now be self sufficient[Why tag this text]Divides into two cells[Why tag this textend of the nuclear division[General-Do not useCytokinesis occurs during telophase.[Why tag this textCytokenesis is important to remember, it is the final step in cell division, separating the cells in two.[Why tag this textdivision fo cytoplasm into two cells[General-Do not useIs there ever an instance in which the chromatids separate poorly and the result is one cell with more genetic information than necessary after the division, and one with less? Is there a name for it, and what are the implications or this mishap?[Why tag this textCleavage furrow: crease around the equator of the cell. [Why tag this textoverlapping with cytokinesis[Why tag this textDoes cell inhibition have anything to do with how we grow old?[Why tag this textI find it amazing that a cell can manage itself. Also that it controls how it will seperate from the macromolecules within.[Why tag this textI find this interesting because the cells know when it's time to divide and stop dividing, so that the cells are able to maintain themselves.[Why tag this textThis is interesting because the cells know when to divide and when they should stop dividing.[Why tag this textGiven the opportunity to grow and multiply, a cell will take advantage of the chance. Only when the body removes resources necessicary to do so will a cell maintian its configuration[Why tag this textit would seem like cancer does not stop cell division with inhibition but instead kills the cells around it by cutting off their nutrients and them move into that space. Is that correct? [Why tag this textdividing of cells do not happen all the time, they also stop. They only divide when they are large enough to have daughtercells, need new duplication of genes, adequetly supplied with nutrients, chemically stimulated, or have a new space to grow into when an old cell dies. They stop dividing if they are compact and no nutrients are given. [Why tag this textThis timing is important, when it comes to cancer, which is created when cells divided too quickly and make mistakes, which cause cancerous cells. Is there any way to monitor the rate of cell division? Is there any way to control it? If this were possible, would this create ways to treat or prevent cancer?[Why tag this textThis is an interesting section telling us when and how cells stop dividing. The do this when they are snugly in contact with neighboring cells or when nutrients or growth factors are taken away.[Why tag this textThis is particularly interesting because it causes so much strife in our world today. Cancer comes in so many different forms, and if we were able to better understand how the cell determines when to start and stop cell production, we would have a far better understanding of cancer's cause.[Why tag this textso cancer is formed when a cell and stop reproducing itself? [Why tag this textCell division requires a careful balance to ensure the stability of all organisms. It is no wonder organisms have evolved to maintain this balance.[Why tag this textWould it be possible for a person with an amputation to be scientifically triggered into having their cells divide to repair the limb?[Why tag this textIf we could apply the research of inhibition of cell division, we could find a way to slow or stop growth of cancer cells. It is interesting that neighboring cells dying often triggers growth of new cells, because we use readiation and chemotherapy to kill cancer cells, which kills healthy cells in the process. For many it is possible to replace these lost cells with healthy normal ones. [Why tag this textwhen cells should divide and when they should stop division[Why tag this textKnowing when and how cells divide is an interesting concept to look into and understand. This section provides five reasons on when the cell divides and also touched on how the cell divides itself.[Why tag this textI tagged this part of the text because cells are the basis of biology and the fact that there are 4 main reasons why cells divide, must be important.[Why tag this textThese are the reasons why cells divide. I tagged this because i knew cells divided but i never really thought about what makes them divide. [Why tag this textsignals cells divide and then stop and these steps are the way to know when the cells do this and why[Why tag this textThis part pointed out a really good question. When do cells stop dividing? Because I always thought that cells never stop dividing but I found this paragraph to be very informing.[Why tag this textTIMING OF CELL DIVISION[Why tag this textImportant information to remember when a cell is allowed to divide and when it has to stop dividing.[General-Do not useDescribes timing of cell division[Why tag this textCells know when to start or stop dividing based on their size, replication of DNA, nutrients, growth stimulation, and open space. If the cell receives enough nutrients, has decent size, has enough growth stimulation, replication of DNA, and senses that there is open space, then cells with start dividing. If there is a lack of nutrients, growth factors, and not enough space, then cells will stop dividing.[Why tag this textThis is very interesting, I thought there would be more times were cell dividsion occurs. This is also related to cancer correct? becaus the cells just keep growing out of control and cell division wont stop?[Why tag this textthis makes a lot more sense when you think about what really does make a cell divide. [Generalthis helps me understand a lot better[Why tag this textSarah Kallas
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Apocrine sweat glands are scent glands that respond especially to stress and sexual stimulation.
Apocrine sweat glands are scent glands that respond especially to stress and sexual stimulation. They are not activated until puberty, and in women, they enlarge and shrink in phase with the menstrual cycle.
Apocrine sweat glands are scent glands that respond especially to stress and sexual stimulation. They are not activated until puberty, and in women, they enlarge and shrink in phase with the menstrual cycle.
Apocrine sweat glands are scent glands that respond especially to stress and sexual stimulation. They are not activated until puberty, and in women, they enlarge and shrink in phase with the menstrual cycle. These facts, as well as experimental evidence, suggest that their function is to secrete sex pheromones?chemicals that exert subtle effects on the sexual behavior and physiology of other people (see Deeper Insight 16.1, p. 595).
Apocrine sweat glands are scent glands that respond especially to stress and sexual stimulation. They are not activated until puberty, and in women, they enlarge and shrink in phase with the menstrual cycle. These facts, as well as experimental evidence, suggest that their function is to secrete sex pheromones-chemicals that exert subtle effects on the sexual behavior and physiology of other people (see Deeper Insight 16.1, p. 595).
Apocrine sweat glands are scent glands that respond especially to stress and sexual stimulation. They are not activated until puberty, and in women, they enlarge and shrink in phase with the menstrual cycle. These facts, as well as experimental evidence, suggest that their function is to secrete sex pheromones?chemicals that exert subtle effects on the sexual behavior and physiology of other people (see Deeper Insight 16.1, p. 595). They apparently correspond to the scent glands that develop in other mammals as they approach sexual maturity. Fresh apocrine sweat does not have a disagreeable odor; indeed, it is considered attractive or arousing in some cultures, where it is as much a part of courtship as artificial perfume is to others. Clothing, however, traps stale sweat long enough for bacteria to degrade the secretion and release free fatty acids with a rancid odor. Disagreeable body odor is called bromhidrosis.33 It occasionally indicates a metabolic disorder, but more often reflects inadequate hygiene.
Sebaceous, because the oils are washed away so often that the cells need to continually reproduce?[Why tag this]The Sebaceous glands proabably require the fastest rate of stem-cell mitosis because those glands are actually breaking down cells in order to produce their secretions; so, in order for the gland to continue functioing properly, more cells would need to be created rather quickly.[Why tag thisThe merocrine glands because they are constanly working or work more often than apocrine cells.[Why tag thisThis part of the chapter was intersting to me because people usually think that artificial perfumes and colognes are the scent that make you attractive when really those things cover up your pheromones which are the real scents that people are mentally attracted to. It all goes back to instinct and this passage really conveys that. [Why tag thisApocrine sweat glands respond to stress and sexual stimulation. They activate after pubertyThe smell of fresh apocrine glands is attrctive and arousng to some cultures.[Why tag thisThis is interesting. so when we are under stress, our apocrine sweat glands are responding. So what does it mean exactly, does it help us relieve stress or is it forming the stress?[Why tag thisSo is this the gland responsible for animals being able to sense or smell fear?[Why tag thisfunction of apocrine sweat glands[Why tag thisWhy do some people have bigger sweat glands than others? Is that just hereditary?[Why tag thisI find this interesting especially the fact that apocrine sweat glands enlarge and shrink in phase with the menstrual cycle.[Why tag thisWhat causes these glands to not acticvate till puberty? [Why tag thisIt is interesting that the apocrine glands respond to stress and sexual stimulation in the form of sweat.[Why tag thisthe function of Apocrine sweat glands is to secrete sex pheromones.[Why tag thisthis is very interesting to know about the glands shrinking during the menstral cycle. It makes sense though because this is the time of the month that women are not looking to attract men. I am glad that this was gone into detail in the book, because I always thought this was the gland that produced the smell of body odor, but it says that the smell of this sweat is attractive.[Why tag thisI found this section very intruiging because our bodies have evolved in order to produce pheromones to attract our potential mate; however, our bodies did not account for our clothing. The natural sweat that is produced would not be oderous if we were naked while our clothing traps and contains these particles. [Why tag thisApocrine glands are known to secrete pheremones which are chemicals that signal sexual maturity. Apocrine glands are located around sexual organs and the beards of men unlike merocrine glands which can be found all over the body.[Why tag thisapocrine sweat gland - description about what they respond to and its scent[Why tag thisThis is pretty interesting. Never really even thought about there the two different scents being sent off. Obviously know about the body odor from sweat glands from the smell. However never really knew had a scent sent off to kind of attract other people. The reasoning behind perfume. [Why tag thisI've heard that men can go through similar mood changes on an almost monthly basis if they live with a woman, is this true?[Why tag this textso this is why my little brother smells so bad...[Why tag thisThis is very interesting. I learned about pheromones, and how women are more attractive to men during ovulation, and least during menstruation. I think the enlarging and shrinking of apocrine sweat glands plays a role in male/female attraction.[Why tag this textso they dont release sweat? or do they release both[Why tag thisPheromones are a person's scent that can attract or detract other people. There was a match-making company that tried something new and had their clients wear their t-shirts for two days, put them in a bag, and labeled each bag with a number. The people looking for matches would come in and smell the t-shirt in the bag and picked 3 shirts in which they would want to go on a date with the owner of the shirt. This is so interesting because a person's scent can be an indication as to whether you would like them or not.[Why tag thisIs it possible for these glands to never secrete pheromones? [Why tag thispharamones?[Why tag thisthat is very interesting because I forget that we are animals and we also give of odors that have a purpose. Its really interesting and you just forget what you are.[Why tag thisFound this interesting because I never knew that glands were able to do this.[Why tag thisFirst, I just want to say this is a fascinating insight into other cultures. Also, I wonder how this would work for gay and lesbian individuals. I wonder if same-sex, sexual orientation is so embedded into one's genetics that these individuals are even attracted to pheromones of the same sex.[Why tag thisAlong the same lines, I read about a study where women would smell men's sweaty shirts to decide who they should go out on a date with- a little gross, but whatever works. [Why tag thisThis is interesting to me because i have never smelt fresh sweat.[Why tag thisThis stands out to me because it honestly disgustes me. Just living in the culture we do in america we find sweat and body odor repulsive however some things we pratice here would not happen be acceptable is other cultures. Its interesting to compare cultural differnces around the world.[Why tag thisWhat is it that causes this to have no odor? Also if there is no odor to the sweat how can it be considered arousing? [Why tag thisThis is really interesting! In social psychology they emphasize how much attraction is based on social settings, attractiveness, and similarities contributing to attraction. It is interesting to see a more biological approach.[PsychWhy then do some people smell so bad even after freshly showering? Even though they have excellent hygeine, they can still smell horrible.[Why tag thisIt's weird how our culture tries to cover up our natural odors. [Why tag thisIts interesting that the sweat itsself isn't what smells bad but the baceria that grows in it.[Why tag thisjennifer lassiter
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This is a commonly used site of drug injections. Its anterior, lateral, and posterior fibers act like three different muscles.
The Rotator Cuff. Tendons of the remaining four scapular muscles form the rotator cuff (fig. 10.25). These muscles are nicknamed the ?SITS muscles? for the first letters of their names?supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis. The first three muscles lie on the posterior side of the scapula (see fig. 10.23b). The supraspinatus and infraspinatus occupy the supraspinous and infraspinous fossae, above and below the scapular spine. The teres minor lies inferior to the infraspinatus. The subscapularis occupies the subscapular fossa on the anterior surface of the scapula, between the scapula and ribs (see fig. 10.23d). The tendons of these muscles merge with the joint capsule of the shoulder as they cross it en route to the humerus. They insert on the proximal end of the humerus, forming a partial sleeve around it. The rotator cuff reinforces the joint capsule and holds the head of the humerus in the glenoid cavity. The rotator cuff, especially the supraspinatus tendon, is easily damaged by strenuous circumduction or hard blows to the shoulder (see Deeper Insight 10.5).
The rotator cuff reinforces the joint capsule and holds the head of the humerus in the glenoid cavity. The rotator cuff, especially the supraspinatus tendon, is easily damaged by strenuous circumduction or hard blows to the shoulder (see Deeper Insight 10.5).[image #4]
Why is the deltoid a common site for drug injections?[Why Tag This]Can this also be a reason why a baby's temperature is taken under their armpits sometimes? Muscles produce heat, therefore it would be the temperature of the body.[Why Tag ThisIs there a reason why most drugs injections start there?[Why Tag ThisIs this a common site because the muscle is so thick? I think I've gotten most of my shots in that area.[Why Tag ThisWhy is this the most common muscle site for drug injections?[Why Tag ThisI found this really interesting. Why is this the best spot? [Why Tag Thiswhy is this the most commonly used drug site?[Why Tag This Four muscles of the rotator cuff include the supraspinatus and infraspinatus which occupy the supraspinous and infrapinous fossae, above and below the scarular line. The teres minor lies inferior to the infraspinatus. The subscapularis occupies the subscapular fossa on the anterior surface of the scapula, between the scapula and the ribs.[Why Tag ThisWhy are rotator cuff injuries so common? [Why Tag ThisI tagged this part of the text specifically narrowing in on the rotator cuff, because it is a part of the body more prone to injury especially in sports that focuses on physical contact between opponents. Football is a perfect example of a sport that many would agree as being heavily responsible for this type of injury to the shoulder. A football player's objective is to hit another player and a popular saying is [Why Tag Thisits so easy to tear the rotator cuff or separate the shoulder? is there a way that the body should be constructed differently to make it less injury prone?[Why Tag Thismy brother tore his rotator cuff playing baseball and had it surgecally repaired. no i am able to see exactly what and where the injury occured.[Why Tag ThisPeople often say they have broken or torn their rotator cuff. Now I know that is not one thing in its own, but several muscles that make it up. Is there a muscle in particular that usually or is more easily torn? why?[Why Tag ThisI usually see a lot of baseball players that require rotator cuff surgery, especially pitchers.[Why Tag Thisbaseball players often throw out their arm. is this the tearing of ligaments, tedons, muscles, or all of the above? what role does the shallow nature of the shoulder socket play into this?[Why Tag ThisI run into a lot of people in the middle ages getting surgery on their rotator cuff, what is the common damage to this area in which people are having to get fixed, and how is it done?[Why Tag ThisI highlighted this section because I have been a victim of a hurting rotator cuff. When I was in high school, I was a softball pitcher. I have been playing the sport since I was six years old, and over time, I have caused damage to my rotator cuff from continuously exerting my shoulder. Towards the end of each game I played, or practice, my shoulder would be very sore, and I would ice it for a couple of hours afterwards, but the pain never ceased completely. After seeing a doctor, I had discovered that I had built up fluid between my humerus and scapula. Inflammation from continuous extertion limited movement of my arm and caused pain. This section gives clarity to me about how the rotator cuff is set up, and how I could have caused damage to this ball and socket joint.[Why Tag ThisIn my own opinion i believe that the rotator cuff is the most important muscle in the sholder. I have learned from experience that with out the rotator cuff you will be in extream pain and your shoulder will fall apart. I was a swimmer now for 13 years, my main stroke was freestyle, so i streghthend all the muscles in the front but did not streghthen the back muscles. Now since my rotator cuff is weak my shoulder is pulled fowered and is lower then it is supposed to be. I can barely brush my hair with out being in pain. This is why i say the rotator cuff is the most important muscle. The rotator cuff hold the shoulder up and makes sure that your should is in the right position.[Why Tag ThisThe four rotator cuff muscles= Supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis. The supra and infra occupy the coorelating fossae (above/below the scapular spine) Inferior to the infra is the teres minor. The subscapular occupies its fossa on the anterior surface of the scapula (between scapula and ribs)[Why Tag ThisThe Rotator Cuff: Tendons from four scapular muscles form the rotator cuff. Tendons of these muscles merge with the joint capsule of the shoulders. [Why Tag ThisRotator cuff refers to the muscles that surround the shoulder and allow the arm to raotate and move in many directions.[Why Tag ThisI take the rotator cuff helps us rotate our arms. But why is it that we can't rotate our arms all the way around?[Why Tag ThisI really like learning about the rotator cuff because I play volleyball, and I hear about many girls tearing a muscle in their rotator cuff causing them to have to get surgery. I do not want this to happen to me, so I like learning about it so I know how to strengthen it in the correct way.[Why Tag ThisIts strange how something with such a range of motion such as the rotator cuff can move in such a radial direction, using only several muscles[Why Tag ThisUsing the SITS nickname is helpful in knowing the associated muscles and where then are located[General_Do Not Usethat makes it easy to remember the names of the muscles[Why Tag ThisWhich muscles are torn usually when you hear that someone has torn their rotator cuff? [Why Tag ThisWhen someone tears their 'rotator cuff' have they torn all of those muscles or just one?[Why Tag ThisThese muscles account for the stabaliztion of the shoulder. Tendons can easily tear if these muscles are not present. And this can further lead to a dislocated shoulder. [Why Tag ThisI thought that this was an interesting way to help remember the names of the muscles. It should come in helpful when studying.[Why Tag ThisI currently know someone that is undergoing physical therapy for a torn rotator cuff. They have been an active swimmer their entire lives and this may have led to the circular tension that lead to the damaging of this area. This person has undergone surgery for the rotator cuff and now must attend physical therapy regularly. [Why Tag Thisthe rotator cuff can easily be damaged if any blows to the shoulder[Why Tag ThisInteresting because I had some issues with mine and a friend of mine can not play sport because he cannot lift up his shoulder as much due to rotater cuff problem[Why Tag Thisso basically the rotator cuff is the whole stability of the shoulder?[Why Tag ThisI had just learned about this in my anitomical class that the rotator cuff is the main reinforcers of the shoulder which is very strange because our shoulder joint is almost like a hip joint and the ligaments provide alot of stability where as the shoulder ligaments do not and it relies on the shoulder rotator cuff muscles. [Why Tag ThisAllyson Tetzlaff
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define the two subdivisions of the skeleton;
state the approximate number of bones in the adult body;
explain why this number varies with age
explain why this number varies with age and from one person to another
explain why this number varies with age and from one person to another; and
define several terms that denote surface features of bones.
The skeleton (fig. 8.1) is divided into two regions: the axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton, which forms the central supporting axis of the body, includes the skull, auditory ossicles, hyoid bone, vertebral column, and thoracic cage (ribs and sternum). The appendicular skeleton includes the bones of the upper limb and pectoral girdle and the bones of the lower limb and pelvic girdle.
The skeleton is divided into the axial skeleton, which forms the central supporting axis of the body, and the appendicular skeleton, which includes the bones of the upper limb and pectoral girdle and the bones of the lower limb and pelvic girdle.[Why tag this]axial and appendicular [Why tag thisAxial and Appendicular.Axial: bones consisting of about waist-upward.Appendicular: Bones consisting of lower part of our bodies.[Why tag thisThe axial skeleton includes the central parts of the body such as that skull, vertebrae, rib cage and all the bones that make up those. The appendicular skeleton is made up of the upper and lower limbs, and pelvic and pectoral girdles. [Why tag thisAdults have about 206 bones. Infants have even more bones than this.[Why tag thisThere are 206 bones in adults. [Why tag thisThere is often 206 bones in the human skelton. However at birth there are about 270 and even more form in childhood. The number of bones decreases becuase bones gradually fuse as they separte. [Why tag thisThere are approximately 206 bones in the body.[Why tag thisBones fuse together as you grow[Why tag thisI never knew not everyone had the same amount of bones or that certain bones varied between people. [Why tag thisadults have less bones than babies because the bones fuse overtime making an at birth count be 270 and an adult count of 206.[Why tag thisA condyle is a rounded knob that articulates with another bone. A head is a prominant explanded end of a bone that is sometimes rounded. A process is any bone prominance. A fossa is a shallow, broad, or elongated basin. A fissure is a slit through the bone. A sinus is an air-filled space in a bone. [Why tag thisWhy wouldn't the skeleton be divided into three different regions? Because the bones of the upper limb and the bones of the lower limb does not connect.[Why tag thisSkeleton is divided into two regions: The axial and appendicular skeleton. Axial=axis of the body, it is the skull, auditory aprts, hyoid bone, vertebral columns and thoracic cage. Appendicular skeleton: Bones of upper limb and pectoral girdle and bones of the lower limb and pelvic girdle.By adulthood there are 206 bones, at birth there are 270, however, these counts vary. [Why tag thisWhy are there not three regions of the body? [GeneralThis could be a useful tool in learning bones because you can seperate them into categories like ones that belong to axial skeleton and appendicular. Breaking down material into smaller parts helps me really learn the material.[Why tag thisThis is important because we need to know what regions are separted into to further our study of the human skeleton. Why is it so important to have separte skeletons, what purpose does this serve for science?[Why tag thisthere are two regions to the human skeletal system which are the axial and appendicular skeleton.[Why tag thisI thought it was interesting to learn that the skeleton is divided into two regions and they control different parts of the body. [Why tag thisthis is important because it gives an overview of how the skeletal system is set up[Why tag thisaxial skeleton- upper body appendicular- lower body[Why tag thisWhat happens when a person lacks certain bones in any of these two regions?[Why tag thisThe seleton is divided into two main parts called the axial and the appendicular region. The axial region forms the central supporting axis of the body and the skeletal region forms the appendicular region forms the limbs and outer structures.[Why tag thisThis is important information to know the axial skeleton is what mainly supports the body and the appendicular skeleton is the appendanges that come off the main supportive structure.[Why tag thisI felt as that this part was the most important in this section because it illustrates the whole skeleton and the two regions of the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. It encompasses the whole skeleton of the body.[Why tag thisI chose this because we used a very well program that helps us remember the bones in the body. There was game and quizzes. You could not move on until you got everyone right. We had to use this program so we know what bones were what so we could point them out when we went to dissect the human cadaver.[Why tag thisThis section was very interesting and important due to learning about the two regions the skeleton is divided into. The axialand appendicular skeleton[Why tag thisthe two regions that the skeleton is divided in[Why tag thisthe skeleton is split into two separate parts[Why tag thiswhen i think of axial i automatically think of the nervous system[Why tag thisThis explains what is entailed in the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. It is important to know these differences. [Why tag thisThe axial skeleton is mostly the head, spine, and ribs, whereas the appendicular covers arms, shoulders, hip, and leg bones. [Why tag thisI highlighted this section of the text because it reminded me of the part of the connect quiz for chapter 8 that had us separate the bones in the two skeletons. This part was long and kind of annoying, and this section made me remember that.[Why tag thisThis is very interesting and a very good way to start the article[Why tag thisSarah Kallas
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human
size;
developments in microscopy have changed our view of cell structure
and
outline the major components of a cell.Development of the Cell TheoryCytology,1 the scientific study of cells, was born in 1663 when Robert Hooke observed the empty cell walls of cork and coined the word cellulae (?little cells?) to describe them. Soon he studied thin slices of fresh wood and saw living cells ?filled with juices??a fluid later named protoplasm.2 Two centuries later, Theodor Schwann studied a wide range of animal tissues and concluded that all animals are made of cells.Schwann and other biologists originally believed that cells came from nonliving body fluid that somehow congealed and acquired a membrane and nucleus. This idea of spontaneous generation?that living things arise from nonliving matter?was rooted in the scientific thought of the times. For centuries, it seemed to be simple common sense that decaying meat turned into maggots, stored grain into rodents, and mud into frogs. Schwann and his contemporaries merely extended this idea to cells. The idea of spontaneous generation wasn't discredited until some classic experiments by French microbiologist Louis Pasteur in 1859. By the end of the nineteenth century, it was established beyond all reasonable doubt that cells arise only from other cells.The development of biochemistry from the late nineteenth to the twentieth century made it further apparent that all physiological processes of the body are based on cellular activity and that the cells of all species exhibit remarkable biochemical unity. Thus emerged the generalizations that constitute the modern cell theory: All organisms are composed of cells and cell products. The cell is the simplest structural and fun
Its crazy there are that many. I now feel lucky at the amount we have to know about[Why tag this text]another function for cytoplasm is to protect the cell from damages.[Why tag this textI find it interesting that throughout the years our views on cells have changed drastically. From the first time someone saw them to what we know today is just astonishing.[Why tag this textThe major components of a cell are the vacuole, nucleus, ribosome, cell wall, and mitochondria. The vacuole holds the water, the nucleus protects and stores DNA, the ribosome makes protein, and the mitochondria makes the energy for the cell. These are the components i learned most about in high school, and hope to learn more throughout the semester. [Why tag this textthe 3 major components of a cell are the nucleus, cell membrane, and cytoplasim.[Why tag this textThe cytoplasm is the material between the plasma membrane and the nucleus. The cytosol is the clear gel that the organelles, inclusions, and cytoskeleton are em bedded in. [Why tag this text1663 hooke observes an empty cell and goes on to further research[Why tag this textthe scientific study of cells[Why tag this textthe study of cells[Why tag this textI didn't know this![Why tag this textdefinition[Why tag this textcytology definition[Why tag this textI know somone who is a cytology major, does that mean all they do is study cells or is there more to it?[Why tag this textDiscovered by Robert Hooke in 1663[Why tag this textRobert Hooke coined term cellulae which gave rise to cytology or the study of cells in 1663[Why tag this textI thought that the idea of cells was found long before this. It was interesting that this study came outover a millenia of the Greek philosopher who first thought of the concept of cells.[Why tag this textIt amazes me that with Hooke's discovery of cells how much more information scientist have been able to discover. Without this first step in research, we would know nothing about how tissues, organs, and bones are formed.[Why tag this textCytology is the scientific study of cells. Protoplasm was found to be in living cells and was termed [Why tag this textexplains how the cell theory was developed and who came up with it.[Why tag this textI annotated this because i find it interesting to learn how cytology the scientific study of cells was born in 1663. Schwann and other biologists originally believed that cells came from nonliving body fluids. Its also very interesting that by the end of the nineteenth century they established that cells arise only from other cells. [Why tag this textI think its very interesting and amazing of how things become developed and described. How many new things became beacuse of one thing observed and defiend. [Why tag this textIt is amazing how the cell theory developed just by little at the empty cell walls of cork. [Why tag this textHaving found the study of cells in the year of 1663 is significant. The fact that it was founded in such an early time when there was less technology and equipment and overall.[Why tag this textThe cell theory, discovered by Robert Hooke and concluded by Theodor Schwann, who came up that all animals are made of cells.[Why tag this textthe study of cells is called cytology. Robert Hooke was the first to look at an empty cell wall[Why tag this textI was very curious as to what protoplasm ment so I went searching on the internet for the definition of it, becuase I do not feel that the book describes it very well. I found from various website on the internet that protoplasm is just a word used for cytoplasm.[Why tag this textJust so amazing to think how something as complex and tiny in size, something so hard to imagine now a days, actually came along as long ago as 1663. And that it all started from observing the walls of a cork[Why tag this textCytology: the scientific study of cells[Why tag this textI thought it was interesting that it took two centuries after Hookes obserations for Schwann to conclude that animals are made of cells. Technology advances and changes so quickly nowadays that it's hard to imagine that knowledge, now common knowledge to today, took so long to be aquired.[Why tag this textCompared to the technology we have to day it is amazing how in 1663 Robert Hooke was able to develop the cell theory. His theory has been altered through the years because of the scientific method constantly reevaluating it, but it is the structure for what we know today. [Why tag this textlujain
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Even a very muscular or fat adult has essentially the same number of muscle fibers or adipocytes as he or she had in childhood, but the cells may be substantially larger. Neoplasia42 (NEE-oh-PLAY-zhuh) is the development of a tumor (neoplasm)-whether benign or malignant- composed of abnormal, nonfunctional tissue.
Neoplasia42 (NEE-oh-PLAY-zhuh) is the development of a tumor (neoplasm)?whether benign or malignant? composed of abnormal, nonfunctional tissue
Neoplasia42 (NEE-oh-PLAY-zhuh) is the development of a tumor (neoplasm)?whether benign or malignant? composed of abnormal, nonfunctional tissue.
Tissue Development
You have studied the form and function of more than two dozen discrete types of human tissue in this chapter. You should not leave this subject, however, with the impression that once these tissue types are established, they never change. Tissues are, in fact, capable of changing from one type to another within certain limits.
You have studied the form and function of more than two dozen discrete types of human tissue in this chapter. You should not leave this subject, however, with the impression that once these tissue types are established, they never change. Tissues are, in fact, capable of changing from one type to another within certain limits. Most obviously, unspecialized tissues of the embryo develop into more diverse and specialized types of mature tissue?mesenchyme to muscle, for example. This development of a more specialized form and function is called differentiation.Epithelia sometimes exhibit metaplasia,43 a change from one type of mature tissue to another. For example, the vagina of a young girl is lined with a simple cuboidal epithelium. At puberty, it changes to a stratified squamous epithelium, better adapted to the future demands of intercourse and childbirth. The nasal cavity is lined with ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium. However, if we block one nostril and breathe through the other one for several days, the epithelium in the unblocked passage changes to stratified squamous. In smokers, the pseudostratified columnar epithelium of the bronchi may transform into a stratified squamous epithelium.
I found it interesting that a muscular adult will have the same amount of muscle fibers as they did as a child. I figured they would have more.[Why tag this text]Good point. I find that interesting too. Google up CT Fletcher and look at his impressive muscular development. That makes your whole point all the more interesting.[Why tag this texti found it interesting that a person will have the same amount of muscle fibers as an adult.[Why tag this textSo, does this mean that muscle cells cannot be regenerated if any cell death occurs. Is this why when someone has necrotizing fasciitis or another problem that causes muscle cell death they generally end up having the area amputated?[Why tag this textIt was pretty cool finding out that humans have the same number of fibers through lifetime.[Why tag this textThis is interesting becuase people always say, I have more fat than you, or, I want to lose some of this fat. Really you should be saying, My fat cells are larger than yours, or, I want to shrink some of my fat cells. I always thought that obese people had MORE fat cells than someone who was skinny. It is crazy interesting to think that they both have the same amount, but that the obese person has just had some insane growth in theirs.[Why tag this textWhy is that? You would think they would change as you age. This is very odd.[Why tag this textSo the reason people look fatter is because their muscle fibers have been enlarged or fat is stored in them?[Why tag this textI didn't realize muscles 'grew' this way -- through cell enlargement rather than cell multiplication. So they grow through expansion.[Why tag this textSo the cells just grow when the person does?[Why tag this textHow cool it is that we have the same number of muscle fibers, because i would assume that as you grow you would develop more, but reading this its just shows that the cells may be larger. WOW[Why tag this textTissues change from one type to another type[Why tag this textInteresting fact, I always thought it was new cell development.[Why tag this textThis is a fun fact to know that your muscle fibers/adipocytes are always the same number amout but that as you grow into a larger adult your adipocytes grow with you.[why tag thisI find this interesting because i like to work out and stay active and when i am there I see guys that have huge muscles and skinny guys that have just as much strength but smaller muscles. So i think how can that be if we have all the same amount of muscle fibers in our body, and then I think its because some peoples fibers swell more than others. [Why tag this textI thought it was interesting how we maintain the same number of muscle fibers throughout our life whether or not we exercise regularly. It's just the size that changes not the quantity.[Why tag this textI guess i just assumed that as our bodies got bigger and we grew our bodies cell count went up to accomadate our bigger organs and body parts. I guess it makes sense that as our bodies get larger, so do our cells because its not like when we grow and get bigger our bodies get another heart, our heart just gets bigger as do our cells. [Why tag this textI agree with Kelly I had imagined a larger person to have a larger number of adipocytes, not that they just grew[WHY TAG THIS TEXTI had always imagined a larger person to just have more fat than the average and or skinnier person. So when I found out that an adult has basically the same number of muscle fibers as when he/she was little; their cells have just grown larger over time, i was intrigued. After that statement the text goes on to explain neoplasia, which has me questioning what causes cells to start mass producing into tumors? [WHY TAG THIS TEXT
i thought it was quite interesting finding out that humans contain the same number of fibers throughtout their lifetime.[Why tag this textIt is interesting, is it possible to control how large the cells may get ya think?[Why tag this textNeoplasia:Development of tumor.[Why tag this textThis term is familiar to me because my boyfriend had a benign brain tumor removed two summers ago. [Why tag this textMy now 25-yr-old sister was diagnosed with lymphoma with a grapefruit sized tumor in her chest 2 years ago. Thankfully she is now cancer free but it was rough in the beginning.[Why tag this textDefinition of Neoplasia[Why tag this textThis is interesting for me to learn about because I have had experience with tumors before, and I did not know that Neoplasia is what is the development of it. [Why tag this textThis I really liked to read because it is something I just studied and learned for my nursing assistant class. It is something I can connect within my studies and use as I develop as a nurse.[Why tag this textthis is interesting to me because I know someone who this happened to[Why tag this textIs this the process through which malignant tumors metastasize?[Why tag this textHow tissues repair themselves. Two ways: regeneration(where the dead or damaged cells are replaced by the same type of cells and Fibrosis ( replacing the damanged tissue with scar tissue)[Why tag this textIt is important in my mind to understand that a wide array of specialized tissues with different functions can arise from a single tissue type. For example, the unspecialized tissues constituting the three germ layers form every tissue type in our bodies. The ectoderm develops into both the epidermis and the nervous system tissues; the mesoderm forms a variety of different specialized connective tissues; and the endoderm develops into mucous membrane tissues within different organs of the body.[Why tag this textTissue development[Why tag this textthis sentence is really important in making sure that one keeps an open mind, and realizes that tissues are always changing in the same way as people grow and/or get older, even though there are limits that help keep humans functioning while they change[Why tag this text tissue types never change.[TissuesI always thought tissues couldn't change but I guess they can under certain circumstances, facinating[Why tag this textJustin Morgan
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The largest muscles are found in the lower limb. Unlike those of the upper limb, they are adapted less for precision than for the strength needed to stand, maintain balance, walk, and run. Several of them cross and act upon two or more joints, such as the hip and knee. To avoid confusion in this discussion, remember that in the anatomical sense the word leg refers only to that part of the limb between the knee and ankle. The term foot includes the tarsal region (ankle), metatarsal region, and toes. Tables 10.13 through 10.16 group the muscles of the lower limb into those that act on the femur and hip joint, those that act on the leg and knee joint, extrinsic (leg) muscles that act on the foot and ankle joint, and intrinsic (foot) muscles that act on the arches and toes.
The largest muscles are found in the lower limb. Unlike those of the upper limb, they are adapted less for precision than for the strength needed to stand, maintain balance, walk, and run. Several of them cross and act upon two or more joints, such as the hip and knee. To avoid confusion in this discussion, remember that in the anatomical sense the word leg refers only to that part of the limb between the knee and ankle. The term foot includes the tarsal region (ankle), metatarsal region, and toes. Tables 10.13 through 10.16 group the muscles of the lower limb into those that act on the femur and hip joint, those that act on the leg and knee joint, extrinsic (leg) muscles that act on the foot and ankle joint, and intrinsic (foot) muscles that act on the arches and toes.
Being a runner, I do not find this very surprising because I am aware of the muscles that make up the leg, and their large size.[Why tag this]In general, I am interested in knowing how poor circulation affects muscles. Is it mainly in thermoregulation? Often you hear someone say, [Why Tag ThisWhy would they be found in the lower limb, wouldn't it be the upper limb because it has more structure?[Why Tag ThisThis makes sense since we use our lower limbs for movement, lifting and various tasks. [Why Tag Thislargest limbs[Why Tag ThisI understand that are lower limbs support the upper limbs and this is why they have larger mucles, but what about your arms or abdominal region, they get put under alot of stress as well, why arnt they longer? Does it matter how long a muscle is compared to the amount of muscle in an area?[Why Tag ThisI've heard a twitch in your leg can mean dehydration[GeneralI didnt know this before reading this section and thought it was very interesting. [Why Tag ThisThis is why I am told at work to lift with my legs and not my back. I once was told something about how two-year olds lift with their legs and bend their knees when they need to get to the ground. That's because their body knows it is how it should be done.[Why Tag ThisWhen you have a twitch in your leg, what eactly does that mean?[GeneralIt makes sense how the largest muscles are found in the lower limbs because they are used to hold up the entire body. They also are what allow us to run and walk the way we do. [Why Tag ThisMuscles of the Lower Limb are adapted for strength, instead of precision. Tarsal region=ankle, metatarsal region and toes. Extrinsic=leg muscles. intrinsic=foot msucles. [Why Tag ThisIs that because our lower limbs handle the pressure of our weight ?[Why Tag Thisthis makes so much sense because we use this for movement[Why Tag ThisIn the previous section I commented asking the reason why the upper limb was bigger but now I know its the lower limb and why that is.[Why tag this text?largest muscles are found in the lower limb; used for strength and support[Why Tag ThisIs it a good assumption to believe that the larger the muscle the more strength it has?[Why Tag ThisIf the lower leg isn't precise because its more for stregnth to stand and have balance.. What kind of precise things does the upper limb do?[Why Tag ThisWe seldom realize how much our lower limb muscles are constantly working. Whether sitting, standing, walking or running, groups of muscles are constantly contracting and relaxing.[Why Tag ThisThe lower limbs have to be strong enough to carry our entire bodies so this makes sense. That is also why ankle and knee injuries are the most common, because they have to maintain so much weight.[Why Tag ThisThis would make sense, I feel like we use these muscles the most for most things and carry our weight the most.[Why Tag ThisIS this density and strength to the muscles whatr makes injuries to the legs take longer to heal?[Why Tag ThisA big difference between lower and upper limb is also the blood pressure because upper limb has greater blood pressure than lower limb.[Why Tag ThisI find it interesting that the lower limb has the largest muscles and that we need them for movement and balance. [Why Tag ThisSince multiple muscles insert and originate from many of the same points, does having an over developed muscle and under developed muscles in the same area effect movement, cause injury, or does the stronger one compensate for the weaker one? (applies to many muscle groups)[Why Tag ThisThe largest muscles of the body are found in the lower limb. Lower limb muscles tend to be adapted for strength rather than precision. [Why Tag ThisI find this interesting that only the term leg refers to the area between the ankle and knee. It also makes sense that the lower limb muscles are more for strenght and power as they have to support the standing weight of the body the majority of the time. [Why Tag ThisI found this information to be important because I didn't realize or know that the largest muscles are found in the upper limp, due to the fact that these mucles are responsible in helping us maintain balance, walk, run and stand. [Why Tag ThisI like how it describes each individual part in its anatomical sense. [Why Tag ThisI tagged this because I found this to be very interesting. I'll be honest that I never thought about what was all included (or not included) in the term [Why Tag ThisIs it true that women tend to have more powerful legs than men? If so, why would this be?[Why Tag ThisWithout the powerful and large muscles in the leg, many actions of locomotion become impossible.[Why Tag ThisThe lower limbs are the largest. These are such as the legs, hips, etc. They are adapted more for strength needed to stand, maintain balance, walk, run, and so on.[Why Tag ThisThis is a relatively crucial to take note of. (Also, would have helped [Why Tag ThisThis is insane, I went my whole life thinking my leg was from the hip down.[Why Tag ThisThats good to know because when i use the word leg i refer to everyting superior to the ankle and inferior to the hip[Why Tag ThisExplains how this all articulate as one[Why Tag ThisClaire Silkaitis
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Paola Arce
jennifer lassiter
Rebecca Hoefs
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Brandon Brandemuehl
Cadaver dissection was banned in Galen's time because of some horrid excesses that preceded him, including public dissection of living slaves and prisoners.
Cadaver dissection was banned in Galen's time because of some horrid excesses that preceded him, including public dissection of living slaves and prisoners.
Cadaver dissection was banned in Galen's time because of some horrid excesses that preceded him, including public dissection of living slaves and prisoners. Aside from what he could learn by treating the gladiators' wounds, Galen was therefore limited to dissecting pigs, monkeys, and other animals.
Cadaver dissection was banned in Galen's time because of some horrid excesses that preceded him, including public dissection of living slaves and prisoners. Aside from what he could learn by treating the gladiators' wounds, Galen was therefore limited to dissecting pigs, monkeys, and other animals. Because he was not permitted to dissect cadavers, he had to guess at much of human anatomy and made some incorrect deductions from animal dissections.
Cadaver dissection was banned in Galen's time because of some horrid excesses that preceded him, including public dissection of living slaves and prisoners. Aside from what he could learn by treating the gladiators' wounds, Galen was therefore limited to dissecting pigs, monkeys, and other animals. Because he was not permitted to dissect cadavers, he had to guess at much of human anatomy and made some incorrect deductions from animal dissections. He described the human liver, for example, as having five fingerlike lobes, somewhat like a baseball glove, because that is what he had seen in baboons.
But Galen saw science as a method of discovery, not as a body of fact to be taken on faith
But Galen saw science as a method of discovery, not as a body of fact to be taken on faith.
But Galen saw science as a method of discovery, not as a body of fact to be taken on faith. He warned that even his own books could be wrong and advised his followers to trust their own observations more than they trusted any book.
But Galen saw science as a method of discovery, not as a body of fact to be taken on faith. He warned that even his own books could be wrong and advised his followers to trust their own observations more than they trusted any book. Unfortunately, his advice was not heeded. For nearly 1,500 years, medical professors dogmatically taught what they read in Aristotle and Galen, seldom daring to question the authority of these ?ancient masters.?
The Birth of Modern Medicine
His theories would be influential to the future health sciences.[Why I tagged this]Just curious did the slaves get infected any when they did the dissections?[Why I tagged thisIt's interesting to know how much cadaver dissection has changed and the benefits we get from it now. Like, knowing how someone died.[Why I tagged thisDissection being banned prevented the understanding of human physiology. Galen was limited to animal anatomy.[Why I tagged thisIt is important to see and realize that because Galen wasn't able to fully research and dissect human cadavers he was limited to his information he could develop and educate others with. This was a problem and lead to many problems in the future and because of this research was not conducted properly nor was it taught correctly[Why I tagged thisGalen showed the possible benefits of studying on animals instead of humans. This has helped further the world of medicine seen today. [Why I tagged thisGiven the time frame in which this took place in wouldn't many if not most of the living autopsy's end up with them working on a cadaver? Since the conditions wouldnt have been sterile in the least this and with no real form of anesthetic it would seem like everyone they worked on would be worse off. That and wouldnt there have been a torso wounded gladiator at some point, which would have allowed Galen to see how a human liver looked?[Why I tagged thisbrutal.... torture![Why I tagged thiscadaver should not have been banned, a cadaver is a dead human body not an alive one. slaves were still tortured even with cadaver dissection being banned[Why I tagged thisHe learned about physiology in a way similar to the way modern students learn about it -- by dissecting nonhuman organisms. [Why I tagged thishe started to use comparative physiology.[Why I tagged thisWe still dissect pigs in anatomy, so i found that interesting[Why I tagged thisBy not being able to dissect humans, Galen used animals to study anatomy which links to the idea of comparative anatomy.[Why I tagged thisGalen's work[Why I tagged thismany used this book to learn about the human body, but becuase Galen was only allowed to use pigs and animals many fo what students learn in class was very wrong and effected how humand saw the body.[Why I tagged thisSomeone would have to be very smart to just make an educated guess on how the inside of the human body was set up[Why I tagged thisThis would give people false ideas of what the human insides looked like.[Why I tagged thiseventhough Galen's work was influential, most of his work was guessed which lead him to make incorrect decisions[Why I tagged thisThis is interesting to me because I sometimes wonder how scientists can rely on animal reactions and forms to be similar enough to humans [Why I tagged thisbaboon liver[Why I tagged thisA simple statement of what science should be.[Why I tagged thisRelevant. This seems to pretty much sum up how we want to think of science, and keep in mind while studying it.[tagQuestion 1: His followers did not question Galen's findings and blindly believed them and subsequently taught them for almost 1500 years thereafter. Anatomy and Physiology is about learning and advancing our knowledge which may change over time. Galen's approach to science agrees with this notion.[Why I tagged thisI found this very interesting, because I feel like the medical field still does this. There are new discoveries in medicine every day because doctors and scientists are always trying to discover new things and trying to find answers to unresolved questions about the body.[Why I tagged thisquestion 1Galen saw science as a way to discover. it was not concrete and it was ever changing. He warned that he could be wrong but his followers didnt listen to him. They took the book literally and praised it as lawQuestion 2Vesalius did dissection himself. He pointed out that much of the anatomy described by Galen was wrong. He was also the one to publush the first illustrations for teaching anatomy. His findings and illustrations are even used today and helped begin the legacy of modern medicine, including milestones such as Gray's Anatomy.Question 3They were the inventors of the microscope. They were the first to observe that living things were made of cells. their inventions paved the way for the cell theory. It also led to the discovery of microscopic organisms.I found it very interesting that within the last 50 years their have been more advances in medicine than in the past 2500 years. It is amazing to think of what will happen in the next 50 years.[Why I tagged thisAmazing that Galen's predecessors admired him so much that they ignored his ideas that science is to be challenged not merely accepted. [Why I tagged thisGalen was smart to view science as way of discovering things and seemed modest compared to other physician's who were so sure they were correct. Though he was wrong - a lot less wrong than other medical practioners - his theory along with Aristotle's were taken very serious by proffessors for so long. Who would be the first to contridict these ideas?[Why I tagged thisThis is a significant concept to consider throughout life. It is always important to question information given to you. You should always question the source and context. This is what science is: questioning everything to gain a better understanding. What may seem to be correct can prove to be incorrect later with new discoveries.[Why I tagged thisI admire Galen's admission that he could be wrong in his initial analysis and even told people to trust what they themselves saw over a book. This is an example of part of the process of the scientific method involving fact checking and validification of research. [Why I tagged thisI admire Galen's admission that he could very well be wrong and his encouragement to other people to challenge his information. This is a great example of the scientific process involving fact checking and peer review. [Why I tagged thisIt's interesting that Galen was aware that without access to dissection and direct access to the human body his information was mostly guess work. He knew that while comparative anatomy was useful in furthering people's understanding of human anatomy not all organisms functioned exactly the same.[Why I tagged thisI thought this was interesting because even though Galen made all these discoveries he wasn't afraid to admit that he could be wrong and challenged others to find things out for themselves, but unfortunately his advice wasn't taken which resulted in misinformation for many years.[Why I tagged thismany failed to question Galen's inaccuracies[Why I tagged thisGalen admitts that his work shouldnt be trusted [Why I tagged thisMedicine must continue to develop and evolve from old ideas. Continued studying of physiology leads to research and development and improved outcomes for future patients.[Why I tagged thisscary that medical students were being taught wrong! [Why I tagged thisThis upcoming section is very important and shows how different time periods would depict modern medicine in different ways due to religious culture. [Why I tagged thisKenyetta
Sami
Amanda Baxter
dsstokes
Jonathan Rooney
Samuel Nichols
Jelena Ristic
Brianna Brugger
Sophie
Flees Robert John
Mia Breidenbach
Corianne
Gabriela
victor
Ashley Wiedmeyer
Amie Emrys
Bonnie Watson
Sarah Ertl
Jourdan Richardson
Riley Spitzig
Rachel Larsen
Jacob Balkum
Alina Gur
David Faber
Danny Duong
How would the uniform 2 nm diameter of DNA be affected if two purines or two
How would the uniform 2 nm diameter of DNA be affected if two purines or two pyrimidines could pair with each other?
The structure of DNA, commonly described as a double helix, resembles a spiral staircase
The structure of DNA, commonly described as a double helix, resembles a spiral staircase (fig. 4.2).
The structure of DNA, commonly described as a double helix, resembles a spiral staircase (fig. 4.2).
The structure of DNA, commonly described as a double helix, resembles a spiral staircase (fig. 4.2). Each sidepiece is a backbone composed of phosphate groups alternating with the sugar deoxyribose.
The structure of DNA, commonly described as a double helix, resembles a spiral staircase (fig. 4.2). Each sidepiece is a backbone composed of phosphate groups alternating with the sugar deoxyribose. The steplike connections between the backbones are pairs of nitrogenous bases. The bases face the inside of the helix and hold the two backbones together with hydrogen bonds.
The structure of DNA, commonly described as a double helix, resembles a spiral staircase (fig. 4.2). Each sidepiece is a backbone composed of phosphate groups alternating with the sugar deoxyribose. The steplike connections between the backbones are pairs of nitrogenous bases. The bases face the inside of the helix and hold the two backbones together with hydrogen bonds. Across from a purine on one backbone, there is a pyrimidine on the other. The pairing of each small, single-ringed pyrimidine with a large, double-ringed purine gives the DNA molecule its uniform 2 nm width.
An example of form benefitting the function of DNA would be the hydrogen bonds between the nucleotides. Since hydrogen bonds require little energy to break, DNA can do it easily when it needs to replicate. [Why tag this text]A nucleotide consists of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a single- or double-ringed nitrogenous base. Two of the bases in DNA, cytosine (C) and thymine (T), have a single carbon-nitrogen ring and are classified as pyrimidines. The other two bases, adenine (A) and guanine (G), have double rings and are classified as purines.[Why tag this textAll through highschool I wondererd how they determined the shape of DNA. Now I know. X-ray Diffraction?? [Why tag this textPurines are larger than pyrimidines. If two purines could pair with each other, the diameter of DNA would be increased (larger than 2 nm). If two pyrimidines could pair with each other, the diameter of DNA would be decreased (smaller than 2 nm).[Why tag this textQuestion 1: If two purines could pair up it would make the 2nm diameter wider and if two pyrimidines were to pair up it would make the diameter smaller.[Why tag this textIf two purines or pyrimidines were to pair together to form the DNA helix, the diameter would not be uniform, making it very unstable. [Why tag this textSimply due to the addition of purines or pyrimidines. If purines are combined the diameter would stretch and be larger that the 2 nm diameter. Whereas if pyrimidines were to pair together the 2 nm diameter would shrink and be smaller.[Why tag this textThe diameter of the DNA would either stretch wider or shrink due to the purines being two cirlcled and the pyrimidines only having one.[Why tag this texti think it's interesting that DNA is like a stairway and if one of the steps were missing or broken like DNA it can cause damage or a mutation [Why tag this textKind of amazing how such a thought to be simple structure is so complex and makes up who we are [Why tag this textMember these from high school. good description[Why tag this textI have learned about dna in my other bio classes that i have had and I find the futcure intersting that the molecules make when they come together, but since we have this double helix, does this mean that other animal or living organism have the same strucutre of dna and how it creats a spiral helix?[Why tag this textRight after learning about DNA for the first time in 7th or 8th grade, we visited a light house and the sprial staircase made me think of the DNA structure and I've had that association ever since[Why tag this textCan the double helix get mixed up and mess up the genes?[Why tag this textIts important to know what DNA is made of. Sidepiece is composed of phosphate groups alternating with sugar. The steps are pairs of nitrogenous bases that hold the backbones together with hydrogen bonds[Why tag this textIt is interesting and makes sense that such a long molecule strand would be coiled much like a spring. It is composed of two parallel helixes on the z-plane. In mathematics we learn that a helix can be made by setting parameters to x=cos(t), y=sin(t), and z=t or any other manipulation of these functions in order to contain the function within a cylindrical shape. This shape also exhibits a diameter of 2 units. Again, staying consistent with the information I highlighted, the DNA molecule contains a uniform width of 2 nm. What other large molecular strands exhibit a helix shape contained with a cyclinder?[Why tag this textDNA's structure is a double helix which is like two strands that spirals around each other. Both sides are made of the backbone A T G C - bases face inside of helix. The width of the DNA is 2nm. [Why tag this textThis section is important because it describes the basic structure of DNA. It mentions each piece that is a part of the chain, and introduces us to the parts that we may need to learn more about.[Why tag this textIt's amazing to see that a tiny strand of DNA is what makes us who we are.[Why tag this textIt is interesting how the structure of DNA works, Does anything ever go wrong when its forming that makes it a mutated structure?[Why tag this textThis is important to me because it explains how DNA is made and I feel its something I need to know.[Why tag this textDNA has a double helix structure similar in appearance to a spiral staircase.[Why tag this textI have chose this section because basically everyone, even if they dont take A&P Bio, know about DNA and the DNA structure. I learned so much about this is high school and we had to make a huge DNA strand within our classroom. It included everyones DNA type of each and every individual. Not everyones DNA is the same or in the same order with the GC and AT. DNA is so long that you would have to type 60 words a min, 8 hours a day, for 50 years to type a human genome. Thats what we figured out in my high school years. Thats crazy! I could of also before reading this section I could of told you the differences between DNA and RNA with no recognition/help. [Why tag this textWhat would happen if you would cut DNA in half?[Why tag this textI always thought of DNA to be so simple. Two single chromosomes spun together and that's that. But they're so much more complicated than that, and it's so crazy how small they are. [Why tag this textThis describes the structure of DNA; double helix.[Why tag this textplain structure of DNA is a double helix[Why tag this textstructure of DNA; double helix - shape[Why tag this textdouble helix goes with DNA not RNA[Why tag this textdescription of DNA[Why tag this textThe phosophate groups and sugar deoxyribose is what holds the double helix together. It is the structure.[Why tag this textwhat makes DNA?[Why tag this texti wonder how they figured out the structure of DNA, is it possible ot see it through a microscope?[Why tag this textWhat type of sugar is used in this?[Why tag this textI understand that there are four nitrogenous bases, two purine and two pyrimidine. My question here is, what properties of each nitrogenous base make one another compatable with one another. Why does Adenine like Guanine, and Cytosine to Thymine and Uracil? Is it only due to the hydrogen bonds they make together? [Why tag this textNo matter how many times I learn about the structure of DNA and RNA, it still amazes me that the entire makeup of an organism is governed by a set of instructions that consist of only four different nitrogenous bases. This equates in my mind to a spoken language that only consists of four distinct letters arranged in differnent sequences. Even more amazing is the fact that every organism, from tiny bacteria to human beings, uses these same four bases![Why tag this textThe step like spiral staircase structure of DNA allows the cell to make two new identical copies. It is then able to read and copy each strand thus retaining the information.[Why tag this textKimberly Loney
krista
Rachel
Sarah Ertl
Hauser Joseph Alan
Erin Griph
kaulor
Patrick
lenarch2
Justin Rosinski
Ann
Anadin Bunic
Stephanie
Jacob Balkum
Linda Xiong
Maria Stephans
Duan Phan
Michea Jones
Michael Franzini
Jenna
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Haferman Courtney Anne
Alexandra Schmit
Alyssa Harmes
Tayelor Neiss
Caitlin R.
Ashley McBain
Amanda
Lauren Anthe
Maisey Mulvey
Kelly Sanderson
David Orr
General Features of Bone
General Features of Bones
Bones have a wide variety of shapes correlated with their varied protective and locomotor functions.
Bones have a wide variety of shapes correlated with their varied protective and locomotor functions. Most of the cranial bones are in the form of thin curved plates called flat bones, such as the paired parietal bones that form the dome of the top of the head.
Bones have a wide variety of shapes correlated with their varied protective and locomotor functions. Most of the cranial bones are in the form of thin curved plates called flat bones, such as the paired parietal bones that form the dome of the top of the head. The sternum (breastbone), scapula (shoulder blade), ribs, and hip bones are also flat bones.
Bones have a wide variety of shapes correlated with their varied protective and locomotor functions. Most of the cranial bones are in the form of thin curved plates called flat bones, such as the paired parietal bones that form the dome of the top of the head. The sternum (breastbone), scapula (shoulder blade), ribs, and hip bones are also flat bones. The most important bones in body movement are the long bones of the limbs?the humerus, radius, and ulna of the arm and forearm; the femur, tibia, and fibula of the thigh and leg; and the metacarpals, metatarsals, and phalanges of the hands and feet. Like crowbars, long bones serve as rigid levers that are acted upon by skeletal muscles to produce the major body movements. The wrists and ankles have a total of 30 short bones (carpal and tarsal bones), which are approximately equal in length and width and which produce relatively limited gliding movements. The patella is also a short bone. Many bones, however, do not fit any of these categories and are collectively considered irregular bones?the vertebrae and the sphenoid and ethmoid bones of the skull, for example.
Does bone heal so slowly because it has so many different components and because it is trying to produce red and yellow bone marrow at the same time?[Why I tagged this]where is the osseous tissue in the bone? is there a difference between this tissue and the bone?[Why I tagged thisI didn't know this. Where is the osseous tissue in the bone? How can they just take the tissue? Can they take it from people who are alive or do they get it from cadaver? Why would they need just the tissue anyways? This is interesting to me because I would donate.[Why I tagged thisI always thought that yellow and red bone merrow were located in differnt bones not the same[Why I tagged thisBones vary in shapes. sizes, and functions. Most of the cranial bone are thin, curved known as [Why I tagged thisFeatures of Bones:Bones can be multiple shapes [flat, long, short, irregular {vertebrae}].Long bones have shafts, called the diaphysis, and the head called the epiphysis. Diaphysis provides leverage and epiphysis helps with the joint. Where one bone meets another is covered with hyaline cartilage. Bones are covered with a sheath called the periosteum. Endosteum lines the marrow cavity. There are also epiphysial plates in children, which helps the bones grow. [Why I tagged thisWhat is the purpose of the trabeculae and how does it compare to the spongy bone?[Why I tagged thisThe shape of the bones helps for different movements in the body[Why I tagged thisIs that how the bones are then named?[Why I tagged thisWhat makes bones be in the shape that they are in?[Why I tagged thiscan be flat, long, short, round[Why I tagged thisCould there ever be a time when a baby has a developed head already and wouldn't be able to have the ease of the mother giving birth?[Why I tagged thisIt makes sense why flat bones surround our vital organs. If a bone was covering a vital organ and a 'process' or 'tubercle' of that bone pushed against or ripped the lining of the organ, there could be life threatening damage done. [Why I tagged thisBones are made in many shapes and sizes that will help the body move or for protection. Many bones in the skull are curved to make the shape of the head for protection of the organs inside of it - these bones are called flat bones. Other bones that are also flat bones are the sternum, scapula, ribs, and hip bones. The long bones in the limbs are used for locomotion or body movement - such as the humerus, radius, ulna, femur, tibia, and fibula. There are 30 tiny bones in the wrist and ankles to help move and the hands and feet. Many bones are called irregular because they do not fit the long bones, short bones or flat bones. Examples of these are the vertebrae, sphenoid and ethnoid. [Why I tagged thisThis is a very important section because it really explains everything about the general ideas and features of the bones. [Why I tagged thisI didn't know the bones were classified by shape/ size. How do the different shapes/sizes correlate to different functions of the bones or does this not play a role in function?[Why I tagged thisThis expains the categories of bones and how to tell them apart.[General_Do Not Use
I knew a guy this one time who got in an accident and his head is not shaped kind of like a bean. How did his skull take that shape?[Why I tagged thisNever knew or really even thought about that there were different categories of bones. Just always kinda thought that a bone was a bone. However, the different categories all really make sense to their names. The comparison of long bones to a crowbar or also have heard a lever is really good. Makes sense what they do that way.[Why I tagged thisThe shape of the bone is directly related to what type of bone it is classified as. A flat bone, as the name suggests is flat, a short bone is short, long bones are long, and irregular bones are those that don't completely fit into any of the other categories. As long as you can identify what bone you are working with, and are sure you have the entire thing, you should be able to easily classify what type of bone it is.[Why I tagged thismost are flat bones[Why I tagged thisCranial bones are very crucial to the skeleton. [Why I tagged thisI find it interesting that many of these [Why I tagged thisgeneral features of bones (their shapes) and examples of bones that make up these shapes[Why I tagged thishumerous, radius, ulna, femur, tibia, fibula[Why I tagged thisI was always told every bone is equal to importance[Why I tagged thisWhy would these be long bones? They seem like they would be short because they are not exactly long in comparison to the other long bones in this catagory. Or is it just because they are long in comparison to other bones in the hand and not to others in the body? [Why I tagged thisThe bones in the appendicular skeleton are the most important for movement.[Why I tagged thisso long bones are more important than short bones just in the movment? or there are other functions? [Why I tagged thisI think that this is also important to know because it is good to know the difference between long bones, shortbones, irregular bones etc. I think it is intresting how the bones are classified. The reason being is that it is more about movement than appearance. [Why I tagged thisI tagges this because, it had plenty of good information on bones especially it is really an important source to study for the lab. Also there are many interseting things that I learn about bones such as the 30 short bones in the wrists and ankles.[Why I tagged thisThis section talks generally about bone shapes and bone function. This illustrates A & P's theme of form, such as shape, dictates function. Meaning that form doesn't develope in nature out of random, but aims to perform a certain function. (i.e. long bones & lever systems)[Why I tagged thisThese are the bones most necessary for survival. Each of these serves as a movement and support system everyday. [Why I tagged thisSome long bones (femu, humerus), even resemble a crowbar quite a bit, making this comparison very apt.[Why I tagged thisThese bones are used for movement and are very tiny but serve a great purpose[Why I tagged thisI think this is really interesting. That's such a small portion of the body, yet there are so many bones in those regions.[Why I tagged thisWHy is it that if a finger or toe is broken people alot of times don't get surgery done? They just get a brace put on ?[Why I tagged thisThis is interesting becuase i did not know that the wrist and ankles have a total of 30 short bones which are approximately equal in length and width, which produce gliding movements.[Why I tagged thisSarah Faust
Kelly Stahl
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lenarch2
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Brittany Nycz
Becky Fleck
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Joe Nimm
Justin Putterman
Zachary Mueller
Sarah Hudson
Alyssa Harmes
Amanda
Claire Silkaitis
Samantha B Johnson
soha
Sophia Wood
Dee Lor
Thomas Hensler
Jelena Ristic
Amie Emrys
Kristin Basche
Anisa Janko
Cardiac muscle is considered involuntary because it is not usually under conscious control; it contracts even if all nerve connections to it are severed.
Smooth muscle
Smooth muscle
Smooth muscle lacks striations and is involuntary.
Smooth muscle lacks striations and is involuntary. Smooth muscle cells, also called myocytes, are fusiform and relatively short.
Smooth muscle lacks striations and is involuntary. Smooth muscle cells, also called myocytes, are fusiform and relatively short. T
Smooth muscle lacks striations and is involuntary. Smooth muscle cells, also called myocytes, are fusiform and relatively short. They have only one, centrally placed nucleus. Small amounts of smooth muscle are found in the iris of the eye and in the skin, but most of it, called visceral muscle, forms layers in the walls of the digestive, respiratory, and urinary tracts; blood vessels; the uterus; and other viscera.
Smooth muscle lacks striations and is involuntary. Smooth muscle cells, also called myocytes, are fusiform and relatively short. They have only one, centrally placed nucleus. Small amounts of smooth muscle are found in the iris of the eye and in the skin, but most of it, called visceral muscle, forms layers in the walls of the digestive, respiratory, and urinary tracts; blood vessels; the uterus; and other viscera. In locations such as the esophagus and small intestine, smooth muscle forms adjacent layers, with the cells of one layer encircling the organ and the cells of the other layer running longitudinally.
Smooth muscle lacks striations and is involuntary. Smooth muscle cells, also called myocytes, are fusiform and relatively short. They have only one, centrally placed nucleus. Small amounts of smooth muscle are found in the iris of the eye and in the skin, but most of it, called visceral muscle, forms layers in the walls of the digestive, respiratory, and urinary tracts; blood vessels; the uterus; and other viscera. In locations such as the esophagus and small intestine, smooth muscle forms adjacent layers, with the cells of one layer encircling the organ and the cells of the other layer running longitudinally. When the circular smooth muscle contracts, it may propel contents such as
Smooth muscle lacks striations and is involuntary. Smooth muscle cells, also called myocytes, are fusiform and relatively short. They have only one, centrally placed nucleus. Small amounts of smooth muscle are found in the iris of the eye and in the skin, but most of it, called visceral muscle, forms layers in the walls of the digestive, respiratory, and urinary tracts; blood vessels; the uterus; and other viscera. In locations such as the esophagus and small intestine, smooth muscle forms adjacent layers, with the cells of one layer encircling the organ and the cells of the other layer running longitudinally. When the circular smooth muscle contracts, it may propel contents such as food through the organ. When the longitudinal layer contracts, it makes the organ shorter and thicker. By regulating the diameter of blood vessels, smooth muscle is very important in controlling blood pressure and flow. Both smooth and skeletal muscle form sphincters that control the emptying of the bladder and rectum.
Smooth muscle lacks striations and is involuntary. Smooth muscle cells, also called myocytes, are fusiform and relatively short. They have only one, centrally placed nucleus. Small amounts of smooth muscle are found in the iris of the eye and in the skin, but most of it, called visceral muscle, forms layers in the walls of the digestive, respiratory, and urinary tracts; blood vessels; the uterus; and other viscera. In locations such as the esophagus and small intestine, smooth muscle forms adjacent layers, with the cells of one layer encircling the organ and the cells of the other layer running longitudinally. When the circular smooth muscle contracts, it may propel contents such as food through the organ. When the longitudinal layer contracts, it makes the organ shorter and thicker. By regulating the diameter of blood vessels, smooth muscle is very important in controlling blood pressure and flow. Both smooth and skeletal muscle form sphincters that control the emptying of the bladder and rectum.
Each MYOCYTE is separated by INTERCALATED DISCS in the CARDIAC MUSCLE TISSUE, which is one out of three sub-tissues of MUSCLE TISSUE, which is one of 4 main tissues of the human body. Remembering all of the terms and categories seems difficult, but once you understand it, and identify it's relationship to the body, it becomes much easier.[Why tag this text]Is Cardiac the only muscle that is considered involuntary?[Why tag this textI just find this spectacular. It was something I never really knew but I find it exciting to know. It makes me think about all the parts in the body and I wonder what it all looks like as it functions.[Why tag this textThis is fascinating because the heart will beat even if there are no nerve connections. In order to be capable of this phenomenon, it sounds like the heart has it's own sort of 'nervous system' because the junction in the intercalated discs sends an electrical current to stimulate all of the cells in the heart to contract at the same time.[Why tag this textI tagged this because I found it was interesting that the cardiac muscles are involuntary. It is amazing that the heart can still contract even if all of the nerves are severed. You would think it wouldn't get the signal and would just lose control.[Why tag this textI find cardiac muscle the most interesting of the three types of muscles. It has always been my understanding that all muscles require a nerve connection to contract. Because smooth muscle and cardiac muscle are both mononucleated, involuntary, and are myocetes rather than fibers, I would think that eventually smooth muscle could one day be used to repair portions of necrotic cardiac tissue.[Why tag this textThis helps me understand why organ donation can still occur even if a person is brain dead. The brain no longer can send signals to the heart to pump, but it is not required, thus allowing the heart to pump blood to the rest of the body. Therefore, most of the vital organs can be donated because they are still receiving blood, and oxygen to function. [Why tag this textSmooth muscle characteristics[Why tag this textThis is a very weird yet interesting fact. You can tell it is important because it is repeated twice in the paragraph. With this said, the heart chamber basically has it's own separately working cells or myocytes. The heart can still send waves from cell to cell and contract the heart, without any outside communication with other nerve connections [Why tag this textThis is pretty awesome. Even with all of its nerve endings severed, the heart will still contract? Is this the only part of our body that is like this? How long can the heart go without being connected to any nerves? [Why tag this textThis is mentioned twice within the same paragraph almost word for word. It is an important feature of the body since many individuals would not be alive without this fact. For instance, many individuals who experience spinal injury or are born with certain nervous system diseases would not be alive without this fact. [Why tag this textI am alittle confused by this, i understand obviously that the heart contracts involuntarily but it can still contract even if all nerve connections to it are severed. How then would the heart still be beating with the nerve connections to tell it to beat. I experienced an irregular heart beat recently do to a low electrolyte imbalace and my heart definetly seemed off.[Why tag this textOf course. I can't imagine if we had to conciously move out hearts to beat. That would be a hard way to live.[Why tag this textI thought it was interesting that cardic muscle contacts without the aid of nerve connection. It wasn't entirely clear to me, do the muscles contract on its own because of the electrical connections in the intercalatd? [Why tag this textThis was mentioned in the second sentence of this paragraph. I don't know if it's a mistake or really important to remember that the heart works on its own.[Why tag this textThats amazing to me, that it is still involuntary movement veen if all nerve connections are severed![Why tag this textHoly crap that is cool!!![Why tag this textno striations[Why tag this textSmooth Muscle:Lacking striations, involuntary, found in involuntary sphinctersContracts stomach, deals with expulsion of waste.[Why tag this textIf Smooth and Cardiac are both involuntary whats the big difference?[Why tag this textIt's strange to think of some muscles being involuntary. I think we like to believe that we have control over everything our body does.[Why tag this textThe three types of muscular tissue are skeletal, cardiac, and smooth. They differ in appearance, physiology, and function. Skeletal muscle consists of long threadlike cells called muscle fibers. Cardiac muscle is limited to the heart. Its cells are shorter called myocytes or cardiocytes rather than fibers. Smooth muscle cells are also called myocytes and are short. [Why tag this textI have never heard of the term Smooth muscle before. Its interesting to know the different forms of muscles and the functions they have. For instance the smooth muscle is in such places as the respiratory system. Than there is the other muscle that is called skeletal muscles. It also states later in the paragraph that smooth and skeletal muscles have things in common such as carrying out the functions of the bladder. I just think its really interesting to see and learn about how all of these muscles, cells, and tissues all correlate together in some way. [Why tag this textsmooth muscles are involuntary, they are short and only have one centralized nucleus. visceral muscles are are found in the respiratoy, urinary tract, blood vessels, the uterus and the walls of the digestive system.[Why tag this textdescription of the smooth muscle; where smooth muscle is located[Why tag this textSmooth muscles differs from Skeletal muscle and Cardiac muscle because it does not have striations. This makes it unique compared to the other tissue. It's very important that we smooth muscle contracts so that we can get food down our esophagus. It is also important that we can control what comes out of our body. [KBirkremSmooth muscle is usually found in the lining of digestive, repiratory, and other viscera. Is it possible to strain or tear these types of muscles since they are constantly working? [Why tag this textDefines the uses of smoot muscle and where in can be located along with its purpose.[General-Do not useNever really knew the process muscles take to move food through organs by contracting making the organ shorter and thicker. Also never knew or even thought that was actually muscles that regulate the diameter of blood vessels to regulate blood pressure.[Why tag this textSmooth muscle cells have only one nucleus.[Why tag this textWhat does it mean by involuntary and striations are lacked?[Why tag this textSame like the cardiac muscle[Why tag this textSmooth muscle location and action[Why tag this textI found this quite fascinating. I always knew that the iris contracts to help the eye adjust to different amounts of light but I guess I never really thought about the action being performed by a muscle. That must be a very small muscle indeed.[Why tag this textThis process is called parastalsis, which without we would not be able to eat most foods, becomes weaker with age leading elerdy to be placed on liquid diets sometimes.[Why tag this textIn the eye this would be squinting, digestive is using the restroom where you must squeeze in the urinary tract or rectum, childbirth is where your muscles would become shorter and thicker also while the female must push. in the respiratory your muscles would do this action while coughing. In all these cases your specific organ is contracting, becoming shorter and thicker[Why tag this textso when the longitudinal layer contracts it make the ograns smaller and makes it faster to get through and when the circular muscle push the food through when it contracts[Why tag this textKenyetta
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Elizabeth
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MARIAH
The name of a joint is typically derived from the names of the bones involved. For example, the atlanto-occipital joint is where the atlas meets the occipital condyles; the glenohumeral joint is where the glenoid cavity of the scapula meets the humerus; and the radioulnar joint is where the radius meets the ulna.
Joints are classified according to the manner in which the adjacent bones are bound to each other, with corresponding differences in how freely the bones can move. Authorities differ in their classification schemes, but one common view places the joints in four major categories: bony, fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial joints
Joints are classified according to the manner in which the adjacent bones are bound to each other, with corresponding differences in how freely the bones can move. Authorities differ in their classification schemes, but one common view places the joints in four major categories: bony, fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial joints. This section will describe the first three of these and the subclasses of each. The remainder of the chapter will then be concerned primarily with synovial joints.
Is going to make it easier to member the names and locations.[Why Tag This?]This is a really helpful way for me to remember the joints now.[Why Tag This?I tagged this part of text because it seems like if the joints are names after bones that are involved, it will not only be easy to determine which joint is which, but also can help in learning the names of bones as well. [Why Tag This?This is an important point because it works with identifing ligaments and tendons also. This combined with the postion of each also makes up the name so it is easier to remeber all the parts of the human anatomy. [Why Tag This?This is a helpful way to remember the joint names. [Why Tag This?Using this type of classification, as long as you know the names of the different joints, it is almost common sense to name the joints from the different bones that form the junction.[Why Tag This?I think this will be useful when trying to name these joints by using the names of surrounding bones.[Why Tag This?I mean this just makes sense, but this is also a great way to make it easy to remember what they are called and where they are in the body.[Why Tag This?Since there are a lot of joints in the body, this makes it easy to remember the names of all of them.[Why Tag This?Very important to know when learning joints names. If you can learn the names of the bones, should be able to say the joints.[Why Tag This?learning about this in my language of med class[Why Tag This?I thought it was interesting to learn that the name of the joint tells you exactly where it is. [Why Tag This?Important Information to know[Why Tag This?Geart way to remember the names of joints by remember the bones[Why Tag This?When you can't recall the name of a joint, it's ncie to know that they are usually named after the bones that make it up. [Why Tag This?that makes it easy to remember[Why Tag This?This makes all the joints easier to remember![Why Tag This?quite an easy naming system for joints [Why Tag This?This is interesting because joints are named of the bones. For example we have the radius and its joint is radioulnar joint. They have almost the same name. [Why Tag This?Going to be helpful, but who invented these names and decided this?[Why Tag This?names come from where they are involved[Why Tag This?its helpful that all the joints relate to their names that they are paired up with[Why Tag This?I had never considered the epipheseal plate area of a long bone to be a joint. I think that is because we use adult skeletons in the majority of the work we do, and the long bones just look continuous.[Why Tag This?Needed to know this for the quiz[General---Do Not UseWhich joint is the strongest? the weakest? [Why Tag This?i never understood how joints got their meaning and their name or anything for that matter but now it all makes a little more sense [Why Tag This?This explains the answer to the response question asked, which tells us that this is an important concept to grasp. Many people think of joints as movable hinges only, such as elbows and knees. However, there are four different types of joints and they are not all movable, and they all connect adjacent bones in different manners, and for different functions.[Why Tag This?Would this be considered ligaments as well? [Why Tag This?Important to know the basis for classifying joints[Why Tag This?Key point for response[Why Tag This?I tagged this because I am going to be a physical therapist and I already know joint injures are a major reason physical therapists are needed so knowing as much about joints as I can will only help me out in the long run. [Why Tag This?I highlighted this because it will help with the classification of the joints [Why Tag This?i have a syndrom of hypermobility joint, what causes that within the joints?[Why Tag This?Explains an overview of how joints are classified and gives the different types. [Why Tag This?joints are classified in the manner of the bones around each other.[Why Tag This?How Joints are classified[Why Tag This?Have our bones evovled throughout evolution to allow us to move a certain way?[Why Tag This?This is important because it tells me the four main categories of joints which are bony, fibrous, cartilagnious, and synovial. It also tells me a little background about how each joint is chosen for what category.[Why Tag This?morgan johnson
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corey
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describe the biologically important properties of water;
Our body fluids are complex mixtures of chemicals.
Our body fluids are complex mixtures of chemicals. A mixture consists of substances that are physically blended but not chemically combined.
Our body fluids are complex mixtures of chemicals. A mixture consists of substances that are physically blended but not chemically combined. Each substance retains its own chemical properties. To contrast a mixture with a compound, consider sodium chloride again. Sodium is a lightweight metal that bursts into flame if exposed to water, and chlorine is a yellow-green poisonous gas that was used for chemical warfare in World War I. When these elements chemically react, they form common table salt. Clearly, the compound has properties much different from the properties of its elements. But if you were to put a little salt on your watermelon, the watermelon would taste salty and sweet because the sugar of the melon and the salt you added would merely form a mixture in which each compound retained its individual properties.
I tagged this because it's important to know what a mixture is. I am currently learning these in chemistry and they are a big part of our knowledge. According to the book a Anatomy and Physiology the unity of form and function by Saladin a mixture consists of substances that are physically blended but not chemically combined. And the definition of compounds is molecules composed of two or more elements. [Why tag this text]A mixture is when two or more elements are mixed together. A mixture is different from a compound because it is not combined chemically, and a compound is a pure substance that is two or more chemical elements.[Why tag this textmixtures are two or more substances not chemically combined while as compounds contain substances that are chemically combined[Why tag this texta mixture is two or more substances that are put together but are not combined chemically. the difference between a mixture and a compoun is that a compound is two or more elements within substances that are being mixed chemically while a mixture does not involve chemically mixing, only physically. when it comes to a compound you are able to break apart and see the individual elements within it and you are not able to do that with a mixture.[Why tag this textcompounds are chemically bonded. mixtures can be separated. they are blended but not chemically bonded.[Why tag this textA mixture is the process of mixing or two substances being put together.The difference between mixtures and compounds are that mixtures can be seperated and compounds cannot be once mixed together. i am very confident with these two things and love learning about them, as well as experimenting with them.[Why tag this textWater is polar which means that it has a slightly positive charge at the oxygen (reacts better with other polar molecules such as vitamins and nutrients). It can act as a buffer in biochemical reactions.[Why tag this textThe biologically important properties of water are the fact that Homo Sapiens' bodies are made up mostly of water, including water in our blood. Humans need water to survive, and we can only go so long without it.[Why tag this textI found this interesting because of my chemistry class, I love watching the break down of coumpounds into their original elements. [Why tag this textI had never thought about the fact that our body consists of various elements, which would in fact, mean that our bodies have a chemical make-up. I'm just curious what the majority of elements are present in the body?[Why tag this textWhen thinking about the body you don't normally think of it being made of chemicals so that part kinda interest me a little bit.[Why tag this textThis is interesting because in todays world we all try to stay away from foods that have chemicals. When really we are also made up of chemicals.[Why tag this textI like this introduction because it explains the basic definitions of a mixture and compounds highlighting the differences between the two.[Why tag this textMakes clear thats mixtures are combined but not chemically [General-Do not useDefinitions mix physically but not chemically[Why tag this textIt is cool that mixtures only need our own body's help instead of any other outside help.[Why tag this textHow would your body charge a molecule? Does this refer to an induced dipole?[Why tag this textQuestion 3: A mixture is a combination of substances that are not chemically combined whereas a compound is substances that are chemically bound.[Why tag this textMixture: substances that are physically blended but not chemically. Each substance maintains own chemical properties[Why tag this textDefines what a mixture is and gives characteristics of one.[Why tag this textI remember learning a really good analogy in middle school for this...it is that a mixture is like a salad, all the components are mixed together to make the salad but they still have their own indiviual structures and tastes[Why tag this textHow are mixtures physically blended but not chemically combined? Wouldn't the two become [Why tag this textClarification of the difference between a mixture and a compound. I did know this, but so interesting to think that something so common and harmless as a compound such as NaCl, is made up of two things that if on their own are extremely dangerous.[Why tag this textMixture vs Compound:Mixture: Just mixed, not combined, each retain their own properties.Compound: Chemical reactions take place, they take on new properties.[Why tag this textI find it interesting that sodium by itself is harmful because it bursts into flame while chlorine is a poisonious gas, but when sodium and chlorine are combined at the right proportions, we are able to consume it as table salt. [Why tag this textthis is the part of the chapter where it begins to explain the difference between a mixture and a compound[Why tag this textGives an example of how a compound such as sodium chloride exposed to water would burt into flame. [Why tag this textIn my Chem Lab last semester, we weren't even allowed to use pure sodium because of its instability and the danger it presented. Thank god these highly reactive elements are almost always bonded to something else in nature, making it safe.[Why tag this textWas the [GeneralIt is so odd that these two chemicals, when standing alone, are so dangerous; but, when together, make up something that most of us consume every day. The sentence was written in a way that made me laugh, although when I thought about it, it certainly is true. Pretty cool to think about the way science works; it's brilliant![Why tag this textSuch destructive elements combine into something harmless.[Why tag this textI tagged this because in my Chemistry class in High School we did this experiment to and we had to find what was the final compound. I was confused at first but then we the compound was formed we discovered it was merely table salt! [Why tag this textI have a great liking towards chlorine because in High School we had a Chlorine leak by the pool and were not allowed to attend school for 2 days givin us a 4 day weekend. :) [Why tag this textChlorine is now used to clean pools and hottubs. What else is mixed with it so it isn't a poisonous gas and has the ability to clean water?[Why tag this textScary fact, for public pools nothing is added, but they are careful about how much they use.[Why tag this textAllen M. Biks
Richard Cook
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krista
kailey Cortez
Rachel
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corey
Rachael Van Keulen
Lauren Anthe
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anambeg
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shelby
Ashley McBain
andrew baker
The Nucleus
The Nucleus
The Nucleus
The Nucleus The nucleus (fig. 3.27) is the largest organelle and usually the only one visible with the light microscope. It contains the cell's chromosomes and is therefore the genetic control center of cellular activity. It is usually spheroidal to elliptical in shape and typically about 5 µm in diameter. Most cells have a single nucleus, but there are exceptions. Mature red blood cells have none; they are anuclear. A few cell types are multinucleate, having 2 to 50 nuclei. Examples include skeletal muscle cells, some liver cells, and certain bone-dissolving and platelet-producing cells.
The nucleus (fig. 3.27) is the largest organelle and usually the only one visible with the light microscope. It contains the cell's chromosomes and is therefore the genetic control center of cellular activity. It is usually spheroidal to elliptical in shape and typically about 5 µm in diameter. Most cells have a single nucleus, but there are exceptions. Mature red blood cells have none; they are anuclear. A few cell types are multinucleate, having 2 to 50 nuclei. Examples include skeletal muscle cells, some liver cells, and certain bone-dissolving and platelet-producing cells.
I think it's awesome how many different parts make up a cell and how important each one is for making them function correctly.[Why tag this text]List of organalles [Why tag this textI just wanted to tag this portion for later. I will tag another section. [Why tag this textI tagged all of these sections because I thought id talk about how in high school I had to make my own verson of a cell with household good that had the same functions as the organelles inside the cell. For example, I used an old cell phone for the nucleus because it stores information. I also used plastic wrap because for the membrane around the cardboard to protect everything in the cell. [Why tag this textexplains what is in a organelle[Why tag this textthe largest organelle and usually the only one visible with the light microscope. [General-Do not useI've heard about them but i didn't know what they are [Why tag this textlargest organelle in the cell[Why tag this textthe nucleus is where everything goes out of, it controls the whole cell and is the largest organelle, also i think that it is interesting that it is usually the only one visible with a light microscope[Why tag this textQuestion 2: Cell ComponentsNucleus: is the largest organelle in a cell and is usually the only one visible with a light microscope. The function is to contain the cells DNA and RNA.Mitochondria: are organelles specialized for synthesizing ATP. The come in a variety of shapes including spheroidal, rod-shaped, kidney-shaped, and threadlike.Lysosomes: is a package of enzymes bounded by a single unit membrane. They function in hydrolysis of proteins, nucleic acids, complex carbohydrates, phospholipids and others.Centriole: is a short cylindrical assembly of microtubules and are arranged in nine groups of three microtubules. They function in cell division.[Why tag this textDepending on what you are looking at there could be more then one nucleus[Why tag this textI always knew that the nucleus was the most important part of the cell, but I was under the impression that all cells had this. I did not realize that mature red blood cells did not have one, and I did not know that some cells have many. Do these cells have certain advantages that other cells do not?[Why tag this textHow would you go about cutting one in half in a lab to see what's inside?[Why tag this textI have always thought that the nucleus is an essential part of the cells, but I just knew that some cells doesn't have one like in the mature red blood cells . Is there any reason why these cells doesn't have nucleus ?[Why tag this textTHe largest organelle is the nucleus and it contains the cell's chromosomes, making it the control center of the cell.[Why tag this textLearning about the nucleus and what it does is very important. This is where all of the DNA of the cell is stored. The DNA can then be replicated and leave the nucleus to start forming a new cell. [Why tag this textThe Nucleus is undoubtedly one of the terms that people are most familiar with when learning about cells, especially after that high school project where everyone needed to make an element out of foam balls. However, this is showing that there is more to the nucleus than the fact that it contains protons and electrons. It is literally the [Why tag this textThis is the most important part of the cell. Its what makes a person a person. Even though its so tiny, it has the genetics of a person and makes them male/female etc.[Why tag this textWould the nucleus then be the most important organelle in the cell?[Why tag this textwhere all the information is stored and the body depends to have the DNA[Why tag this textDefintion of membrane bound nucleus. [Why tag this textThe nucleus is the control center of the cell, however I was unaware that it was the only visible organelle.[Why tag this textwe just looked at this in lab. but its hard to understand why some dont have a nucleus?[Why tag this textI found this interesting because each cell has a nucleus but they all have different fuctions and responsibilites when it comes to their duty in the cell. [Why tag this textI thought that all functioning cells had to have a nucleus because it's like the [Why tag this textdescription of the nucleus[Why tag this textWhy is the nucleus the inly organelle visible with the light microscope? What makes the nucleus visable?[Why tag this textThe nucleus is my favorite one to study because just like it says in the text it is the only one you can see through the microscope, I love this because then I can actually base it on real life through a microscope and not just a character drawing but something see with my own eyes is my favorite![Why tag this textI highlighted this because I feel the nucleous is one of the most important aspects of a cell. It contains the genetics of the cell which is important in making you, you. It also it one of the most visible aspects of the cell to see under a micropscope. [Why tag this textDefinition of nucleous. The book also calls it the [Why tag this textThis is very interesting because the body has hiarchy of organizations. Since all organisms have a brain that controls everything, its very interesting to think that every cell on the microlevel has a brain of its own. So when some one says we only have one brain that techniqually is false since every one of our millions of cells in our body has one and that is call the nucleus.[Why tag this textmake sense that the most important organelle is the largest and only organelle seeable to human eye via microscope. the function is supplies of that being the brain of the cell is also what makes the nucleus so intresting[Why tag this textThe nucleus is so important because of this characteristic: It is the genetic control center of cellular activity. I've also always liked the nucleus because it's usually pretty easy to see and pick out under the microscope. [Why tag this textDoes this organelle also play a role in the process of RNA and reading it to form DNA?[Why tag this textThe nucleus is probably the most important part of the cell structure. As stated it is the genetic control center of cellular activity. It is almost like what the heart is to the body. Even though it is important in the activity of a cell, some cells dont have any they are anuclear. [Why tag this textThe nucleus is the most important part of the cell! My high school teacher reminded us of this every single day.[Why tag this textIf red blood cells are anuclear than how do they know what to do?[Why tag this textIf blood cells don't have a nuclei, or any of the same structures as normal cells, what influences their 'disk' shape? It is known that people with sickle cell anemia have abnormally shaped blood cells. What structure do they lack that causes them to have an irregular shape?[Why tag this textWhat is the reason behind having multiple nuclei? 50 nuclei seems a bit excessive.[Why tag this textChad Mudd
Jerry S Yang
Jenna
Lauren Anthe
Rachel Feivor
Hussain
Justin Putterman
samantha
Sarah Ertl
Nicole Korstanje
Jourdan Richardson
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hanouf
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Kayla Cowan
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Patrick O'Connell
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Ripley
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sarah
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Abigail
TRAVIS
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andrew baker
Petra Stevanovic
Sophie
What is the maximum number of DNA molecules ever contained in a cell over the course of its life cycle?
What is the maximum number of DNA molecules ever contained in a cell over the course of its life cycle? (Assume the cell has only one nucleus, and disregard mitochondrial DNA.)
I didn't know that G-zero phase are characteristic of cancer cells and I am curious how it become cancerous.[Why tag this text]This interests me , we always hear about cancer but I have never known what exactly causes the cells to become out of controll. [Why tag this texttwo[General-Do not useThe maximum number of DNA molecules would be 46.[Why tag this textshelby bourdo
Rachel Feivor
Erin Griph
Anatomical terminology is heavily based in Greek and Latin because Greeks & Romans bagan scientific investigation into the human body and health and, as a reault, they coined many terms. It is the standard medical language, used worldwide.[Why I tagged this]90% of the medical terminology originated from the greek and latin era of early scientific investigations to do with the medical field. [Why I tagged thisThe scientific investigation started in the greek and roman cultures[Why I tagged thisMany terms revolve around Greek and Latin because as it says [Why I tagged thisHauser Joseph Alan
Matthew Robert Schmidt
jess Tegelman
Internally, the occipital bone displays impressions left by large venous sinuses that drain blood from the brain
Why do some people find a condylar canal posterior to each occipital condyle?[Why tag this]Condylar and other canals such as sinuses, some are not all present in all humans. Is there an advantage or disadvantage to this?[Why tag thisHow does the occipital bone help drain blood from the brain?[Why tag thisBefore this section I had always thought that the inside of the skull would look like the outside-relatively flat and void of markers. I think its interesting that it has ridged and such from forming around blood vessels and such.[Why tag thisAmanda Fitzmaurice
Leah Hennes
The calcium concentration in the blood plasma is normally 9.2 to 10.4 mg/dL. This is a rather narrow margin of safety, as we shall soon see. About 45% of it is in the ionized form (Ca2+), which can diffuse through capillary walls and affect neighboring cells. The rest of it is bound to plasma proteins and other solutes. It is not physiologically active, but it serves as a reserve from which free Ca2+ can be obtained as neede
The calcium concentration in the blood plasma is normally 9.2 to 10.4 mg/dL. This is a rather narrow margin of safety, as we shall soon see. About 45% of it is in the ionized form (Ca2+), which can diffuse through capillary walls and affect neighboring cells. The rest of it is bound to plasma proteins and other solutes. It is not physiologically active, but it serves as a reserve from which free Ca2+ can be obtained as needed.
The calcium concentration in the blood plasma is normally 9.2 to 10.4 mg/dL. This is a rather narrow margin of safety, as we shall soon see. About 45% of it is in the ionized form (Ca2+), which can diffuse through capillary walls and affect neighboring cells. The rest of it is bound to plasma proteins and other solutes. It is not physiologically active, but it serves as a reserve from which free Ca2+ can be obtained as needed.Even slight changes in blood calcium concentration can have serious consequences. A calcium deficiency is called hypocalcemia30 (HY-po-cal-SEE-me-uh). It causes excessive excitability of the nervous system and leads to muscle tremors, spasms, or tetany?the inability of the muscle to relax. Tetany begins to occur as the plasma Ca2+ concentration falls to 6 mg/dL. One sign of hypocalcemia is strong spasmodic flexion of the wrist and thumb and extension of the other fingers, called the Trousseau31 sign?often induced by the inflation of a blood pressure cuff putting pressure on the brachial nerve. At 4 mg/dL, muscles of the larynx contract tightly, a condition called laryngospasm, which can shut off airflow and cause suffocation.
What are the consequences of having too high of a Ca2+ concentration[Why I tagged this]Is blood plasma found in marrow or where is it found?[Why I tagged thisIt seems the body has 2 mechanisms for putting calcium into the blood, but only 1 mechanism for taking calcium out of the blood. Why doesn't it seem like we can have too much calcium? When is too much calcium bad?[Why I tagged thisWhat if someone has kidney stones alot?[Why I tagged thisHannah Lucas
Jerry S Yang
Becky Fleck
Because this is a slow process, chondrocytes have low rates of metabolism and cell division, and injured cartilage heals slowly.
[image #7]
How exactly does solute diffusion work?[Why tag this text]for this reason, ear piercings take a long time to close up[Why tag this textits so interesting to me that carilage can repair it's self[Why tag this textStudying Anatomy in high school, briefly covering the topic of cartiledge, it was weird. Weird but weird enough to keep me interested. Not that this is an exciting topic, but the differences between fibro and hylaine aren't that big yet they create such drastic differences in the function of our body. [Why tag this textKristen Grivas
Lauren Anthe
Emily Zuelzke
One of the greatest challenges faced by students of anatomy and physiology is the vocabulary. In this book,
One of the greatest challenges faced by students of anatomy and physiology is the vocabulary. In this book, you will encounter such Latin terms as corpus callosum
One of the greatest challenges faced by students of anatomy and physiology is the vocabulary. In this book, you will encounter such Latin terms as corpus callosum (a brain structure), ligamentum arteriosum (a small fibrous band near the heart), and extensor carpi radialis longus (a forearm muscle).
This does scare me, although, after reading this section I am STILL scared of the immense amount of vocabulary but I do think by understanding the Latin derivitive it will definitely help.[Why I tagged this]Throughout this entire assignment today I have been strugling with how to pronounce the words when I am reading but it is nice that some break it up into step by step pronunciation[Why I tagged thisI know from other classes I have taken of anatomy and physiology that vocabulary is very hard for this class. English in not my first language and I have a very hard time rememering what word goes to what[Why I tagged thisThis is relatable to many of the students in class, also to myself. In order to learn the vocabs better, I will break down the word into what I can understand.[Why I tagged thisJeremy
Gabriela
Xenyen
There are three mechanisms of carrier-mediated transport: facilitated diffusion, primary active transport, and secondary active transport.
Facilitated23 diffusion (fig. 3.18) is the carrier-mediated transport of a solute through a membrane down its concentration gradient. It does not require any expenditure of metabolic energy (ATP) by the cell. It transports solutes such as glucose that cannot pass through the membrane unaided.
The three mechanisms of carrier- mediated transport are facilitated diffusion, primary active transport, and secondary active transport. [Why tag this text]explains what the 3 mechanisms are[Why tag this textImportant to know what is unique and distinguishable about facilitated diffusion[Why tag this textso their is no energy to help transport solutes?[Why tag this textLauren Anthe
The most complex region of the scapula is its lateral angle, which has three main features: The acromion46 (ah-CRO-me-on) is a platelike extension of the scapular spine that forms the apex of the shoulder. It articulates with the clavicle, which forms the sole bridge from the appendicular to the axial skeleton The coracoid47 (COR-uh-coyd) process is shaped like a bent finger but named for a vague resemblance to a crow's beak; it provides attachment for tendons of the biceps brachii and other muscles of the arm. The glenoid48 (GLEN-oyd) cavity is a shallow socket that articulates with the head of the humerus, forming the glenohumeral joint.
important info to know[Why tag this]three featues of scapula to know : acromion, coracoid, glenoidacromion-apexcoracoid- crows beak ( tendon attatchment to arms)glenoid- glenohumeral joint[Why tag thisThis is also important to know since it is talking about the most complex regions of the scapula. It is obvious that as a student we should know this because we all want to use anatomy in our jobs later in life. [Why tag thisscapula has three main features:[Why tag thisjess Tegelman
Sophia Wood
Alyssa Harmes
[image #7]
Isomers: molecules with identical molecular formulas but different arrangment of their atoms [Why tag this text]This is confusing to me.[Why tag this textIsomers: Molecules that are identical in formulation but different in arrangement. [Why tag this textI know I gravitate to the images but using text only to try to explain chemical formulas is tough. This image does a super job in showing the difference between the structural, condensed and molecular versions of each. I think it makes the concept easier to grasp.[Why tag this textTayelor Neiss
Danielle Henckel
Catherine Andersen
Covalent bonds form by the sharing of electrons.
Covalent bonds form by the sharing of electrons. For example, two hydrogen atoms share valence electrons to form a hydrogen molecule, H2 (fig. 2.6a). The two electrons, one donated by each atom, swarm around both nuclei in a dumbbell-shaped cloud. A single covalent bond is the sharing of a single pair of electrons.
Covalent bonds form by the sharing of electrons. For example, two hydrogen atoms share valence electrons to form a hydrogen molecule, H2 (fig. 2.6a). The two electrons, one donated by each atom, swarm around both nuclei in a dumbbell-shaped cloud. A single covalent bond is the sharing of a single pair of electrons. It is symbolized by a single line between atomic symbols, for example H?H. A double covalent bond is the sharing of two pairs of electrons. In carbon dioxide, for example, a central carbon atom shares two electron pairs with each oxygen atom.
Covalent bonds can be classified as either single covalent bonds or double covalent bonds. Covalent bonds share electrons.[Why tag this text]covalent bonds are made by sharing electrons.[Why tag this textI hightlighted this because it is important to see how the atoms and electrons work to form a covalent bond.[Why tag this textExplains how covalent bond work and how they share electrons.[General-Do not uselindsay krueger
Lauren Thiel
lenarch2
Shows the difference between Anatomy and Physiology[Why I tagged this]Shows the difference between anatomy and physiology in the simplest way. [Why I tagged thisgood point here and it only makes sense if we think about it[Why I tagged thisand the simplest way is always the best and easiest to remember which is good for this class[Why I tagged thisDavid
PangJeb Vang
andrew baker
A fixator is a muscle that prevents a bone from moving. To fix a bone means to hold it steady, allowing another muscle attached to it to pull on something else. For example, consider again the flexion of the elbow by the biceps brachii. The biceps originates on the scapula, crosses both the shoulder and elbow joints, and inserts on the radius. The scapula is loosely attached to the axial skeleton, so when the biceps contracts, it seems that it would pull the scapula laterally. However, there are fixator muscles (the rhomboids) that attach the scapula to the vertebral column. They contract at the same time as the biceps, holding the scapula firmly in place and ensuring that the force generated by the biceps moves the radius rather than the scapula.
so if the brachialis isnt relaxed is that when you pull a muscle in your arm? [Why tag this]A fixator is a muscle that prevents a bone from moving or shifting out of its original position. [Why tag thisWithout fixators would we be more likely to get injured, or would we be unable to function?[Why tag thisdescription of fixator and how it works[Why tag thisMichael Franzini
Chelsea Moore
Alyssa Harmes
Solution Colloid SuspensionParticle Size <1 nm 1?100 nm >100 nmAppearance Clear Often cloudy Cloudy-opaqueWill particles settle out? No No YesWill particles pass through a selectively permeable membrane? Yes No NoExamples Glucose in blood Proteins in blood Blood cells O2 in water Intracellular fluid Cornstarch in water Saline solutions Milk protein Fats in blood Sugar in coffee Gelatin Kaopectate
This table is valuble in being able to determine what type of mixture it is[Why tag this text]This section is important to help identify the defined differences between solutions, colloids, and suspensions. Telling the difference by appearance can be difficult, so understanding these qualities will help in identifying![Why tag this textThis chart is an easy way to identify types of solutions, and even gives examples. [Why tag this textMaria Stephans
Kaylee Richards
The Ulna
The Ulna At the proximal end of the ulna (fig. 8.33) is a deep, C-shaped trochlear notch that wraps around the trochlea of the humerus. The posterior side of this notch is formed by a prominent olecranon?the bony point where you rest your elbow on a table. The anterior side is formed by a less prominent coronoid process. Laterally, the head of the ulna has a less conspicuous radial notch, which accommodates the edge of the head of the radius. At the distal end of the ulna is a medial styloid process. The bony lumps you can palpate on each side of your wrist are the styloid processes of the radius and ulna.The radius and ulna are attached along their shafts by a ligament called the interosseous (IN-tur-OSS-ee-us) membrane (IM), which is attached to an angular ridge called the interosseous margin on each bone. Most fibers of the IM are oriented obliquely, slanting upward from the ulna to the radius. If you lean forward on a table supporting your weight on your hands, about 80% of the force is borne by the radius. This tenses the IM, which pulls the ulna upward and transfers some of this force through the ulna to the humerus. The IM thereby enables two elbow joints (humeroradial and humeroulnar) to share the load and reduces the wear and tear that one joint would otherwise have to bear alone. The IM also serves as an attachment for several forearm muscles.
These features make the radius very distinct and easily identifiable in lab practicals and exams. All of the bones in the body have certain characteristics that are important to know in order to distinguish them from one another.[Why tag this]Understanding the function of a bone is important when studying the body because knowing their normal function and postition can help if something doesn't seem right at any time. Also, knowing the interaction between the different bones with eachother can help with the understanding of how our body works.[Why tag thisdescription about the ulna[Why tag thisThis is the part that makes up the [Why tag thisMaria Stephans
Alyssa Harmes
Brianna Franske
Yet unlike nuclear DNA, mtDNA has no effective mechanism for repairing damage. Therefore, it mutates about 10 times as rapidly as nuclear DNA.
dneys, and skeletal muscles, for example.Mitochondrial myopathy is a degenerative muscle disease in which the muscle displays ?ragged red fibers,? cells with abnormal mitochondria that stain red with a particular histological stain. Another mtDNA disease is MELAS (mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis and strokelike episodes), a syndrome involving seizures, paralysis, dementia, muscle deterioration, and a toxic accumulation of lactic acid in the blood. Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) is a form of blindness that usually appears in young adulthood as a result of damage to the optic nerve. Kearns?Sayre syndrome (KSS) involves paralysis of the eye muscles, degeneration of the retina, heart disease, hearing loss, diabetes, and kidney failure. Damage to mtDNA has also been implicated as a possible factor in Alzheimer disease, Huntington disease, and other degenerative diseases of old age.
This is a fascinating revelation. Not only do I love it when science helps us make strides into the future, but also connects us to our past. To me, this passage illustrates that we are essentially part of one, big, human family.[Why tag this text]Has there been any attempt to clincially repair mtDNA mutations with the use of drug therapies?[Why tag this textThis part really stuck out to me becuase I am very interested in Alzheimer diesease. I am a CNA and have worked with patients that have this mental illness and it breaks my heart. I hope to one day do research on Alzheimers because in my opinion it is one of the worst diseases. I can't imagine dying not knowing what's going on around me or who my own family is. I hope to one day become a NP for mental illness.[Why tag this textI tagged this section of the reading because I had an uncle that had a muscular dystrophy disease. It was a sad thing to watch my once active uncle lose his ability to walk as his muscles degenerated.[Why tag this textAlina Gur
Kelly Stahl
Kasey Bowers
These advantages are so great that they favored skeletal modifications that made bipedalism12standing and walking on two legs?easier. Fossil evidence indicates that bipedalism was firmly established more than 4 million years ago; footprints of bipedal primates have been preserved in volcanic ash in Tanzania dated to 3.6 million years ago. The anatomy of the human pelvis, femur, knee, great toe, foot arches, spinal column, skull, arms, and many muscles became adapted for bipedal locomotion, as did many aspects of human family life and society. As the skeleton and muscles became adapted for bipedalism, brain volume increased dramatically (table 1.1). It must have become increasingly difficult for a fully developed, large-brained infant to pass through the mother's pelvic outlet at birth. This may explain why humans are born in a relatively immature, helpless state compared with other mammals, before their nervous systems have matured and the bones of the skull have fused. The helplessness of human young and their extended dependence on parental care may help to explain why humans have such exceptionally strong family ties.
Bipedalism was an important adaptation that led to humans being able to move about more effeciently to find potential mates and or food/water.[Why I tagged this]evolution of many thigns have evolved but slighly over time. the brian of animals have evolved inoto bigger and better for their time and place.[Why I tagged thisQuestion 3: These 2 characteristics allowed the primates to adapt to this environment with more predators and less protection from them. In the grassland, bipedalism or standing on 2 legs allowed for better ability to watch for predators and muti-tasking, where the hands are now free to complete another activity such as carrying food or young.These primates developed family groups in relation to their young being born young or unable to survive on their own. Living in these groups helped to created better protection with the increased number of individuals.[Why I tagged thisbiped adaptations[Why I tagged thisGabriela
Sarah Ertl
Corianne
3. Where do free radicals come from? What harm do they do? How is the body protected from free radicals?
The biological half-life is essentially the amount of time it takes for the cell to completely leave the body. Whereas the physical half-life is just the amount of time it takes the cell to decay 50%. [Why tag this text]the physical half-life is how long it takes for 50% of atoms to decay, whereas biological is where it is based on how long it takes the atoms to leave the body[Why tag this textThe difference between them is their physical behavior. The biological half-life depends on how long it takes for the atoms to leave the body whereas the physical half-life depends on how long it takes for half of the atoms to decay.[Why tag this textFree radicals come from metabolic reactions and they come in form of cancer, myocardial infraction, & death of the heart tissue. [Why tag this textJonathan Lowe
anambeg
Suppose you were studying a skull with some teeth missing. How could you tell whether the teeth had been lost after the person's death or years before it?
ach maxilla extends from the teeth to the inferomedial wall of the orbit. Just below the orbit, it exhibits an infraorbital foramen, which provides passage for a blood vessel to the face and a nerve that receives sensations from the nasal region and cheek.
Wow, that is interesting. Totally thought teeth were made of bone.[Why tag this]What are teeth? I always assumed they were bones.[Why tag thisIf the teeth had been lost years before death, the alveolar processes ill be absent, and the alveolus will have felled with new bone, leaving a smooth area on the maxilla. It the teeth were lost after death, the alveolar processes will still be in place.[Why tag thisIT now makes sense as to why sometimes with a sinus headache my teeth hurt.[Why tag thisKristin Basche
jennifer lassiter
The major features of human gross anatomy have standard international names prescribed by a book titled the Terminologia Anatomica (TA). The TA was codified in 1998 by an international body of anatomists, the Federative Committee on Anatomical Terminology, and approved by professional associations of anatomists in more than 50 countries.About 90% of today's medical terms are formed from just 1,200 Greek and Latin roots.
I thought this was interesting that there is a book named the Terminologia Anatomica, specifically devoted to human anatomy terms[Why I tagged this]This way it can all be understood internationally. [Why I tagged thisTA[Why I tagged thisThe history of medical terminolgy is Greek and Latin, so by studying the root words we can gain understanding in medicine.[Why I tagged thisBonnie Watson
Corianne
Amanda Baxter
Cellular composition
Cellular composition.
Basic definition- Nonliving things do not expend energy to maintain order or structure[Why I tagged this]this is another property of a living thing, living things can comprise of a single cell like bacteria or multi celled like humans or other plants and animals[Why I tagged thisProperty to define life[Why I tagged thisall living things must have cells. [Why I tagged thisDanny Duong
Melissa
Jelena Ristic
Pig skin is sometimes used on burn patients but presents the same problem of immune rejection
Pig skin is sometimes used on burn patients but presents the same problem of immune rejection.
I love when patients or families elect to donate organs or tissues for other patients. I wish everyone was open to donating at least some parts of their body after death so that others can live.[Why tag this]This is a little gross, but at the same time so cool and literally life-saving. [Why tag thiswhat does the pig skin do? Does it help heal the burned skin?[why tag this textnever would have known! grosss how can we take skin from a pig if we still are showing rejection to it[Why tag thisStephanie
Anadin Bunic
jess Tegelman
Name the pigments responsible for normal skin colors and explain how certain conditions can produce discolorations of the skin.
There are two zones of dermis called the papillary and reticular layers. The papillary layer is a thin zone of areolar tissue in and near the dermal papillae. This layer also contains an abundance of small blood vessels. The reticular layer of the dermis is deeper and thicker. It consists of dense irregular connective tissue. In the reticular layer, the collagen forms thicker bundles with less room for ground substance, and there are often small clusters of adipocytes.[Why tag this text]epidermis and dermis. dermis is made up of irregular connective tissue and aerolar connective tissue[Why tag this textpapillary layer, reticilar layer[Why tag this textmelain[Why tag this textChad Mudd
Lauren Anthe
Type FunctionBile acids Steroids that aid in fat digestion and nutrient absorptionCholesterol Component of cell membranes; precursor of other steroidsEicosanoids Chemical messengers between cellsFat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and K) Involved in a variety of functions including blood clotting, wound healing, vision, and calcium absorptionFatty acids Precursor of triglycerides; source of energyPhospholipids Major component of cell membranes; aid in fat digestionSteroid hormones Chemical messengers between cellsTriglycerides Energy storage; thermal insulation; filling space; binding organs together; cushioning organs
In today's society, many people view fat as bad. However, based on this table and the reading, a certain amount and type of fat is essential for the body to function properly. For instance, Fat soluble vitamins are essention for healing injuries and for absorption certain minerals. Therefore, it's not necessarily that we need to eliminate fat from our diet, it's more important we pay attention to which type of fat we are consuming. [Why tag this text]Help with understanding the function of lipids[Why tag this textType of Lipid and function[Why tag this textThis is a list of the fat types and their functions. must know[General-Do not useRiley Spitzig
Melissa Gile
lenarch2
The pairing of each small, single-ringed pyrimidine with a large, double-ringed purine gives the DNA molecule its uniform 2 nm width.
DNA Structure
FIGURE 4.2 DNA Structure.(a) A molecular space-filling model of DNA giving some impression of its molecular geometry. (b) The ?spiral staircase? structure. The two sugar?phosphate backbones twine around each other while complementary bases (colored bars) face each other on the inside of the double helix. (c) A small segment of DNA showing the composition of the backbone and complementary pairing of the nitrogenous bases.
I was in a genetics class last sememster and my TA had a really easy way to remember which nucleotides were purines and which were pyrimidines. Pur As Gold-meaning purines are guanine and adenine and CUT the Py-meaning pyrimidines are cytosine, uracil and thymine.[Why tag this text]Does the 2nm width have any biological significance?[Why tag this texteven though DNA is different in everyone, does it always look the same? how is DNA matched to people in DNA tests?[Why tag this textThis image is very helpful when trying to understand the DNA structure. [Why tag this textAndrea
Holland
Andrea Benson
Standing: Made it easier to look for danger and to stay alert for prey. Bi-Pedal: made it easier to escape danger and to hunt prey easier.[Why I tagged this]The way primates developed the action of getting up on two feet to stand and be more aware of our surroundings and for primates it declared dominance in some stand offs. The color vision ensured the primates the ability to see ripe fruits and poisonous foods that would kill you otherwise. [Why i tagged thisThe ability to move forward and having a forward-facing position. The characteristic of facing/moving forward on grasslands is a very important essential as humans or monkeys. Why? Because it makes it easier to navigate and to see things in our reach.[Why I tagged thisThe ablility to stand allowed us to be aware of our surroundings. Immature helpless infants resulted from having a brain size that would not be able to pass through the mother's vagina at birth[Why I tagged thisHauser Joseph Alan
Sandy C. Yang
Matthew Robert Schmidt
This is because nitrogen molecules have no attraction for each other, so the little bit of heat provided by the floor is enough to disperse them into the air. The cohesion of water is especially evident at its surface, where it forms an elastic layer called the surface film held together by a force called surface tension. This force causes water to hang in drops from a leaky faucet and travel in rivulets down a window.
Is this response kind of like magnet? Or could that be another example?[Why tag this text]Is this like a magnet? The nitrogen molecules are like putting the two opposite ends of the magnets together so that they won't connect causing them to rapidly disperse, whereas, the water will connect and hang out for a while?[Why tag this textI always wondered what caused water to just sort of hang off of a faucet before it would fall and now I know why. Its could to learn some of the science behind some of the things we see in our everyday lives but never really question or look into. [Why tag this textI've always wondered this! When I was little, like most other little kids did, I watched the raindrops on the car window and wondered why they stay in drops or go one way or another.[Why tag this text Bonnie Watson
Zachary Garrity
Cassi Malko
Classes of Synovial Joints There are six fundamental types of synovial joints, distinguished by the shapes of their articular surfaces and their degrees of freedom. We will begin by looking at these six types in simple terms, but then see that this is an imperfect classification for reasons discussed at the end. All six types can be found in the upper limb (fig. 9.11). They are listed here in descending order of mobility: one multiaxial type (ball-and-socket), three biaxial types (condylar, saddle, and plane), and two monaxial types (hinge and pivot).
Which joint is the easy to damage or is the most commonly damaged joint?[Why tag this]It is important to remember that different joints do differnent movements in the body therefore they are different anatomically.[Why tag thisHaving many types of joints in helpful because it allows there to be different ways for things to work and diffreent alternatives if smeoen would need a replacement.[Why tag thisClasses of Synovial Joint: Six classes of synovial joints, distinguished by the shapes of their articular surfaces and their degrees of freedom. In descending order of mobility: One multiaxaial type [ball and socket], three biaxial types [condylar, saddle and plane] and two monoaxial types [hinge and pivot]Ball and Socket: Shoulder and Hip joints. One bone has a head that fits into the socket.Condylar Joints: Convex surface that fits into the depression. Capable of movements on two plantes.Saddle Joints: Saddle shaped surface to both joints [concave in one direction, convex in the other]. Two axels of movement. Plane Joints: Bone surfaces are flat and slide across each other. Hinge Joints: Can move freely in one plane and very limited in the other. like a door.Pivot Joints: Bone spins on longitudinal axis. [Why tag thisJoshua Collier
lindsay krueger
Danielle Henckel
Free inquiry was less inhibited
Free inquiry was less inhibited in Jewish and Muslim culture during this time.
Free inquiry was less inhibited in Jewish and Muslim culture during this time.
Ibn Sina's contribution by taking Galen and Aristotle's work with questioning instead of dogma[Why I tagged this]This helps progress in anatomy[Why I tagged thisI had no idea that there were famous Jewish and Muslim physicians at this time. All I had heard about in school was the European physicians and scholars.[Why I tagged thisDuring the middle ages, Jewish and Muslim people became the most advanced in medicine because science wasn't as limited as it was for the christian culture.[Why I tagged thisNicole Latzig
Mia Breidenbach
Knowing the shape of these muscles will help determine what muscles are what and what their purpose is.[Why tag this]The different shapes of muscles provide different functions. Understanding the different muscle shapes and and the muscles they form helps to comprehend the functions that they perform.[Why tag thismuscles shapes[Why tag thisHow and where do parallel muscles get their stretching capabilities?[Why tag thisMaria Stephans
Alyssa Harmes
Sarah Faust
The literal translation of a word doesn't always provide great insight into its modern meaning. The history of language is full of twists and turns that are fascinating in their own right and say much about the history of human culture,
The literal translation of a word doesn't always provide great insight into its modern meaning. The history of language is full of twists and turns that are fascinating in their own right and say much about the history of human culture, but they can create confusion for students.
Though the literal translation of the Latin medical terminology might not appear too obvious, there is always enough of a connection between the literal and the connotative meaning to allow for an educated guess as the the true meaning, in the very least. [Why I tagged this]This popped out at me because anatomy is confusing and full of twists and turns with different sinerios just like the words. This is also like designing and experiment in this field because there are so many variations that you can do to try to almost get a different result. It was just funny to me that the words and the subject itself can be both confusing. [Why I tagged thisliteral notalways equal to modern[Why I tagged thisliterl translations dont always match the modern meaning of the word.[Why I tagged thisJustin Rosinski
Corianne
lindsay krueger
All the cells have the same function? or it varies depending on the location of the cell?[Why tag this text]Well technically the world began by spontaneous generation. Apparently two random atoms that came from who knows where collided and a massive explosion created the world and universe as we know it.[Why tag this textWhen someone becomes an organ donor, there is only so much time allowed in between till you can take and preserve the organs. Does the atoms and molecules die down and stop producing new cells which make it not a viable organ anymore. If so, are you not able to charge or insert new atoms and molecules to make it a viable organ[Why tag this textA thought came to my head, this is on of the smallest things discovered so far, what if there are smaller things that we havent just discovered yet? Meaning that there could be a smaller, and functional unit of life.[Why tag this textandrew baker
Becky Fleck
Recognition and protection
Recognition and protection.
I have never thought of proteins as importatnt until I read that it has more diverse functions then other macromolecules. I never imagined that portiens had such an impact on our bodies. [Why tag this text]The role of proteins in the body.[General-Do not useCody Andrews
Positive feedback causes a certain cyclical change continue in the direction of that change; so in the case of a negative change, it can rapidly ge out of control.[Why I tagged this]It is more likely to change homeostasis because it rapidly changes the internal state of the body, and the body may not be able to recover or reverse it fast enough.[Why I tagged thisIt disturbs homeostasis more than negative feed back because the body can't reverse or recover from the change in which positive feedback initiates.[Why I tagged thisIt pushes in the same direction as the response imposed on it so the positive feedback would have the same effect as the harm that is imposed on the human body[Why I tagged thisJourdan Richardson
Hauser Joseph Alan
Matthew Robert Schmidt
SINGULAR Plerrae > Pleura Gyri > Gyrus Ganglion > this is singular? Fissures > Fissuris?PLURAL Villus > Villi Tibia > Tibiae Encephalitis > Encephalitides? Cervix > Cervices Stoma > Stomata[Why I tagged this]pleura, gyrus, ganglion, and fissuris[Why I tagged thisQuestion 4: Singular formspleurae: pleuragyri: gyrusganglia: ganglionfissures: fissuris[Why I tagged thisPleura=PleraeGyri=GyrusGanglia=GanglaeFissures=FissurisVillus=VilliTibia=TibiaeEncephalitis=EncephalitesCervix=CervicesStoma=Stomae[Why I tagged thisMatthew Robert Schmidt
Sarah Ertl
Hauser Joseph Alan
n the middle compartment, the urogenital triangle is spanned by a thin triangular sheet called the urogenital diaphragm. This is composed of a fibrous membrane and two or three muscles: the deep transverse perineal muscle and the external urethral sphincter (fig. 10.20b), and in females only, a compressor urethrae muscle. The deep transverse perineal muscle, like its superficial counterpart mentioned earlier, is weakly developed and not tabulated; the two of them serve to anchor the perineal body on the median plane, and the perineal body, in turn, anchors other pelvic muscles. The anal triangle has one muscle at this level, the external anal sphincter.
I have taken anatomy classes in high school but i have never heard of or seen muscle compartment pictures. These seem very hard to understand[Why tag this]im having a hard time understanding what the purpose of this middle compartment is [Why tag thisthe urogenital triangle [Why tag thisI find this really interesting. I never realized that the urethra contained a sphincter, even though it seems really obvious that it would.[Why tag thisLauren Anthe
Alyssa Harmes
Kristin Basche
I wondered the same thing[Why I tagged this]Authoritarianism does not have to refer to a government. I believe this questions refers to the bans placed on dissection during the time of Galen (Saladin, 4) and the strong influence and control the Catholic church had in limiting the spread of scientific knowledge. In response to Alina Gur's comment: Authoritarianism is usually defined as governmental system in which there is a single ruler that oversees a population through dictatorship. Why is this word used in this context here?--[Why I tagged thisI am not exactly sure how to answer this question either. I understand that we emerged from superstition by dissecting humans and other organisms to document an publish anatomy. another example would be the creations of microscoped by Hooke, Leeuwenhoek, Zeiss that eventually led to Schwann's conclusion that all organisms and composed of cells (I don't know how to properly cite this- but figured it wasnt that big of a deal for the use of salon classroom, correct me if I am wrong though.)[Why I tagged thisRachel
Alina Gur
Ashley Wiedmeyer
This is the strongest tendon of the body but is nevertheless a common site of sports injuries resulting from sudden stress. The plantaris, a weak synergist of the triceps surae, is a relatively unimportant muscle and is absent from many people; it is not tabulated here. Surgeons often use the plantaris tendon for tendon grafts needed in other parts of the body.
How can it be the strongest muscle in the body and still be easily hurt? My mom injured her achilles and spent a long time doing a bunch of different exercises to build its strength back up.[Why Tag This]This paragraph is very interesting and very helpful on the lower leg[Why Tag ThisHow would you know if you had the plantaris or not?[Why Tag ThisWhat causes people to lack a plantaris tendon? If the plantaris tendon is often used by doctors for skin grafts and surgeries, what other tendon/muscle is used if the plantaris tendon is absent? [Why Tag ThisLauren Anthe
Bonnie Watson
Petra Stevanovic
When people have procedures to lengthen their bones how do they increse cartilage production along the epiphseal plates?[Why I tagged this]It's interesting to think of one's height having to do with the cartilage that first forms the bone, not just the bone growing on its own.[Why I tagged thisEpiphyseal plates are present at either one side or both sides of the long bone. It is the region of transitioning from being cartilage to becoming a bone. It is called the [Why I tagged thisbone elongation; stages, description, and function[Why I tagged thisRebecca Sherer
Linda Xiong
Alyssa Harmes
Membrane permeability. Diffusion through a membrane depends on how permeable it is to the particles. For example, potassium ions diffuse more rapidly than sodium ions through a plasma membrane. Nonpolar, hydrophobic, lipid-soluble substances such as oxygen, nitric oxide, alcohol, and steroids diffuse through the phospholipid regions of a plasma membrane. Water and small charged, hydrophilic solutes such as electrolytes do not mix with lipids but diffuse primarily through channel proteins in the membrane. Cells can adjust their permeability to such a substance by adding channel proteins to the membrane, by taking them away, or by opening and closing membrane gates.
This must be why the lungs have cilia. The surface area is increased, so more gas can diffuse into the cells.[Why tag this text]I found this interesting that the membrane of a cell can adjust their own permeability. This makes me wonder if there are ever any problems with a cell in which it becomes too permeable or not loses its permeability when it shouldn't.[Why tag this textThe membranes very important![Why tag this textIs diffusion and Osmosis pretty much the same thing? Diffussion just deals with particles of [Why tag this textMegan Page
Amanda
Heather Archibald
Yes. I think we have ionic bonds in order to dissolve water or liquids in our bodies.[Why tag this text]No, i think they would not be common in the human body because of the amount of water content present. The bonds would be easily broken.[General-Do not useI do believe it makes sense that they do occur often because every anion and cation strive to be complete by achieving the octet rule. In an ionic bond as described an element with a plus one charge combines with a minus one charge. Therefore they each need to either gain one or lose one in order to accomplish the octet rule.[Why tag this textNo because the most abondant atoms are all nonmetals, so it would be very unlikely.[Why tag this textErin Griph
Hauser Joseph Alan
Guendel Brandon James
The other type of membrane that is important to the functioning of the body. This definiton helps me compare and contrast the types of membranes to help me gain a better understanding and remembrance of the ideas/ concepts. [Why tag this text]the other internal membrane type which produces a watery fluid[Why tag this textQuestion 5: Mucous membrane lines passages that are exposed to the outside environment. The serous membrane lines the inside of body cavities.[Why tag this textExplains the serous membrane[Why tag this textMia Breidenbach
Sarah Ertl
TRAVIS
Electrons swarm about the nucleus in concentric regions called electron shells (energy levels). The more energy an electron has, the farther away from the nucleus its orbit lies. Each shell holds a limited number of electrons (fig. 2.1). The elements known to date have up to seven electron shells, but those ordinarily involved in human physiology do not exceed four.
Electrons swarm about the nucleus in concentric regions called electron shells (energy levels). The more energy an electron has, the farther away from the nucleus its orbit lies. Each shell holds a limited number of electrons (fig. 2.1). The elements known to date have up to seven electron shells, but those ordinarily involved in human physiology do not exceed four.Electrons of the outermost shell, called valence electrons, determine the chemical bonding properties of an atom. An atom tends to bond with other atoms that will fill its outer shell and produce a stable number of valence electrons. A hydrogen atom, with only one electron shell and one electron (fig. 2.2), tends to react with other atoms that provide another electron and fill this shell with a stable number of two electrons. All other atoms react in ways that produce eight electrons in the valence shell. This tendency is called the octet rule (rule of eights).
I like this imagery a lot. I am a visual learner, and being able to imagine electrons [Why tag this text]Which elements involved in human physiology have more than four electron shells? [Why tag this textQuestion: Is there a reason that each shell only holds a certain number of electrons?[Why tag this textElectrons have layers of energy that can only hold a certain ammount of electrons per layer. The outermost layer is the valence bond this bonds with atoms that will fit.[General-Do not usePetra Stevanovic
andrew baker
lenarch2
Muscles encircling the mouth serve not only for speech but also for food intake and retention of food while chewing. In the eyelid and pupil, they regulate the admission of light to the eye. Internal muscular rings control the movement of food, bile, blood, and other materials within the body. Muscles encircling the urethra and anus control the elimination of waste.
Some of these muscles are called sphincters, but not all; this is clarified later.
I think it is fascinating how muscles can have so many different functions besides just movement.[Why tag this]so basically our muscles control everything in our body[Why tag thisIt's weird to think that these are muscles because we don't usually think this while going to the bathroom. [Why tag thisAren't some sphincters, such as the cardiac sphincter in the digestive tract, involuntary?[Why tag thisLauren Anthe
Rebecca Hoefs
Kristin Basche
Developing strength in these muscles therefore reduces the risk of knee injury.
And yet, people who tend to work these muscles are more inclined to injure them. There's got to be a happy medium.[Why tag this]its crazy to think that as much tendons and ligaments that are located in the knee the main thing stabilizing it is the quadriceps tendon[Why tag thisWhat are the different ways you can increase the strength of these muscles? I've always had a lot of knee problems so this would be convenient to know.[Why tag thisLauren Anthe
Anna Christenbury
The Pelvic Diaphragm. The deepest compartment, the pelvic diaphragm, consists of two muscle pairs shown in figure 10.20c: the levator ani and coccygeus. The levator ani forms most of the pelvic floor. It is a composite of three muscles. The greatest part of it is a broad, triangular iliococcygeus. It arises from a tendinous arch that forms the medial margin of the fascia over the obturator internus muscle. Medial and anterior to this are a pair of narrow muscles, the pubococcygeus and puborectalis, which arise from the pubis and flank the urethra, the rectum, and (in females) the vagina. The left and right levator ani muscles converge on the fibrous anococcygeal body, which, in turn, inserts on the coccyx. Posterior to the levator ani is the coccygeus muscle, extending from the ischial spine to the coccyx and forming about one-quarter of the pelvic diaphragm.
consists of two muscle pairs which are the levator ani and coccygeus[Why tag this]skeletal structure is created by the pelvic girdle, however a lot of the support is done by multiple groups of layered muscles that seek to support the abdominal cavity.[Why tag thisWhat are the functions of the pelvic disphragm muscles?[Why tag thisthe pelvic diaphragm consists of two muscle pairs[Why tag thisThomas Hensler
Ashley McBain
Alyssa Harmes
I didn't know that there was an area called the nuclear lamina. when it says that abnormalities are associated with genetic diseases and cell death what genetic diseases is it referring to?[Why tag this text]Intermediate filaments are used for the nuclear envelope because they are thicker and stiffer than microfilaments. The cell is very choosy about everything- like Goldilocks and the three bears. The microfilaments are too small, the microtubules are too big.[Why tag this textis this the only thing that supports the nuclear envelope[Why tag this textIt is a truly serious genetic disorder because if the pores are not opertating properly than the mRNA cant leave the nucleous to be transcribed resulting in no new protiens. [Why tag this textAmanda Baxter
Lauren Anthe
Blake Marrari
This is important because it states that in order to keep the body running properly, it requires energy. [Why tag this text]I like how this paragraph breaks down the section into simpler terms and relates it to anatomy.[Why tag this textthe meaning of energy and work, clearly idea about it. [Why tag this textEvery form of work in the body, both on a micro and macro scale, requires energy in order to be carried out.[Why tag this textNicole Latzig
Adam Alshehab
Michael Acker
This is a thicker connective tissue sheath that wraps muscle fibers together in bundles called fascicles5 (FASS-ih-culs). Fascicles are visible to the naked eye as parallel strands?the ?grain? in a cut of meat; tender roast beef is easily pulled apart along its fascicles. The perimysium carries the larger nerves and blood vessels as well as stretch receptors called muscle spindles
I don't like to think about the meat that we eat rom animals, but it is just weird to me that we eat an animal's actual muscles. It is appalling that it is okay to eat an animal but not to eat a human. Maybe someday down the line (but hopefully not) it will be [Why tag this]perimysium - description and function[Why tag thisThis creates the fascicles that are visible in our muscle fiber.[Why tag thisso does that mean it kinda looks like branches? like seen in tissue fibers?[Why tag thisAlyssa Harmes
Brandon Brandemuehl
Lauren Anthe
They lighten the anterior portion of the skull and act as chambers that add resonance to the voice. The latter effect can be sensed in the way your voice changes when you have a cold and mucus obstructs the travel of sound into the sinuses and back.
Are the cavities actually something that evolved to help us communicate, or are they to lighten the skull and the fact that they add resonance to the voice just a happy coincidence?[Why tag this]the sinuses are partially responsible for how the voice sounds[Why tag thisSinuses tone your voice! The reason you talk funny when youre sick[General_Do Not UseIs this also why our voices sound different and louder to us, since our voices are resonating around our skull.[Why tag thisAnthony Wheeler
Kaylee Richards
Flees Robert John
Some glands, such as the axillary (armpit) sweat glands and mammary glands, are named apocrine38 glands from a former belief that the secretion was composed of blobs of apical cytoplasm that broke away from the cell surface.
Some glands, such as the axillary (armpit) sweat glands and mammary glands, are named apocrine38 glands from a former belief that the secretion was composed of blobs of apical cytoplasm that broke away from the cell surface. Closer study showed this to be untrue, but these glands are nevertheless different from typical merocrine glands in function and histological appearance, and the name apocrine has persisted.
Answering this question helped me distinguish between merocrine and holcrine glands. A holocrine gland would require a higher rate of mitosis in its parenchymal cells because as the cells secrete substances the cell itself is also degraded. A high rate of mitosis is neccessary to replenish cells within the gland.[Why tag this text]what happens when the sweat glands stop producing sweat?[Why tag this textSo what sweat glands in the arm pit are called apocrine glands yet, and not classified under merocrine?[Why tag this textApocrine Cells: Axillary/mammary glands. [Why tag this textJasmin James
Flees Robert John
Danielle Henckel
This reflexive correction of blood pressure (baroreflex) illustrates three common, although not universal, components of a feedback loop: a receptor, an integrating center, and an effector.
This reflexive correction of blood pressure (baroreflex) illustrates three common, although not universal, components of a feedback loop: a receptor, an integrating center, and an effector. The receptor is a structure that senses a change in the body, such as the stretch receptors that monitor blood pressure. The integrating (control) center, such as the cardiac center of the brain, is a mechanism that processes this information, relates it to other available information (for example, comparing what the blood pressure is with what it should be), and ?makes a decision? about what the appropriate response should be. The effector is the cell or organ that carries out the final corrective action. In the foregoing example, it is the heart. The response, such as the restoration of normal blood pressure, is then sensed by the receptor, and the feedback loop is complete.
there is three parts to a blood pressure.a receptor,an integrating center and an effector.[Why I tagged this]This is important because it shows us how homeostasis effects our blood pressure as well, by going through a loop of changes.[Why I tagged thisImportant to note. If it isn't universal would there be health problems accosiated with a lack of one of these components? [Why I tagged thisex. receptor, integrating center, and effector[Why I tagged thisLauren Thiel
Bonnie Watson
Corianne
Ions with opposite charges are attracted to each other and tend to follow each other through the body.
ons with opposite charges are attracted to each other and tend to follow each other through the body. Thus, when Na+ is excreted in the urine, Cl- tends to follow it. The attraction of cations and anions to each other is important in maintaining the excitability of muscle and nerve cells
opposite charged ions are attracted to eachother[Why tag this text]Remember this.[Why tag this textThis is an important characteristic of ions[Why tag this textPositive ions are attracted to each other and will follow each other.[General-Do not useDanielle Henckel
Alexandra Schmit
lenarch2
A hydrogen bond is a weak attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom in one molecule and a slightly negative oxygen or nitrogen atom in another.
A hydrogen bond is a weak attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom in one molecule and a slightly negative oxygen or nitrogen atom in another. Water molecules, for example, are weakly attracted to each other by hydrogen bonds (fig. 2.8). Hydrogen bonds also form between different regions of the same molecule, especially in very large molecules such as proteins and DNA. They cause such molecules to fold or coil into precise three-dimensional shapes. Hydrogen bonds are represented by dotted or broken lines between atoms: ?C=O···H?N?. Hydrogen bonds are relatively weak, but they are enormously important to physiology.
Hydrogen bonding is very weak. Consists of hydrogen bonding to either oxygen or nitrogen[Why tag this text]I thought hydrogen bonds were the strongest of the bonding forces. In chemistry we learned about london dispersion, dipole-dipole, and then hydrogen bonding being the strongest.[Why tag this textThe make up of hydrogen bonds and what a hydrogen bond is[Why tag this textQuestion 9: A polar bond is a weak atteraction between a slightly positively charged hydrogen atom and a slightly negatively charged oxygen or nitrogen atom. A hydrogen bond depends on the presence of polar covalent bonds because the polar covalent bond forms the uneven distribution of charges for the hydrogen bond to form.[Why tag this textFlees Robert John
Anthony Wheeler
Sarah Ertl
The thumb is different, however, because in embryonic development it rotates nearly 90° from the rest of the hand. If you hold your hand in a completely relaxed position, you will probably see that the plane that contains your thumb and index finger is about 90° to the plane that contains the index through little finger. Much of the terminology of thumb movement therefore differs from that of the other four fingers. Flexion of the thumb is bending the joints so the tip of the thumb is directed toward the palm, and extension is straightening the thumb. If you place the palm of your hand on a tabletop with all five digits parallel and touching, the thumb is extended. Keeping your hand there, if you move your thumb away from the index finger so they form a 90° angle (but both are on the plane of the tabletop), the thumb movement is called radial abduction (as in fig. 9.21c). Another movement, palmar abduction, moves the thumb away from the plane of the hand so it points anteriorly, as you would do if you were about to wrap your hand around a tool handle (fig. 9.21d). From either position?radial or palmar abduction?adduction of the thumb means to bring it back to zero position, touching the base of the index finger.
Is the ability to hyperextend the fingers commonly referred to as being [Why tag this]A thumb can do wonders.[Why tag thisCan you explain this a little bit more in depth? [Why tag thiswhy the thumb is different/unique compared to the other digits[Why tag thisPangJeb Vang
Lauren Anthe
Alyssa Harmes
Organs can be found in the level between organ system and tissue. While organelles, on the other hand, can be found between cell and molecule.[Why I tagged this]An organ system is composed of two or more organs that work together to perform a specific function. A tissuse is composed of many cells that perform a function for an organ or muscle. A cell is composed of many organelles that work together in order for the cell to function. And a molecule is composed of many cells that bond together to make up chemicals that are secreted and made through out our body. [Why I tagged thisOrgans; Organelles[Why I tagged thisThe level between the organ systems and the tissues in the hierarchy of human structure is an organ by itself. It takes two or more organs to become an organ system and organs are made up of tissue.The level between cell and molecule in the hierarchy of human structure is organelle and in most illustrations the macromolecule as well. [Why I tagged thisZawicki Sara Anne Marie
Jourdan Richardson
Hauser Joseph Alan
This is important because it tells us how injuries on the skin get healed, by replacing dead cells in a process known as regeneration. This is why are skin heals after we get cut or scraped, and our muscles heal after they have been pulled.[Why tag this text]regeneration is the replacement of dead or damaged cells by the same type of cell. When i took my lip ring out my tissue was replaced with scar tissue and to this day after 4 years i can still feel the scar tissue[Why tag this textRegeneration is amazing to me! I don't understand how the body knows what to do. I had a cut on my finger and by the next day it was already scabbing over because the damaged tissues were regenerating.[Why tag this textI thought this was very interesting because I never knew that the liver helped repair our tissue when we get a scar, and that scar tissue help hold organs together.[chanelJungas
Ashley McBain
chanel
They begin to fuse around age 16 and are fully fused by age 26.
Sacrum and coccyx: Anterior and posterior
The anterior surface of the sacrum is relatively smooth and concave and has four transverse lines that indicate where the five vertebrae have fused. This surface exhibits four pairs of large anterior sacral (pelvic) foramina, which allow for passage of nerves and arteries to the pelvic organs. The posterior surface is very rough. The spinous processes of the vertebrae fuse into a ridge called the median sacral crest. The transverse processes fuse into a less prominent lateral sacral crest on each side of the median crest. Again on the posterior side of the sacrum, there are four pairs of openings for spinal nerves, the posterior sacral foramina. The nerves that emerge here supply the gluteal region and lower limbs.
Why does it take so long for the sacral vertebrae to fuse?[Why tag this]why do they fuse? to become more sturdy?[Why tag thisOne week before my mother gave birth to me, she slipped on the stairs and rode all the way down on her bottom, severly brusing her sacrum. She said it was more painful dealing with the brused bone than having the contractions.[Why tag thisAnthony Wheeler
Sarah Cherkinian
Alyssa Harmes
Free radicals are chemical particles with an odd number of electrons. For example, oxygen normally exists as a stable molecule composed of two oxygen atoms, O2; but if an additional electron is added, it becomes a free radical called the superoxide anion, O2- .
Free radicals are chemical particles with an odd number of electrons. For example, oxygen normally exists as a stable molecule composed of two oxygen atoms, O2; but if an additional electron is added, it becomes a free radical called the superoxide anion, O2- . Free radicals are represented with a dot to symbolize the odd electron.
Free radicals are chemical particles with an odd number of electrons. For example, oxygen normally exists as a stable molecule composed of two oxygen atoms, O2; but if an additional electron is added, it becomes a free radical called the superoxide anion, O2- . Free radicals are represented with a dot to symbolize the odd electron.Free radicals are produced by some normal metabolic reactions of the body (such as the ATP-producing oxidation reactions in mitochondria, and a reaction that some white blood cells use to kill bacteria); by radiation (such as ultraviolet radiation and X-rays); and by chemicals (such as carbon tetrachloride, once widely used as a cleaning solvent, and nitrites, present as preservatives in some wine, meat, and other foods). They are short-lived and combine quickly with molecules such as fats, proteins, and DNA, converting them into free radicals and triggering chain reactions that destroy still more molecules. Among the damages caused by free radicals are some forms of cancer and myocardial infarction, the death of heart tissue. One theory of aging is that it results in part from lifelong cellular damage by free radicals.Page 48
What free radicals are[General-Do not use]I never really knew what antioxidants did. You see so many things that are antioxidants today, and I knew they cleaned out your system, but I wasn't sure how. Now I know they neutralize harmful free radicals from your body. Now I'm definitely going to look an antioxidants differently. They're way more important that I thought! [Why tag this textI am a little confused about this. When they say an odd number of electrons do the mean 1,3,5,7,9,et. electrons in a particle? Or does it have to do with the addition or subtraction of an electron to a [Why tag this textDefines and explains what free radical is and how it is produced.[General-Do not useSamantha
Kristofer Schroeckenthaler
Brandon Brandemuehl
The DermisBeneath the epidermis is a connective tissue layer, the dermis. It ranges from 0.2 mm thick in the eyelids to about 4 mm thick in the palms and soles. It is composed mainly of collagen, but also contains elastic and reticular fibers, fibroblasts, and the other cells typical of fibrous connective tissue (described in chapter 5). It is well supplied with blood vessels, cutaneous glands, and nerve endings. The hair follicles and nail roots are embedded in the dermis.
Beneath the epidermis is a connective tissue layer, the dermis. It ranges from 0.2 mm thick in the eyelids to about 4 mm thick in the palms and soles. It is composed mainly of collagen, but also contains elastic and reticular fibers, fibroblasts, and the other cells typical of fibrous connective tissue (described in chapter 5). It is well supplied with blood vessels, cutaneous glands, and nerve endings. The hair follicles and nail roots are embedded in the dermis. In the face, skeletal muscles attach to dermal collagen fibers and produce such expressions as a smile, a wrinkle of the forehead, or the lifting of an eyebrow.
Dermis:Connective tissue layer, made mainly of collagen but also with elastic and reticular fibers, fibroblasts and other cells, it has lots of blood vessels, glands and nerve endings. Hair follicles and nail roots are in the dermis and skeletal muscles attact to dermal collagen fibers. Dermal Papillae: Upward waves in boundary of epidermis and dermisTwo Zones of Dermis: Papillary and Reticular layersPapillary: Thin zone of aereolar tissues, allows for movement of immune cells and is rich in blood vesselsReticular Layer: Deeper and thicker, dense irregular connective tissue[Why tag this text]dermis - brief description[Why tag this texti feel like this just repeated itself from the beginning of this section[Why tag this textIt seems like the dermis is an important layer of the skin. The epidermis provides protection whereas the dermis contains all the structure, blood supply, nerves, and glands which are essential to the function of the skin. [Why tag this textAlyssa Harmes
Lauren Anthe
Kayla Cowan
Short-Term Energy As the phosphagen system is exhausted, the muscles shift to anaerobic fermentation to ?buy time? until cardiopulmonary function can catch up with the muscles' oxygen demand. During this period, the muscles obtain glucose from the blood and their own stored glycogen. You may recall from chapter 2 that in the absence of oxygen, the pathway of glycolysis can generate a net gain of 2 ATP for every glucose molecule consumed, as it converts glucose to lactic acid. The pathway from glycogen to lactic acid, called the glycogen?lactic acid system, produces enough ATP for 30 to 40 seconds of maximum activity. To play basketball or to run completely around a baseball diamond, for example, depends heavily on this energy-transfer system.
Will the total supply of ATP and CP increase after constant use, like in weight lifting?[Why I tagged this]As a swimmer who swims sprints, I rely on anaerobic fermentation for my races rather than aerobic respiration to swim at a fast pace. I also rely on the phasphagen system to provide the necessary ATP to dive off the blocks at the beginning of a race.[Why I tagged thisSo would this mean it is good to have a sugary snack before a basketball game? I used to eat brownies during half time with my old soccer team and we rocked it. We always did better, I wonder if this is why..[Why I tagged thisRiley Spitzig
Kelly Stahl
he eyes of primates moved to a more forward-facing position (fig. 1.6), which allowed for stereoscopic11 vision (depth perception). This adaptation provided better hand?eye coordination in catching and manipulating prey, with the added advantage of making it easier to judge distances accurately in leaping from tree to tree. Color vision, rare among mammals, is also a primate hallmark.
he eyes of primates moved to a more forward-facing position (fig. 1.6), which allowed for stereoscopic11 vision (depth perception). This adaptation provided better hand?eye coordination in catching and manipulating prey, with the added advantage of making it easier to judge distances accurately in leaping from tree to tree. Color vision, rare among mammals, is also a primate hallmark. Primates eat mainly fruit and leaves. The ability to distinguish subtle shades of orange and red enables them to distinguish ripe, sugary fruits from unripe ones. Distinguishing subtle shades of green helps them to differentiate between tender young leaves and tough, more toxic older foliage.
I learned about this in a Human Origins class a long time ago and had forgotten it until now. Interesting distinctions between our forward-facing eyes and those of say, a horse. [Why I tagged this]Changes in vision allowed our species to survive and populate the Earth.[Why I tagged thisinteresting ...[Why I tagged thisshowing that we are we very much a like to apes but that does not mean we came from them [Why I tagged thisAmanda Baxter
bayan
Gabriela
Osteoclasts change spongy bone into compact boone by forming a marrow cavity in the middle of the bone. [Why I tagged this]the importance of osteoblasts.[General_Do Not UseWhat minerals?[Why I tagged thiswhy is this?[Why I tagged thisBrandon Brandemuehl
Sami
Anthony Wheeler
Unfortunately, the skin can also be a route for absorption of poisons. These include toxins from poison ivy and other plants; metals such as mercury, arsenic, and lead; and solvents such as carbon tetrachloride (a cleaning solvent), acetone (nail polish remover), paint thinner, and pesticides. Some of these can cause brain damage, liver failure, or kidney failure, which is good reason for using protective gloves when handling such substances.
The skin is also able to absorb poisons. [Why tag this text]In addition to all of the positive functions , skin is also an entry way for poisons/toxins. [Why tag this textAll these cause inflamatory responses [Why tag this textDoes that mean that using nail polish remover is harmful? Or would that just apply if it was used excessively?[Why tag this textAnthony Wheeler
Jelena Ristic
Kristin Basche
when a cell dies from necrosis it swells, bleeds, and then ruptures.[Why tag this text]How do you know if a cell die, if they are regularly made?[Why tag this textDead cells can not be regeneration due to trauma, toxins, infection and bacteria.[Why tag this textThis is interestiong because it explains how you can identify when cells have died by necrosis. It gives a description of what it would look like.[Why tag this textMichea Jones
Sue Xiong
Leonard Wilkerson
To help remember the numbers of cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae?7, 12, and 5? you might think of a typical work day: go to work at 7, have lunch at 12, and go home at 5.
To help remember the numbers of cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae?7, 12, and 5? you might think of a typical work day: go to work at 7, have lunch at 12, and go home at 5. All mammals have 7 cervical vertebrae, even in the famously long necks of giraffes.
THis is a great way to remember this.[Why tag this]This is an interesting way to remember how many vertebrae there are in each column![Why tag thisi have to remember this. this is the perfect way to remember the numbers of the different vertebrae[Why tag thisFunny because actually just heard someone talking about the work day of 7, 12 and 5 to remember these like few weeks ago and now here it is. Also weird to think that a giraffe even with its long neck still has the same number of cervical vertebrae as the rest of us mammals.[Why tag thisErin Griph
Holland
Nicholas Bruno
How can they be differed as well as cahnged from one to another?[Why tag this]second class lever[Why tag thisIt's surprising to me how a simple movement of muscle is actually a lever through more than one action[Why tag thissecond-class lever and examples[Why tag thisKaela Tjugum
Chelsea Moore
Alyssa Harmes
ATP is a short-lived molecule, usually consumed within 60 seconds of its formation. The entire amount in the body would support life for less than 1 minute if it were not continually replenished. At a moderate rate of physical activity, a full day's supply of ATP would weigh twice as much as you do. Even if you never got out of bed, you would need about 45 kg (99 lb) of ATP to stay alive for a day. The reason cyanide is so lethal is that it halts ATP synthesis.
is there a reason why its short-lived ?[Why tag this text]Amazing the idea of how short lived ATP's are, how much is produced in a day and that fact that it is was keeps us alive.[Why tag this textIt is absolutely incredible that we are all fueled by something so much smaller than we are![Why tag this textI just finished reading a book in which cyanide was used a few times. A pretty fast-acting poison, and now it makes sense that it would work so quickly if we need 45kg of ATP to stay alive without moving, and if ATP is used up so rapidly. [Why tag this textNicholas Bruno
jennifer lassiter
Sophie
In the highlighted section it discusses how cells adhere to one another. What are the ways to break this adherance of cells and what are the possible impacts of breaking this bond? I would imagine that when cancer cells invade the bonds aren't broken, rather new malignant cells invade and host on the benign cells. [Why tag this text]sticky molecules[Why tag this textI had no idea the importance of the extracellular material and that it important to the overall survival of the cells and that they are attached to one another by cell adhesion molecules (CAMs)[Why tag this textI thought that junctions (tight, desmosome, and gap) were what linked cells together. What is the difference between junctions and CAMs?[Why tag this textJelena Ristic
Stephanie
Heather Archibald
Cartilage is produced by cells called chondroblasts17 (CON-dro-blasts), which secrete the matrix and surround themselves with it until they become trapped in little cavities called lacunae18 (la-CUE-nee). Once enclosed in lacunae, the cells are called chondrocytes (CON-dro-sites). Cartilage only rarely exhibits blood vessels, and even when it does, they are just passing through without giving off capillaries to nourish the tissue. Therefore, nutrition and waste removal depend on solute diffusion through the stiff matrix. Because this is a slow process, chondrocytes have low rates of metabolism and cell division, and injured cartilage heals slowly.
cartilage is made with chondroblasts. this secretes the matrix and traps themselves with it until they are stuck in cavities which are called lacunae.[Why tag this text]This is important material to know because we need to know what cartilage is produced by so we can further study it. Also another major importance is what lacunae are. These are little cavities that the chondroblasts are trapped in. [Why tag this textExplains what cartilage is produced of and where it can be found along with explaination of why it takes so long to repair.[General-Do not useare these cells visible under a mocroscope in the tissue? or are these the cells that produce the cartilage[Why tag this textSophia Wood
Brandon Brandemuehl
Paige Immel
prime mover (agonist) is the muscle that produces most of the force during a particular joint action. In flexing the elbow, for example, the prime mover is the brachialis.
A synergist12 (SIN-ur-jist) is a muscle that aids the prime mover. Two or more synergists acting on a joint can produce more power than a single larger muscle.
A synergist12 (SIN-ur-jist) is a muscle that aids the prime mover. Two or more synergists acting on a joint can produce more power than a single larger muscle. T
This is important, but there are also other muscles involved in minor movements.[Why tag this]brief description of prime mover[Why tag thisDoes this happen because synergists work together to allow the joint to move and have more power, rather than one single large muscle trying to accomplish the same thing? [Why tag thisi always assumed the prefix syn/ sym was a bad thing, like in symbiosis, like a parasite. i didn't realize it could mean cooperation or working together.[Why tag thisAlyssa Harmes
Samantha B Johnson
Anna Christenbury
Toxins that interfere with synaptic function can paralyze the muscles.
Another example of spastic paralysis is tetanus (lockjaw), caused by the toxin of a soil bacterium, Clostridium tetani. In the spinal cord, a neurotransmitter called glycine normally stops motor neurons from producing unwanted muscle contractions. The tetanus toxin blocks glycine release and thus causes overstimulation and spastic paralysis of the muscles. (At the cost of possible confusion, the word tetanus also refers to a completely different and normal muscle phenomenon discussed later in this chapter.)
Types of Paralysis:Sastic paralysis: LockjawFlaccid Paralysis: Muscles are limp and cannot contract.[Why I tagged this]How can some of these toxins enter the body? What factors influence how often the muscles become overstimulated? Does the amount of the toxin influence its frequency? [Why I tagged thisThis somewhat answers my previous annotation, however I would like to discuss this in more depth.[Why I tagged thisI had an uncle that passed away as a child due to tetanus according to my mother when they were children in Vietnam. They could not receive proper medical attention. I was curious as to what in tetnaus causes death, is it the spastic paralysis of the muscles?[Why I tagged thisEmily
Ashley Wiedmeyer
Danny Duong
As a rule, the ribs increase in length from 1 through 7 and become progressively smaller again through rib 12.
As a rule, the ribs increase in length from 1 through 7 and become progressively smaller again through rib 12. They are increasingly oblique (slanted) in orientation from 1 through 9, then less so from 10 through 12. They also differ in their individual structure and attachments at different levels of the thoracic cage, so we will examine them in order as we descend the chest, taking note of their universal characteristics as well as their individual variations.
We didn't learn about this yet...interesting.[Why tag this]What is the purpose of this?[Why tag thisInteresting to know that ribs increase in length form 1 through 7 and become smaller through rib 12. Rib are attached to posterior end of the vertebral column and most also attached at the end of the sternum. [Why tag thisI think it's important to remember that there are twelve pairs of ribs (true and the floating) and that they become progressively smaller because the ribs help us breathe by expanding. [Why tag thisEthan Kelly
Anisa Janko
Stephanie
A bursa13 is a fibrous sac filled with synovial fluid, located between adjacent muscles, where a tendon passes over a bone, or between bone and skin (see fig. 9.24). Bursae cushion muscles, help tendons slide more easily over the joints, and sometimes enhance the mechanical effect of a muscle by modifying the direction in which its tendon pulls.
A bursa13 is a fibrous sac filled with synovial fluid, located between adjacent muscles, where a tendon passes over a bone, or between bone and skin (see fig. 9.24). Bursae cushion muscles, help tendons slide more easily over the joints, and sometimes enhance the mechanical effect of a muscle by modifying the direction in which its tendon pulls. Tendon (synovial) sheaths are elongated cylindrical bursae wrapped around a tendon, seen especially in the hand and foot (fig. 9.6). They enable tendons to move back and forth more freely in such tight spaces as the wrist and ankle.
This is very interesting. Can you explain thiis some more? [Why tag this]Bursa are important in our bodies being able to complete many taks with much less friction and more efficiently.[Why tag thisMy mom has bursitis at the base of her thumb which became really painful for her. I think she ended up getting a shot of cortizone to try to ease the problem. I'm not sure if that helped, or if they ended up trying another solution. It really affected everything she did though, very debilitating.[Why tag thisWithout a bursa we would have alot of friction in out movements. This also goes for synovial fluid. By the diagram shown below it looks like the bursa is a protective layer for the bones, tendons, and joints.[Why tag thisMaria Stephans
Sophie
Elizabeth
Base Triplet of DNA Codon of mRNA Name of Amino Acid Abbreviation for Amino AcidCCT GGA Glycine Gly CCA GGU Glycine Gly CCC GGG Glycine GlyCTC GAG Glutamic acid GluCGC GCG Alanine Ala CGT GCA Alanine Ala TGG ACC Threonine Thr TGC ACG Threonine ThrGTA CAU Histidine His TAC AUG Methionine Met
This table seems confusing with more being pairs[Why tag this text]I highlighted this table because I found it interesting that these are some of the few combinations of Amino Acids that can be made. Above it says that the body can make millions of different proteins; and here there are just 10.[Why tag this textgives all of the gene pairs and codes[Why tag this textGene pairs and codes[Why tag this textTaylor Verhagen
kay
Jungas
M
M is the mitotic phase, in which a cell replicates its nucleus and then pinches in two to form two new daughter cells.
what happens in the G2 of interphase[Why tag this text]mitotic phase in which a cell replicates its nucleus and then pinches in two to form a new daughter cell[Why tag this textDuring the mitotic phase, a cell replicates its nucleus and then pinches in two to form 2 new daughter cells.[Why tag this textI have a question about mitosis. If there is a default in the genetics of the cell before mitosis, will the resulting daughter cells both have that default? Is it possible that one may have the default and the other not?[Why tag this textRachel Feivor
Stephanie
Allyson Tetzlaff
Bone Elongation To understand growth in length, we must return to the epiphyseal plates mentioned earlier (see fig. 7.9, step 5). From infancy through adolescence, an epiphyseal plate is present at one or both ends of a long bone, at the junction between the diaphysis and epiphysis. On X-rays, it appears as a translucent line across the end of a bone, since it is not yet ossified (fig. 7.11; compare the X-ray of an adult hand in fig. 8.34, p. 264). The epiphyseal plate is a region of transition from cartilage to bone, and functions as a growth zone where the bones elongate. Growth here is responsible for a person's increase in h
Bone Elongation To understand growth in length, we must return to the epiphyseal plates mentioned earlier (see fig. 7.9, step 5). From infancy through adolescence, an epiphyseal plate is present at one or both ends of a long bone, at the junction between the diaphysis and epiphysis. On X-rays, it appears as a translucent line across the end of a bone, since it is not yet ossified (fig. 7.11; compare the X-ray of an adult hand in fig. 8.34, p. 264). The epiphyseal plate is a region of transition from cartilage to bone, and functions as a growth zone where the bones elongate. Growth here is responsible for a person's increase in height.
the growth of a bone in length[Why I tagged this]I understand that growth occurs in the epiphyseal plate but how does it occur? Does it happen by a blood vessel being surrounded by the periosteum which then turns into an endosteum and makes new bone tissue?[Why I tagged thisHow is this relavent to a person like me who is 5'1 versus a person who is 6 ft? Besides heriditary growth.[Why I tagged thisIs this the biological reason behind parents saying their kids are experiencing [Why I tagged thisHannah Lucas
Mauly Her
Rebecca Brekke
Characteristics of LifeWhy do we consider a growing child to be alive, but not a growing crystal? Is abortion the taking of a human life? If so, what about a contraceptive foam that kills only sperm? As a patient is dying, at what point does it become ethical to disconnect life-support equipment and remove organs for donation? If these organs are alive, as they must be to serve someone else, then why isn't the donor considered alive? Such questions have no easy answers, but they demand a concept of what life is?a concept that may differ with one's biological, medical, legal, or religious perspective.From a biological viewpoint, life is not a single property. It is a collection of properties that help to distinguish living from nonliving things: Organization. Living things exhibit a far higher level of organization than the nonliving world around them. They expend a great deal of energy to maintain order, and a breakdown in this order is accompanied by disease and often death. Cellular composition. Living matter is always compartmentalized into one or more cells. Metabolism. Living things take in molecules from the environment and chemically change them into molecules that form their own structures, control their physiology, or provide them with energy. Metabolism15 is the sum of all this internal chemical change. It consists of two classes of reactions: anabolism,16 in which relatively complex molecules are synthesized from simpler ones (for example, protein synthesis), and catabolism,17 in which relatively complex molecules are broken down into simpler ones (for example, protein digestion). Metabolism inevitably produces chemical wastes, some of which are toxic if they accumulate. Metabolism therefore requires excretion, the separation of wastes from the tissues and their elimination from the body. There is a constant turnover of molecules in the body; few of the molecules now in your body have been there for more than a year. It is food for thought that although you sense a continuity of personality and experience from your childhood to the present, nearly all of your body has been replaced within the past year. Page 16 Responsiveness and movement. The ability of organisms to sense and react to stimuli (changes in their environment) is called responsiveness, irritability, or excitability. It occurs at all levels from the single cell to the entire body, and it characterizes all living things from bacteria to you. Responsiveness is especially obvious in animals because of nerve and muscle cells that exhibit high sensitivity to environmental stimuli, rapid transmission of information, and quick reactions. Most living organisms are capable of self-propelled movement from place to place, and all organisms and cells are at least capable of moving substances internally, such as moving food along the digestive tract or moving molecules and organelles from place to place within a cell. Homeostasis. Although the environment around an organism changes, the organism maintains relatively stable internal conditions. This ability to maintain internal stability, called homeostasis, is explored in more depth shortly. Development. Development is any change in form or function over the lifetime of the organism. In most organisms, it involves two major processes: (1) differentiation, the transformation of cells with no specialized function into cells that are committed to a particular task; and (2) growth, an increase in size. Some nonliving things grow, but not in the way your body does. If you let a saturated sugar solution evaporate, crystals will grow from it, but not through a change in the composition of the sugar. They merely add more sugar molecules from the solution to the crystal surface. The growth of the body, by contrast, occurs through chemical change (metabolism); for the most part, your body is not composed of the molecules you ate but of molecules made by chemically altering your food. Reproduction. All living organisms can produce copies of themselves, thus passing their genes on to new, younger containers?their offspring. Evolution. All living species exhibit genetic change from generation to generation and therefore evolve. This occurs because mutations (changes in DNA structure) are inevitable and because environmental selection pressures endow some individuals with greater reproductive success than others. Unlike the other characteristics of life, evolution is a characteristic seen only in the population as a whole. No single individual evolves over the course of its life.
To distinguish living from nonliving there are a set of charateristics that can help, organization, cellular composition, metabolism, responsiveness and movement, homeostasis, development, reproduction and evolution all make up living organisms[Why I tagged this]Characteristics of living things:1) Organization- maintaining order2) Cellular composition- composed of cells3) Metabolism- internal chemical change (anabolism, catabolism, excretion)4) Responsiveness and movement- irritability/excitability5) Homeostasis- maintaining stable internal conditions6) Development- differentiation and growth7) Reproduction8) Evolution- genetic change from generation to generation(Saladin, p.15)[Why I tagged thisCharacteristics of Life: organization, cellular comp, metabolism, responsiveness, movement, developement, reproduction, evolution[Why I tagged thisCharacteristics of life[Why I tagged thisChristina Colarossi
Amie Emrys
Kaitlyn Britten
remember when looking at slides in lab! helpful info to distinguish between the tissues[Why tag this text]How to tell areolar tissue and dense irregular tissue appart.[Why tag this textHelpful for lab and visualizing differences between tissue.[Why tag this textRemember this for lab[Why tag this textElizabeth
Rebecca Brekke
Danielle Henckel
The most common form of dwarfism results from a failure of cartilage growth in the long bones
In the late teens to early twenties, all the cartilage of the epiphyseal plate is depleted.
Bone elongation is due to cartilage growth [via chondrocyte multiplication and hypertrophy][Why I tagged this]Have we discovered any treatments for this yet? It almost seems like something that we should be able to cure or help, considering our understanding of bone developement.[Why I tagged thisWhat happens? [Why I tagged thisDoes depletion of this cartilage cause any complications in adults, such as less ease in mobility or inflammation? I wonder what tells the brain to activate certain hormones (such as those that stimulate bone growth in epiphyseal plates) in different quantities at different ages.[Why I tagged thisAmie Emrys
MacKenzie
Caitlin
Is this what doctors look at when they are diagnosing a disease like Parkinsons?[Why tag this]How do these muscles know which tendons to attach too?[Why tag thisso where the nerve is located that is refered to the identity of the muscle also?[Why tag thisspinal and cranial nerves - innervations[Why tag thisMichea Jones
Lauren Anthe
Alyssa Harmes
The pelvis has a bowl-like shape with the broad greater
The pelvis has a bowl-like shape with the broad greater (false) pelvis between the flare of the hips, and the narrower lesser (true) pelvis below. The two are separated by a round margin called the pelvic brim. The opening circumscribed by the brim is called the pelvic inlet?an entry into the lesser pelvis through which an infant's head passes during birth. The lower margin of the lesser pelvis is called the pelvic outlet.
The pelvis has a bowl-like shape with the broad greater (false) pelvis between the flare of the hips, and the narrower lesser (true) pelvis below. The two are separated by a round margin called the pelvic brim. The opening circumscribed by the brim is called the pelvic inlet?an entry into the lesser pelvis through which an infant's head passes during birth. The lower margin of the lesser pelvis is called the pelvic outlet.The hip bones have three distinctive features that will serve as landmarks for further description. These are the iliac63 crest (superior crest of the hip); acetabulum64 (ASS-eh-TAB-you-lum) (the hip socket?named for its resemblance to vinegar cups used on ancient Roman dining tables); and obturator65 foramen (a large round-to-triangular hole below the acetabulum, closed by a ligament called the obturator membrane in life).The adult hip bone forms by the fusion of three childhood bones called the ilium (ILL-ee-um), ischium (ISS-kee-um), and pubis (PEW-biss), identified by color in figure 8.36. The largest of these is the ilium, which extends from the iliac crest to the center of the acetabulum. The iliac crest extends from an anterior point or angle called the anterior superior spine to a sharp posterior angle called the posterior superior spine. In a lean person, the anterior superior spines form visible anterior protrusions at a point where the front pockets usually open on a pair of pants, and the posterior superior spines are sometimes marked by dimples above the buttocks where connective tissue attached to the spines pulls inward on the skin (see fig. B.15, p. 393).
its is interesting that the pubic symphysis is strong enough to hold the pelvis together but is flexible enough to allow for child birth[Why tag this]Women have wider hips for birthing children. My mom has narrow hips and her tailbone snapped when she had my brother.[Why tag thisWhat would happen if there was no space in the inlet or brim area? [Why tag thisthe pelvis - the hip bones[Why tag thisSarah Kallas
lenarch2
Alyssa Harmes
The Three Classes of Levers.Left: The lever classes defined by the relative positions of the resistance (load), fulcrum, and effort. Center: Mechanical examples. Right: Anatomical examples. (a) Muscles of the back of the neck pull down on the occipital bone to oppose the tendency of the head to drop forward. The fulcrum is the occipital condyles. (b) The quadriceps muscle of the anterior thigh elevates the knee. The fulcrum is the hip joint. (c) In flexing the elbow, the biceps brachii muscle exerts an effort on the radius. Resistance is provided by the weight of the forearm or anything held in the hand. The fulcrum is the elbow joint. A first-class lever is one with the fulcrum in the middle (EFR), such as a seesaw. An anatomical example is the atlanto?occipital joint of the neck, where the muscles of the back of the neck pull down on the occipital bone of the skull and oppose the tendency of the head to tip forward. Loss of muscle tone here can be embarrassing if you nod off in class. Rocking of the foot on the tibia as the toes are raised and lowered also exemplifies a first-class lever. (It is often misinterpreted as a second-class lever because of a superficial resemblance between standing on tiptoes and the wheelbarrow example that follows.) A second-class lever has the resistance in the middle (FRE). Lifting the handles of a wheelbarrow, for example, causes it to pivot on the axle of the wheel at the opposite end and lift a load in the middle. If you sit in a chair and raise one knee, the femur pivots on the hip joint (the fulcrum), the quadriceps femoris muscle of the anterior thigh elevates the tibia like the wheelbarrow handles, and the resistance is the weight of the thigh or, perhaps, a child bounced on one's knee. In a third-class lever, the effort is applied between the fulcrum and resistance (REF). For example, in paddling a canoe, the relatively stationary grip at the upper end of the paddle is the fulcrum, the effort is applied to the middle of the shaft, and the resistance is produced by the water against the blade. Most musculoskeletal levers are third class. The forearm acts as a third-class lever when you flex your elbow. The fulcrum is the joint between the ulna and humerus, the effort is applied partly by the biceps brachii muscle, and the resistance can be any weight in the hand or the weight of the forearm itself.
Diffrent kind of levers and their functions make it understanable as to why we need it for our joints.[Why tag this]This is a good way to look at it. I like the illistrations. It helps get a better view.[Why tag thisCould an action be in more then one class?[Why tag thisuseful for studying.[Why tag thisMelissa
Brandon Brandemuehl
lenarch2
Knowing how cells work together in the repairing process shows how connected cells are and that's what I mostly like about human's body. Also it shows the important function of cells and blood.[General]If a cut scars, the skin will never react the same way that it used to?[Why tag this text wouldnt a scar be seen as regeneration also? i just burnt myself and have a scar but isn't it healed by skin cells again?[Why tag this textIf scar tissue does not restore the normal functionality of tissue, how does the regeneration process take place in order to maximize functionality?[Why tag this textCassi Malko
jess Tegelman
Ian Borba
?Steepness? of the concentration gradient. The steepness of a gradient refers to the concentration difference between two points. Particles diffuse more rapidly if there is a greater concentration difference.
Membrane surface area
the steepness of gradient refers to the concentration difference between two points[Why tag this text]Similar to osmosis, filtration is done at a more rapid pace when the concentration gradient is higher or in the case of osmosis more concentration of water molecules. [Why tag this textThe higher up a particle is on the 'hill' the faster they diffuse. So we can think about it like the farther away paper is from fire, the less likely it is to burn up (lower particle on a hill will diffuse less quickly), and the closer to a fire a paper is the more likely it is to burn up.[Why tag this textsurface of cells specialized for absorption is often extensively folded into microvilli[General-Do not useNoelle
Lindsay Orgas
Skeletal muscle is described as striated and voluntary.
Skeletal muscle is described as striated and voluntary. The first term refers to alternating light and dark bands, or striations (stry-AY-shuns), created by the overlapping pattern of cytoplasmic protein filaments that cause muscle contraction. The second term, voluntary, refers to the fact that we usually have conscious control over skeletal muscle.
When identifying skeletal muscle, I look for the straitions and the dark bands that keep the tissue connected.[Why tag this text]i tagged this because it is important to know that skeletal muscle is straited and voluntary. for the most part we have control over our skeletal muscles, which probably differs from cardiac muscle which is probably involuntary[Why tag this textI previously learned the three types of muscular tissue, but never went in depth about them. The one i found most interesting to read about is skeletal muscle. I never knew we had control ober it and that the striations meant alternating light and dark bands. Reading this portion interested me very much[Why tag this textI would like to add more examples about voluntary and involuntary muscles because people move and use their muscles thousand times without noticing. Voluntary muscles are the ones that we know that we're using them and we move them purposly. Like, typing and jumping. On the other hand, involuntary muscles work without noticing like the heart muscles , it just happens[Why tag this textCassandra Shultz
kailey Cortez
lujain
Albinism
Pallor = pale color ... due to little blood flow through the skin[Why tag this text]looking pale when sick[Why tag this textdidnt know that blood flow had to do with the color of our skin[Why tag this textalbino people. Why do people say they have red eyes?[Why tag this textJelena Ristic
Brittany Nycz
From infancy through adolescence, an epiphyseal plate is present at one or both ends of a long bone, at the junction between the diaphysis and epiphysis.
From infancy through adolescence, an epiphyseal plate is present at one or both ends of a long bone, at the junction between the diaphysis and epiphysis. On X-rays, it appears as a translucent line across the end of a bone, since it is not yet ossified (fig. 7.11; compare the X-ray of an adult hand in fig. 8.34, p. 264). The epiphyseal plate is a region of transition from cartilage to bone, and functions as a growth zone where the bones elongate. Growth here is responsible for a person's increase in height.
When I was younger and would have to get an X-ray for something, I was always so excited to see my epiphyseal plates. I always wanted to keep being taller so when the doctor told me that I still have a lot of space in between my bones i would always get very excited.[Why I tagged this]This is important to know because it is how the bones grow or known as bone elongation. This usually happens from infancy through adolesnence, where an epiphyseal is presented at one end or both ends of the long bone. This is the how a person grows. [Why I tagged thisUnderstand bone elongation.A person's increase in height is determined by the epiphyseal plate region where there is a transition from cartilage to bone in which the bones elongate. [Why I tagged thisThis is so interesting to me! i never knew that we had a epipyseal plate present from birth to adoloscence. i am really entrigued by the fact that in x-rays it is transparent because I want to be a radiology technician. [Why I tagged thisSophia Wood
Noelle
kailey Cortez
Percentages Percentage concentrations are also simple to compute, but it is necessary to specify whether the percentage refers to the weight or to the volume of solute in a given volume of solution.
Percentages Percentage concentrations are also simple to compute, but it is necessary to specify whether the percentage refers to the weight or to the volume of solute in a given volume of solution. For example, if we begin with 5 g of dextrose (an isomer of glucose) and add enough water to make 100 mL of solution, the resulting concentration will be 5% weight per volume (w/v).
This is very confusing and I do not understand how they are converting them. For the example, they started with the 200mg/dL but end with the same expect thing in milligrams. Very lost.[Why tag this text]Are percentages only compatiable with weight and volume?[Why tag this textSolutions concentrated...-Weight per volume is a simple way to express it-Percentages-Molarity[Why tag this textWater and protein are the most common colloids in the body. I found the pH scale really interesting becuase i didnt know milk and bananas would be more acidic than bleach and ammonia.[Why tag this textKenyetta
Alexandra Schmit
Anisa Janko
Arthroplasty presents ongoing challenges for biomedical engineering. An effective prosthesis must be strong, nontoxic, and corrosion-resistant. In addition, it must bond firmly to the patient's bones and enable a normal range of motion with a minimum of friction. The heads of long bones are usually replaced with prostheses made of a metal alloy such as cobalt?chrome, titanium alloy, or stainless steel. Joint sockets are made of polyethylene (fig. 9.33). Prostheses are bonded to the patient's bone with screws or bone cement.
does it fully relieve pain?[Why tag this]Learning about prothesis for english paper. good source[Why tag thiswhy anthroplasty is a last resort treatment[Why tag thisan effective prosthesis[Why tag thisRebecca Teplitz
Alyssa Harmes
Brittany Nycz
Electrons of the outermost shell, called valence electrons, determine the chemical bonding properties of an atom.
Electrons of the outermost shell, called valence electrons, determine the chemical bonding properties of an atom. An atom tends to bond with other atoms that will fill its outer shell and produce a stable number of valence electrons.
Electrons of the outermost shell, called valence electrons, determine the chemical bonding properties of an atom. An atom tends to bond with other atoms that will fill its outer shell and produce a stable number of valence electrons. A hydrogen atom, with only one electron shell and one electron (fig. 2.2), tends to react with other atoms that provide another electron and fill this shell with a stable number of two electrons. All other atoms react in ways that produce eight electrons in the valence shell. This tendency is called the octet rule (rule of eights).
where electrons move around[Why tag this text]These transform cells into puzzle pieces that connect to complete a picture which becomes a functioning part of our body.[Why tag this textI find it amazing that we are able to count how many electrons are around an atom. Since they are on the outside of the atom, they move at a very quick speed. Also, they are very small. I compare them to bugs buzzing around a light in the summer. There are so many it seems impossible to count. [Why tag this textThis explains how valence electrons are used to choose bonding.[General-Do not useAndrea
Brett Sullivan
Brandon Brandemuehl
Calcium channel blockers are a class of drugs that show the therapeutic relevance of understanding gated membrane channels. The walls of the arteries contain smooth muscle that contracts or relaxes to change their diameter. These changes modify the blood flow and strongly influence blood pressure. Blood pressure rises when the arteries constrict and falls when they relax and dilate. Excessive, widespread vasoconstriction can cause hypertension (high blood pressure), and vasoconstriction in the coronary blood vessels of the heart can cause pain (angina) due to inadequate blood flow to the cardiac muscle. In order to contract, a smooth muscle cell must open calcium channels in its plasma membrane and allow calcium to enter from the extracellular fluid. Calcium channel blockers prevent these channels from opening, thereby relaxing the arteries, relieving angina, and lowering blood pressure.
It is interesting how something so small and hairlike could serve such a big purposes. I also did not know that we had cilia in the retina of our eye. [Why tag this text]This is interesting to me because my father has high blood pressure and has to take medication for this. Learning about this makes me wonder if this is what is used in the medications for people with high blood pressure[Why tag this textIs there a link between low calcium levels and heart problems?[Why tag this textAmazing to think what is actually going on in the body, and why calcium channel blockers relieve angina and lower blood pressure. Does this by stopping the calcium channles from opening which relaxes the arteries.[Why tag this textDanny Duong
Gonzalo Prado Vazquez
Nicholas Bruno
In holocrine37 glands, cells accumulate a product and then the entire cell disintegrates, so the secretion is a mixture of cell fragments and the substance the cell had synthesized prior to its disintegration (fig. 5.32b). Only a few glands use this mode of secretion, such as the oil-producing glands of the scalp and certain glands of the eyelid. Holocrine secretions tend to be thicker than merocrine secretions.
In holocrine37 glands, cells accumulate a product and then the entire cell disintegrates, so the secretion is a mixture of cell fragments and the substance the cell had synthesized prior to its disintegration (fig. 5.32b). Only a few glands use this mode of secretion, such as the oil-producing glands of the scalp and certain glands of the eyelid. Holocrine secretions tend to be thicker than merocrine secretions.
I just wanted to correct this text. The error is in salon as well as the text book. It says CHAPTER 3. It should say CHAPTER 5. - I tried to further understand exocytosis and look it up in the book but came to find that it was not in ch. 3 but in ch. 5 [ERROR]This is just explains the other mode of secretion[General-Do not useI wonder if some people produce significantly--not just a little--more holocrine secretions than others in areas like the scalp? I'm assuming this is an area of interest to those medical doctors in specialties like dermatology.[Why tag this textIs this why your face can become oily sometimes?[Why tag this textSamantha B Johnson
Justin Morgan
Kenyetta
There are several ways to examine the structure of the human body. The simplest is inspection
There are several ways to examine the structure of the human body. The simplest is inspection?simply looking at the body's appearance, as in performing a physical examination or making a clinical diagnosis from surface appearance. Physical examinations also involve touching and listening to the body. Palpation1 means feeling a structure with the hands, such as palpating a swollen lymph node or taking a pulse. Auscultation2 (AWS-cul-TAY-shun) is listening to the natural sounds made by the body, such as heart and lung sounds. In percussion, the examiner taps on the body, feels for abnormal resistance, and listens to the emitted sound for signs of abnormalities such as pockets of fluid or air.
There are several ways to examine the structure of the human body. The simplest is inspection?simply looking at the body's appearance, as in performing a physical examination or making a clinical diagnosis from surface appearance. Physical examinations also involve touching and listening to the body. Palpation1 means feeling a structure with the hands, such as palpating a swollen lymph node or taking a pulse. Auscultation2 (AWS-cul-TAY-shun) is listening to the natural sounds made by the body, such as heart and lung sounds. In percussion, the examiner taps on the body, feels for abnormal resistance, and listens to the emitted sound for signs of abnormalities such as pockets of fluid or air.But a deeper understanding of the body depends on dissection (dis-SEC-shun)?the careful cutting and separation of tissues to reveal their relationships. The very words anatomy3 and dissection4 both mean ?cutting apart?; until the nineteenth century, dissection was called ?anatomizing.? In many schools of health science, one of the first steps in the training of students is dissection of the cadaver,5 a dead human body (fig. 1.1). Many insights into human structure are obtained from comparative anatomy?the study of more than one species in order to examine structural similarities and differences and analyze evolutionary trends. Anatomy students often begin by dissecting other animals with which we share a common ancestry and many structural similarities. Many of the reasons for human structure become apparent only when we look at the structure of other animals.
Anatomy: inspection, palpation, auscultation, percussion & dissection to examine & learn[Why I tagged this]Two ways to examine the structure of hiuman body & an example of both[Why I tagged thisGives us an understanding of different ways to diagnose when looking at a body. [Why I tagged thisThis describes the ways that one can study the anatomy of a living thing (or an unliving thing that was once alive...)[Why I tagged thisCaitlin
Justin Rosinski
Dakota Francart
A few people of both sexes, however, develop additional nipples or mammae along the milk line inferior to the primary mammae.
This is very interesting? Can you explain this a little more? [Why tag this]one interesting thing about the devlopment of an additional nipple is how common it is: 1 in 18 males and 1 in 50 women have this and they usually grow on the [Why tag thisI thought this was interesting because I knew it was possible, but I thought it was rare, but recently found out it was less rare than I thought. I also thought it was interesting becasue they used it to find the sources of witches early on, but in The Man with the Golden Gun Scaramanga is a powerful man, despite that fact that he would've been killed had he been born in a different time period. [Why tag thisHow is this capable[Why tag thisHayley Smith
Guendel Brandon James
Tayelor Neiss
The best anatomical insight depends on an ability to deduce the three-dimensional structure of an organ from these two-dimensional sections
The best anatomical insight depends on an ability to deduce the three-dimensional structure of an organ from these two-dimensional sections (fig. 5.1).
The best anatomical insight depends on an ability to deduce the three-dimensional structure of an organ from these two-dimensional sections (fig. 5.1). This ability, in turn, depends on an awareness of how tissues are prepared for study.
Tells us what we should be learning and practicing for our lab works and case studies[Why tag this text]When looking at tissues in high school I did not always understand how the image matched up with what it was. I now understand that when looking at them through a microscope I am going to have to imagine what section of the tissue it could be from and know that it will sometimes not have a nucleus, etc depending on which part is used. [Why tag this textHow does someone that is viewing these slides determine what it looks like from a two dimensional figure? Are mistakes easily made when viewing these?[Why tag this textI think that this is interesting because in order to have the best understanding of the human body as a whole you have to be able to grasp concepts down at the cellular level.[Why tag this textMegan Page
Joseph Skarlupka
Ashley Parker
Osteoporosis is surprisingly common among young female runners, dancers, and gymnasts. Their percentage of body fat is often so low that they stop ovulating and ovarian estrogen secretion is low. In early long-term space flights, astronauts developed osteoporosis because in a microgravity environment, their bones were subjected to too little of the stress that normally would stimulate bone deposition. This and the prevention of muscle atrophy are reasons that exercise equipment is now standard on space shuttles and stations.
how if they have a good diet? i feel the sentence before this contradicts this idea[Why I tagged this]I'm a dancer who probably suffers from hypochondria. I swear i have lordosis, but i could just hate my body. Is lordosis common for people with osteoporosis? Does everyone with osteoporosis KNOW that they have it?[Why I tagged thisThis information seems to contradict itself, or perhaps I need to understand it better. So this excerpt states that young female runners and gymnasts have a high occurrance of osteoporosis due to low estrogen, whereas astronauts developed the same condition due to lack of stress on bones that stimulates bone deposition. If gymnasts and female athletes have lots of stress on the bones of their bodies, why does this not offset the effects of the low estrogen in comparison to other women of normal weight and stature?[Why I tagged thisObviously hormones are important in not developing osteoporosis but isn't exercise also very important? How are runners, gymnasts, and dancers supposed to find a balance? [Why I tagged thisAnna Christenbury
David Orr
Bonnie Watson
I agree with you, I also took medical terminology and found it much easier learning it was root words, previxes, and suffexes. [Comment]I have had medical terminology classes in high school so I know that the terms are in Greek and Latin and I actually enjoy that because it is much easier learning the root word and some prefixes because it will be used in a bunch of context words. [Comment The beginnings of the ideologies for western medicine were formed in Greek and then later picked up by the Romans. Therefore it is somewhat natural to use their languages as a base for medical terms.[Why I tagged thisI would imagine this is due to the fact that language barriers are difficult enough to handle in every day life, let alone in situations where individual lives may depend on the accuracy of communication amongst healthcare providers. [Why I tagged thisGrace
Thomas Hensler
Alina Gur
Special Movements of the Hand and Digits The hand moves anteriorly and posteriorly by flexion and extension of the wrist. It can also move in the frontal plane. Ulnar flexion tilts the hand toward the little finger, and radial flexion tilts it toward the thumb (fig. 9.21a, b). We often use such motions when waving hello to someone with a side-to-side wave of the hand, or when washing windows, polishing furniture, or keyboarding. FIGURE 9.21Movements of the Hand and Digits.(a) Radial flexion of the wrist. (b) Ulnar flexion of the wrist. (c) Abduction of the fingers. The thumb position in this figure is called radial abduction. Parts (a) and (b) show adduction of the fingers. (d) Palmar abduction of the thumb. (e) Opposition of the thumb; reposition is shown in parts (a) and (b).Movements of the digits are more varied, especially those of the thumb. Flexion of the fingers is curling them; extension is straightening them. Most people cannot hyperextend their fingers. Spreading the fingers apart is abduction (fig. 9.21c), and bringing them together again so they touch along their surfaces is adduction (as in fig. 9.21a, b).The thumb is different, however, because in embryonic development it rotates nearly 90° from the rest of the hand. If you hold your hand in a completely relaxed position, you will probably see that the plane that contains your thumb and index finger is about 90° to the plane that contains the index through little finger. Much of the terminology of thumb movement therefore differs from that of the other four fingers. Flexion of the thumb is bending the joints so the tip of the thumb is directed toward the palm, and extension is straightening the thumb. If you place the palm of your hand on a tabletop with all five digits parallel and touching, the thumb is extended. Keeping your hand there, if you move your thumb away from the index finger so they form a 90° angle (but both are on the plane of the tabletop), the thumb movement is called radial abduction (as in fig. 9.21c). Another movement, palmar abduction, moves the thumb away from the plane of the hand so it points anteriorly, as you would do if you were about to wrap your hand around a tool handle (fig. 9.21d). From either position?radial or palmar abduction?adduction of the thumb means to bring it back to zero position, touching the base of the index finger.Two terms are unique to the thumb: Opposition22 means to move the thumb to touch the tip of any of the other four fingers (fig. 9.21e). Reposition23 is the return to zero position.Special Movements of the FootSpecial Movements of the Foot A few additional movement terms are unique to the foot. Dorsiflexion is a movement in which the toes are elevated, as one might do in applying toenail polish (fig. 9.22a). In each step you take, the foot dorsiflexes as it comes forward. This prevents you from scraping your toes on the ground and results in the characteristic heel strike of human locomotion when the foot touches down in front of you. Plantar flexion is movement of the foot so the toes point downward, as in pressing the gas pedal of a car or standing on tiptoes. This motion also produces the toe-off in each step you take, as the heel of the foot behind you lifts off the ground. Plantar flexion can be a very powerful motion, epitomized by high jumpers and the jump shots of basketball players. FIGURE 9.22Movements of the Foot.Inversion24 is a foot movement that tips the soles medially, somewhat facing each other, and eversion25 is a movement that tips the soles laterally, away from each other (fig. 9.22b, c). These movements are common in fast sports such as tennis and football, and sometimes cause ankle sprains. These terms also refer to congenital deformities of the feet, which are often corrected by orthopedic shoes or braces.Pronation and supination, referring mainly to forearm movements, also apply to the feet but refer here to a more complex combination of movements. Pronation of the foot is a combination of dorsiflexion, eversion, and abduction?that is, the toes are elevated and turned away from the other foot and the sole is tilted away from the other foot. Supination of the foot is a combination of plantar flexion, inversion, and adduction?the toes are lowered and turned toward the other foot and the sole is tilted toward it. These may seem a little difficult to visualize and perform, but they are common motions in walking, running, ballet, and crossing uneven surfaces such as stepping stones.You can perhaps understand why these terms apply to the feet if you place the palms of your hands on a table and pretend they are your soles. Tilt your hands so the inner edge (thumb side) of each is raised from the table. This is like raising the medial edge of your foot from the ground, and as you can see, it involves a slight supination of your forearms. Resting your hands palms down on a table, your forearms are already pronated; but if you raise the outer edges of your hands (the little finger side), like pronating the feet, you will see that it involves a continuation of the pronation movement of the forearm.
Special Movements of the Hand and Digits:See figure 9.21[Why tag this]I tagged this, because I remember learning these types of movements in great depth last year in my athletic training class and just thought it was neat that I am able to recall all this information.[Why tag thisspecial movements of the hand and digits[Why tag thisSo there is a lot of things that go into a wave? [Why tag thisJuliana Gottwein
Alyssa Harmes
Lauren Anthe
ramus
The pubis (pubic bone) is the most anterior portion of the hip bone. In anatomical position, it is nearly horizontal and serves as a platform for the urinary bladder.
This part of my body gets sore easily. but especially in old people, I guess those bones just wear out over time. (Like stated eariler in the chapter with brittle bones and how bones separate and gradually fuse.[Why tag this]Harold Ramis played Dr. Egon Spengler in the Ghostbusters movies. I'll never see another ramus without thinking of [Why tag thiswow[Why tag thispubic bone supports urinary bladder[Why tag thisLiz Casper
lenarch2
Brittany Nycz
This relates directly to physiology and how the different parts of the human anatomy respond to stimuli. [Why I tagged this]anything from walking to digesting food. [Why I tagged thisProperty to define life[Why I tagged thisAnother property of a living thing, if it reacts to stimulis or can move whether cellularly or from place to place, it has potential to be considered living[Why I tagged thisJelena Ristic
Melissa
Danny Duong
The average adult has 500 to 800 g of phosphorus, of which 85% to 90% is in the bones.
Phosphate levels are not regulated nearly as tightly as calcium levels. Nor, apparently, do they need to be; changes in plasma phosphate level are not associated with any immediate functional disorder. Calcitriol raises the phosphate level by promoting its absorption from the diet by the small intestine. This makes sense, because the principal role of calcitriol is to promote bone deposition, and that requires both calcium and phosphate. Parathyroid hormone, on the other hand, lowers the blood phosphate level by promoting its urinary excretion.
Phosphate Homeostasis:Less important. Calcitrol raises phosphate level.[Why I tagged this]keeps phosphate levels at a good level[Why I tagged this85-90% phosphate is located in the bones, and it not regulated as strictly as calcium(Simply because it doesn't need to be)[Why I tagged thisIs phosphate homeostasis just mainting the phospate level then?[Why I tagged thisRachel Feivor
Ethan Kelly
Nicole Korstanje
Skeletal Muscle
Skeletal muscle may be defined as voluntary striated muscle that is usually attached to one or more bones.
may be defined as voluntary striated muscle that is usually attached to one or more bones. A skeletal muscle exhibits alternating light and dark transverse bands, or striations (fig. 11.1), that result from an overlapping arrangement of their internal contractile proteins. Skeletal muscle is called voluntary because it is usually subject to conscious control.
If Extensibility is in order to contract. I extensibility first and then contractility?[Why I tagged this]Skeletal Muscle: voluntary striated muscle that is attached to one or more bones. Striations are dark and light alternating bands. Made up of fibrous connective tissues. The endomysium surrounds each muscle fiber, the perimysium bundles muscle fibers into fascicles and the epimysium encloses the entire muscle. [Why I tagged thisSince skeletal and cardiac muscles are the only muscles that are striated, I was curious to know what the striations due for the muscle if anything at all compared to smooth muscle?[Why I tagged thisThis is why some people have bigger muscles than others. Some people workout a lot to have big muscles and others don't care. But how does workingout make the muscle bigger? How do you make more muscle fibers and create new bundles?[Why I tagged thisDanielle Henckel
Danny Duong
Kelly Stahl
[image #3]
Question 3: Simple glands are exocrine glands that have a single unbranched duct. An example would be a sweat gland. Compound glands are exocrine glands that have a branched duct. This would be a mammory gland.[Why tag this text]This is a tough concept to wrap your brain around. This image does a great job in outling this important gland and its structure.[Why tag this textWhen I read about the exocrine gland structure, it was confusing until I saw the image. It gave me a more clear understanding of what it is and its important parts. [Why tag this texti find it interesting that so many organs have both components[Why tag this textCatherine Andersen
kayla
Lauren Anthe
When we measure electrolyte concentrations, we must therefore take the charges into account.
One equivalent (Eq) of an electrolyte is the amount that would electrically neutralize 1 mole of hydrogen ions (H+) or hydroxide ions (OH-).
One equivalent (Eq) of an electrolyte is the amount that would electrically neutralize 1 mole of hydrogen ions (H+) or hydroxide ions (OH-). For example, 1 mole (58.4 g) of NaCl yields 1 mole, or 1 Eq, of Na+ in solution. Thus, an NaCl solution of 58.4 g/L contains 1 Eq of Na+ per liter (1 Eq/L). One mole (98 g) of sulfuric acid (H2SO4) yields 2 moles of positive charges (H+). Thus, 98 g of sulfuric acid per liter would be a solution of 2 Eq/L.
What does gatorade have in it the actually may help athletes during rigorous activity or is it just mostly a scam?[Why tag this text]is it bad to over exceed the intake of electrolytes in a day?[Why tag this textI like this description. It clearly explains it and makes it immediatly understandable.[Why tag this text1 electrolyte is equal to the amount that would electrically neutralize 1 mole of hydrogen of hydroxide ions.[Why tag this textvictor
Joe Nimm
Stephanie
I do not quite understand what the condylar (ellipsoid) joint is and what the saddle joint is? All of the other joints remind me of something so I can relate to them but these two don't.[Why tag this]Are the fingers the most common joint of this nature? what other joints are there?[Why tag thisi have never know about this information in condylar [Why tag thisSo these can be etiher convexed or concaved?[Why tag thisLauren Anthe
Adam Alshehab
name two types of sweat glands, and describe the structure and function of each;
sudurifeous-produce sweat, ducts lead to hair folicles.sebaceuous- produce sebum, directly to skin[Why tag this]1. Apocrine sweat glands function as scent glands that respond to stress and sexual arousal. They have a large lumen.2. Merocrine sweat glands are distributed all over the body but mostly in the palms, soles and forehead and they function to cool the body. They have a narrow lumen.[Why tag thisTwo types of sweat glands are the sweat gland (apocrine) and the mammary gland. The sweat glands control sweat produced in the body and the mammary gland is the milk-producing gland which can occur in both men and women but more common in women.[Why tag thisKeira
kailey Cortez
hydrophobic
but it diffuses more easily through the channels of transmembrane proteins called aquaporins, specialized for the passage of water.
Cells can increase the rate of osmosis by installing more aquaporins in the membrane or decrease the rate by removing them. Certain cells of the kidney, for example, regulate the rate of urinary water loss by adding or removing aquaporins.
Without osmosis, some cells would either be too concentrated or too dilute. Thus, cell function would cease and we would die. [Why tag this text]insoluble in water[Why tag this textso does all things diffuse easily throught channels of transmembrane proteins?[Why tag this textCertain cells such as the kidney that performs water regulation tasks need to diffuse water more often. This is an interesting example because some cells such as the kidney can add aquaporins which ar specialized channels that allow water to pass more easily. [Why tag this textAlexis Blaser
Lauren Anthe
Neema Shekar
I think this is so cool! I always wanted to know what caused moles and birth marks and stuff.[Why tag this text]blue baby syndrome[Why tag this textodd coloring of the skin[Why tag this textI wittnessed this much in the nursing home while I did my clinicals for my CNA class. Expecially right before my patients would pass away. [Why tag this textJelena Ristic
Alyssa Harmes
Kelly Stahl
describe the properties that distinguish epithelium from other tissue classes;list and classify eight types of epithelium, distinguish them from each other, and state where each type can be found in the body;explain how the structural differences between epithelia relate to their functional differences; andvisually recognize each epithelial type from specimens or photographs.
three types of simple epithelia[Why tag this text]If nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelia do not contain a dead layer of cells, how then does the outermost layer of these cells receive nourishment to stay alive when they are not connected to a basement layer?[Why tag this textOhhhh, so that's what a pap smear is. I always wanted to know what it was and now I know.[Why tag this textYou have an idea of what will be learned in this section and what to pay more attention to in this section.[Why tag this textJeremy Kosick
Melissa
lenarch2
The hand is acted upon by extrinsic muscles in the forearm and intrinsic muscles in the hand itself.
The hand is acted upon by extrinsic muscles in the forearm and intrinsic muscles in the hand itself. The bellies of the extrinsic muscles form the fleshy roundness of the upper forearm (along with the brachioradialis); their tendons extend into the wrist and hand. Their actions are mainly flexion and extension of the wrist and digits, but also include radial and ulnar flexion, finger abduction and adduction, and thumb opposition. These muscles are numerous and complex, but their names often describe their location, appearance, and function.Many of them act on the metacarpophalangeal joints between the metacarpal bones of the hand and the proximal phalanges of the fingers, and the interphalangeal joints between the proximal and middle or the middle and distal phalanges (or proximal-distal in the thumb, which has no middle phalanx). The metacarpophalangeal joints form the knuckles at the bases of the fingers, and the interphalangeal joints form the second and third knuckles. Some tendons cross multiple joints before inserting on a middle or distal phalanx, and can flex or extend all the joints they cross.
Pronator teres= round or cylindrical and Pronator quadratus= square shaped[Why Tag This]It is amazing to think that thee are so many muscles, tendons, adn nerves that run in and out of this small limb. I would think that it would be easier to injure your wrist or hand because of the vulnerability[Why Tag ThisThis is a lot of information, I would like to more about the synergy of the muscles.[Why Tag Thiswhy exactly are they called bellies?[Why Tag ThisKirsten Majstorovic
Bonnie Watson
Lauren Anthe
Reversible reactions follow the law of mass action: They proceed from the side with the greater quantity of reactants to the side with the lesser quantity. This law will help to explain processes discussed in later chapters, such as why hemoglobin binds oxygen in the lungs yet releases it to muscle tissue.
so at any point in time will a reaction start from the side with less reactants or no[Why tag this text]I am interested to learn why hemoglobin binds oxygen in the lungs yet releases it to muscle tissue. It seems like a cool process that would be fun to learn about.[Why tag this textwant to stay close to an equilibrium, so the mass needs to transfer to the side that has less mass for both sides to stay even. It is like 2 scales that you want to balance in the air. In order to do that, both sides must weigh the same[Why tag this textThis also follows the law of thermodynamics in that heat always transfers to cold and never reversed.[Why tag this textSamantha Herron
Brianna Brugger
Flees Robert John
Movements of Synovial JointsKinesiology, physical therapy, and other medical and scientific fields have a specific vocabulary for the movements of synovial joints. The following terms form a basis for describing the muscle actions in chapter 10 and may also be indispensable to your advanced coursework or intended career. This section introduces the terms for joint movements, many of which are presented in pairs or groups with opposite or contrasting meanings. This section relies on familiarity with the three cardinal anatomical planes and the directional terms in atlas A. All directional terms used here refer to a person in standard anatomical position. When one is standing in anatomical position, each joint is said to be in its zero position. Joint movements can be described as deviating from the zero position or returning to it.
Movements of Synovial Joints:Flexion and Extension:Decreases a joint angle. Neding and extending of knee.Abduction and Adduction: Moving away from the midline of the body. Elevation and Depression: Raises a body part vertically on the frontal plane or lowers a body part. Protratction and Retraction: Movement of a body in the transverse section, anteriorly. Circumduction: one end of an appendage remains fairly stationary while the other makes a circular motion. Rotation: Bone spins on its longitudinal axis Supination and Pronation: Primarily with forearm and feet. Suppination turns the palm to face upwards. Pronation=palm facing downwards. [Why tag this]all of this information is going to super important for my future career in kinesiology. This is one of the major areas that I really need to know everything about.[Why tag thisI want to major in occupational therapy so this section of the text will be very beneficial for me to learn.[Why tag thisWhat are the vocab that we will need to know?[Why tag thisAshley Parker
Nicole Latzig
Lauren Anthe
Why is it present on one side or why do only some people have it? Is it not that important to the wrist muscles?[Why Tag This]why is it only present in some people?[Why Tag ThisThis is amazing, I never knew this. I did the thumb to little finger test, and I currently do not have the palmaris longus in my left wrist, but I have it in my right wrist. Why does this occur? Is there any function to this muscle? Or any factors that occur that we dont have it?[Why Tag ThisWithout doing this, would one have any idea they did not have the palmaris longus? What effects would the lack a palmaris longus be?[Why Tag ThisLauren Anthe
Kayla Theys
Sarah Hudson
Another way to end a word, except it relates to a non core reason.[Why I tagged this]suffixes are made to put at the end of a word to change the main meaning of the word.[Why I tagged thisThis is a concept that we will continue to see in the future. Learning all of the different prefixes and suffixes will definitely make thing easier when studying vocab.[Why I tagged thisdefinition- a suffix is used to modify core meaning.[Why I tagged thislindsay krueger
Alejandra Contreras
Amanda Baxter
Rotation In one sense, the term rotation applies to any bone turning around a fixed axis, as described earlier. But in the terminology of specific joint movements, rotation (fig. 9.17) is a movement in which a bone spins on its longitudinal axis. For example, if you stand with bent elbow and move your forearm to place your palm against your abdomen, your humerus spins in a motion called medial (internal) rotation (fig. 9.17a). If you make the opposite motion, so the forearm points away from the body, your humerus exhibits lateral (external) rotation (fig. 9.17b). If you turn your right foot so your toes are pointing away from your left foot, and then turn it so your toes are pointing toward your left foot, your femur undergoes lateral and medial rotation, respectively.
These are the kind of excersices I do for my dislocated shoulder because my range of motion is lacking. It is important to understand what muscles I am working.[Why tag this]IF your were to rotate your shoulder and every time you rotated it made a cracking noice or a poping noice what would that main? does it mean that their is something wrong with your Axis or that there are ligaments occupying the same space, or that two bones are hitting one another? The reason i ask this is because my shoulder does that everytime i lift my shoulder above my head or move my shoulder at all.[Why tag thisIs this a normal function or not really? [Why tag thisdescription of rotation[Why tag thissarah
Lauren Anthe
Alyssa Harmes
Thenar Group.
Thenar Group. The thenar group of muscles forms the thick fleshy mass (thenar eminence) at the base of the thumb, and the adductor pollicis forms the web between the thumb and palm. All are concerned with thumb movements. The adductor pollicis has an oblique head that extends from the capitate bone of the wrist to the ulnar side of the base of the thumb, and a transverse head that extends from metacarpal III to the same insertion as the oblique head.
are our hands made up of more tendents than muscles? or is it about the same[Why Tag This]Are humans and monkeys the only kind of mammals that have these muscles? We are the only ones with opposable thumbs.[Why Tag ThisIf somebody has a double jointed thumb and can pull it back to their wrist, is that beause the muscle is flexible? How does the muslce allow that to happen?[Why Tag ThisThenar Group of Muscles: Make the thick, fleshy mass at the base of the thumb[Why Tag ThisMackenzie DeClark
Ashley McBain
Danielle Henckel
The follicle is a diagonal tube that dips deeply into the dermis and sometimes extends as far as the hypodermis
Can you explain how ingrown hairs happen and why they occur? please[Why tag this]so when a hair is pulled out all the layers come with it?[Why tag thisso it orignates in the dermis and pops out of the epidermis[Why tag thisWy doesn't hair bleed when you pull it out, the diagrm shows blood vessles in the dermal papilla. [Why tag thisLauren Anthe
Sarah Kallas
Serrate sutures appear as wavy lines along which the adjoining bones firmly interlock with each other by their serrated margins, like pieces of a jigsaw puzzle. Serrate sutures are analogous to a dovetail wood joint. Examples include the coronal, sagittal, and lambdoid sutures that border the parietal bones.Lap (squamous) sutures occur where two bones have overlapping beveled edges, like a miter joint in carpentry. On the surface, a lap suture appears as a relatively smooth (nonserrated) line. An example is the squamous suture between the temporal and parietal bones. The beveled edge of the temporal bone can be seen in figure 8.10b (p. 243).Plane (butt) sutures occur where two bones have straight nonoverlapping edges. The two bones merely border on each other, like two boards glued together in a butt joint. This type of suture is seen between the palatine processes of the maxillae in the roof of the mouth.
Are the serrated sutures better structurally than the others based on the way they interlock? A lap suture looks a lot like a strike-slip fault which we know from the structure of the earth's crust causes room for instability. This can also be applied to the plane suture as well. I imagine the necessity for better interlocking connection would be associated with the location of the brain and protecting it from any damage. [Why Tag This?]what serrate sutures look like[Why Tag This?Serrate sutures are wavy and they look like puzzle pieces in the skull. It is mostly on the top of the skull which holds the cranial bones together. Lap sutures is shaped like a diagonal in the cranial bones which holds two bones together by overlapping the edges. The Plane suture or butt suturein underneath the maxilla and it holds two bones that does not overlap together.[Why Tag This?are surtures only located on the skull?[Why Tag This?Kaela Tjugum
Linda Xiong
Lauren Anthe
Without them, cardiac muscle cells would pull apart when they contracted, and every swallow of food would scrape away the lining of your esophagus.
Without them, cardiac muscle cells would pull apart when they contracted, and every swallow of food would scrape away the lining of your esophagus.
Without them, cardiac muscle cells would pull apart when they contracted, and every swallow of food would scrape away the lining of your esophagus. The main types of cell junctions are shown in figure 5.28.
[image #1]
FIGURE 5.28 Types of Cell Junctions.
Which of these junctions allows material to pass from one cell directly into the next?
Tight Junctions
Tight Junctions
Tight Junctions
Tight Junctions A tight junction completely encircles an epithelial cell near its apical surface and joins it tightly to the neighboring cells, somewhat like the plastic harness on a six-pack of soda cans.
Tight Junctions A tight junction completely encircles an epithelial cell near its apical surface and joins it tightly to the neighboring cells, somewhat like the plastic harness on a six-pack of soda cans. At a tight junction, the plasma membranes of two adjacent cells come very close together and are linked by transmembrane cell-adhesion proteins
Tight Junctions A tight junction completely encircles an epithelial cell near its apical surface and joins it tightly to the neighboring cells, somewhat like the plastic harness on a six-pack of soda cans. At a tight junction, the plasma membranes of two adjacent cells come very close together and are linked by transmembrane cell-adhesion proteins. These proteins seal off the intercellular space and make it difficult or impossible for substances to pass between cells
Tight Junctions A tight junction completely encircles an epithelial cell near its apical surface and joins it tightly to the neighboring cells, somewhat like the plastic harness on a six-pack of soda cans. At a tight junction, the plasma membranes of two adjacent cells come very close together and are linked by transmembrane cell-adhesion proteins. These proteins seal off the intercellular space and make it difficult or impossible for substances to pass between cells.
Tight Junctions A tight junction completely encircles an epithelial cell near its apical surface and joins it tightly to the neighboring cells, somewhat like the plastic harness on a six-pack of soda cans. At a tight junction, the plasma membranes of two adjacent cells come very close together and are linked by transmembrane cell-adhesion proteins. These proteins seal off the intercellular space and make it difficult or impossible for substances to pass between cells.In the stomach and intestines, tight junctions prevent digestive juices from seeping between epithelial cells and digesting the underlying connective tissue. They also help to prevent intestinal bacteria from invading the tissues, and they ensure that most digested nutrients pass through the epithelial cells and not between them. In addition, some membrane proteins function in the apical domain of the cell, and others in the lateral or basal domains; tight junctions limit how far drifting proteins can travel and keep them segregated in the appropriate domains of the membrane where they are needed to perform their tasks.
This is hard to belive that they play such a large role in our bodily fuctions and I am only just learning that they exist. Thank goodness for cell junctions! [Why tag this text]Would this cause you to choke as well?[Why tag this textCrazy to think that without something so simple and tiny in our bodies, things as awful as cardiac muscle cells pulling apart and food scraping away lining of our esophaguses.[Why tag this textThis is disgusting and extremely imporant! I never considered how crucial it would be for the cells to not only be connected to the basement membrane, but to eachother as well... the minute structural designs and functional relationships of the human body are absolutely fascinating![Why tag this textIs there such a disease or a disease that use to exsit, maybe leprosy? I just know that leprosy has to deal with the body deteriorating. [Why tag this textThis is interesting becasue I can't imagine how painful it would be to have my esophagus scraped away little by little as I swallow food. I am someone who loves to eat and because of that, I am thankful for cell junctions. [Why tag this textWhat type of cell junction is found in the nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium in the esophagus?[Why tag this textthey hold on to eachother in order to provide a wall and do not let anyone through like the game red rover.[Why tag this textThey are very important in humans everyday lives! I did not know this![Why tag this textI chose this because I thought it is interesting that in order for the cells to grow and divide normally they have to support each other. The connection is called cell junctions. I cannot believe that they resist stress. It is a very essential function as well. [Why tag this textThis image is helpful in identifying the junctions, as well as puts great image in my head to think about when studying the different junctions. It's very helpful![Why tag this textIs it just the defense mechanism, or why then when we are sick do we tend to produce more mucus then? Or do we produce then same smount but there is a lesser concentration of mucin?[Why tag this textIs it really possible for one cell to have more than one type of cell junciton? And if so, why would it matter because couldn't material still find another passageway to get out if say one was a tight junction and the other desmosomes?[Why tag this textGood question to look onto.[Why tag this textDesmosomes allow material to pass from one cell directly to the next. Trying to find the answer to this helped me distinguish the differnce between the types of cell junctions.[Why tag this textI would like to change my answer after reading further into the junctions. The gap junction is actually the one that allows material to pass from one cell directly to the next. For the Gap Junction is also known as the communicating Junction due to that very reason. [Why tag this textThe Desmosomes is the junction that allows the cells to pass from one to the next. [Why tag this textI don't understand what a junction itself is.[Why tag this texttight junctions prevent diguestive juices from going to other tissues[Why tag this textTo me, after reading about tight junctions, these seem like the most important of the cell junctions. It prevents bacteria from invading places it shouldnt be, and holds what should be inside inside and what should be outside outside. Definitely the strongest of the juctions.[Why tag this textTight Junctions:...a tight junction. It is used in the stomach and intestines to keep substances from passing between cells [you don't want digestive acids seeping out of your stomach][Why tag this textVocabulary:- Tight junctions are completely encircles an epithelial cell ner its apial surface and joins it tightly to the neighboring cells. [Why tag this textI read and re-read this description, as well as examining the illustrations, but I'm still failing to understand this structure/connection, how the two cells are linked.[Why tag this textNew information, tight junctions conect with the epithelial cell. [Why tag this textdescription of what a tight junction is[Why tag this textThis defines tight junctions and how close they really are, allowing no cells to pass inbetween it and gives examples to where they are located and why.[Why tag this textAnchoring-type junctions not only hold cells together but provide tissues with structural cohesion. These junctions are most abundant in tissues that are subject to constant mechanical stress such as skin and heart[Why tag this textThis is an imaginative descripton. I really like the example of the comparison to a six pack of soda harness. It made it easier to understand what a tight junction's function is. It also made me visualize the junction which is how I learn best.[Why tag this textI appreciate that the text relates the tight junctions to something every human is familiar with- a plastic harness on a six-pack of soda cans. [Why tag this textThis is something that happens only in vertebrates. [Why tag this textthe role of tight junction is very significant because even though it keeps tracking that everything is doing its function, I read that the lack of tight junction can lead to metastasis of cancer cells.[GeneralJunctions are important because they enable cells to have a connection to other cells. A tight junction serves as a harness to nearby cells, and prohibits substances from passing through them. Fox example, tight junctions are found in the stomach and separate digestive fluids from coming in contact with epithelial cells. (pg.166)[Why tag this textWhat is a tight junction? They completely encircle epithelial cells like a plastic harness of a six pack of sodas.[Why tag this textIt explains tight junctions and how it attaches all cells to one another. [Why tag this textQuestion 2: A tight junction completely encircles an epithelial cell and joins it tightly to nearby cells. A gap junction is formed by a connexon which is where 6 trnasmembrane proteins get configured into a ring and this surrounds a water-filled channel. Tight junctions create a seal where no substances can pass between cells. This is useful because they are found in the stomach and intestines and prevent digestive juices and acid from seeping out of the stomach. Gap junctions allow nutrients to pass from cell to cell. This is essential in the embryo development.[Why tag this textI remember having to do a diagram for this but Don't remember learning any of this in high school.This is going to be helpful .[Why tag this textTight junction protectes and stays close so nothing can really get in or pass them[Why tag this textKenyetta
Nicholas Bruno
jennifer lassiter
Becky Fleck
payoua
Shannon Stinson
Kristen Grivas
Kaitlynn
Poljana Janko
Michelle
Flees Robert John
Mauranda Hiller
Sue Xiong
kailey Cortez
Hauser Joseph Alan
Alanna Hatch
Nicole Korstanje
Justin Putterman
Emily Zuelzke
Danielle Henckel
mainkao
Alexis Salzer
Autumn
Alyssa Harmes
Brandon Brandemuehl
Belaynesh
Lauren Gwidt
Breanna
Janis McNamara
lujain
Petra Stevanovic
Alexandra Schmit
TRAVIS
Sarah Ertl
lenarch2
Brittany Nycz
neighboring cells die, opening up space in a tissue to be occupied by new cells.
Cells stop dividing when they snugly contact neighboring cells or when nutrients or growth factors are withdrawn.
Cells stop dividing when they snugly contact neighboring cells or when nutrients or growth factors are withdrawn. The cessation of cell division in response to contact with other cells is called contact inhibition.
Describe the genetic roles of DNA helicase and DNA polymerase. Contrast the function of DNA polymerase with that of RNA polymerase.
Explain why DNA replication is called semiconservative
Explain why DNA replication is called semiconservative.
Define mutation. Explain why some mutations are harmless and others can be lethal.
List the stages of the cell cycle and summarize what occurs in each one.
List the stages of mitosis and the main processes that occur in each one.
This is another good reason to eat healthy. Proper nutrition helps you at a cellular level, so your body can make new healthy cells and continously remove the old cells.[Why tag this text]What happens to the dead cell as the new cells move in to replace it?[Why tag this textIt makes sense that cells stop dividing because there is a point when they are just too large. It would be interesting to know what happens when cells stop dividing? Does it mean that if a cell dies, do we also die?[Why tag this textThis is such a logical method. It reminds me of gold fish. They can grow as large as the tank they are in. I wonder what the mechanisms are for this cessation? This could possibly open a way to inhibit cancer like cells. [Why tag this textcontact inhibition[General-Do not useIs it possible for a cell to not be functioning properly and to not cease its expansion when it comes in contact with other cells? If so, what would happen?[Why tag this textDNA helicase opens up one short segment of the helix at a time exposing its bases. the DNA polymerase read the exposed bases and arrangess with complementary free [Why tag this textDNA helicase-this is what unwinds the double helix and exposes the bases during replicationDNA polymerase-makes a long, continuous new strand of DNA to be complimentary to the former strand[Why tag this textDNA make up an individual[General-Do not useDNA helicase- opens up one short segment of the helix at a time exposing its nitrogenous baseDNA polymerase- move along each strand and read the exposed bases, and then arrange with the free nucleotides. If the correct arrangements are found then AGC assembles across from the TCG.RNA polymerase is dependent upon DNA.[Why tag this textSemiconservative is simply a theory put forward to explain DNA replication.It states that the two strands of DNA first unwind and each strand acts as a template for the building up of a complimentary strand. [Why tag this textit is called semiconservative because each double helix gets a new strand and an old strand[Why tag this textDNA replication is called semiconservative because each daughter of the DNA consists of one new link helix synthesized from free nucleotides and one old helix that is conserved from the parental DNA. So it consists of one new and old DNA.[Why tag this textbecause it only partly works and benefits itself[General-Do not useDNA replication is called semiconservative because its like a lizzer and can open up and like 2 halves close[Why tag this textWhen DNA replicates it unzips to reform a new double helix structure. One strand is made of the original, and the other is newly formed. [Why tag this textsemiconservative because it produces 2 copy strands; one strand contains new information and the other contains the old information.[Why tag this textmutation-error in DNA replication/creation, aka change in DNA structuresome of the mutations can kill the cellss, but most have no effect because some of the codes are so similar that it makes no difference[Why tag this textA mutation is a change in the DNA structure resulting from errors from copying information. For example, the females on my mother's side of the family carry the Reynaud's Disease trait and it is said to have come from a mutation in one of my ancestors. This disease is not exactly harmless, but there is no research saying it is lethal either. Sickle cell disease is a lethal mutation and it's symptoms are quite alike to Reynaud's comparatively.[Why I tagged thisMutation is when changes in the DNA structure occurs, some of the mutations cause no harm, while others may kill cells and cause them to be cancerous, or they may cause them to have genetic defects in future generations.[Why tag this textthe changing of a structure of a gene[Why tag this textMutations are changes in DNA structure and can result from replication errors or from environmental factors such as radiation, chemicals, and viruses. Some mutations do not matter due to the fact that a change in protein structure is not always critical to its function. Having blue eyes is actually a mutation, yet we simply see it as eye color. Some mutations however can kills cells, turns cells into canerous ones, or cause genetic defect in future generations. When a mutation changes the sixth amino acid of beta-hemaglobin from glutamic acid to valine, the result is a crippling disorder called sickle-cell disease.[Why tag this textMutation is the is the change in DNA structure. some mutations can be harmless if they do not affect the protein molecules it can be a characteristics of cancer cells[Why tag this textwhen a cell replicates too many times[General-Do not usemutation- changes in DNA structure resulting from replication errors or environment factors.Some mutations are not harmful because they don't affect the protein structure, but if it does then it can be critical.[Why tag this textcancer is a bad type of mutation that can often be deadly; however, some mutations can be stopped before getting too serious. [General-Do not useG1 is the first gap in the phase, this is when a cell synthesizes the proteins, grows and carries preordained tasks to the body. S is the synthesis stage, this is when the cell makes a duplicate copy of the centrioles and all of the nuclear DNA. G2 the second gap phase, this is where the interval between the DNA replication and cell division occurs.M is the mitotic phase, this is where the cell replicates the nucleus and then pinches in two to form two new daughter cells.[Why tag this textfour phases in the cell cycle, G1, S, G2,and M. G1 is the cell protein and grows and carries out its tasks for the body. S phase are the two identical sets of DNa molecule are then available to be divided up between daughter cells at the next cell divison. G2 is the second gape between DNA and replication and cell divison. and M is the mitotic phasae.[Why tag this textINTERPHASE G1) First gap phase= interval between cell division and dna replication. gather materials needed to replicate. S) Syntheses phase= makes duplicate copy of centrioles. divided up between daughter cells. M) Mitotic phase= cell replicates its nucleus and forms 2 cells [Why tag this textGphase-an interval between cell division and DNA replicationSphase-synthesis phase, makes duplicate copies of centriollesG2phase-brief interval between DNA replication and division (4-6hours)Mphase-see next annotation[Why tag this textprophase: chromosomes shorten and thicken and distribute to daughter cells.metaphase: chromosomes align on the cell equatoranaphase: enzymes activate and the sister chromitids form at the centromeretelophase: chromatids cluster on either side of the cell (end of nuclear division but overlaps cytokinesis)[General-Do not useG1- gap phase, interval between cell division and DNA replication; cell synthesizes proteins, grows and carries out its predetermined task.S- synthesis phase; cell makes duplicate copies of its DNAG2- gap phase; finishes reproduction and checks for fidelityM- mitotic phase; replicates its nucleus and pinches in two to form two new daughter cells.[Why tag this textProphase is the first phase in the stages of mitosis. The chromosomes shorten and thicken. The nuclear envelope disintegrates during prophase and releases the chromosomes into the cytosol.Metaphase is the second phase the chromosomes are aligned on the cell equator, oscillating slightly and awaiting a signal that stimulates each of them to split in two at the centromere.Anaphase is the third phase, in which this phase activation of an enzyme that cleaves the two sister chromatids from each other at the centromere.The fourth phase Telophase the chromatids clusters on each side of the cell. Telophase is the end of nuclear division but overlaps cytokinesis, this is when the cytoplasm divides into two cells.[Why tag this textprophase-chromosomes shorten and thicken, nuclear envelope disintegratesmetaphase-chromosomes aligned on cell equator, spindle fibers form mitotic spindleanaphase-enzyme cleaves sister chromatids from each other at centromere, form daughter chromosometelophase-rough ER produces new nuclear envelope, mitotic spindle breaks up and vanishes, last phase[Why tag this textThe stages of mitosis are prophase, metahpase, anaphase, telophase. Prophase is when the chromosomes coil, the spindle fibers then form and the tug at the chromosomes until the yline up in the middle of the cell. Metaphase is when the chromosomes split into two and then the spindle fibers form an aster which anchors the assembly to the inside of the plasma membrane at each end of the cell. In Telophase the rough endoplasmic reticulum creates a new nuclear envelope thus forming the nucleous.[Why tag this text1. Prophase- chromosomes condense and nuclear envelope breaks down. Spindle fibers grow from centrioles. Centrioles migrate to opposite poles of cell.2. Metaphase- Chromosomes lie along midline of cell. Some spindle fibers attach to kinetochores. Fibers of aster attach to plasma membrane.3. Anaphase- Centromeres divide in two. Spindle fibers pull sister chromatids to opposite poles of cell. Each pole (future daughter cell) now has an identical set of genes.4. Telophase- Chromosomes gather at each pole of cell. Chromatin decondenses. New nuclear envelope appears at each pole. New nucleoli appear in wach nucleus. Mititic spindle vanishes.[Why tag this textThe stages of mitosis are prophase, metahpase, anaphase, telophase. Prophase is when the chromosomes coil, spindle fibers form and the chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell. Metaphase is when the chromosomes split in half at the centromere, Anaphase is when the chromosomes migrate to the pole of the cell. Telophase is when the rough ER creates a new nuclear envelope, the chromatids uncoil and return to chromatins, and the nucleous forms.[Why tag this textthe stages of mitosis are Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase.[Why tag this textmetaphase- chromosomes are aligned and waiting for a signal to split the centromere.anaphase- activation of an enzyme that cleaves the 2 sister chromatids from each other at the centromere.telophase- chromatids cluster on each side of the cell. this is the end of nuclear division but it overlaps with cytokinesis.[Why tag this textprophase, metaphase, anaphase, telephase, cytoknesis[General-Do not useNicole Latzig
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payoua
Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) syndrome has received medical recognition only recently, although it may affect as many as 75 million Americans. It can cause moderate intermittent facial pain, clicking sounds in the jaw, limitation of jaw movement, and in some people, more serious symptoms?severe headaches, vertigo (dizziness), tinnitus (ringing in the ears), and pain radiating from the jaw down the neck, shoulders, and back. It seems to be caused by a combination of psychological tension and malocclusion (misalignment of the teeth). Treatment may involve psychological management, physical therapy, analgesic and anti-inflammatory drugs, and sometimes corrective dental appliances to align the teeth properly.
Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) syndrome has received medical recognition only recently, although it may affect as many as 75 million Americans. It can cause moderate intermittent facial pain, clicking sounds in the jaw, limitation of jaw movement, and in some people, more serious symptoms?severe headaches, vertigo (dizziness), tinnitus (ringing in the ears), and pain radiating from the jaw down the neck, shoulders, and back. It seems to be caused by a combination of psychological tension and malocclusion (misalignment of the teeth). Treatment may involve psychological management, physical therapy, analgesic and anti-inflammatory drugs, and sometimes corrective dental appliances to align the teeth properly.The synovial cavity of the TMJ is divided into superior and inferior chambers by an articular disc, which permits lateral and medial excursion of the mandible. Two ligaments support the joint. The lateral ligament prevents posterior displacement of the mandible. If the jaw receives a hard blow, this ligament normally prevents the condylar process from being driven upward and fracturing the base of the skull. The sphenomandibular ligament on the medial side of the joint extends from the sphenoid bone to the ramus of the mandible. A stylomandibular ligament extends from the styloid process to the angle of the mandible but is not part of the TMJ proper.A deep yawn or other strenuous depression of the mandible can dislocate the TMJ by making the condyle pop out of the fossa and slip forward. The joint is relocated by pressing down on the molars while pushing the jaw posteriorly.
I can relate to TMJ because my boyfriends aunt has this condition. Also, I have experienced mild TMJ when I am under a lot of stress or have vertigo.[Why tag this]For an illness that affects at least 75 million Americans. Never knew the huge difference between the slight symptoms of some people to the intense more severe symptoms of others[Why tag thisI never knew there was such thing as TMJ and how many people are affected by it. I knew the jaw may cause problem like clicking and headaches but I never knew that it can cause you that much pain in head, back, neck, and shoulders. [Why tag thisIt is so crazy to me how the human body can physically be in pain due to something that our mind is doing .[Why tag thisMy lab classmates and I were discussion how life would be if our head was only able to move up and down. And everytime we needed to look left or right, we needed to turn our whole body. This would make our whole life ten times harder, for example driving a car and looking both ways at a stop sign. [Why tag thisdose this condition occurs for adults more than teenagers or kids[Why tag thisWhat happens when your jaw locks/why does it happen?[Why tag thisaffecting 75 millin Americans today, some sign include: facial pain, clicking in the jaw, limitation of jaw movement, and in some, more sever symptoms. These symptoms include: severe headaches, dizziness, ringing in ears, and pain radiating from the jaw down to the neck, shoulders, and back.[Why tag thisaffecting as much asa 75 million Americans, it cause moderate intermittent facial pain, clicking sounds in the jaw, limitation of jaw movement, and in some people, more serious symptoms (headaches, vertigo-dizziness), tennitus-ringing in ears, and pain radiating from the jaw down the neck, shoulders, and back).[Why tag thisMy mom suffers from TMJ syndrome. I remember growing up that she would get very bad headaches that sometimes caused her to miss work and other events. Her jaw would also get stuck at certain points every now and then. It also effected her eating ability. Not a fun syndrome to have.[Why tag thisaffects many americans, limits the jaw movement[Why tag thisI tagged this section because I can relate to it. My boyfriend has been struggling with TMJ for years and he has to go to the dentist and get fluid drained out of his jaw pretty often. I never understood why draining the fluid helps the pain? [Why tag thisHow many Americans are actually diagnosted with this? [Why tag thisMy mom has a problem with TMJ syndrome and I never understood what exactly was the issue or how it developed. I find this really interesting because of that.[Why tag thisIn locking of the jaw in either trismus or tetanus, muscles spasm and cause loss of funtioning. Inflammation of the muscles surrounding the joint is most often the cause. The Temporomandibular joint syndrome also can cause clicking sounds in the jaw, which is caused by what flaw in anatomy? Is incorrect alignment of the teeth the only cause? It is intersting that the jaw can be put back into place by [Why tag thisAlthough I have heard of TMJ, I was unaware of the wide range of its effects. I have problems with my jaw that the dentist talks to me about, and I wonder if this is what it is[Why tag thisMy cousin had TMJ in high school which I think was corrected with muscle relaxants. I always assumed there was something wrong with the workings of the joint itself, but it makes sense that it would be psychological in nature in my cousin's case. She's a bit high strung. [Why tag thisI can relate to the facial pain and clicking sounds in the jaw. Maybe I do have TMJ (but I don't want to self-diagnose), but because I do have malocclusion. Interesting, because I never knew what it was called. [Why tag thisThis seems like it is a prevalent and serious problem. I wonder why I haven't heard much about this. I can relate because sometimes my jaws cracks, I hope this is nothing to worry about. I also have two friends that have dislocated their jaws I wonder if this had anything to do with that.[Why tag thisI work at a Care center and I have experience physical therapy of patients with temporomandibular joint. I have to say it is quite amazing to hear the cracking jaw every time the therapist moves the patient's jaw. It is also wear to observe the muscles clicking on the side. [Why tag thisMy sister was diagnosed with this when she was younger. I rember it very well we were eating dinner one night and her jaw locked up. I thought she was being dramatic but it kept happening so my parents took her to the hospital and she ended up getting physical therapy for it and it eventually went away.[Why tag thisThis is a current problem that my wife has. It's a relief to know this is more wide spread and than just my wife. [Why tag thisWhy does it appear to be deeper than what it looks on a dried skeleton?[Why tag thisMy friend has TMJ, when she first told me I thought she was making it up. Now I know that it is a real thing that affects millions of Americans[Why tag thisIs a person born with psychological tension and malocclsion (misalignment of the teeth) or can they acquire the cause of TMJ syndrome over their lifetime to increase the risk of getting it?[Why tag thisI can relate to this because one of my friends has TMJ. Every time she eats or chews gum her jaw cracks. It is strange to me that 75 million Americans have been effect by this but it has only received medical recognition lately. How do they rlocated your jaw in place and correct this?[Why tag thisThis is interesting because my friends jaw always clicks and the doctor told him it was because he takes to big of bites when he eats.[Why tag thisI found this to be very interesting. After reading this passage I noticed that when I tried moving my jaw from side to side it was making a clicking sound. Does that mean that I have temporomandibular joint syndrome? [Why tag thissymptoms and treatment of TMJ[Why tag thisI find this quite interesting because my sister has always complained of a clicking jaw. She also has pain with her jaw sometimes and I wonder if she has ever heard of TMJ Syndrome.[Why tag thisMy dad has this. His jaw is always clicking while he has serve headaches. He had to be checked out by the doctor and the dentist. [Why tag thisThis happens to many people. It may happen because people grind their teeth, whether it is during the day, or while they sleep. If they do it while they sleep, they may have to wear a mouth guard to prevent the grinding.[Why tag thisIt is amazing to study how many different effects that the brain can have on the physiology of our bodies. We learned all of the psychophysiological effects that our brain can create in our bodies. An example of this is that stress hormones produced from our brain can decrease our sex drive and also cause weightgain. [Why tag thisTMJ is caused by a combo of psychological tension and malocclusion. [Why tag thisI find that this infromation differs slightly from what I know. My mom and I have TMJ syndrome. From what I know/learned is that the cause of the clicking sounds is from the misalignment of the jaw in the temporomandibular joint. This causes the cartilage to grind and the muscles to get tight, which causes the pain in the jaw and down the neck.[Why tag thisNever knew it was so linked with phychological tension. Cant imagine the damage on the nervous system when we can see the effects of the musculoskeletal system are so painful [Why tag thisNicholas Bruno
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The mouth is the most expressive part of the face, and lip movements are necessary for intelligible speech; thus, it is not surprising that the muscles here are especially diverse. The orbicularis oris is a complex of muscles in the lips that encircle the mouth; until recently it was misinterpreted as a sphincter, or circular muscle, but it is actually composed of four independent quadrants that interlace and give only an appearance of circularity. Other muscles in this region approach the lips from all directions and thus draw the lips or angles (corners) of the mouth upward, laterally, and downward. Some of these have origins or insertions in a complex cord called the modiolus19 just lateral to each angle of the lips (fig. 10.8). Named for the hub of a cartwheel, the modiolus is a point of convergence of several muscles of the lower face. You can palpate it by inserting one finger just inside the corner of your lips and pinching the corner between the finger and thumb, feeling for a thick knot of tissue.[image #17]
Did you know it takes more muscle to frown than to smile? :)[Why Tag This]Why is it so rare to damage any of our facial muscles? They are all very small yet endure a lot of stress yet a facial muscle strain is not commonly heard of.[Why Tag ThisIt is amazing to think that so many muscles influence the mouth. People say it takes more muscles to frown than to smile and although i dont know if thats true, it sure does take multiple muscles to do either.[Why Tag Thisthe mouth is made up of many parts and it is the most expressive part of the human face. What is the speech called when you dont use your lips for movement and you just use your throat? Like people with cancer?[Why Tag ThisThe mouth is made up of many muscles. Altough, the mouth was thought to be a sphincter. The mouth has many jobs, such as expression, speech, and eating. The mouth along with other facial muscles are more advanced than in any other species. Through this evolution humans are able to communicate emotions and words better to one another and become more advanced.[Why Tag ThisIf there is four different muscles, are they named different things? How do you refer to the different parts?[Why Tag ThisI tagged this text from Muscles of the Head and Neck, because I would have guessed our eyes as being the most expressive part of the face, not the mouth. It was fascinating to learn that muscles encircle the mouth and in addition to that they also travel towards the lips in all directions. This as a result both pulls the mouth up and down laterally.[Why Tag ThisI highlighted this section because I find it interesting that the muscles in the lips that encircle the mouth could be considered a sphincter. When I think of a sphincter, I think of the sphincter valves in the stomach or anus. I am curious as to what characteristics classify a sphincter muscle. When I think of the lips, I do not think of a circular muscle because the lips of the face lay flat, whereas the spincter muscles in the stomach and anus are of a circular shape.[Why Tag ThisIt is fascinating to read about how the muscles make up the face. The muscles in the face are used for speech production, facial expression and lip movements. The orbicularis oris is made up of four quadrants but gives only one appearance of circulatory. I would like to know how this is made up into four quadrants. The picture below doesn't really show that. [Why Tag ThisThe mouth is the most expressive part of the face and the muscles in the oral region are especially developed so that they can perform intricate tasks.[Why Tag ThisI wasn't surprised that the mouth is the most expressive part of the face, but I found it interesting the diverse range of muscles surrounding the mouth. These muscles are able to help us talk, as well as make facial expressions. [Why Tag ThisWho would have knew that our lips where made up of four quadrants. I thought our lips was made of the top and bottom lips. Also our lips do so much more than chew but also to communicate with other people.[Why Tag ThisIf you had a filler injected into your lips, say Juvaderm, I am assuming that would be injected into the dermis? How does that affect the muscles of the mouth if at all?[Why Tag ThisThe mouth is a very important feature of our bodies. Without a mouth we could not eat, drink, or have a second option of a way to breathe. We would also have a difficult time trying to express ourselves in such the way that we do. We would be extremely limited in our range of expressions, as a dog or a cat... [Why Tag ThisHow do ventriloquists perform their art then, without moving their mouth but their words are still understood?[Why Tag ThisThe muscles of our mouth are key in our expressions as well as us being able to speak. The muscles are described and the is a picture that helps put the name to the face.[Why Tag ThisHow are our lip shapes defined if they are just fatty tissue? Is the shape defined by the void in the facial muscles/tendons?[Why Tag ThisMost experessive part of the face is the mouth. [Why Tag ThisThis must mean that the muscles around the lips are the biggest muscles and one of the strongest because of all the movement that goes on in the mouth region. [Why Tag ThisIf we didn't have lips, would we still be able to talk at all? Or would the absense of those muscles inhibit speech so much that it would just sound like a garbled mess? [Why Tag ThisIt's interesting to note that the mouth is the most expressive part of the body. It's also fascinating to think that there is such a complex array of muscles working together, in the region of mouth, to allow for sophisticated language to be spoken. There must be a long, evolutionary history surrounding the four quadrants of mouth muscles.[Why Tag ThisClarifies what the oral muscles do and how important oral region muscles are to making facial expressions.[Why Tag Thisdose chewing gum affects the mouth muscle [Why Tag ThisHow can this be true for everyone, if everyone's mouth is shaped differently and moves different directions when people speak? [Why Tag ThisTHere are so many things that will go into this and it is very interesting. What really goes into all this and what also goes into the nerves in the face[Why Tag Thisthe mouth is the most expressive part of the face; lip movements and necessary for speech[Why Tag ThisI think that it's interesting how something we use everyday, like talking, is one of the most complicated functions of the body and takes the coordination of a group of very diverse muscles.[Why Tag ThisWhat muscles of the mouth droop when someone has a stroke?[Why Tag ThisThis is very interesting! I had always thought that the mouth was a circular muscle because I cannot feel any disconnect within it.[Why Tag ThisWhy was it thought to be a spinchter? I was under the impression that spinchters were semi involuntary, which the mouth is not.[Why Tag Thiswhat makes up the outer layer of our lips and why is it different compared to other skin?[Why Tag ThisWhich muscle of the lips is diformed in the condition of a cleft lip? What happens in this condition? [Why Tag ThisIf the lips are composed of four different qudrants does that mean that there are only four quadrants in the mouth? Or are there alot of different quarants for each section of the mouth such as tongue, throat, lungs, and etc? What is the most importnt feature of the mouth, and what is the most diverse feature of the mouth?[Why Tag ThisI find it faacinating that even now we are still discovering new things about our basic form and structue. [Why Tag ThisI've always wondered about that. It doesn't behave like a sphincter, just because it's round. [Why Tag ThisThis is interesting because it wasnt until recently that they knew the muscles in the lips werent a sphincter. I find this interesting beause I thought that pretty much everything about the body has been discovered physiologically at least. Are there more things that are classified incorrectly?[Why Tag ThisIf you've ever seen someone raise one side of their top lip and lower the opposite side of their lower lip, the idea of quadrants makes more sense.[why i tagged thisThis is awesome. People in general don't think about how and why their body is the way it is. It's cool to think about four different muscles pulling in different directions to form the shape of the lips.[Why Tag ThisThis implies how strong our lips are because it contains mostly of muscles and I read int the first chapter that muscles are for movement.[Why Tag ThisHow can this be different for African Americans with big lips?[Why Tag ThisAshley McBain
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Fractures
Fractures and Their RepairThere are multiple ways of classifying bone fractures. A stress fracture is a break caused by abnormal trauma to a bone, such as fractures incurred in falls, athletics, and military combat. A pathological fracture is a break in a bone weakened by some other disease, such as bone cancer or osteoporosis, usually caused by a stress that would not normally fracture a bone. Fractures are also classified according to the direction of the fracture line, whether the skin is broken, and whether a bone is merely cracked or broken into separate pieces. For example, a nondisplaced fracture is one in which the bone pieces remain in proper anatomical alignment, whereas a displaced fracture is one in which at least one piece is shifted out of alignment with the other (fig. 7.17a, b). A comminuted fracture is one in which a bone is broken into three or more pieces (fig. 7.17c). A greenstick fracture is one in which the bone is incompletely broken on one side but merely bent on the opposite side (fig. 7.17d), the way a green twig breaks only partially and not into separate pieces. Many other types of fractures are routinely taught in clinical and first aid courses.
There are multiple ways of classifying bone fractures. A stress fracture is a break caused by abnormal trauma to a bone, such as fractures incurred in falls, athletics, and military combat. A pathological fracture is a break in a bone weakened by some other disease, such as bone cancer or osteoporosis, usually caused by a stress that would not normally fracture a bone. Fractures are also classified according to the direction of the fracture line, whether the skin is broken, and whether a bone is merely cracked or broken into separate pieces. For example, a nondisplaced fracture is one in which the bone pieces remain in proper anatomical alignment, whereas a displaced fracture is one in which at least one piece is shifted out of alignment with the other (fig. 7.17a, b). A comminuted fracture is one in which a bone is broken into three or more pieces (fig. 7.17c). A greenstick fracture is one in which the bone is incompletely broken on one side but merely bent on the opposite side (fig. 7.17d), the way a green twig breaks only partially and not into separate pieces. Many other types of fractures are routinely taught in clinical and first aid courses.
stress: caused by abnormal trauma ex: athletics.pathological: break caused by a disease.[Why I tagged this]This actually goes hand-in-hand with what I'm studying for another class. In my other class, we are taking about bone fractures in younger children (age 2-6) and how their bodies react to healing these fractures. Also, if the last bit of this passage is true, [Why I tagged thisIf a fracrure always stats with us once it happenes how come it does not hurt for the rest of your life after you get it?[Why I tagged thisFractures:Stress fractures; abnormal traumaPathological fracture: Bone weakened by some other diseaseNondisplaced fracture: Bones maintain normal alignmentDIsplaced: Bones are all out of whack.Comminuted fracture: Bone is broken into 3+ piecesGreenstick: Bone is incompletely broken[Why I tagged thisWhat category would a compound fracture be in? I have always thought and was taught when younger that compound fractures were in a category of their own, is this wrong?[Why I tagged thisIs it true that fractures can hurt more than breaks? WHy is this?[Why I tagged thisI found this really interesting. Is a stress fracture the most common type of fracture? [Why I tagged thisI had a stress fracture in my L5 from fastpitch softball. I was a pitcher, and always wondered if the stress fracture was a result of constant rotation and bending backwards.[Why I tagged thisI wonder which one would heal faster. a stress fracture or a phathological fracture?[Why I tagged thisI never knew there was such a thing called pathological fracture that existed, where disease, or bone cancer (osteoporosis) can be the cause of the bone fractures. But where exactly does this happen? Any where in the skeletal? And is this something that is spread throughout the bones or is it just at a speacific area of the bone?[Why I tagged thisAre casts used to help the bone heal for all of these types of factures??[Why I tagged thisMy mother-in-law had a fractured pelvis. She tripped on some steps. Would this be considered a stress fracture? [Why I tagged thisFractures involve a single line through a bone, as well as more than two parts. The other way of classifyin bone fractures is when one can get deep in the skin.[Why I tagged thisI have never broken or fractured any bone or part of my body before and was wondering what it feels like to have a broken bone. Although this may sound emoish, I do not want it to appear that way. I am just curious because I feel like it would hurt a lot and be extremely uncomfortable especially if it is a greenstic fracture. [Why I tagged thisI tagged this part because I also never knew that there was so many types of breaks. I always thought that fractures were much worse than a break but I guess it turns out that the word fracture and break are pretty much the same thing unless youre talking about a stress fracture. I also dont understand why stress fractures dont require a cast, it seems like a reason they take so long to heal could also be because they arent stabilized like a normal break, in addition to being in a location that is under a lot more stress. (as the name suggests)[Why I tagged thisWhat is the most common type of fracture?[Why I tagged thisthere are many wasys to classify fractures in bones. stress frafctures is when there is abnormal trauma.[Why I tagged thisI have sprain my ankel many, many times over and over and now when I rotate my ankel it cracks but doesn't hurt. Is that part of the repair process it took?[Why I tagged thisShouldn't all fractures be classified as a [Why I tagged thisIs it true that it's better to break a bone than to fracture it because then a break will fully repair?[GeneralIsn't this the most common kind of fracture?[Why I tagged thisThis is why I have had 3 stress fractures as a runner-- repeated, everyday trauma to the bone.[Why I tagged thisI suffered a stress fracture in my left pointer finger because I caught a fly ball bare handed in a baseball game when I was younger. It was put in a stint and today you can't even tell that my left finger had ever been broken even when compared to my right pointer finger.[Why I tagged thistype of bone fractures[Why I tagged thisEven after losing many family members to bone cancer, I never knew the difference between these two fractures. I assumed the bones breaking from cancer and osteoporosis were considered stress fractures as well. [Why I tagged thisI highlighted this because I think it is important to see the different types of possible bone fractures: stress fracture, pathological fracture, and direction of the fracture line. Pathological fractures brought up bone cancer. Are there certain factors that make certain people more likely to get bone cancer? Also, how rare is bone cancer in the United States and what are the chances of survival if you have it?[Why I tagged thisIt was interesting to learn about the types of fractures and how they are classified according to the direction of the fracture line. [Why I tagged thisThis is all very important to kow because it has to do with identifying what a fracture is and how it happens. I find this especially important to me because it has to do with what i want to do with my life. I find this all very facinating. [Why I tagged thisdifferent types of classifications of bone fractures[Why I tagged thisWhen some one is extreamly stressed it causes the body to behave different. But in order for it to effect the bone how sevier would the stress have to be? Or even how long would this have to be going on to be considered a pathological fracture. Is the treatment any different for stressed individuals? [GeneralDo these fractures look different than a stress fracture? Can one tell when looking at a cadaver whether it is a stress or pathological break without any other medical history?[Why I tagged thisThere are so many different names for certain fractures, this is helpful to know[Why I tagged thisThe classification of fractures is important because it correlates the severity of the fracture along with the estimated amount of recovery time, and ultimately influences the treatment method of it. Most fractures that can be classified as simple, are treated with closed reduction. In closed reduction, bone fragments are corrected without surgery. Open reduction, on the other hand, is a more serious process that involves the use of plates, screws or pins to realign bone fragments. [Why I tagged thisI never knew there were many different fractures that you could get from different things too. So interesting for me discover this. I know I have had multiple fractures but didnt think of them to be called different types of fractures.Also is a stress fracture another work for a pathological fracture? Due to a pathological fracture being caused by stress from the disease by the bone weakening?[Why I tagged thisDoes this occur more in young children because their bones are still developing and hardening? The bone doesnt break all the way?[Why I tagged thisIt is interesting that the greenstick fracture is similar to that of a twig breaking because it only is partially broken on one side. [Why I tagged thisChildren are more prone to greenstick fractrures because their bones have not calcified as much as an adults[Why I tagged thisWhat type of stress would cause this type of fracture?[Why I tagged thisDo greenstick fractures heal more easily or less easily? How does the body repair the bend?[Why I tagged thisGreenstick fractures are common in younger children, as their bones are not fully ossified (they contain large amounts of hyaline cartilage).[Why I tagged thisJacob
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The Treatment of FracturesThe Treatment of Fractures Most fractures are set by closed reduction, a procedure in which the bone fragments are manipulated into their normal positions without surgery. Open reduction involves the surgical exposure of the bone and the use of plates, screws, or pins to realign the fragments (fig. 7.19). To stabilize the bone during healing, fractures are often set in casts. Traction is used to treat fractures of the femur in children. It aids in the alignment of the bone fragments by overriding the force of the strong thigh muscles. Traction is rarely used for elderly patients, however, because the risks from long-term confinement to bed outweigh the benefits. Hip fractures are usually pinned, and early ambulation (walking) is encouraged because it promotes blood circulation and healing. Fractures that take longer than 2 months to heal may be treated with electrical stimulation, which accelerates repair by suppressing the effects of parathyroid hormone.
Since children have more cartilage in their bones, and are less likely to break their bones, does it hurt more or less? What is more painful to break? A bone with more bone? Or a bone with more cartilage?[Why I tagged this]Treatment of Fractures:Most fractions are set by closed reduction: Bone fragments are manipulated into the normal position without surgery. [Why I tagged thisI broke my wrist in three places. My parents didn't believe me it was broken for a whole day. I had to have a cast for 6-8 weeks![Why I tagged thisinteresting info [Why I tagged thisAre fractures more common in children or does age not matter?[Why I tagged thisOsteomyelitis is more likely to occur in open fractures because of the need for invasive repair. The worse the damage, the more likely bacteria will be able to get into the bone. Increased time in the hospital also increses risk of infection. The prevalence of MRSA and VRE has increased exponentially, and each dressing change of a wound requires sanitary technique. The insertion of a foley catheter after surgery is also common, and urinary tract infections are common in those with prolonged catheter use. Infection can spread to the bone through bactremia, or infection of the bone and surrounding tissue can cause sepsis and the systemic inflammatory response. Hip fractures in the elderly are especially difficult because a loss of mobility, incontinence, loss of appetite and low fluid intake contribute to slow wound healing and risk of infection. [Why I tagged thisI fractured my scaphoid bone in my wrist and even with a cast it didn't heal properly. It also took 3 months to fully heal, but what I don't understand is if the purpose of a cast is to put it back in the normal position, how is it that sometimes, like in my case, it doesn't go back to the correct position? Is that just an error from the doctor who adjusted the cast?[Why I tagged thisMost fractures are set back into place by closed reduction, as oposed to open reduction. Open reduction involves surgery and uses plates,screws, or pins[Why I tagged thisI found this information interesting because my grandmother fractured her hip this last summer and the recovery process was a long time.[Why I tagged thisHow do bones repair when they don't have anything that controls healing bones ?like skin, stem cells control repairing and forming new cells to heal skin.[Why I tagged thisTo treat fractures they are set by closed reduction which manipulates them back to normal positions. Often casts are seen to fix closed reduction, it aids by overriding the force of the thigh muscles. I would like to learn more about this because it seems that it would take more than just the muscle to repair the bone. What else is the cast doing to fix the fracture? [Why I tagged thiswhy was this not the complete answer to the online [Why I tagged thisWhen someone breaks or fractures something the reason it has to be set in a cast is to make sure it goes back to its natural position. What other forces would provent the bone to be reset by itself? Do the muscles have something to do with how the bone is reset?[Why I tagged thisTHe most common way of setting a fracture is closed reduction where the bone fragments are manipulated into their normal positions non-invasively. This allows the bone to heal in the correct form otherwise deformities can occur if two bones heal together that are not supposed to. [Why I tagged thisThis paragraph tells how the body eventually wears down and can not function properly without advance science. [Why I tagged thisThis is really intresting. its exactly what happened to my friend three weeks ago. Because of the snow she slipped and brock two bones in her ankle. and they had to put a closed reduction to help her walk proprly againg once she recover from the brock.[Why I tagged thisWhy is it necessary for some doctors to rebreak a bone depending on the break, which bone was broken and how long ago it was broken? Is this because the bone has healed wrong?[Why I tagged thisI fractured my toe and it was treated by closed reduction. I had to wear a boot for a certain number of weeks, and by the end the bone had healed.[Why I tagged thisHow to treat fractures. Most fractures are most easily set by closed reduction where the bones are put back into their normal positions without the need of surgery. In comparison, open reduction involves surgery where the bone is exposed with use of plates, screws, etc. to realign fragments. [Why I tagged thisI think this is a good thing! My mom got open reduction in her ankle. I forgot exactly what broke but since it was on the outside of her ankle I am assuming it was the lower part of the fibula where it connects to her ankle. SHe had both plates and screws put in surgerically. Her ankle was very tender many months after, so she eventually got the plates and screws removed and she asked the doctors if she could keep them and they said yes and gave them to her. It was very interesting because the plates and screws looks like something out of my dads tool box!! I was very surprised![Why I tagged thisimportant to know ..[Why I tagged thisDo sprains really take longer to heal than a fracture?[Why I tagged thishow to treat fractures such as closed reduction, surgery, traction... etc.[Why I tagged thisMany fractures are closed by reduction where the bones are manipulated to go back to normal through surgery. If the bone needs extra screws or pins to realign the bones it is called open reduction. Traction is used to treat fractures in the femur in children and the elderly to strengthen their bones for walking- it promotes blood circulation and healing. A fracture takes longer to heal so it can be treated with electrical stimulation to help repair faster by releasing parathyroid hormone.[Why I tagged thisWhy is it necassary to do this? You would think the bones would grow back into their normal posistions on their own [Why I tagged thissolution to fractures[Why I tagged thisAre these screws removed once the bone is healed?[Why I tagged thisI knew that some injuries and breakings of the bone required surgeries where screw and plates were used but I am interested to know how this influences a child's growth or if it has any influence at all. Will the bone still be able to ossify and grow as a normal one would?[Why I tagged thisWhy is it that our bodies do not attack these foreign objects within our bodies?[Why I tagged thisSo these just hold the bones in there original places until the osteocytes mend it back together?[Why I tagged thisIf someone breaks a bone and has plates and screws put in, can the bone ever fully repair itself so that it does not need the pins and plates?[Why I tagged thisWith open reduction repairs, does bone eventually develop around the hardware or does the hardware interrupt normal bone function? [Why I tagged thisNext week my roommate is having screws removed from his patella after he cracked it into 4 pieces last year. How exactly does healing around the screws and pins happen? How is it that a year later its ok to remove the screws?[Why I tagged thisCan the use of these tools in the bones cause problems?[Why I tagged thisIf a cast or a splint is not used during the treatment of a leg fracture, the leg becomes smaller compaired to the other leg: Why?[Why I tagged thisMy brother broke his arm 5 times on the arm, in the same place. By the third time he needed to get a splint inserted in his arm so that the bone would heal properly.[Why I tagged thisThere are many treatments to fractures. in order the speed the process.[General_Do Not UseAre farcture repairs in elderly patients treated differently due to their slower rates of regeneration of osseous tissue? If yes, how so?[Why I tagged thisI had just learned about this in my anitomical class about hip factures and femoral neck frantures. It is so interesting to see that they repair them two different ways even tho they are so close to each other. THey will fix on with screws and the other with just a totale hip because of the amount of blood supply. This is just telling me even more how percise the body is by having a facture where there is alot of blood supply and then move almost an inch or so over and there is little to no blood supply. [Why I tagged thisI work on an orthopedic unit in a hospitial and was amazed when I started working there to see the patients up and walking the day of surgery (with assistance). The surgeons really push for their patients to be up and moving as soon and as often as possible to encourage the proper healing of the bone. This is true for knee and hip replacements as well as fractures.[Why I tagged thisThese treatments are kind of confusing. I work at a nursing home and I've seen patients with hip fractures, but the last thing we do is encourage them to walk or even move! How can a person walk around with a fractured hip? what does the parathyorid hormone do to speed up the healing process?[Why I tagged thisDanielle Henckel
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Alma Tovar
Tissues are, in fact, capable of changing from one type to another within certain limits.
Tissues are, in fact, capable of changing from one type to another within certain limits.
Tissues are, in fact, capable of changing from one type to another within certain limits. Most obviously, unspecialized tissues of the embryo develop into more diverse and specialized types of mature tissue?mesenchyme to muscle, for example. This development of a more specialized form and function is called differentiation.
issues are, in fact, capable of changing from one type to another within certain limits. Most obviously, unspecialized tissues of the embryo develop into more diverse and specialized types of mature tissue?mesenchyme to muscle, for example. This development of a more specialized form and function is called differentiation.Epithelia sometimes exhibit metaplasia,43 a change from one type of mature tissue to another. For example, the vagina of a young girl is lined with a simple cuboidal epithelium.
Epithelia sometimes exhibit metaplasia,43 a change from one type of mature tissue to another. For example, the vagina of a young girl is lined with a simple cuboidal epithelium. At puberty, it changes to a stratified squamous epithelium, better adapted to the future demands of intercourse and childbirth. The nasal cavity is lined with ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium. However, if we block one nostril and breathe through the other one for several days, the epithelium in the unblocked passage changes to stratified squamous. In smokers, the pseudostratified columnar epithelium of the bronchi may transform into a stratified squamous epithelium.
The nasal cavity is lined with ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium. However, if we block one nostril and breathe through the other one for several days, the epithelium in the unblocked passage changes to stratified squamous. In smokers, the pseudostratified columnar epithelium of the bronchi may transform into a stratified squamous epithelium.
What are these [Why tag this text]I was suprised that a type of tissue was able to change to another, other than a developing baby.[Why tag this textThis makes no sense to me...If a tissue is a certain tissue, how can it change?[Why tag this textI found it interesting that Tissues are able to change within certain limits. Does tissue ever weaken after a certain point when changing?[Tissues tissues can change fro one type to a different one within certain limits.[Why tag this textAt what point do tissues stop changing/growing?[Why tag this textTissues can change, this is interesting. Tissues change to accomodate what is happening in the body, puberty. What would exactly happen if the tissue didn't change, meaning what if during puberty the tissue in a females vagina stayed a a simple cuboidal epithelium?[Why tag this textIt interests me how tissues are able to change. To some degree I figured thats what happens with the different stages of human development, but I also thought we just adopted new tissue as we grow. [Why tag this textI never knew that different tissue types were capable of changing from one type of mature tissue to another. However when I read further about the example of a vagina of a young girl, I realized that it makes a lot more sense that they change and mature according to how the rest of the body changes and matures.[Why tag this textHow tissues repair themselves. Two ways: regeneration(where the dead or damaged cells are replaced by the same type of cells and Fibrosis ( replacing the damanged tissue with scar tissue)[Why tag this textTissue changes along with the body's growth and development throughout the years because our body knows that at different ages, we have different uses for our body tissue.[Why tag this textQuestion 2: Differentiation is where during the development of unspecialized tissue it changes into a cell with more specific form and function. Metaplasia is where a mature cell changes into a different type.[Why tag this textThis defines what it means to have tissue develope in early stages.[General-Do not useIt is very interesting finding out how our tissues can adapt and change, it make me think if we have figured this out how can we adapt these changes to certain cancers to reverse cells?[Why tag this textDefinition of differentiation[Why tag this textImportant term[Why tag this textI think this is so interesting. I never realized that a mature tissue could change.[Why tag this textI think it's amazing how our bodies can change and adapt to how we develeop and with our environments![Why tag this textI never thought of tissue in this way. It makes complete sence. Using the smokers example, the usual bronchi is pseudostratified columnar, where each cell is touching the basement membrane, and epithelia is multilayered, not all of the cells get to be exposed to the surface, but after smoking continuously the epithelium becomes stratified squamous, the bronchi becomes scaly and flattened because you smoked away the top layer/s in which are now dead cells, here only the deepest layer touches the b. membrane. because the deepest layer may be all you have left after destroying your epithelia. [why tag thisEpithelia tissue's ability to go through metaplasia is exteremly important in the continuation of the human species. As stated in the example below a young girl's vagina is lined with simple cuboidal epithelium that matures into stratified (layered) squamous epithelium to better support the demands of chidbirth later in life. This ensure the continuence of our species. [Why tag this textThe tissue's new function or lack of function changes the entire type of epithelium. This is very interesting. [Why tag this textDefinition of metaplasia.[Why tag this textThis is interesting to me because our bodies are so advance that even our epithelia changes as our body changes to accomadate a new lifestlye.[Why tag this textThis is an example of how complex our body is, being able to adapt to survive[Why tag this textSo the tissues change with age? Or body changes?[Why tag this textIt amazes me how our bodies can change for specifc things like childbirth or intercourse. [Why tag this textVery inetersting. I remember touching this subject in high school but never got into deptch about it.[Why tag this textThis explains how in certain circumstances the epithelium has the ability to change.[General-Do not useThis is a good example of how function and development play into anatomy. As we change because of life experiences (the smoker) or because or because of an expected function (intercourse and childbirth), our anatomy adjusts to become better suited to our physiology. [Why tag this textThis is simply amazing that the tissues of the body are capable of adapting to such drastic changes. [Why tag this textIt is basically a new term to me. I don't remember learning it when I took anatomy and physiology in high school, but that was awhile ago. It is still nice to re-terms and advance the learning I progress. The human body is so magnificent! As I continue reading the chapters and sections, I find myself wanting to learn more.[Why tag this textHow would one differentiate between [Why tag this textTissues adapt[Why tag this textI never really thought about how your body is developing and changing that it changes the type of tissue that has been there. Everytime the uterus sheds is it making new tissue? [Why tag this textits interesting how tissue can change from one type to another by itself and with no notice to the human[Why tag this textWow I never knew this! It makes sense though because as a child your body isn't fully developed to handle the things that life has [Why tag this textI find this amazing that although evolution cannot be applied to an individual, modifications like this can still be made to the body to adjust to the environment.[Why tag this textWhen I read this portion of the text, I couldn't help but want to try it! I think it would be an interesting thing to try out, but I'm not sure if it would be dangerous or not. This also led me to wonder if people with smaller nasal passages have stratified squamous? If so, is it detrimental to his or her health?[Why tag this textSo this would be why breathing through one nostril when you have a cold becomes so uncomfortable? Because they are stratified squamous they flake off so our nasal passage would probably become sore and irritated.[Why tag this textQuestion 1: The ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium function to prevent particles from entering the system because of the use of cilia whereas the stratified squamous epithelium function as a protective covering. Therefore the stratified squamous epithelium cannot function as the ciliated pseudostratified columnar epitheliem because they do not have cilia and because the stratified squamous epithelium do not produce a mucous coating. In smokers with brochial metaplasia some consequences could include unwanted particles entering into the lungs and causing some type of infection.[Why tag this textThis makes me wonder how a part of our body will know when or how to give rise to a different type of cell. I know that it must be in the DNA of our cells but how do they know when to change. What is the communication like between cells?[Why tag this textGuendel Brandon James
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The most widespread epithelium in the body is stratified squamous epithelium
The most widespread epithelium in the body is stratified squamous epithelium,
The most widespread epithelium in the body is stratified squamous epithelium, which deserves further discussion. Its deepest layer of cells are cuboidal to columnar, and include mitotically active stem cells.
The most widespread epithelium in the body is stratified squamous epithelium, which deserves further discussion. Its deepest layer of cells are cuboidal to columnar, and include mitotically active stem cells. Their daughter cells push toward the surface and become flatter (more squamous, or scaly) as they migrate farther upward, until they finally die and flake off. Their separation from the surface is called exfoliation ( desquamation) (fig. 5.12); the study of exfoliated cells is called exfoliate cytology.
The most widespread epithelium in the body is stratified squamous epithelium, which deserves further discussion. Its deepest layer of cells are cuboidal to columnar, and include mitotically active stem cells. Their daughter cells push toward the surface and become flatter (more squamous, or scaly) as they migrate farther upward, until they finally die and flake off. Their separation from the surface is called exfoliation ( desquamation) (fig. 5.12); the study of exfoliated cells is called exfoliate cytology. You can easily study exfoliated cells by scraping your gums with a toothpick, smearing this material on a slide, and staining it with iodine. A similar procedure is used in the Pap smear, an examination of exfoliated cells from the cervix for signs of uterine cancer (see fig. 28.5, p. 1070).
I tagged this because I was interested where the epithelium met at two points. This gave me very informative information.[Why tag this text]Stratified Columnar: rare. 2 or more layers. It is the connector between epithelial types, and is only found where two types meet. Like Pharynx, Larynx, anal canal, male urethra[Why tag this textthe rarity of stratified columnar epithelium is really only seen in a few places in the human body.[Why tag this textStraftified epithelia are named for the shapes of the SURFACE cells. Use the same memory devices to remember and classify what type of tissue it is.[Why tag this textstratified columnar epithelium is found in the pharynx,larynx,anal canal, and male urethra.[Why tag this textI find it very interesting that stratified columnar epithelium is so rare in our anatomy. I would expect the anal canal to be lined with nonkeratinized epithilum like the vagina. Also, why is only the male urethra lined in this type of epithelium, and not the female? I would venture to hypothesize that stratified columnar epithelia are a product of evolution, and may not have always existed in human enatomy.[Why tag this textWow I didn't know that this cell type was so rare? I remember learning about it in high school but we focused on it just as much as we did for the other types[Why tag this textmost common epithelium in the body. found mostly throughout[Why tag this textI tagged this section because it seems like something I will really need to remember for this class. Of course, all the epitheliums are important, but stratified squamous shows up the most in our bodies [Why tag this textWhy is this the most widespread epithelium?[Why tag this textWhat are the main functions of this type of tissue? Why is it so widespread throughout the body?[Why tag this textThe type of epithelium which appears the most in the body. Their deepest layer are stem cells which are constantly reproducing.[Why tag this textExplains that stratified squamous epithelium is the most widespread epilium in the body. Then goes on to explain what it consists of.[Why tag this textThis seems to contradict the fact that transitional epithelium is now known to be untrue, considering the squamous epithelia depicted in this excerpt start as cuboidal to columnar in the deepest layer, and the cells become flatter (squamous) as they move towards the apical surface. Why is this? However, considering the mitotically active stem cells in the basal surface of stratified squamous epithelia, the implications of these cells in medical research are interesting and critical.[Why tag this textI decided to tag this particular part of the text because skin in the largest organ in the body and this section states that the most widespread epithelium in the body is stratified squamous. Knowing how and what this type does could be helpful in better understanding the integumentary system as a whole.[Why tag this textAbout the most widespread epithelium in the body (stratified spuamous epithelium)[Why tag this textSquamous epithelium is the most common of the epithelia.[Why tag this textis this typically found only in the outermost layers of skin.[Why tag this textAgain, I study exfoliation of the skin and try to educate patients on procedures and skin products that can accelerate this process. I never knew the exact epithelial cell type that they were. Now I know that they are Stratified Squamous cells. Hence, probably why some skin cancers are called [Why tag this textlargest amount in body[Why tag this textMost common epithelium is stratified squamous, which at the surface are flatter and more scaly, giving rise to the term exfoliation when they flake off. [Why tag this textStratified squamous epithelium is the most important epithelial tissue because it is so widespread. the more dead cells are towards te top.[Why tag this textmost common type in the body the rest of the paragraph is a good description of shaping and movement of the cells.[Why tag this textAre these the same stem cells that are causing such controversial debates? [Why tag this text Interesting with the idea of seperation and breakage. I don't really understand what the concept is around but I can understand it for the most part. What is truely important that it is associated with the sratified squamous epitheialium, which spreads out the widest.[Why tag this textdeepest layer of that particular cell.[Why tag this textthis layer have active mitotically active stem cells which means is divides quickly[Why tag this textThe stratified squamous epithelium cells move to surface after cells on the top layer fall off. It reminds me of how sharks teeth work when it loses it teeth it has a back row that moves forward to replace the lost ones. The removal of the dead cells is what keeps our skin looking healthy when new cells are constantly reproduced. [Why tag this textWhat would this be considered as far as a name?[Why tag this textThis reminds me of skin cells. The outer layer of our skin is made of dead cells that perpetually flake off (or exfoliate).[Why tag this textso basically its dead skin cells[Why tag this textExfoliation has become a buzzword when it comes to many treatments involving skin care. When reading about the function of epithelial cells it would seem that people are willing to sacrifice natural function for aesthetics quite frequently.[Why tag this textWe all know the word exfoliation and experience it through our skin, so it's interesting to learn the reasons why/how this happens.[Why tag this textI never thought of the growth/regeneration of squamous epithelium (would an example be skin?) as one that starts from the bottom up. It's interesting that there is a [Why tag this textI think this is called skin[Why tag this textthe newly developed cells migrate twoards the surface becoming flatter until the die off and flake off[Why tag this textWhen I think of exfoliation I think of face scrubs that exfoliate your skin by scrubbing off that dead layer of skin.[Why tag this textI understand the concept of exfoliation as the separation of cells from the surface. and this exfoliated cells serve as the source of examination for doctors for example. But I wish the book would include more about the effects of exfoliation within in the body. Is exfoliation just a renovation process of does it have another function?[Why tag this textThis is interesting because in biology class we scraped the inside of our cheeks and our gums and looked at them with a microscope.[Why tag this textwhen the daughter cells flake off and die off[Why tag this textDanielle Henckel
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Alma Tovar
Riley Spitzig
of function. These approaches are complementary and never entirely separable.
approaches are complementary and never entirely separable. Together, they form
approaches are complementary and never entirely separable. Together, they form the bedrock of the health sciences. When we study a structure, we want to know, What does it do?
Together, they form the bedrock of the health sciences. When we study a structure, we want to know, What does it do? Physiology thus lends meaning to anatomy; and, conversely, anatomy is what makes physiology possible
When we study a structure, we want to know, What does it do? Physiology thus lends meaning to anatomy; and, conversely, anatomy is what makes physiology possible.
When we study a structure, we want to know, What does it do? Physiology thus lends meaning to anatomy; and, conversely, anatomy is what makes physiology possible.
When we study a structure, we want to know, What does it do? Physiology thus lends meaning to anatomy; and, conversely, anatomy is what makes physiology possible. This unity of form and function is an important point to bear in mind as you study the body.
Physiology thus lends meaning to anatomy; and, conversely, anatomy is what makes physiology possible. This unity of form and function is an important point to bear in mind as you study the body.
examples of it will be apparent throughout the book-some of them pointed out for you, and others you will notice for yourself.
definition of physiology[Why I tagged this]It gives a simple definiton of physiology and makes it easier to relate it to anatomy [Why I tagged thisI tagged this because it is the basic subject we are studying. Knowing the distinctions and definitions of anatomy and physiology is very important to the studying of the two because it defereniates the two and can easily be linked to one another.[Why I tagged thisIt is important to know that the Anatomy and the Physiology of the body are independent elements that work together in harmony[Why I tagged thisThis is a very interesting and true point. This statement is true because you need to understand the function of a specific part in order to understand why it was formed that way. Also, the way that something is structured gives hints to its function most of the time. [Why I tagged thisCause and effect.[Why I tagged thisThis is much like going on a road trip. You have to know both where you're going (anatomy) and how to get there (physiology). Both are needed to understand a map.[complementarySometimes a clinical diagnosis is clear, just by looking at the physical apprearance. For example, Scoliosis. [Why I tagged thisanatomy and physiology make up the human body. Physiology contributes to anatomy and anatomy is the main part that makes physiology happen. [Why I tagged thisFoundation of health science[Why I tagged thisIf it wasnt for anatomy, then physiology wouldnt be possible. Which is really intresting to me, and I'm excited to learn more about it. [Why I tagged thisShows the relationship between Anatomy and Physiology.[Why I tagged thishow anatomy and physiology relate to each other[Why I tagged thisThey relate to each other. One cannot stand alone without the other part.[Why I tagged thisWe need anatomy in order to know physiology and vice versa. [Why I tagged thisComparative physiology is very popular for choosing different animals for testing different drugs on because some animals have an anotomy of a spefic organ that relates more closely to the human than others. However, I didn't recognize that comparative physiology played such a large role in study of evolutionary advantages. [Why I tagged thisAnatomy and Physiology work in conjuction to create the foundations of Health Sciences.[Why I tagged thisThis shows the important point that anatomy and physiology are intertwined, and to study the body, we need to understand both the form and the function in order to get a complete picture.[Why I tagged thisTo me this was an important part of the reading, reminding students that understanding the relationship between the two themes is vital. [Why I tagged thisThe thing that I find most intersting about this section in particular is that anatomy and physiology work together to allow the body to operate. Like this says the anatomy is what allows the physiology of a human being. [Why I tagged thisThis explains that anatomy and physiology are connected and how they depend on each other[Why I tagged thisThis is a clear definition of the relationship between form and function of human anatomy, thus proving the two are co-dependent. [Why I tagged thisI find it very fasinating that anatomy and physiology work together to make up the body. To really be able to study the body fully, one must study the structure along with the functions. [Why I tagged thisThese basic medical sciences of anatomy and physiology are related to each other strongly and both are required to be learned and understood simultaneously. Anatomy is the structure such as the liver and physiology is the function such as what does the liver do for the human body. If these two didn't go hand in hand we wouldn't be able to do science and help the sick. We need to know the location in the body of where things are and especially what they do for us. [Why I tagged thisI think this annotation is significant because it shows the direct importance of the two fields of study both together, and as an independent study themselves. Each organisms anatomy changes its physiology, yet both fields require a different method of study. Understanding anatomy doesn't necassarily mean understanding physiology and vice versa. Both fields work in sync. [Why I tagged thisit shows the definition of Anatomy and Physiology[Why I tagged thisExplains the deffinition of physiology and anatomy more in depth[Why I tagged thisOne of the princlples in A&P is the unity of form and function. This was repeated throughout all sciences. It is interesting that the same ideas can be applied to micro scale situations like protein/enzyme interaction and a macro scale as in the shape of your femur lets you walk and hold your body weight.[form&functionBoth physiology and anatomy go hand by hand since the structure enables the function and the ability of the function depends on the structure. Both are inseparable.[GeneralIt's important to know and realize how anatomy and physiology both work hand in hand together and how both definitions help to explain how the body works and fuction.[Why I tagged thisThe text explains how they work together to form the subject, and they are both very important.[Why I tagged thisAnatomy and physiology are constantly working together to create meaning in their respective fields and would not entirely make sense without each other. [Why I tagged thisAnatomy and physiology work together in their definitions and help us to comprehend how the structure and functions of the body are intertwined.[Why I tagged thisShows why the two terms are important to each other. (compliment each other).[Why I tagged this
I tagged this because understanding and using the unity of form and function will help and be very important when learning how different parts of our body work together to allow us to function. Wheter it be our organ systems, skeletal structure, or muscular system they all in some way help and work together to allow us to function. [Why I tagged thisExplains the relation of how physiology and anatomy intertwine, but it also give us insight on how to approach learning in this course. [Why I tagged thisAlso - cause and effect.[Why I tagged thisI selected this because it is telling us that this is not going to be an easy class and out work isn't just going to be handed to us simply, we are going to have to work for it[Why I tagged thisChanel Anastas
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Nervous tissue is found in the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and ganglia, which are knotlike swellings in nerves.
Nervous tissue is found in the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and ganglia, which are knotlike swellings in nerves. Local variations in the structure of nervous tissue are described in chapters 12 to 16.
Muscular Tissue
Muscular tissue is specialized to contract when stimulated, and thus to exert a physical force on other tissues, organs, or fluids?for example, a skeletal muscle pulls on a bone, the heart contracts and expels blood, and the bladder contracts and expels urine. Not only do movements of the body and its limbs depend on muscle, but so do such processes as digestion, waste elimination, breathing, speech, and blood circulation. The muscles are also an important source of body heat.
Muscular tissue is specialized to contract when stimulated, and thus to exert a physical force on other tissues, organs, or fluids-for example, a skeletal muscle pulls on a bone, the heart contracts and expels blood, and the bladder contracts and expels urine
Muscular tissue is specialized to contract when stimulated, and thus to exert a physical force on other tissues, organs, or fluids?for example, a skeletal muscle pulls on a bone, the heart contracts and expels blood, and the bladder contracts and expels urine. Not only do movements of the body and its limbs depend on muscle, but so do such processes as digestion, waste elimination, breathing, speech, and blood circulation. The muscles are also an important source of body heat.There are three types of muscular tissue?skeletal, cardiac, and smooth?which differ in appearance, physiology, and function
Muscular tissue is specialized to contract when stimulated, and thus to exert a physical force on other tissues, organs, or fluids?for example, a skeletal muscle pulls on a bone, the heart contracts and expels blood, and the bladder contracts and expels urine. Not only do movements of the body and its limbs depend on muscle, but so do such processes as digestion, waste elimination, breathing, speech, and blood circulation. The muscles are also an important source of body heat.There are three types of muscular tissue?skeletal, cardiac, and smooth?which differ in appearance, physiology, and function (table 5.11). Skeletal muscle consists of long threadlike cells called muscle fibers. Most of it is attached to bones, but there are exceptions in the tongue, upper esophagus, some facial muscles, and some sphincter25 (SFINK-tur) muscles (muscular rings or cuffs that open and close body passages). Each cell contains multiple nuclei adjacent to the plasma membrane. Skeletal muscle is described as striated and voluntary. The first term refers to alternating light and dark bands, or striations (stry-AY-shuns), created by the overlapping pattern of cytoplasmic protein filaments that cause muscle contraction. The second term, voluntary, refers to the fact that we usually have conscious control over skeletal muscle.
What would be considered a long-distance signal?[Why tag this text]it shows that glial cells are super important even though they do not transmit long range signals, but they do communicate with the neurons and each other which im sure would relay the message even though one specif glial cell cannot transmit the signal itself[Why tag this textWhat sort of things would glial cells communitate[Why tag this textAlways good to know the location of what you are studying[General-Do not useLocation of nervous tissue[Why tag this textIn my opinions, nervous tissue would be the most dangerous tissue to damage due to the locations of it.[Why tag this textBeing a transfer student, I took physiology last semester. This unit (the endocrine and nervous system), was the most difficult for me. I am looking forward to putting forth more effort and learning more and the funtion it plays towards our anatomy.[Why tag this textthe brain, spinal cord, nerves and gangalia is where the nervous tissue is found.[Why tag this textMuscular tissue working toward all parts of the organs and bones and keeping the body moving as well as eliminating the waste after digesting.[Why tag this textthree different types of muscular tissue - smooth, skeletal, and cardiac. Each form different appearances[Why tag this textThis is a very intersting concept that muscles must exert forces on bones for movement to occur. When it states that without proper muscle control your speech can be affected this reminds me of what I have learned about stroke victims. During a stroke you lose control of certain facial muscles and this causes you to slur your speech. It is important to recognize the signs of a stroke in order to save the victims life. This statement also makes sense in the cases of those with muscular dystrophy. As the disease eats away at one's muscle mass the victim is eventually unable to move certain limbs/ areas of their body. [Why tag this textwhat differentiates muscular tissue from nervous. It contracts and exerts a force.[Why tag this textAre spasms a result of a stimulus or are they caused from something else?[Why tag this textThree types of Muscular tissue, Skeletal, Cardiac and Smooth. Muscles move the body, help with digestion/waste elimination/breathing/speech/circulation and heat up the body.[Why tag this textmain role of muscular tissue[Why tag this textImportant to know to know the difference from Nervous tissue so they can be compared and contrasted. This helps gain an understanding of the tissues and how they work together, always a point to know for the further study of tissues. [Why tag this textExplains muscular tissue[Why tag this textOH WOW INTERESTING
Muscular tissue contracts muscle to exert reaction[Why tag this textexplains primary information on the muscle tissue and how it works, it will help me find other muscle tissue information[Why tag this textI never realized how much muscular tissue actually does for body and how much we actually have of it. I didn't know that when we smile we are using a muscle tissue in our mouth so i found it very interesting.[Why tag this textLearned at uw waukesha in my health class. Learning about this from a biology class is intresting and challenging more though.[Why tag this textFunction of muscular tissue[Why tag this textThis expains what all muscles do, and that muscles do things that people dont even realize they do. I also never thought about a muscle pulling on a bone.[Why tag this textInteresting because i never really even thought about how your muscles are actually responsible for the unconscious activities in our bodies such as digestion, waste elimination, breathing and blood circulation[Why tag this textWithout muscular tissues, the body would be physically incapable to exert forces on necessaracy organs and therefore unable to perform certain daily functions. This makes me wonder that if this tissue somehow never came about, would humans in general still exist in this world? Better yet would any living mammal be able to survive without this tissue? This paragraph alone really shows me how important tissues are in the body. [Why tag this textWithout muscular tissue there would be no sports. Our movements to dribble, run, shoot, catch, etc rely on muscle. Muscles produce body heat, which is very important in sports. For example, being a fast pitch pitcher, when our offensive inning was over I would always need to throw on another heavy layer on when it was cold out in order to keep my muscles warm. If I do so, since my muscles were not working, the would become cold and stiff. [Why tag this textThis section/ description of the muscular tissue really intrigued me bacause although I have been taught before how the muscular tissue helps the body move, I did not know it helps with the digestion, breathing and etc. I would like to read into it more on how the muscular tissues associates with the digestion,breathing and etc. Also, I would had never guessed it had to deal with those functions of the body.[Why tag this textIt is important to understand the similarities and differences between the three different kinds of muscle tissue, and what each of their functions are. This highlighted area is the start of an answer to a 5.4 goal, and it is also important to know where part of our body heat comes from.[Why tag this textThis shows how our body works together. Even each part of our body is different, they all work together and need each other to function.[Why tag this textI had no idea that muscle tissue had this big of a role in bodies functions. It amazes me that one movement of muscle can have a chain reaction throughout the entire body. Im wondering if the movement of a muscle causes such then when someone tears a muscle what kind of effects does it have on the rest of the bodies functions? or does it have no effect?[Why tag this textthe purpose of the muscular tissue is to contract when it has been stimulated. It takes a role in digestion, breathing, blood circulation and for speech. the muscular tissue consist of three types of tissues and each take a different role in the body[Why tag this textI found this interesting because out of the three muscles there is only one that is voluntary. The other two muscles are involentary. That means the skeletal muscle is the only muscle we have conscious control over and i found that interesting that the rest of our muscles are working with out us conscoisly controling them. [Why tag this textSamantha B Johnson
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We now probe more deeply into the cell to study its internal structures. These are classified into three groups? cytoskeleton, organelles, and inclusions?all embedded in the clear, gelatinous cytosol.
We now probe more deeply into the cell to study its internal structures. These are classified into three groups? cytoskeleton, organelles, and inclusions?all embedded in the clear, gelatinous cytosol.The Cytoskeleton
We now probe more deeply into the cell to study its internal structures. These are classified into three groups? cytoskeleton, organelles, and inclusions?all embedded in the clear, gelatinous cytosol.The CytoskeletonThe cytoskeleton is a network of protein filaments and cylinders that structurally support a cell, determine its shape, organize its contents, direct the movement of materials within the cell, and contribute to movements of the cell as a whole. It can form a very dense supportive scaffold in the cytoplasm (fig. 3.25). It is connected to transmembrane proteins of the plasma membrane, and they in turn are connected to protein fibers external to the cell, creating a strong structural continuity from extracellular material to the cytoplasm. Cytoskeletal elements may even connect to chromosomes in the nucleus, enabling physical tension on a cell to move nuclear contents and mechanically stimulate genetic function.
Arent all parts of the cell essential to survival? They do make up who we are and missing a piece is probably not the best thing.[Why tag this text]An organelle carries out a particular function to help the cell's survival, while an inclusion generally refers to pigment granules, fat droplets and other things, they are not essential to cell survival[Why tag this textthis seems like it would be interesting to know more about this.[Why tag this textWhat would happen if one of these parts arent fully opperational or if one was missing? would the cell die off and just not exist?[Why tag this textWhy are cell structures so complex? Would a cell exist if it was missing any of the the interior compenents?[Why tag this textInternal Structures of a cell are classified into three groups: Cytoskeleton, Organelles and Inclusions, all of which are embedded in the clear, gel-like cytosol.[Why tag this textIs everything in a cell (all the structures) in ONE of these 3 groups? Or can some things be classified under more than one?[General-Do not usethree main groups of structures in the cell.[Why tag this textsupport the cell, has the shape, and organizes the content[Why tag this textnetwork of protein filaments and cylinds that structurally support a cell, determine its shape, organize its contents, direct the movement of materials wiithin the cell, and contribute to movements of the cell as a whole.[Why tag this textThe cytoskeleton: Made of protein filaments [microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules]and cylinders, its used to structurally support a cell, determine its shape, organize its contents, direct the movement of materials within the cell and contribute to the movements of the cell as a whole. It is connected to the transmembrane proteins.Microfilaments: Made of actin, make a mat called the terminal web, which provides support. This mat has phospholipids on it, hich provide a permeable barrier.Intermediate filaments: Thicker/stiffer. Give the cell a shape, resist stress and participate in junctions [for attaching cells to neighbors]. Made of keratin.Microtubule: Made of 13 parallel strands called protofilaments, which has a protein called a tubulin. Microtubules come from an area called the centrosome, they hold stuff in place, maintain cell shape and rigidity, and act like railroad tracks[Why tag this textIf you are gluten intolerant, does that have to do with a malfunction of your golgi complex?[Why tag this textComparing the organelles, cytoskeleton, and inclusions which one is the most beneficial to the organ, and which one is the least important?[Why tag this textWhen looking a normal, simple diagram of a cell, the cytoskeleton does not look like much, but when you zoom in and break it down, you can see that there is a lot more to it than meets the eye and its function proves to be quite vital, since it provides a cell with structure and support as well as determining its shape, organizing the cell's contents, directing movement of materials within a cell, and movement of the cell as a whole.[Why tag this textI thought this was interesting becauseI never knew that the cytoskeleton shapes, organizes and controls the movements of the cells.[Why tag this textthe outside that helps it support a cell and makes its shape[Why tag this textI think it's crazy that something as small as a cell needs its own skeleton to keep it's shape and structure and keep all of its organelles in place. I would have definitely thought the cytoplasm was enough...[Why tag this textI feel that this is important because the cytoskeleton is a big part of a cell it is like the bones to our body but the bones to a cell and how it holds things.[Why tag this textfunctions of the cytoskeleton[Why tag this textThe cytoskeleton is what makes the cell as a whole move. The actual word itself is an icon of its own meeting. [Why tag this textI tagged all of these sections because I thought id talk about how in high school I had to make my own verson of a cell with household good that had the same functions as the organelles inside the cell. For example, I used an old cell phone for the nucleus because it stores information. I also used plastic wrap because for the membrane around the cardboard to protect everything in the cell. [Why tag this textI tagged this because I found it interesting. I never knew that the cytoskeleton determines the shape, content, and movement within a cell. [Why tag this textThis is interesting that the cytoskeleton determines the shape of the cell as well as the movement of material in the cell. [Why tag this textdescrbies what they ctyoskeleton is and its functions.[Why tag this textThis sorta reminds me of the brain in our bodies, it has a lot of control to how everything else works in our body. [Why tag this textThis is basically like bone for us?[Why tag this textThe cytoskeleton is one of the 3 internal structure groups of cells. It is a network of protein filaments and cylinders that suppoirt a cell, determine its shape, organize its contents, direct the movement of material and contribute to movement of cell. [Why tag this textThe cytoskeleton seems like it serves the same purpose as the skeleton in the body.[Why tag this textso in other words the cytoskeleton is like the skeleton of a cell. and helps support it and keeps it shapes[Why tag this textthe cytoskeleton is what supports a cell structurally. it also determines the shape, how it organizes its contents and how direct movement of materials in a cell and how is gives back to the cell.[Why tag this textThe cytoskeleton is a system of protein filaments and cylinders that support a cell, determine its shape, organize its contents, direct the movement of materials within the cell, and supports the movements of the cell. From just reading this information I am told how important and how big of a role the cytoskeleton has. [Why tag this textThis reminds me of how a building is built, starts off by the outline of how its going to look and what to use to help support it.[Why tag this textIn my understanding, he cytoskeleton is like a structure which holding all other membranes, such as the plasmas, transmembrane proteins in it shape.[Why tag this textThe cytoskeleton is like our own skeletons or what supports our bodies but for the cell. [Why tag this textdefinitino of cytoskeleton; its' functions[Why tag this textI really like the way this is worded. It is like a building that supports the other parts of the cell and keeps them safe.[Why tag this textThere is a long line of connection to the cytoskleton. Are all parts necessary to support? What would happen if one of the parts of the chain were disconnected?[Why tag this textALL exo/phago/pino/endo/vesicular/ cytosis/transport is active[Why tag this textJungas
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Bone tissue buffers the blood against excessive pH changes by absorbing or releasing alkaline phosphate and carbonate salts.
Blood formation. Red bone marrow is the major producer of blood cells, including cells of the immune system.
Bones and Osseous Tissue
Bones and Osseous TissueBone, or osseous3 tissue, is a connective tissue in which the matrix is hardened by the deposition of calcium phosphate and other minerals. The hardening process is called mineralization or calcification. (Bone is not the hardest substance in the body; that distinction goes to tooth enamel.) Osseous tissue is only one of the tissues that make up a bone. Also present are blood, bone marrow, cartilage, adipose tissue, nervous tissue, and fibrous connective tissue. The word bone can denote an organ composed of all these tissues, or it can denote just the osseous tissue.
I never though of bone as a pH regulator. This is extremely interesting.[Why I tagged this]Wouldnt something like this weaken the bone??[Why I tagged thisthis seems really intresting. if someone has Inamia would this affect his bones ??[Why I tagged thisforms red blood cells[Why I tagged thisIf you break a bone where red bone marrow is present does that halt the production of blood cells in that bone until it is repaired or not?[Why I tagged thisDo people who need bone marrow transplants produce less blood cells and have a weaker immune sysem then?[Why I tagged thisThis interests me because I am curious to know why children are not just born with hardened bones instead of cartilage if they just form into hardened bone anyway. [Why I tagged thisWhere does this take place?[Why I tagged thisThis explain why when you break a bone it is extremely bruised. Because you also broke a site of blood formation, and blood is leaking everywhere.[Why I tagged thisWhat is the significance of the red colored marrow and yellow covered marrow in the bone?[Why I tagged thisBones and Osseuos tissue:Connective tissue, but the matrix is hardened due to minerals. This hardening is called mineralization or calcification. Osseous tissues make up bones.[Why I tagged thisAre there any bones that done fit under a certain type of tissue and are just by themselves?[Why I tagged thisAre men or women more prone to get osteoporosis? Random[Why I tagged thisWhat happens if our bones never harden like they should ? would they break or get taken over by the pH changes in our body?[Why I tagged thisAre the hardened tissues called bone?[Why I tagged thisCan you explain this a little more[Why I tagged thisIt is interesting that bone starts out as a soft material that only hardens after the desposition of calcium phosphate. [Why I tagged thisare our theeth considered bones? how come there is a distiction between bone and tooth enamel?[Why I tagged thisSo there is a difference in bone and osseous tissue?[Why I tagged thisgeneral description of bone and osseous tissue[Why I tagged thisThis section interested me I never knew about the osseous tissue. Why don't we refer to bone as osseous tissue?[Why I tagged thisbone is a connective tissue. it becomes hard from the deposition of calcium phosphate and many other minerals. the hardening od the bone is called calcification.[Why I tagged thisI did not know that there was an actual difference between bone and osseous tissue. I also did not know that there were so many different tissues that make up bone.[Why I tagged thisbone is made up of many different tissues. osseous tissue is the connective tussue[Why I tagged thisOsseous tissue is actually a connective tissue that has been hardened through deposits of calcium phosphate and other minerals.[Why I tagged thisSo people refer to bone and osseous tissue as the same thing, because the osseous tissue is in every bone?[Why I tagged thisI thought this was intresting because i never thought of bone as a tissue. I think that it is inmportant to know that the bone eventually harden and this is a process called calcification. [Why I tagged thisI am a little confused, are bones and osseous the same thing? They state Bone or Osseous tissue meaning the are the same but just a different name?[Why I tagged thisAnother name for bone[Why I tagged thisBy drinking more calcium do these bones get stronger or bigger at all or is that a myth?[Why I tagged thisI always thought that bone was the hardest substance in the body. I did not know that tooth enamel is actually the hardest. I wonder what distinct features about it make it the hardest substance in the body?[Why I tagged thishardening process[Why I tagged thisHow hard would it be to move the human body if it were as hard as tooth enamel?[Why I tagged thisSo does that make bone the second hardest substance in the body?[Why I tagged thisI find it interesting how bone is not the hardest substance in the body. I did not know that tooth enamel is harder than bone. I guess I thought that bones were the hardest considering they provide shape and support the body. [Why I tagged thisThis is interesting. This implies that the teeth go through much more daily stress and wear and tear than a bone would. I suppose it would depend on your diet and your daily activity level, but I ordinarily would think that bones would deal with much more stress than the teeth. It would be interesting to compare the forces exerted on certain bones during an average day and to the teeth after however many meals per day.[Why I tagged thisIs this how certain animals are able to eat the bones of other animals?[Why I tagged thisThis is an interesting fact... I always considered the bone to be the hardest part of the body.[Why I tagged thisIf tooth enamel is so hard how come so many people seem to have dental issues with cavities and such?[Why I tagged thisWhy are our teeth covered in enamel but not other parts of the skeletal system? Is it too hard to produce by our body in other places? Or is it because the hardness is not advantageous if broken? It might be difficult to replace if a bone covered in enamel breaks. Also, this might cause larger complications as it might tear through other tissues perhaps causing greater infections and/or damage.[Why I tagged thisI wonder what the comparision between the hardness of bone to tooth enamel is. I feel like it is easier to chip a tooth than it is to break a bone? Is this because of mucles and ligaments around the bone that protect them?[Why I tagged thisWith this information, why is it fairly common that we chip teeth out of the blue?[Why I tagged thisandrew baker
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The Jaw JointThe temporomandibular (jaw) joint (TMJ) is the articulation of the condyle of the mandible with the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone (fig. 9.23). You can feel its action by pressing your fingertips against the jaw immediately anterior to the ear while opening and closing your mouth. This joint combines elements of condylar, hinge, and plane joints. It functions in a hingelike fashion when the mandible is elevated and depressed, it glides slightly forward whenever the mouth is opened or the jaw is protracted to take a bite, and it glides from side to side to grind food between the molars. To observe the importance of the forward glide, try to open your mouth while pushing the jaw posteriorly with the heel of your hand; it is difficult to open the mouth more than 1 or 2 cm when there is resistance to protraction of the mandible.
The jaw joing is the articulation of the condyle of the mandible with the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone. [Why tag this]Jaw Joint:Also called the temporomandibular joint [TMJ] join. Made of the condyle of the mandible and the fossa of the temporal bone. Combines elements of condylar, hinge, and plane joints. Synovial Cavity of Jaw has upper and lower chambers. The joint is supported by ligaments. Lateral ligament prevents dislocation. [Why tag thisDo we have any others bones in our bodys that are like hinges found in the jaw? Your jaw has a hinge that helps you to open and close your mouth[Why tag thisThese headings are important because they help to locate the different joints and their descriptions. The joints described are mainly parts of the appendicular skeleton, but a few are from the axial. [Why tag thisNeeded to know for quiz[Why tag thisI found this interesting because I have had a dislocated shoulder and i know how painful it is. I found it interesting that when it was popped back in place, however, the pain subsided almost instantly. Is there any reason why the relief is so instant? I thought I would have to do shoulder exercises with bands or something afterwards to get it completely back to normal.[Why tag thisWhat causes lock jaw? Does it have to do with the jaw joint?[Why tag thisI actually have an issue with my TMJ. I had to get a splint and go in for check-ups and PT for two whole years because my jaw would lock up and stay locked up. It was extremely painful, and I'd get headaches all the time. I still do, but it's not nearly as bad, and now when I feel my jaw, it feels somewhere normal![Why tag thisWhy does it appear to be deeper than what it looks on a dried skeleton?[Why tag thisI tagged this because I was curious about Temporomandibular Joint Disorder. I've heard people say they've had problems with TMJ but how is it caused exactly? [Why tag thisthe temporomandibular joint is a [Why tag thisTMJ is really painful, I had a retainer middle school (I had an under bite so I had to move my lower jaw forword) which caused this[Why tag thisI found this intresting because I had TMJ problems and I got braces to correct the problem.[Why tag thisI found this really interesting and I would love to find more about the process of how peoples jaw gets disconnected. [Why tag thisIn locking of the jaw in either trismus or tetanus, muscles spasm and cause loss of funtioning. Inflammation of the muscles surrounding the joint is most often the cause. The Temporomandibular joint syndrome also can cause clicking sounds in the jaw, which is caused by what flaw in anatomy? Is incorrect alignment of the teeth the only cause? It is intersting that the jaw can be put back into place by [Why tag thisThis is easy for me to relate to because my sister has pain in her TM joint, so I know a lot about it.[Why tag thisI thought this was interesting because in the previous section it said there was only four categories. But here there is another joint that is presented. I was wondering what category the jaw joint would be considered under. I would think this joint would need alot of support for the movement or talking and chewing. I would guess that it would be under the synovial joint, but I am not quite sure. [Why tag thishow strong is a humans jaw when it comes to biting on to something?[Why tag thisWhen i got my wisdom teeth pulled, I couldn't open my mouth any wider than like 2 inches. They told me it was because the jaw joint needed to heal and it would open my stitches if I stretched it out too much.[Why tag thisWhat really is the jaw joints made of?[Why tag thisOur the ligiments in your jaw the reason your jaw hurts when your grind your teeth? At night i have to sleep with a mouth gard because i grind my teeth and if i dont my jaw hurts so bad i can barely open my mouth. What causes my jaw to hurt from me constently grinding my teeth and why would a mouth gard prevent my jaw from hurting? [Why tag thisI tagged this because I have really bad TMJ and when I was younger, my jaw used to make this squeaky nose when i would chew my food. [Why tag thisdescription of the jaw joint and its' importance[Why tag thisIs this part of the mandible attatched to the temporal bone? Is that why it is called [Why tag thisMy uncle broke his jaw and needed to have wired shut for a really long time. It looked really gross/painful and everything he ate he had to blend up and drink with a straw[Why tag thisThe temporomandibular joint function is to glide forward a slight bit when the mandible is elevated and depressed. This allows you to take a bite of your food and grind your food. [Why tag thisi can clearly feel this joint when moving my jaw up and down[Why tag thisTMJ is like the joint that produces lock jaw[Why tag thisThis topic is very interesting to me, because my step dad is a dentist and i worked at his office. He taught me how to kind of massage this joint to check for popping and things because it somehow has to do with the alignment of the jaw and teeth.[Why tag thisIt is interesting that the articulation of the jaw includes the condyle in a hinge like motion. [Why tag thisI like how this is descibed. It makes it more personal and intresting to further understand the information. I believe the jaw is very important, it serves so many different functions. It also is so complex. [Why tag thisI tagged this because I thought it was very interesting. I tried this and was fascsinated by how i felt the action. [Why tag thisIs it difficult to reposition if it is dislocated? It seems like a fairly complicated joint. [Why tag thisThe tempromandibular joint combines elements of the condylar, hinge, and plane joints [Why tag thisWhat would cause clicking in the jaw when it is being moved in one set of directions (up and down) rather than the another (side to side)? [Why tag thisThis is so true, I actually tried this. Now I understand why reason this is there for, it acts as place where many things combine like the hinge, the plane joints, and the condylar. And it all fits into place when we eat.[Why tag thisI really tried this and it is true, its very hard to open your mouth with the pressure there. Interesting fact.[Why tag thisDanielle Henckel
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?filled with juices??a fluid later named protoplasm
Theodor Schwann
Theodor Schwann studied a wide range of animal tissues and concluded that all animals are made of cells.
Schwann and other biologists originally believed that cells came from nonliving body fluid that somehow congealed and acquired a membrane and nucleus. This idea of spontaneous generation?that living things arise from nonliving matter?was rooted in the scientific thought of the times. For centuries, it seemed to be simple common sense that decaying meat turned into maggots, stored grain into rodents, and mud into frogs. Schwann and his contemporaries merely extended this idea to cells. The idea of spontaneous generation wasn't discredited until some classic experiments by French microbiologist Louis Pasteur in 1859. By the end of the nineteenth century, it was established beyond all reasonable doubt that cells arise only from other cells.
Schwann and other biologists originally believed that cells came from nonliving body fluid that somehow congealed and acquired a membrane and nucleus. This idea of spontaneous generation-that living things arise from nonliving matter-was rooted in the scientific thought of the times. For centuries, it seemed to be simple common sense that decaying meat turned into maggots, stored grain into rodents, and mud into frogs.
Robert Hooke first described Cytology, or the study of cells. Theodor Schwann concluded all animals are made of cells. Initially believed in spontaneous generation, that cells came from nonliving bodily fluids. [Why tag this text]This is interesting - how he described the first seen cell[Why tag this textI'm filled with juices.[General-Do not useRobert Hook discovered from a wood slab.[Why tag this textTheodor Schwann has cells named after him. Schwann cells support neurons in the PNS. [Why tag this textStudying animals is important to help us learn about humans as well. [Why tag this textAs a result of Hook's studues.[Why tag this textTheodor Schwann concluded that all animals are made of cells[Why tag this textas are humans[Why tag this textThis is very interesting. It's incredible to think how far we've come in science and the technology to discover new things. This definitely shows that science is always changing and that people are always discovering new things. Just think, we may find something to be true now that a scientist 50 years from now may disprove.[Why tag this textIt's amazing reading this and realizing that what we know as common knowledge (that cells are are made of fluid that is actually alive) was a foreign concept to them and that it probably wasn't possible.[Why tag this textThe idea that something living comes from something nonliving, would make no sense to me. Even if I was in that period of time, I can't really see how that would be logical. I'm glad someone was able to discredit that idea.[Why tag this textIt's very intriguing that they use to think this way. [Why tag this textI annotated this because i find it interesting to learn how cytology the scientific study of cells was born in 1663. Schwann and other biologists originally believed that cells came from nonliving body fluids. Its also very interesting that by the end of the nineteenth century they established that cells arise only from other cells. [Why tag this textThe cell theory, discovered by Robert Hooke and concluded by Theodor Schwann, who came up that all animals are made of cells.[Why tag this textI tagged this text because the Cell theory has interested me for a long time. The main reason is because if scientists, in some way, could disprove the cell theory it would essentially destroy science as we know it. The idea of spontaneous generation is a little confusing to me, as the simple, functional structure of a cell has been such an essential aspect of my education that I cannot even conceive how spontaneous generation is plausible.[Why tag this textThis is a strange thought but I think because of the lack of knowledge and technology of that time it is understanding. I find this very interesting that thats what biologists believed and how much they have envoled today![Why tag this textIt seems that science used to fall into the realm of fairy tales. People really believed in outrageous things, such as mud turning into a frog.[Why tag this textIdea of spontaneous development was brought into the picture.[Why tag this textDoes this have to do with how extremely religous the times were, and how any thought that didnt relate to god creating things was automatically wrong?[Why tag this textIt's interesting that there were long periods of time between dicoveries of what we now know is the most basic level of information about cells. When we first dicovered the existence of chromosomes and started to sequence it we thought there were 100,000+ in the human genome believed by sequencing the genome we would know all the answers (well not all but a significant amount) of the mystery surrounding genetics. Obviously we were way off, finding we have only 25 (26 with the sex chromosomes) in the human genome. We now have the the sequence without the [Why tag this textI thought this was interesting because it's pretty radical that they thought spontaneous generation was possible, I'm afraid to wonder what our world would still be like to this day if we still believed in this theory of spontaneous generation.[Why tag this textI don't mean to belittle anybody's beliefs, but with all of this science surrounding cell theory, I don't understand how/ why there are still those that believe in creationism. Organisms cannot spontaneously generate, we know this from studying cell theory.[Why tag this textI think this is very interesting, as it exemplifies how far we have come in learning about the cell. We used to think that cells came from nonliving matter rather that preexisting cells. Now, we know the components of each cell, and very importantly, the function of each organelle within the cell.[Why tag this textThis doesn't make sense to us now, but then it did to the past generations[Why tag this textThis is an interesting thought that the well known idea of spontaneous generation was acceptable at one point. Now we known, because of the cell theory, that cells have to come from a living organism. I wonder if there was anyone else in the world at that time who thought differently?[Why tag this textI think it is funny that the idea of spontanous generation was a basis od research back when cells were yet to be discovered.[Why tag this textThis may not be the most important piece of information in 3.1 but I think it is the most interesting. From 1663 until 1859 spontaneous generation was scientific truth. [Why tag this textI highlighted this because it is important to see where cells come from. It used to be said cells could come from anything, but after research they found cells could only come from other cells already produced.[Why tag this textIn this paragraph, what caught my attention was how the [Why tag this textliving things arouse from nonliving things.[Why tag this textdefinition of spontaneous generation[Why tag this textWhen someone becomes an organ donor, there is only so much time allowed in between till you can take and preserve the organs. Does the atoms and molecules die down and stop producing new cells which make it not a viable organ anymore. If so, are you not able to charge or insert new atoms and molecules to make it a viable organ[Why tag this textThis seems pretty unbelievable. So no one noticed that flies surrounded rotting meat? And no kid or scientist ever put a tadpole in a jar and watched it grow? It seems like they would have been more inquisitive and put two and two together, not to the extent that they would have understood cytology, but just that a tadpole or a maggot leads to a frog and a fly.[Why tag this textI find this extremely amussing that these were common beliefs. But when thinking about it with the lack of scientific knowledge and technology at the time it made sense. Rodents are always around grain, frogs are always in muddy areas, etc. Its just crazy to see how far science and our knowledge has come. [Why tag this textI find this so unbelievable that at any point in time these ideas were thought to be realistic. This seems so farfetched that an inanimate obeject can just magically turn into a living organism. Surely some people must have thought differently before Schwann.[Why tag this textIt is amazing that general thought can trend one way for centuries, and a few observations, experimented upon and analyzed, can competely alter the basis of understanding. Another important example of the validity and significance of the scientific method.[Why tag this textI am confused on how this led them all the sudden to start extending everything to the idea of cells, I wish this went into further depth so that we could learn more about this, this is interesting because it relates a lot of about what today is made up of.[Why tag this textJelena Ristic
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Filtration
Filtration is a process in which a physical pressure forces fluid through a selectively permeable membrane. A coffee filter provides an everyday example. The weight of the water drives water and dissolved matter through the filter, while the filter holds back larger particles (the coffee grounds).
Filtration is a process in which a physical pressure forces fluid through a selectively permeable membrane. A coffee filter provides an everyday example. The weight of the water drives water and dissolved matter through the filter, while the filter holds back larger particles (the coffee grounds).
Filtration is a process in which a physical pressure forces fluid through a selectively permeable membrane. A coffee filter provides an everyday example. The weight of the water drives water and dissolved matter through the filter, while the filter holds back larger particles (the coffee grounds). In physiology, the most important case of filtration is seen in the blood capillaries, where blood pressure forces fluid through gaps in the capillary wall (fig. 3.13). This is how water, salts, nutrients, and other solutes are transferred from the bloodstream to the tissue fluid and how the kidneys filter wastes from the blood. Capillaries hold back larger particles such as blood cells and proteins.
Filtration is a process in which a physical pressure forces fluid through a selectively permeable membrane. A coffee filter provides an everyday example. The weight of the water drives water and dissolved matter through the filter, while the filter holds back larger particles (the coffee grounds). In physiology, the most important case of filtration is seen in the blood capillaries, where blood pressure forces fluid through gaps in the capillary wall (fig. 3.13). This is how water, salts, nutrients, and other solutes are transferred from the bloodstream to the tissue fluid and how the kidneys filter wastes from the blood. Capillaries hold back larger particles such as blood cells and proteins. Filtration generally involves substances passing through an epithelium between cells or by way of large filtration pores through the cells, rather than passing through the plasma membrane.
Filtration is a process in which a physical pressure forces fluid through a selectively permeable membrane. A coffee filter provides an everyday example. The weight of the water drives water and dissolved matter through the filter, while the filter holds back larger particles (the coffee grounds). In physiology, the most important case of filtration is seen in the blood capillaries, where blood pressure forces fluid through gaps in the capillary wall (fig. 3.13). This is how water, salts, nutrients, and other solutes are transferred from the bloodstream to the tissue fluid and how the kidneys filter wastes from the blood. Capillaries hold back larger particles such as blood cells and proteins. Filtration generally involves substances passing through an epithelium between cells or by way of large filtration pores through the cells, rather than passing through the plasma membrane.
three different ways of membrane transport [Why tag this text]filtration helps us rid our bodies of toxic waste through walls acting as filters and voided out of the body[Why tag this textFiltration:Physical pressure forcing fluid through selectively permeable membrane. This is used for water, salts, nutrients and other solutes go through. Generally used with large filtration pores.[Why tag this textfiltering out what is bad is important so what i dont understand is how can our body tell what is harmful and what it should filter out?[Why tag this textdoes this function as well as diffision help maintain homeostasis as a big role in our body?[Why tag this textjust like a coffee filter only certain substances can go through the capillarie while others stay out[Why tag this textWhile I was reading about filtration, something pops in my mind and I thought Its interesting how filtration in the human body such as in the kidneys absorb the good substances and give away the bad ones and things that the body doesn't need. While in real life such as the coffee machine example it is the opposite. Filtration absorb the things that we don't need and gives away the coffee. [Why tag this textI never fullly understood filtration until i read this and thought ao=bout coffee filters. This is such a good way of looking at it and helped me get a visual. Now i fully undertstand how this process works. [Why tag this textphysical pressure forces fluid through a permeable membrane[General-Do not useDoes only physical pressure push it through the membrane?[General-Do not useDefinition of filtration: process in which a physical pressure forces fluid through a selectively permeable membrane. Non- carrier mediated. [Why tag this textWhen filtration dissolves through the plasma membrane it transports water throught the membrane because the cytoplasm does not allow water in the cell. This is pretty cool to think that our tiny cells can [Why tag this textThe filtration process, in a way, is very protective for the entire cell body. Filtration helps the cell get rid of and sort out the things that come in and out of the cell. Things that are not wanted by the cell get filtered out or dissolved by the filtration process.[Why tag this textcleans/clears out to filter the membrane[Why tag this textI like this example of a coffee filter because it gives a good visual of the filtration process. Another good example that I thought of is the natural ground water cleaning system. How the soil purifys water over time.[Why tag this textI think it's interesting that everyday tasks can be so closely related to functions within the human body. I wonder if these things were inspired by physiology or if it's merely coincidence. [Why tag this textAnother good example of the filtration process is like how the water filters itself within the soil in the ground over time.[Why tag this textFiltration is also seen in the kidneys, and during renal failure patients must go through dialysis. Filtration of the blood is a normal passive process for most, but in dialysis the blood has to be filtered by a machine. Without this process tp keep our blood clean, the body eventually wears down and endstage renal failure results in death. Creatinine, potassium, and calcium levels become inbalanced leading to heart complications and high blood pressure from fluid overload. Most patients must follow a dialysis schedule with increased need over time.[Why tag this textI thought this was interesting to know how the kidney filters waste is the same as a coffee filter. [Why tag this textFiltration: method of moving substance through the mambrane[Why tag this textI find this interesting that you can compare something in our body to a coffee filter. I also find it interesting to know that my body can filter things from coming in and out. Just thinking if we didn't habe a filter there would be many bad things getting into our blood stream and making us very sick.[Why tag this textPoor filteration can lead to problems with blood pressure, calcium, bone health, and potassium.[Why tag this textfiltration is where there is physical pressure that forces fluid through a selectively permeable membrane. Would a cell still function if filtration does not occur?[Why tag this textQuestion 3: Importance of filtration.Filtration allows for cells to transfer nutrients and wastes between cells.[Why tag this textfiltration - what it is; examples of what it is and does[Why tag this textThis description reminds me of when coffee is being made in a coffee machine.[Why tag this textIn filtration the weight of the water drives water and dissolved matter through the filter, while the filter holds back large particles. [Why tag this textKinda of hard to process in my head what is actually going on in the body, but the example comparing it to a coffee filter really helped to paint the picture in my head. How it lets water and dissolved matter through and holds back the larger particles. Like how blood pressure pushes water, salts and nutrients through the capillary wall but holds back the larger particles like blood cells and proteins.[Why tag this textThis paragraph gave me a visual of how the filtration process works. It used a coffee filter as an example to compare to the filtration occuring within the blood. Capillaries hold back important particles while the wastes are later transfered into the kindeys. This stood out to me because it made me wonder if there's a correlation with hypertension and hypotention and the process of filtration.[Why tag this textThis is important because I know many people that are coffee drinkers and almost everyone is familiar with how the filtering of coffee works so the example is very useful[Why tag this textso out blood filters fluid? thats what i got out of it through the coffee maker example[Why tag this textThis is a great illustration. Every morning I start my day by boiling the water for my tea kettle...now every morning while I make my coffee I will be thinking about the filtration of our bodies.[Why tag this textWhat happens to the material that is held back during filtration? What do our bodies do with the material...is it just re-entered into the blood stream?[Why tag this textI didn't know filtration played such an important role. Without it we wouldn't get important nutrients transferred through our blood or the bad wastes out of our bodies.[Why tag this textIf this is how the cells in our bodies receieve nutrients, how is it not the case the due to pressure and volume most nutrients would not be pushed out of the capillaries by the time that the blood reached the extremities, such as the toes?[Why tag this textOur kidneys is such an important factor in our body: it acts as a filter. A person doesn't know how important a kidney is to them until something horrible happens to them. Like me! The kidney uses so much energy to filter the wastes and eliminate them from our body, before an infection surfaces.[Why tag this textFilteration is more important than people realize to keep the body healthy. [Why tag this textIt's interesting that tissue fluid receives nutrients, salt, water, and other solutes from filtration out of capillary cells. Is it constantly filtering out between all of the clefts?[Why tag this textWithout filtration our blood wouldn't be able to transport nutrients, or extract and remove wastes from different areas of our body which would cause massive amounts of damage to our cells and our tissues.[Why tag this textIn filtrations there may be an exchange of bad materials for good materials. But how does the body know what is good or bad? Is there a special receptor on the good stuff and another one of the bad stuff, or does each type have a different size and it only alows certain substances through?[Why tag this textWouldnt unwanted substances that are smaller still be able to get into the cell? is that why people get sick?[Why tag this textRichard Cook
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Plane (butt) sutures occur where two bones have straight nonoverlapping edges. The two bones merely border on each other, like two boards glued together in a butt joint.
Plane (butt) sutures occur where two bones have straight nonoverlapping edges. The two bones merely border on each other, like two boards glued together in a butt joint. This type of suture is seen between the palatine processes of the maxillae in the roof of the mouth.
Gomphoses
GomphosesGomphoses Even though the teeth are not bones, the attachment of a tooth to its socket is classified as a joint called a gomphosis (gom-FOE-sis). The term refers to its similarity to a nail hammered into wood.5 The tooth is held firmly in place by a fibrous periodontal ligament, which consists of collagen fibers that extend from the bone matrix of the jaw into the dental tissue (see fig. 9.2b). The periodontal ligament allows the tooth to move or give a little under the stress of chewing. This allows us to sense how hard we are biting or to sense a particle of food stuck between the teeth.
Gomphoses Even though the teeth are not bones, the attachment of a tooth to its socket is classified as a joint called a gomphosis (gom-FOE-sis). The term refers to its similarity to a nail hammered into wood.5 The tooth is held firmly in place by a fibrous periodontal ligament, which consists of collagen fibers that extend from the bone matrix of the jaw into the dental tissue (see fig. 9.2b). The periodontal ligament allows the tooth to move or give a little under the stress of chewing. This allows us to sense how hard we are biting or to sense a particle of food stuck between the teeth.Syndesmoses
on the flat side of the head. flat cells are also called SQUAMOUS cells[Why Tag This?]Guessing the butt sutures is engineered to enable us to sit with ease. Imagine sitting on two overlapping edge? [Why Tag This?plane sutures[Why Tag This?what a plane suture is[Why Tag This?It is interesting that both of these bones stay together by this suture. It doesn't seem like there is a lot holding them together. What does hold this together?[Why Tag This?how exactly is it glued together[Why Tag This?A chart would be really handy here. All the other chapters have one. Why not this?[Why Tag This?I understand that teeth are not bone, but what are they considered? I'm a little confused on this.[Why Tag This?I am confused, is gomphoses on in the jaw area? Is it even considered a joint if it is mainly teeth? Because teeth are not considered joints, please explain.[Why Tag This?Thats kinda cool? so when the dentist talks about roots is he talking about gomphoses?[Why Tag This?I find it interesting how the text compares gomphosis to a nail hammered into wood. I never knew how a tooth was attached to its socket. [Why Tag This?I tagged this, because I found it interesting that the socket where our teeth fit into is considered a joint. I never knew this piece of information beforehand and probably would have never guessed that if it weren't for this reading on joints and their classification.[Why Tag This?Are gomphoses only found in a tooth socket, and nowhere else in the body?[Why Tag This?If the teeth are attached by ligaments, what happens to those ligament when a tooth is pulled or knocked out? Do these loosen with age?[Why Tag This?Is this the only place where this type of joint occures? Are teeth and organ if they arnt bone?[Why Tag This?This is defintely new information to me, I couldn't see the concept of teeth being connected to your jaw as a joint.[Why Tag This?Gomphoses[Why Tag This?I never would have thought of that as a joint.[Why Tag This?Wow this is a confusing note. What differentiates a tooth from a bone? If a tooth is not a bone how can it be a joint?[Why Tag This?Why are the teeth not considered bones? And are Gomophoses only found in teeth?[Why Tag This?Since teeth are not bones? What are them? [Why Tag This?I never would have thought of the teeth being connected to the jaw by joints. Now that I know what the characteristics of a joint, it makes sense. I must say that I enjoy the names that scientists come up with: Gomphoses[Why Tag This?This is interesting that the joint attaching to teeth is held by the periodontal ligament which allows us to determine how hard something is when we bite into it. [Why Tag This?what gomphoses is[Why Tag This?I tagged this section of the reading because I was not aware that the connection of teeth to the jaw was considered a joint. When I had previously thought of joints, I thought of connections of bones. I find that gomphoses being considered joints to be quite interesting. In my opinion, connections of teeth to jaw should be held together by tissue, not a joint.[Why Tag This?Sometimes, I got worried when I felt my teeth had moved during eating, flossing, or brushing my teeth, and I used to think that I might lose my teeth soon. However, knowing this I can feel calm when this happens. [Why Tag This?Teeth are held in place by a fibrous periodontal ligament.This allows the teeth to move or give a little under the stress of chewing. Its interesting to know that this allows us to sense how hard we are biting or to sense a particle stuck between the teeth. [Why Tag This?if we had to take off a teeth what happens to the fiberous in that teeth?[Why Tag This?Whenever viewing a skeleton skull, the teeth that are seen aren't actuall teeth but gomphoses??[Why Tag This?Teeth aren't bones??[Why Tag This?I am confused, i thought that teeth are bones?[Why Tag This?Are there any other examples of gomphoses joints?[Why Tag This?This is interesting, I never thought about teeth as joints.[Why Tag This?This is interesting because I didn't know there was a name for something that holds a tooth in place. Why so many technical names?[Why Tag This?I did not realized that where attach to a socket is a type of joint. [Why Tag This?If teeth aren't bones, what are they?[Why Tag This?What lead to the classification of this attachment as a joint, then?[Why Tag This?I tagged this text because I thought the analogy of the nail hammered into wood is very helpful. [Why Tag This?Is this also what you see at the [Why Tag This?I never really thought about this, but now I am... Teeth are not bones. Why are teeth not considered as bones? Is it because of the different minerals that both teeth and bones are composed of?[Why Tag This?I find this interesting because of the fact that the teeth are always included in a skeleton, which is taught as the bones, although they are not bones. I also found how the name [Why Tag This?gomphoses definition and functions[Why Tag This?What are other examples of gomphoses?[Why Tag This?Tou Xiong Thao
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Histologists use a variety of techniques for preserving, sectioning (slicing), and staining tissues to show their structural details as clearly as possible
Histologists use a variety of techniques for preserving, sectioning (slicing), and staining tissues to show their structural details as clearly as possible.
Histologists use a variety of techniques for preserving, sectioning (slicing), and staining tissues to show their structural details as clearly as possible.
Histologists use a variety of techniques for preserving, sectioning (slicing), and staining tissues to show their structural details as clearly as possible. Tissue specimens are preserved in a fixative
Histologists use a variety of techniques for preserving, sectioning (slicing), and staining tissues to show their structural details as clearly as possible. Tissue specimens are preserved in a fixative?a chemical such as formalin that prevents decay.
Histologists use a variety of techniques for preserving, sectioning (slicing), and staining tissues to show their structural details as clearly as possible. Tissue specimens are preserved in a fixative?a chemical such as formalin that prevents decay. After fixation, most tissues are cut into sections typically only one or two cells thick. Sectioning is necessary to allow the light of a microscope to pass through and so the image is not confused by too many layers of overlapping cells.
Histologists use a variety of techniques for preserving, sectioning (slicing), and staining tissues to show their structural details as clearly as possible. Tissue specimens are preserved in a fixative?a chemical such as formalin that prevents decay. After fixation, most tissues are cut into sections typically only one or two cells thick. Sectioning is necessary to allow the light of a microscope to pass through and so the image is not confused by too many layers of overlapping cells. The sections are then mounted on slides and artificially colored with histological stains to enhance detail. If they were not stained, most tissue sections would appear pale gray. With stains that bind to different components of a tissue, however, you may see pink cytoplasm; violet nuclei; and blue, green, or golden-brown protein fibers, depending on the stain used.
ectoderm=nervousmesoderm=muscleendoderm=liver[Why tag this text]i believe that sectioning is a good technique to examine many structures from many angles. As it says, histologists try to show structural details as clear as possible to have a better understanding. In this case it shows an egg from many angles/sections and from each section there can be many observations that can be made. Not just in an egg but any object living or non-living can examined using this technique. This is something important for this course because we will be learning structures of a tissue, bone, muscle etc and we can use this technique to have a better understanding of how each structure works[Why tag this textI find how scientists uses machines that can slice a very thin, delicate piece of tissue to be very interesting. Since from a piece of tissue is pretty big itself it must be hard to slice tissue into thing slice by hands.[Why tag this texthistologists dissect tissue to see their structures.[Why tag this textMy extended family are farmers so I can relate to this as I have seen them stain tissues and have seen the details of the tissues. Also we did an experiment in high school with tissues. I can't wait to learn more about it! [Comment Interesting[Why tag this textI tagged this because I find it interesting the techniques they use to preserve the tissue, I'm looking forward to seeing some of these tissues in lab. [Why tag this textFormalin is just formaldehyde in water. From organic chemistry we know that formaldehyde is highly reactive to become either methanol or formic acid. What are some other fixatives that are used for perserving? Is formaldehyde used mostly for its cheap allure? How does the reactivity of a simple aldehyde affect results or observations? I assume minimally for what is under observation since it is so common.[Why tag this textThis explains how we section cells in order to observe then in microscopes and why these sections are done.[General-Do not useThis section of the reading is very interesting to me because it specifically explains and demonstrates why and how people are able to view things, specifically tissues through a microscope. All my life I have always wondered how it was possible for people to see things so clearly underneath a microscope. In this section alone I am educated on how Histologists use a number of different techniques to making it possible to see tissues as clearly as possible and also reading in depth all the stages and proceses these histologists have to go through to make this possible for me. [Why tag this textI found the variety of techniques used by Histologists was very interessing. I have never really thought about how tissue can be preserved and stained so we can see and understand the complexities of tissues.[Why tag this textthe processes and techniques used to preserve tissue[Why tag this textit is amazing to see the vast improvement of techniques from the improvement of the microscope to present day. There are many different colors and stains that can be used to enhance a section of tissue. After taking a course on electron microscopy classes, i have a deep appreciation for people that prepare slides for educational purposes.[Why tag this textJust thought this whole paragrapgh was interesting.[Why tag this textIs this what we find in movies where they have jars of liquid and a human body part or organ in the jar floating?[Why tag this texthow tissues are preserved. they are put into a fixative which is a chemical that prevents decay, which allows us to be able to study older tissue. [Why tag this textFirst important step in knowing Histology techniques since it is the base for the tissue to be placed in, so it is able to be viewed by the microscopic eye. Without the fixative, you wouldn't be able to see anything.[Why tag this textSo, before the use of formalin did they use other chemicals to prevent decay, or did they have to throw out and replace the tissues for study every once and a while?[Why tag this textProcess of preserving, sectioning, and staining tissues so show structural detail[Why tag this textThis explains how tissue specimens and cells are prepared and set up so that you can most clearly and easily see what you are looking at[Why tag this textThe highlighted area explains how tissue samples are preserved and prepared to study through a microscope.[Why tag this textused to preserve tissue by using a chemical formalin to take away decay[Why tag this textI think its really weird that they do sectioning after fixation, I never would have guessed that was the order. [Why tag this textHow long does the preserved tissue specimen last until it eventually decays? Or does it never decay?[Why tag this textafter fixation occurs in the tissuses are cut into pieces with one or two cells thick.[Why tag this textthese steps that are taken to prepare tissues for observation are key so that students and researchers are able determine the types of tissues [Why tag this textSectioning is important because it'll give you a more accurate image. It's important not to have too much stuff under the microscope so you can get a correct look at the cells.[Why tag this textI find it amazing that we have tools that allow tissue to be cut so thin that it is reduced to the cellular level[Why tag this textDue to the cause of the image, its allow the tissue to create multiple of colors. With the colors it it easier to identify what does the tissues show.[Why tag this textThis is to allow light to pass from the microscope so the imagine doesnt appear to have too many layers.[Why tag this textDang that is super small!!![Why tag this textimportnat to know for when we are working in the labs wtih microscopes [Why tag this textThis is a very important part of the text because if someone skips this step, the slide may appear different than what it is supposed to look like. [Why tag this textThe different amount of light that comes through the slide will really help improve how we can view and differentiate between the different types of tissues[Why tag this textThis concept of observing tissue is very interesting because the cut has to be just right so that it will let enough light through to see only one layer of cells. In biology lab, I have stained cells to identify their organelles under a microscope and I really enjoyed it.[Why tag this textTrue. The most used are hematoxylin and eosin, which are blue and pink color. I actually got to do this for a Clinical Laboratory Science course. [Why tag this textthey add colors to tissues to show more detail.[Why tag this textColor makes no difference when analyzing cells under a microscope.[Why tag this textIs the effect of each dye consistant through all tissue types or could similar color results come from different tissue types?[Why tag this textI tagged this because I think that it will be helpful when using microscopes next week in lab to know that the cells will be enhanced.[Why tag this textThis really intruiged me to find we've developed such a specific stain that it knows how to bind to the different parts of tissue. It's even more crazy that the stain then brings out different colors of each component, highlighting and better differentiating the specimen for better observation. [Why tag this textDoes each tissue have a designated stain, or can one stain show up as a different color on each tissue?[Why tag this textvictor
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Shoulder dislocations are very painful and sometimes cause permanent damage. The most common dislocation is downward displacement of the humerus, because (1) the rotator cuff protects the joint in all directions except inferiorly, and (2) the joint is protected from above by the coracoid process, acromion, and clavicle.
Shoulder dislocations are very painful and sometimes cause permanent damage. The most common dislocation is downward displacement of the humerus, because (1) the rotator cuff protects the joint in all directions except inferiorly, and (2) the joint is protected from above by the coracoid process, acromion, and clavicle. Dislocations most often occur when the arm is abducted and then receives a blow from above
Shoulder dislocations are very painful and sometimes cause permanent damage. The most common dislocation is downward displacement of the humerus, because (1) the rotator cuff protects the joint in all directions except inferiorly, and (2) the joint is protected from above by the coracoid process, acromion, and clavicle. Dislocations most often occur when the arm is abducted and then receives a blow from above?for example, when the outstretched arm is struck by heavy objects falling off a shelf.
Shoulder dislocations are very painful and sometimes cause permanent damage. The most common dislocation is downward displacement of the humerus, because (1) the rotator cuff protects the joint in all directions except inferiorly, and (2) the joint is protected from above by the coracoid process, acromion, and clavicle. Dislocations most often occur when the arm is abducted and then receives a blow from above?for example, when the outstretched arm is struck by heavy objects falling off a shelf.
Shoulder dislocations are very painful and sometimes cause permanent damage. The most common dislocation is downward displacement of the humerus, because (1) the rotator cuff protects the joint in all directions except inferiorly, and (2) the joint is protected from above by the coracoid process, acromion, and clavicle. Dislocations most often occur when the arm is abducted and then receives a blow from above?for example, when the outstretched arm is struck by heavy objects falling off a shelf. They also occur in children who are jerked off the ground by one arm or forced to follow by a hard tug on the arm. Children are especially prone to such injury not only because of the inherent stress caused by such abuse, but also because a child's shoulder is not fully ossified and the rotator cuff is not strong enough to withstand very much stress. Because this joint is so easily dislocated, one should never attempt to move an immobilized person by pulling on his or her arm.
If the shoulder joint is disloacted and say, you tear your rotator cuff muscles, would relocating the humerus back into the socket cause even more damage to those muscles? Or would it allow for the position to be correct for the muscles to heal more correct? [Why tag this]2 of my family member have had dislocated shoulders which then required surgery. They have to contunie for the rest of their lives to be careful with their shoulders in order not to dislocate it again. [Why tag thisI work as a medic in the Army and have seen a few people with this. They are in much pain and there have been multiple people who it was not there first time dislocating their shoulder.[Why tag thisWhat are some ways that shoulder dislocation could cause permanent damage?[Why tag thisWhy does a shoulder dislocation hurt so much?[Why tag thisI have a friend who happens to be a cop and pulled the humerus out of the socket of some guy who was resisting arrest. not on purpose the guy was drunk and thrashing around .[General_Do Not UseWe see a lot of these in the ER that I work in. Normally, we are seeing the same patients over and over again because once they dislocate their shoulder, it tends to weaken the structures that support it and future dislocations occur very easily.[Why tag thisI know lots of people who have done this and now I know useful information about it. [Why tag thisThis is very interesting for me to be learning and I am excited to be learning about it because my shoulder just dislocated and I need to get surgery on it. What is interesting for me is that my shoulder dislocated the posterior way instead of the most common way.[Why tag thisWhy is there no protection from inferior movement?[Why tag thisMy next door neighbor dislocated her shoulder this way I believe it was somewhere near three times. She's had numerous surgeries on her shoulder already, and yet it still continues to dislocate. She's even had bits of cadaver cartilage implanted to increase stability, and yet she has yet to see any impressive results. How is it possible to continuously dislocate the same joint so frequently and still not see improvement after medical intervention?[Why tag thisThis is really interesting because I dislocated my shoulder in a basketball game in middle school when I was mid air and a guy much bigger than me came down on my shoulder. It was one of the worst pains I have ever experienced. [Why tag thisAgain, I am highlighting this because I dislocated my shoulder this past fall. I received a bad blow from above while my arm was abducted. My joint slipped enough to make the head of the humerus collide with the glenoid cavity to cause an indentation on the head. Also, of course, I tore some of my glenohumeral ligaments. I strongly advise against dislocating your shoulder if you can help it.[Why tag thisHow often does shoulder dislocation happen? to what age group?[Why tag thisBesides trauma/force to cause shoulder dislocation, can these be prevented by having stronger muscles and joints surrounding the shoulder?[Why tag thisI find it puzzling that dislocation occur most often caused by downward placement of the humerous. The book states that this is caused by receiving a blow from above while the arm is abducted but could the lifting of something heavy off the ground (pulling downward on the samme joint) cause the same problem?[Why tag thisSince apes have a similar shoulder joint, do they have similar difficulties with easily dislocated shoulders?[Why tag thisIs this common in unatheltic people or mainly athletic? [Why tag thisInteresting to learn what's actaully happening and the causes of a dislocated shoulder because I actually know a guy who dislocated another guys shoulder while arm wrestling.[Why tag thisI was wondering if this happens to a person is it much more likely for it to happen again in the future? For example some people can dislocate and relocate their arms from their shoulders by choice like escape artists.[Why tag thisI found this interesting and something I could relate to because this has happened to be in the past on two separate occasions. In both cases it popped back into the socket so I never had to actually undergo treatment. I was completely unaware of how severe this is on you joints and your body. [Why tag thiswhat kind of perminent damage? if you tear a muscle shouldn't it heal? does that mean nerve damage? and if one should'nt pull on heir arm why is that always advertised?[Why tag thisI have a severe shoulder dislocation problem and have gone through multiple surgeries as a result of a dislocation I experienced as an infant. [Why tag thisMy brother in law played baseball in college and was a pitcher. It wasn't until he was in his thirties that his shoulders began to give him problems. At two different points in time both rotator cuffs were completely destroyed (not sure if they tear away or detach). I saw one happen after he fell over. After he stood up it looked as if his should (arm) was completly disconected from his body. The Dr. said it tore to easily because he wore out the cuff over time. The healing time from the surgery was long and painful. This happed twice! [Why tag thisdislocation of the shoulder; how they occus[Why tag thisMost common shoulder dislocation is the downward displacement of the humerus. This can be caused by a hevy object falling down from a shelf overhead onto your overhead extended arm. It can be dislocated because th rotator cuff does not protect the arm inferiorly, and the joint is protected by the coracoid process, acromion, and clavicle. [Why tag thisDoes the this joint when it is dislocated or torn does that mean shoulder surgery? I have been interested in the shoulder and shoulder surgery every since my mom boyfriend died from shoulder surgery. He had fluid in his lungs because they didnt stitch him up all the way...therefore led to death. [Why tag thisI found this interesting because I have had a dislocated shoulder and i know how painful it is. I found it interesting that when it was popped back in place, however, the pain subsided almost instantly. Is there any reason why the relief is so instant? I thought I would have to do shoulder exercises with bands or something afterwards to get it completely back to normal.[Why tag thiswhen the shoulder dislocates it displaces the humerus which cuffs the rotator in the join and the coracoid process. I did not know the joints that were dislocated in the shoulders. Dislocation of the shoulder can happen if a person was struck from above the shoulder or if the arm of a child was tugged very hard. This can be very painful to the person because the joints are easily dislocated.[Why tag thisIs there a point in which a dislocation is not able to be fixed?[Why tag thisIf this were to happen, and there was some permanent damage, is there any way to fix it? [Why tag thiscommon dislocations[Why tag thisI did not konw this. Ill make sure to be carfull when applying pressure to my arm- no pressure downwards![Why tag thisgives the two reasons on why there are many dislocations in the humerus. [Why tag thisShoulder dislocations commonly occur when arms are extended and too much stress in applied to the joint. [Why tag thisThis is why if a person tears there rotator cuff they can easily dislocate there shoulder. I have seen it where a football player has dislocated his shoulder multiple times because of a torn rotator cuff. There are ways to wrap the shoulder if these tendons are absent, but it restricts movement and still is not as good as a healthy rotator cuff. [Why tag thisCan the shoulder be located back into place with time, or is it extremely important that there be some type of medical procedure for [Why tag thisThis actually happened to a friend of mine when she was young. She was sitting in a chair and her dad went to lift her off (pulling her arm) and dislocated her shoulder. It wasn't obviously meant to be harmful but just shows how delicate childrens' joint can be. I also rag on my sister about picking my nephew (2 years old )up by the hands or arms since it can damage the joints or epiphyseal plates.[Why tag thisThis makes sense because a child's shoulder joint and muscles surrounding the joint are not fully developed and can be torn with any sudden pull or tug. Also, the ligaments that support the shoulder are not fully developed yet, and even in a fully developed adult, 3 of the ligaments surrounding the shoulder offer very weak support to the joint.[Why tag thisAlthough it doesn't necessicary help much now, this is something that I'm going to remember when around kids from now on. I knew that you should be careful, but even just tugging them forward by their arm is something that I could see myself thoughtlessly doing someday and seriously hurting my kids.[Why tag thisMy least favorite injury was when I was 8 or 9 years old. My brother and I were wrestling and he pulled my arm out of socket, except it wasn't this common shoulder dislocation. It was either my humeroulnar or humeroradial joint. My arm was fine if I held it at a certain angle, but if it nudged a little bit there was a lot of pain. At the hospital they fixed it by simply extending my arm, straightening it out, and shoving it back into place. It's good to hear that since I'm older, my joints can probably withstand more stress.[Why tag thisi am surprised that some mom of a son for football hasn't complained to who ever is in charge of safety for strong better supporting shoulder pads.[Why tag thismorgan johnson
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For the purposes of an introductory book such as this one, however, we can settle for an approximate meaning. We will define gene as an information-containing segment of DNA that codes for the production of a molecule of RNA, which in most cases goes on to play a role in the synthesis of one or more proteins. The amino acid sequence of a protein is determined by a nucleotide sequence in the DNA.
The Genome
The GenomeThe 46 human chromosomes come in two sets of 23 each, one set from each parent. Except for two sex chromosomes, the chromosomes of each pair have the same genes, but may have different versions of a given gene (alleles, discussed later in the chapter). All the DNA, both coding and noncoding, in one 23-chromosome set is called the genome. The human genome consists of about 3.1 billion nucleotide pairs. Owing to a massive multinational undertaking called the Human Genome Project (HGP), carried out from 1990 to 2003, biologists now know the base sequence (A, T, C, G) of more than 99% of the genome. The only unknown portions are some short, dense regions of the chromosomes inaccessible to present technology, but apparently containing very few (if any) genes.
The 46 human chromosomes come in two sets of 23 each, one set from each parent. Except for two sex chromosomes, the chromosomes of each pair have the same genes, but may have different versions of a given gene (alleles, discussed later in the chapter). All the DNA, both coding and noncoding, in one 23-chromosome set is called the genome. The human genome consists of about 3.1 billion nucleotide pairs. Owing to a massive multinational undertaking called the Human Genome Project (HGP), carried out from 1990 to 2003, biologists now know the base sequence (A, T, C, G) of more than 99% of the genome. The only unknown portions are some short, dense regions of the chromosomes inaccessible to present technology, but apparently containing very few (if any) genes.Sequencing the human genome has been hailed as a technological accomplishment as momentous as splitting the atom and landing explorers on the moon. It has opened a new field of biology called genomics, the comprehensive study of the whole genome and how its genes and noncoding DNA interact to affect the structure and function of the whole organism. Among the revolutionary findings to come from the Human Genome Project are these:
This is important because it does not only apply to genes but more so to science. The more we know does not mean there will be less to understand or make sense of. The more we know the more we may challenge our own knowledge and the more confusion we may encounter. This will lead us to expand on what we have not yet known. [Why tag this text]Question 1: A gene is an information-containing sequence of DNA that codes for the production of RNA. The genetic code is a system that allows for the 4 nucleotide sequence to code for amino acids. A codon is a 3 based sequence of mRNA, where an anticodon is the complementary sequence to a codon of mRNA.[Why tag this textI actually did not know that a gene was a part of DNA. It makes sense because they both determine our characteristics but I just never put two and two together.[Why tag this textThis is a very long definition, and it surprises me that they dont put this in lighter terms. However, it does make me look up a different definition and learn more about genes which is a good thing.[Why tag this textAnswers my previous question or thought. [Why tag this textSo in a set of 23 chromosomes there are about 3.1 billion nuceleotide paris? What is the join of these?[Why tag this textImportant to know what genes are and what they do. They are a big part in DNA and the protein making process.[General-Do not useI think this sentence defining a gene is very important because genes can be difficult to understand, but they're summed up well here. [Why tag this textI highlighted this because I always get confused on the exact definition of a gene. This also helped me understand it's relationship with DNA.[Why tag this textisn't the the similar job of a nucleus? the nucleus in a cell contains information of DNA[Why tag this textthe definition of a gene[Why tag this textGenome= all the DNA in one big set is called the genome. DNA is paired, so 2 sets of 23 each, one set from each parent. [Why tag this textIs it possible for a human to have more or less than 46 chromosomes? [Why tag this texta 23 set chromosome[General-Do not useWhat is each chromosome an enabler of? Why are there specifically 23?[Why tag this textso there are 46 chromosomes but you to figure out how many sets you divide it by 2 and you know how many sets there are that is a nice little trick to know [Why tag this textThere are 46 chromosomes in each cell, not having all 46 or having extra can result in genetic problems. I have a cousin who received an extra chromosome 21, and becuase of this he has downs syndrome. [Why tag this textI thought that this was a gene. So i do not understand exactly what a Genome is[Why tag this textif people are born without the 46 chromosomes is that werre down syndrome come to play?[Why tag this textNow what if a person is born without all of the chromosomes does this have any type of affect on the person as far as developemental problems?[Why tag this textThe fact that a human is made from these 46 chromosomes is almost not even understandable. We think about all that we can do and how all people are different and thats all because everyones genetic makeup is different. [Why tag this textWhat makes a person contain more or less chromosomes? I would assume by now with medical technology we would have discovered a way to cure problems of that sort.[yeahyeahSince there is only about a 1% difference in DNA from humans and chimpanzes, do they know what portion of the gentic code it is and evaluate how it evolved?[Why tag this textWhen someone is missing or have extra chromosomes it is an abnormality. One example of a condition associated with a numerical anomoly(three copies of chromosome 21 instead of 2) is Down Syndrome. [Why tag this textits wired how there are 46 chromosomes split to 23 and the sex chromosome is seen as one when there are two different sexes. how can they be in one chromosome instead of being seperate.[Why tag this textWhen you look at a human and what their DNA is made of,you will find that they have 46 chromosomes. Chromosomes are given to you by your parents. DNA carries a code for a particular protein. Not only is DNA involved but also RNA. RNA molecule is the production of the of DNA. [Why tag this textThis is very interesting to me, I know all humans are set with 46, though I know when you have Down Syndrome you have 47, my cousin has down sydrome and she looks alot like her father, where does this extra chromosome come from? is it the mother or father? or does it come from somewhere random?[Why tag this textI think this is important because it shows that we get 23 chromosomes from each parent equalling to a total of 46.[Why tag this textI've worked with kids that have down syndrome (caused by an extra chromosome) and I loved it but found it to be really a challenging career. The things some of the kids go through is just so depressing and although I still volunteer because they really do need help and are obviously people too, I just couldn't make a career of it[Why tag this textWhy does it take all 46 chromosomes to not have mental challenges?[Why tag this textIm confused as to what they say about the sex chromosomes here.[Why tag this textso the DNA of the child is made up of the two 23 chromosomes given by each parent?[Why tag this textCan humans be born with less chromosomes?... how would it affect them?[Why tag this texttells us how human are generally set up gene wise.[Why tag this texthuman genome[Why tag this textWhat about people who have down syndrome? do they have the same amout of chromosomes?[Why tag this textEverything from the actual human genome itself, to the actual project in trying to find more information about this puzzle, is literally too much information for me to even begin to imagine or start to understand. I was unaware of how great of a technological accomplishment![Why tag this textI had no idea that the Genome was mapped relatively recently. To think that is was 99% completed in 2003 is astonishing. The shear volume of the number of nucleotide pairs is staggering! (3.1 Billion) I findthis interesting because there is so much DNA! i think we have only scratched the surface on what diseased and conditions are affected by DNA sequencing and I find it interesting as to what wil discoveries will be made in the future.[Why tag this textThis is really intresting to me to read more about because currently I am pregnant and the doctor mentioned somthing about Trisomy 13, Which is when there is an extra 13th chromosome causing severe birth complications.[Why tag this textI knew that a person was made up of 46 human chromosomes, 23 from each parent. However never really knew anything beyond that. Didn't know that each pair of chromosomes have the same genes, only that they may contain a different version. Also amazing to think that biologists have actually figured out the base sequence of more that 99% of our 3.1 billion nucleotide pairs.[Why tag this textHumans have 46 chromosomes that come in pairs of 23, one set from each parent. A set of 23 chromosomes (half the total) is called a genome. [Why tag this textI'd tagged this because I'm curious about one thing, is it possible for a human being to have more than 46 chromosomes? And what can be the max or min? Max as in considered as [Why tag this textSex cells are considered haploid cells because they only contain half the number of chromosomes as somatic cells. Wheres somatic cells are diploid because they contain the complete set of chromosome pairs. [Why tag this textSarah Ertl
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Tissue Growt
Tissue Growth
Tissue GrowthTissues grow because their cells increase in number or size. Most embryonic and childhood growth occurs by hyperplasia40 (HY-pur-PLAY-zhuh)?tissue growth through cell multiplication. Skeletal muscles and adipose tissue grow, however, through hypertrophy41 (hy-PUR-truh-fee)?the enlargement of preexisting cells. Even a very muscular or fat adult has essentially the same number of muscle fibers or adipocytes as he or she had in childhood, but the cells may be substantially larger. Neoplasia42 (NEE-oh-PLAY-zhuh) is the development of a tumor (neoplasm)?whether benign or malignant? composed of abnormal, nonfunctional tissue.
Tissue GrowthTissues grow because their cells increase in number or size. Most embryonic and childhood growth occurs by hyperplasia40 (HY-pur-PLAY-zhuh)?tissue growth through cell multiplication. Skeletal muscles and adipose tissue grow, however, through hypertrophy41 (hy-PUR-truh-fee)?the enlargement of preexisting cells. Even a very muscular or fat adult has essentially the same number of muscle fibers or adipocytes as he or she had in childhood, but the cells may be substantially larger. Neoplasia42 (NEE-oh-PLAY-zhuh) is the development of a tumor (neoplasm)?whether benign or malignant? composed of abnormal, nonfunctional tissue.Tissue DevelopmentYou have studied the form and function of more than two dozen discrete types of human tissue in this chapter. You should not leave this subject, however, with the impression that once these tissue types are established, they never change. Tissues are, in fact, capable of changing from one type to another within certain limits. Most obviously, unspecialized tissues of the embryo develop into more diverse and specialized types of mature tissue?mesenchyme to muscle, for example. This development of a more specialized form and function is called differentiation.Epithelia sometimes exhibit metaplasia,43 a change from one type of mature tissue to another. For example, the vagina of a young girl is lined with a simple cuboidal epithelium. At puberty, it changes to a stratified squamous epithelium, better adapted to the future demands of intercourse and childbirth. The nasal cavity is lined with ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium. However, if we block one nostril and breathe through the other one for several days, the epithelium in the unblocked passage changes to stratified squamous. In smokers, the pseudostratified columnar epithelium of the bronchi may transform into a stratified squamous epithelium.
Tissue GrowthTissues grow because their cells increase in number or size. Most embryonic and childhood growth occurs by hyperplasia40 (HY-pur-PLAY-zhuh)?tissue growth through cell multiplication. Skeletal muscles and adipose tissue grow, however, through hypertrophy41 (hy-PUR-truh-fee)?the enlargement of preexisting cells. Even a very muscular or fat adult has essentially the same number of muscle fibers or adipocytes as he or she had in childhood, but the cells may be substantially larger. Neoplasia42 (NEE-oh-PLAY-zhuh) is the development of a tumor (neoplasm)?whether benign or malignant? composed of abnormal, nonfunctional tissue.Tissue DevelopmentYou have studied the form and function of more than two dozen discrete types of human tissue in this chapter. You should not leave this subject, however, with the impression that once these tissue types are established, they never change. Tissues are, in fact, capable of changing from one type to another within certain limits. Most obviously, unspecialized tissues of the embryo develop into more diverse and specialized types of mature tissue?mesenchyme to muscle, for example. This development of a more specialized form and function is called differentiation.Epithelia sometimes exhibit metaplasia,43 a change from one type of mature tissue to another. For example, the vagina of a young girl is lined with a simple cuboidal epithelium. At puberty, it changes to a stratified squamous epithelium, better adapted to the future demands of intercourse and childbirth. The nasal cavity is lined with ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium. However, if we block one nostril and breathe through the other one for several days, the epithelium in the unblocked passage changes to stratified squamous. In smokers, the pseudostratified columnar epithelium of the bronchi may transform into a stratified squamous epithelium.
I thought it was interesting how we maintain the same number of muscle fibers throughout our life whether or not we exercise regularly. It's just the size that changes not the quantity.[Why tag this text]due to increase in number or size[Why tag this textdo tissue ever stop growing?[Why tag this textdescription of what tissue growth is[Why tag this texthow damaged tissues can be fixed is intersting to know[Why tag this textAre stretch markes caused by the rapid growth/contraction of connective tissue?[Why tag this textDo tissues change from one person to another? Growth and development?[Why tag this textTissues grow because their cells increase in number or size. Some tissues develop into more specialized tissues later in life.[Why tag this textHyperplasia- cell multiplication; embryo and childhoodSkeletal and adipose tissue: Hypertrophy; enlargement of exisiting cells. Do people every lose their cells, or does a cell ever stay the same size for an adult as it was in their childhood?[Why tag this textthis paragraph answers the first prompt, explains the modes of tissue growth (hyperplasia, hypertrophy, and neoplasia) [Why tag this textThe two types of stem cells that carry the body through development.[Why tag this textI always thought tissue growth was just the replacement of old cells with new ones, but now i know it is from increasing in cell number or size. [Why tag this textMost childhood growth is through the multiplication of cells while muscle and adipose tissue growth is through the growth in size of the cells that were already there. [Why tag this textWhen do the tissues stop growing and increasing??[Why tag this textThis can be said to be the essiential part of how tissues are formed concluding with a defintion of tissue growth. It makes me think of how my body formed. Does my tissues have to do with the development of my disorders? Or is that purely genetics? I wish I could see how my cells and body changes through the process of life. It would be something I would be interested in seeing if I had the chance. To bad I couldn't see in my body as I developed and continue to develop. I would particularly want to see how my tissues and cells grow if I would get pregnant. That is something that would definetly interest me.[Why tag this textHow tissues repair themselves. Two ways: regeneration(where the dead or damaged cells are replaced by the same type of cells and Fibrosis ( replacing the damanged tissue with scar tissue)[Why tag this textIt explains tissue growth and it occurs[Why tag this textcells increase in number or size when tissues grow. hyperplasia is when tissues grow through cell multiplication. hypertrophy is when cells taht exist already become enlarged.[Why tag this textI found this information to be very interesting because tissue grows due to the increase in the number or size of cells. I didn't know that most embryonic and childhood growth occurred by a term known as hyperplasia, which is tissue growth through cell multiplication, whereas skeletal muscles and adipose tissue grow due to hypertrophy (the enlargement of preexisting cells). To me this information is so fascinating because I'm learning things I never knew as well as how my body is developing. [Why tag this textthis is interesting so we dont actually gain more cell the ones we have just grow larger throughout our lifetime [Why tag this textAs the tissue and cells grown so do we, but we all have the same amount of fiber muscle as we did when we were young[Why tag this textWhat interesting me is that, tissues grow the same number in the childhood as the adulthood even though their cells may be larger or smaller.[Why tag this textThe thought of disease or malfunction of the body interests me. I want to hope that we go more in depth in case studies or expamples of these.[Why tag this texti never know that information, it very helpfull [Why tag this textTissue growth[Why tag this texti find it interesting how you can have the same amount of muslce fibers as an adult that you do as a child but can still grow due to the increase in your cells, its amazing how much cells are depended on our body[Why tag this textthis is important because it shows the growth in our bodies and the different stages and ages of when they happen[Why tag this textQuestion 3: An increase in the number of cells is called hyperplasia whereas an increase in the size of the cells is called hypertrophy.[Why tag this textI found this interesting and makes perfect sense that hyperplasia is basically hyperplasia. The definition of hyperplasia given is [Why tag this texti thought it was quite interesting finding out that humans contain the same number of fibers throughtout their lifetime.[Why tag this textIt is interesting, is it possible to control how large the cells may get ya think?[Why tag this textthe 2 different ways that cells can grow. Why do only skeletal muscles and adipose tissue grow by hypertrophy?[Why tag this textI did not know that our bodies as a whole could grow because of cell growth however I did know that muscle growth occurs from cell growth. I just find it crazy to think that someone with a weight of lets say 250 pounds has the same number of cells as they did when they were 100 pounds. [Why tag this textHyperplasia: Tissues growing due to cell multiplication, most embryonic and childhood development. [Why tag this textthe pronouciation keys are very helpful[Why tag this textDefinition of hyperplasia and hypertrophy.[Why tag this texti find it interesting that musclar and adipose tissues are the only tissues that dont readliy increase their number of cells, but increase the size of the cells[Why tag this textDoes the tissue keep growing as long the organism alive ?[Why tag this textIn a fittness article I once read there was a large discussion about the benefits of [Why tag this textHypertropohy: How muscle/adipose grows, it is the enlargement of pre-existing cells. [Why tag this textJustin Putterman
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Andrea
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Errors and Mutations
Errors and MutationsDNA polymerase is fast and accurate, but it makes mistakes. For example, it might read A and place a C across from it where it should have placed a T. If nothing were done to correct such errors, each generation of cells would have thousands of faulty proteins, coded for by DNA that had been miscopied. To prevent such catastrophic damage to the cell, there are multiple modes of correcting replication errors. The DNA polymerase itself double-checks the new base pair and tends to replace incorrect, biochemically unstable pairs with more stable, correct pairs?for example, removing C and replacing it with T. As a result, only one mistake remains for every billion base pairs replicated?a very high degree of replication accuracy, if not completely flawless.Changes in DNA structure, called mutations,3 can result from replication errors or from environmental factors such as radiation, chemicals, and viruses. Uncorrected mutations can be passed on to the descendants of that cell, but many of them have no adverse effect. One reason is that a new base sequence sometimes codes for the same thing as the old one. For example, TGG and TGC both code for threonine (see table 4.2), so a mutation from G to C in the third place would not necessarily change protein structure. Another reason is that a change in protein structure is not always critical to its function. For example, the beta chain of hemoglobin is 146 amino acids long in both humans and horses, but 25 of these amino acids differ between the two species. Nevertheless, the hemoglobin is fully functional in both species. Furthermore, since 98% of the DNA does not code for any proteins, the great majority of mutations do not affect protein structure at all. Other mutations, however, may kill a cell, turn it cancerous, or cause genetic defects in future generations. When a mutation changes the sixth amino acid of ß-hemoglobin from glutamic acid to valine, for example, the result is a crippling disorder called sickle-cell disease. Clearly some amino acid substitutions are more critical than others, and this affects the severity of a mutation.
The DNA polymerase itself double-checks the new base pair and tends to replace incorrect, biochemically unstable pairs with more stable, correct pairs-for example, removing C and replacing it with T. As a result, only one mistake remains for every billion base pairs replicated-a very high degree of replication accuracy, if not completely flawless.
so thousands of polymerase molecules work on one DNA molecule?[Why tag this text]It is amazing that the entire genetic composition of a person can be reproduced in a work day when you consider how long our DNA is.[Why tag this textThis seems incredibly fast for such a complex process. [Why tag this textIt's interesting to note that these mutations can be [Why tag this textErrors and Mutations: DNA Polymerase can sometimes make mistakes when its reading the nucleotides, resulting in faulty proteins. However, there are multiple modes for checking for errors. But there can be changes in DNA structures called mutations. These mutations can be from replication errors or environmental factors. [Why tag this textthis may cause faulty proteins. To prevent the damage to the cell, there are multiple modes of correcting the replication errors. [Why tag this textSo when mutations do happen and they are infact a danger to someone (cancer, disease, etc) then it just keeps replicating? It seems very hard to get rid of these mutations as we know from dealing with life. There are treatments, yes etc. But I'm curious on how the polymerase is susseptible to making such catistrofic mistakes in the first place? I know it has something to do with the way we take care of ourselves as a society but I wish I could see how it directly affects the polymerase itself and why these certian things have the influence they do for the polymerase to make those specific mistakes.[Why tag this textWhat would this mean to the human body if these errors were not corrected. There would be faulty proteins, but what would this change in our lives?[Why tag this textAnswer to my question.[Why tag this textHow fast does it take?[Why tag this textWhat are the chances of it making mistakes?[Why tag this textI think it's interesting that DNA polymerase can make mistakes[Why tag this textErrors in the replication of DNA can be detrimental to cell division. One mistake can throw off an entire string of peptides. This can cause mutations and some cell not to divide properly.[Why tag this textIts crazy to think that even something as small, simple, yet also so complex can make such a devistating mistake, but yet the errors are also corrected is fascinating.[Why tag this textBecause of my lack of knowledge, I had no idea that DNA even had to replicate or even further than that....can make mistakes. The good thing is that DNA has things like the DNA polymerase to double-cheak the new pairs![Why tag this textI think this is interesting because it makes me wonder what the outcome of this mistake would be. For example, down syndrome is caused by an extra chromosome. What effects does this have on a person's life and DNA?[Why tag this textIt is interesting to know that it is common for our bodys to create mistakes involving our DNAs, but there is a double-checking process in the DNA polymerase. [Why tag this textI found this very interesting because the DNA polymerase makes mistakes, and if nothing were done to correct the errors, each generation of cells would have thousands of faulty proteins. The polymerase itself double hecks and replaces the incoreect biochemically unstable pairs with more stable, correct pairs. [Why tag this textThe human body is so incredible to think that the DNA polymerase actually makes thousands of errors. However, it actually double checks its work and corrects all but one mistake for every billion base pairs. An incredible accurate percentage.[Why tag this textAbout errors and mutations and how they are fixed(errors MUST be fixed each time)[Why tag this textThis was never covered in Biology in high school and is fascinating. To think that with all the minute processes that happen in and to our bodies at this level and the potential issues that could arise IF there was not a checks and balance system is sobering. It goes to show how in many cases outside influecnes truly can negatively affect the DNA structure.[Why tag this textAlthough DNA replication works like a well oiled machine, there are errors that are bound to occur. Just like in a factory there are different proteins in place which will check over the work of DNA polymerase and make sure that the work is accurate.[Why tag this textCompletely flawless? After billions of years i'd expect there to be some flaws...[Why tag this textIntersting how it can make mistakes but go back and fix its mistakes to prevent cell damage.[Why tag this textAdvances in genomic medicine allows people to test their genes for these possible mutations. For a certain amount of money a person could see their whole genome if they wanted. But than again, so could the rest of the population. Once that information is out there it is in the hands of the public. Also, would this not also be a handicap for some people? Knowing one is sick or will become sick; pass it on. How holistic can a life be if there is always fear and doubt from knowing every mutation one has. [Why tag this textThis is why evolution is such a slow process and would take multiple years for speciation to occur because the mutation can be corrected or it would not affect protein function at all. [Why tag this textI tagged this because I really enjoy learning about genetics. I think it's interesting how DNA could contain errors and mutations and how one error or mutation could make a huge impact. [Why tag this textDNA polymerase is very accurate and efficient when creating duplicate DNA copies but mistakes are possible. To correct this the polymerase actually runs a doulble check on the copy to make sure it is free of mistakes and because of this most mutations in DNA are caused by outside forces (radiation, smoking, cancer).[Why tag this textwhaat happens when this happens?[Why tag this textThis answered my question what happens if DNA makes mistakes, and if nothing were done each generation of cells would have thousands of bad proteins. However it says that DNA double checks it work and replaces the incorrect ones. When trying to relate this to a real life problem, I thought of when they check for defaulted products and toss them out and replace them with new ones. [Why tag this textThere is such tedious and microscopic detail that seems to be known about organisms and processes which were discovered only a couple hundred years ago. I cannot imagine all the the deatil, time, and attention (not to mention prudent record-keeping) that has contributed to the acquisition of this knowledge. It also makes me wonder what else might still unknown.[Why tag this textI think it's so cool that the DNA can sometimes correct replication errors. It's so, so tiny yet it has really amazing abilities. [Why tag this textThis is so great to know that our DNA can fix its self but what happens if what is known to fix the code doesn't work? Is that how the mutations occur?[Why tag this textWhat happens if the DNA polymerase double-checks its work but still misses the faulty base pairs?[Why tag this textThis is interesting because this DNA polmerase is kinda like the quality control manager on an assembily line making sure the final produc is up to quality standards and with out error. So then it may detect these errors in the chain, but how does it detect the errors? Does it have a coded system with in it that tell it the correct code and when it doesnt match up thats how it detects the error?[Why tag this textDNA polymerase has a way of checking itself that allow very minimal amounts of mistakes to occur- which is important since if there were a lot of mistakes it would lead to catastrophic damage to the cell.[Why tag this textI was wondering what would happen if the DNA polymerase made a copying mistake and this answered that question. It is reassuring to know that DNA polymerase double checks the base pairs to avoid any mutations.[Why tag this textThis is an important function that DNA has. If it did not correct these errors, many cells would be damanged.[Why tag this textHow does the DNA polymerase know that it is incorrectly paired? I understand that some pairs are stronger and more stable together but I don't understand why that is it bad to have not as stable relationships.[Why tag this textWhat happens if it doesn't automatically correct itself? Or what are the effects of even one faulty pair?[Why tag this textThis seems like a really long process, but in all actuality it is not. It's amazing how there can be mistakes along the way, but there are sources for correction. This is just as in every day life, we make mistakes, but there are ways to correct them. [Why tag this textDNA checking for errors[Why tag this textso im assuming that a mistake is not that big of a deal?[Why tag this textBrandon Neldner
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Grand Total: 206 Bones
Grand Total: 206 BonesThis number varies even among adults. One reason is the development of sesamoid1 bones?bones that form within some tendons in response to strain. The patella (kneecap) is the largest of these; most of the others are small, rounded bones in such locations as the hands and feet. Another reason for adult variation is that some people have extra bones in the skull called sutural (SOO-chur-ul), or wormian,2 bones (see fig. 8.6).
This number varies even among adults. One reason is the development of sesamoid1 bones?bones that form within some tendons in response to strain. The patella (kneecap) is the largest of these; most of the others are small, rounded bones in such locations as the hands and feet. Another reason for adult variation is that some people have extra bones in the skull called sutural (SOO-chur-ul), or wormian,2 bones (see fig. 8.6).
why dose the number differ between children and adults? do children need more bones than adults? [Why tag this]new information to me [Why tag thisthis confuses me because i dont know why it would form in some tendons but not others. what determines if it is a sesamoid bone or not?[Why tag thisgrand total: 206 bones but start at 270 at birth. may vary due to:[Why tag thisCan you ever purposly create extra bone in your body?[Why tag thisi have never know about the number of bones, and here ith is explain every group of bones well. [Why tag thisThe number of bones found in adult humans is not exact and is specific to each individual. This is because some bones can form around crtiliginous areas due to stress. [Why tag thisdose the skull called the most sensitive bone if yes why? [Why tag thisThis another reason to remember anatomical variation when we are studying anatomy. Does this have to do with evolution? Are there bones that only some adults have that aid them?[Why tag thisThere is variations even among fully developed adults.[Why tag thisWhat causes the number to vary?[Why tag thisIt's interesting how people can have a different number of bones.[Why tag thisSince the number of bones can vary, what are the purpose of these extra bones that only some people have? Do they have an advantage or disadvantage with these extra bones?[Why tag thisWhat would be an exceptionally low number of bones for a person to have?[Why tag thisDo people who have less/more bones than a normal person have an adverse health effects because of it?[Why tag thisI have heared about these sesamoid bones, but what do they actually contribute to the body if they just float in a tendon?[Why tag thiswhat do bone spurs count as? can bone spur-like objects grow in and around the region of the patella?[Why tag thisI thought we all had the same number of bones in our body. Now that I know this I can understand why some people have a extra finger on their hand, that extra lobe next to their pinky.[Why tag thisDOthey form in adults after growth is done as a response to stress? Or, does strain in a young child cause more bones in adulthood. If so, that would explain why high compact sports at a young age should be limilted in developing bodies. Chicken or the egg?[Why tag thisIf the patella is the result of sesamoid, how come we don't have one in the arm? [Why tag thisI find this very intersting that as we mature our adult bodies can form new bones. I would like to explore this concept more in class and talk about the different areas other than the knee where additional bones can form. Why would areas that experience alot of strain grow additional bones?[Why tag thisI did not know that adults have variations in bones. Good to know that. [Why tag thisSo is the patella made up from multiple bones?[Why tag thisI just think it's interesting that some people have more or less than 206 bones in their bodies. It makes me wonder how common that is and if having less or more causes problems in the body or not. [Why tag thisIve heard that there are people with more bones than others however I have never heard or seen anything about effects it may have. Is there any effects at all if you have extra bones? can they be harmful? this is something I would like to find out.[Why tag thisA childs cranium is NOT solid during the fetal stage. It is amazing that once the neonate is out of the womb and the cranium begins to come together, all three bones line up perfectly to form the skull before fusing.[Why tag thisEach adult has a variation has to how many bones are located within their bodies. Individuals might have extra bones located in the skull. [Why tag thisDoes this mean we develop bone if we tear a tendon?[Why tag thisHow can bone begin to form within a different tissue type?[Why tag thisI never knew this! I was so interested by this that I asked multiple individuals if they knew they were not born with a kneecap. Many of them did, and I wondered why I had not known this. Nonetheless, it is amazing that strain can cause a bone to grow. When does it begin to develop? [Why tag thisI had to be on crutches and in a boot for several weeks due to inflammed sesamoid bones in my foot[Why tag thisAre these similar to bone spurs? I know someone who had a bone spur on her foot; it was surgically removed, and later grew back. [Why tag thisCan you explain this a little more? [Why tag thisI did not know sesamoid bones were even a type or that this is what the kneecap was[Why tag thissomtimes in adults the patella can form into two or more pieces called bipartite patella[Why tag thisSince the patella's a sesamoid bone, does that mean if there was no strain or knee flexion and extension it wouldn't form?[Why tag thisDoes this mean that if somenone went through life without straining their patella it wouldn't grow any larger?[Why tag thisI have seen several x-rays of my patella as I broke it into four pieces a year ago. Right now, it is currently held together by several screws and wire. My surgeon explained how he had to put it together as well as get the placement properly to ensure the joint functions properly.[Why tag thisThis is why when you get an injury in your knee it can take a long time to heal becuase you could ruin a tendon or our tear it all the way. [Why tag thisSo if someone were to stop walking, would their patella shrink?![Why tag thisDoes this mean babies don't have knee caps until the area becomes strained?[Why tag thisHussain
Hannah Lucas
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Maisey Mulvey
Adam Alshehab
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soha
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treated patients with herbal drugs, salts, physical therapy, and faith healing
herbal drugs, salts, physical therapy, and faith healing.
The ?father of medicine,? however, is usually considered to be the Greek physician Hippocrates
The ?father of medicine,? however, is usually considered to be the Greek physician Hippocrates
The ?father of medicine,? however, is usually considered to be the Greek physician Hippocrates (c. 460?c. 375 bce)
The ?father of medicine,? however, is usually considered to be the Greek physician Hippocrates (c. 460?c. 375 bce).
The ?father of medicine,? however, is usually considered to be the Greek physician Hippocrates (c. 460?c. 375 bce). He and his followers established a code of ethics for physicians, the Hippocratic Oath, that is still recited in modern form by many graduating medical students.
The ?father of medicine,? however, is usually considered to be the Greek physician Hippocrates (c. 460?c. 375 bce). He and his followers established a code of ethics for physicians, the Hippocratic Oath, that is still recited in modern form by many graduating medical students. Hippocrates urged physicians to stop attributing disease to the activities of gods and demons and to seek their natural causes, which could afford the only rational basis for therapy.
Aristotle (384?322 bce) was one of the first philosophers to write about anatomy and physiology. He believed that diseases and other natural events could have either supernatural causes, which he called theologi, or natural ones, which he called physici or physiologi. We derive such terms as physician and physiology from the latter. Until the nineteenth century, physicians were called ?doctors of physic.? In his anatomy book, On the Parts of Animals, Aristotle tried to identify unifying themes in nature. Among other points, he argued that complex structures are built from a smaller variety of simple components?a perspective that we will find useful later in this chapter.
Aristotle (384-322 bce) was one of the first philosophers to write about anatomy and physiology. He believed that diseases and other natural events could have either supernatural causes, which he called theologi, or natural ones, which he called physici or physiologi. We derive such terms as physician and physiology from the latter. Until the nineteenth century, physicians were called
For my own geographical reference, Mesopotamia is the region between the Tigris and Euphrates river system and includes parts of modern day Iraq, Syria, Iran and Turkey (where my family is from).[Why I tagged this]Some people still use things like this today. (remedies) Physical therapy - still very important today![Why I tagged thisholistic medicine[Why I tagged thishippos are big. Hipocrates was big, high up in the scientific world during his time[Why I tagged thisThis is important fact because Hippocrates was essientially the start of medicine.[Why I tagged thisgood to know in caseit comes out in one of the exam questions[Why I tagged thisStates who started the thought of medicine [Why I tagged thisFather of medicine came from greece.[Why I tagged thisthe father of medicine[Why I tagged thisI tagged this because I think that it is important to know who the founding father of medicine is, seeing that knowing and understanding where ideas and theorys came from is especially helpful in understanding a subject. [Why I tagged thisVery interesting that medicine has advanced so much in the last 50 years, and yet we still use his code of ethics today. Even though Hippocrates didn't have our technology at his disposal, we clearly still find his work to be vital to our knowledge today.[Why I tagged thisThis explains the contributions that Hippocrates and his followers had on the medical field by setting a standard of codes that physicians even today work by[Why I tagged thisHippocrates is important because he looked for real answers as to why things happend to our bodies. I think knowing that things weren't caused by activites of gods and demons, it was an influence to other physicians after him to find more logical answers.[Why I tagged thisThis is the indication of where medicine may have first diverged from the belief that there is an attribution to enlightened, non-physical beings in control of human anatomy and physiology. It is interesting that Hippocrates is such an influential individual that his code of ethics still makes its mark today on medical students.[Why I tagged thisThis is a very important factoid to know because Hippocrates based his deductions on rational evidence and steered away from the teachings of the church/ superstition. [Why I tagged thisGreeks and Romans were the beginning contributors to medicine. Hippocrates was the father of medicine so this is an important aspect to the development in medicine.[Why I tagged thisThe Hippocratic Oath is known throughout medicine. Hippocrates was a leader for the rational approach to medicine[Why I tagged thisI love the fact that doctors still pledge this today.[Why I tagged thisthe greek hippocrates created the hippocratic oath that physcians still use today.[Why I tagged thisI chose this annotation because i think it is very interesting that something that was created 3,000 years ago by the Egyptians is still in use today, even though medicine has expanded to the degree that it has. This goes to show how important the relationship is between doctor and patient has been through the years and how bedside manner has always meaned something and always will. [Why I tagged thisThis tells us about the role of doctors throughout the world and the rules they must follow in order to keep their degrees and certificates, as well as give their patients the best care. Although this was created so long ago, it is still very important in today's world.[Why I tagged thisHippocratic oath[Why I tagged thisFirst time a code of ethics was made for physicians! And the oath is still recited today, which is quite impressive. Since it's important to note the people who helped biomedical science move from the era of superstition and authoritarianism-as stated in learning outcomes- Hippocrates promoted the idea of disease coming from natural cause instead of supernatural causes. Go Hippopotamus![Why I tagged thisHippocrates's contribution[Why I tagged thisWOW! The Hippocratic Oath came from that long ago...amazing![Why I tagged thisThe Hippocratice Oath is taken by healthcare professionals and is their promise to practice medicine with ethical honesty. [Why I tagged thisrealization that not everything revolved around spiritual healing. Medical needs were to actually be taken in account with different cures.[Why I tagged thisVery controversial and immensely important in the medical world.[Why I tagged thisIt is interesting that he was one of the first advocates of relating illness to rational reasons and not because of demons and gods and openly expressed his ideas amongst others. [Why I tagged thisBeing able to find the natural causes of an illness will help find its cure. If you rely on things such as gods and demons than it will be very hard to find an answer since you can't physically communicate with these beings.[Why I tagged thisHelps define founding thought process to the science of physiology.[Why I tagged thisThis brings up a lot of argument because based on the culture or religion of the physicians or patients, many people even in moderen day put their health in the hands of their [Why I tagged thisThis is the start of when someone finally came out and said diseases aren't caused by gods or demons. He got people thinking about finding the natural causes of diseases.[Why I tagged thisGrowing up as an agnostic atheist in catholic schools, this is an idea that hits close to home. Throughout history people have ignored scientific evidence due to clouded religious beliefs. While I think that religion and spirituality has its place in the world, I do not think that it's appropriate to use religion in an attempt to discredit science.[Why I tagged thisThe contribution hippocrates gave to the medical community. [Why I tagged thisAgain without curiosity and setting out against normal thinking, they were able to realize disease was not from the gods.[Why I tagged thisi feel this was a new way of looking at sickness. That we the people can make us sick and getting us better.[chanelChange in medical rementies which was a large switch from the beliefs of disease being because of gods and demons.[Why I tagged thisThis is still a topic of debate even today. Every so often the news highlights cases of families refusing medical treatment due to the belief in supernatural entities in control of the disease.[Why I tagged thisaristotle was the first philosopher to write about medicine[Why I tagged thisAristotle was one of the first people to write about anatomy and physiology. Supernatural causes were theologi, and natural ones were Physici. Complex structures are made of simple ones[Anatomy and PhysiologyNicholas Bruno
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I tagged this for my own benefit. It has the different type of shapes and descriptions to better my understanding when trying to identify it under the microscope.[Why tag this text]smooth muscle fibers have many different things found in them. they have squamous, cuboidal, columnar, polygonal, stellate, spheroidal to ovid, discoid, fusiform and fibrous.[Why tag this textAll of these are classifications of histology cells characterized by their shape, size, density etc. Usefull information[Why tag this textI think it's helpful that names of the cells pretty much describe what they look like.[Why tag this textdefinition of how cells may appear.[Why tag this textI never relized that one muscle could have so many different types of fibers.[Why tag this textThese are going to be on the quiz on Monday[Why tag this textThese are important terms to know by definition and by apperance. This part of the text is really helpful when looking at the different types of tissues through a microscope.[Why tag this textcell shapes/types/sizes[Why tag this textThe names of these cell shapes are notable because the name sounds like the shape described. squamous resembles the word squash (flat), cuboidal resembles a cube which is square and etc. This helps me differentiate and remember.[Why tag this textI understand what all these look like and what they do but I don't understand how to tell if it is stratified or not.[Why tag this textHonestly by just knowing the name you can basically figure out what they each look like. They don't have weird names that wouldn't make sense and stuff.[Why tag this textI tagged this to take note of the definition of each cell shape to help myself visually be able to identify the different shapes and to know the terminology to do so. [Why tag this textKnowing these cells and what they look like would be good help for the lab.[Why tag this textHistology[Why tag this textthin, flat, bulge where nucleus is. Found in esophagus and epidermis.[Why tag this textQuestion 2: Cell Shapes:Squamous, a thin, flat cell with a small bulge for the nucleus.Stellate, a starshaped cell, with multipe processes protruding from the cell.Columnar, a taller, retangular shaped cellFusiform, spindle-shaped, wider at the center and thinner at the ends.[Why tag this textLearned this in lab this week. I have trouble remembering the names, studying this section will help me prepare for it[Why tag this textI am tagging this text because it helps me remember how to depict between squamous and cuboidal, because while looking under a microscope, these can be hard to tell the difference. Knowing WHERE you will find these types of cells helps you to know which kind is which. [Why tag this textInteresting how all shapes and sizes of cells have different functions and location in the body. [Why tag this textAlthough there are 200 different kinds of cells in the human body, I am going to give you only the common cell shapes: squamous, cuboidal, columnar, polygonal, stellate, spheroidal, discoid, fusiform, and fibrous.[Why tag this textI never knew there were 9 differnt cell shapes, I never realized how many different ones there were. The nine being squamous, cuboidal, columnar, polygonal, stellate, spheroidal to ovoid, discoid, fusiform, and fibrous[Why tag this textthis helped me understand the shape of this tissue[Why tag this textAlways are easy for me to point out becasue the name actualy gievs away a hint they will be in a cude shape[Why tag this textThese squamous cells that are on the surface of the skin, die and fall off. they are replaced by the underlying cells which are constantly regenerating through cell division.[Why tag this textWhat about the squamous shape makes it the best cell to line the esophagus and skin? Does its shape serve certain purpose? Would columnar or cuboidal drastically change our esophagus and skin?[WHY I TAGGED THISdescriptions of what each different cell looks like[Why tag this texti find this interesting to the degree of all cells have the same function, to help the cell maintain life, and the fact that they come in all shapes and sizes and still produce life at its expense. [Why tag this textcuboidal looks like a cube shaped tissue[Why tag this textI think that Cuboidal and Columnar are the easiest muscles to remember, because their names themselves really describe how they look. [Why tag this textthink of a cube when thinking about this tissue[Why tag this textvertical taller type of tissue cells[Why tag this texttaller than wide, found in stomach and intesine. [Why tag this textcoloum shape[Why tag this textThese are the shapes that i have not learned about before. I am very interested in learning about them and need to work hard to be able to tell the difference between all of them. Especially when looking at them through a microscope. [Why tag this textbodies of many nerve cells[Why tag this textPolygonal= polygonal shapes Stellate= starlike shape Spheroidal to ovoid= round or oval Discoid= disc shaped Fusiform= elongated, thick middle Fibrous= thread like, like a fiber. Vocab. [Why tag this textI never knew that nerve cells had a name for their shape. I had always assumed that they were just called nerve cells. Now I can call them by their proper name!![Why tag this textround to oval, alike blood cells and egg cells[Why tag this textIn lab this week, we discussed the three components necessary to a cell: 1) cell membrane, 2) cytoplasm, 3) organelles.I remember reading that red blood cells do not have nuclei. Is it not necessary for all cells to have at least one nucleus?[Why tag this textlindsay krueger
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identify the major parts of a nerve cell
identify the major parts of a nerve cell;
name the three kinds of muscular tissue
name the three kinds of muscular tissue and describe the differences between them; and
Excitability is a characteristic of all living cells, but it is developed to its highest degree in nervous and muscular tissues, which are therefore described as excitable tissues.
Excitability is a characteristic of all living cells, but it is developed to its highest degree in nervous and muscular tissues, which are therefore described as excitable tissues.
Excitability is a characteristic of all living cells, but it is developed to its highest degree in nervous and muscular tissues, which are therefore described as excitable tissues. The basis for their excitation is an electrical charge
Excitability is a characteristic of all living cells, but it is developed to its highest degree in nervous and muscular tissues, which are therefore described as excitable tissues. The basis for their excitation is an electrical charge difference (voltage) called the membrane potential, which occurs across the plasma membranes of all cells.
Excitability is a characteristic of all living cells, but it is developed to its highest degree in nervous and muscular tissues, which are therefore described as excitable tissues. The basis for their excitation is an electrical charge difference (voltage) called the membrane potential, which occurs across the plasma membranes of all cells.
Excitability is a characteristic of all living cells, but it is developed to its highest degree in nervous and muscular tissues, which are therefore described as excitable tissues. The basis for their excitation is an electrical charge difference (voltage) called the membrane potential, which occurs across the plasma membranes of all cells. Nervous and muscular tissues respond quickly to outside stimuli by means of changes in membrane potential.
Excitability is a characteristic of all living cells, but it is developed to its highest degree in nervous and muscular tissues, which are therefore described as excitable tissues. The basis for their excitation is an electrical charge difference (voltage) called the membrane potential, which occurs across the plasma membranes of all cells. Nervous and muscular tissues respond quickly to outside stimuli by means of changes in membrane potential. In nerve cells, these changes result in the rapid transmission of signals to other cells. In muscle cells, they result in contraction, or shortening of the cell.
Excitability is a characteristic of all living cells, but it is developed to its highest degree in nervous and muscular tissues, which are therefore described as excitable tissues. The basis for their excitation is an electrical charge difference (voltage) called the membrane potential, which occurs across the plasma membranes of all cells. Nervous and muscular tissues respond quickly to outside stimuli by means of changes in membrane potential. In nerve cells, these changes result in the rapid transmission of signals to other cells. In muscle cells, they result in contraction, or shortening of the cell.Nervous TissueNervous tissue (table 5.10)is specialized for communication by means of electrical and chemical signals. It consists of neurons (NOOR-ons), or nerve cells, and a much greater number of neuroglia (noo-ROG-lee-uh), or glial (GLEE-ul) cells, which protect and assist the neurons. Neurons detect stimuli, respond quickly, and transmit coded information rapidly to other cells. Each neuron has a prominent neurosoma, or cell body, that houses the nucleus and most other organelles. This is the cell's center of genetic control and protein synthesis.
The basis for their excitation is an electrical charge difference (voltage) called the membrane potential, which occurs across the plasma membranes of all cells. Nervous and muscular tissues respond quickly to outside stimuli by means of changes in membrane potential. In nerve cells, these changes result in the rapid transmission of signals to other cells. In muscle cells, they result in contraction, or shortening of the cell.Nervous TissueNervous tissue (table 5.10)is specialized for communication by means of electrical and chemical signals. It consists of neurons (NOOR-ons), or nerve cells, and a much greater number of neuroglia (noo-ROG-lee-uh), or glial (GLEE-ul) cells, which protect and assist the neurons. Neurons detect stimuli, respond quickly, and transmit coded information rapidly to other cells. Each neuron has a prominent neurosoma, or cell body, that houses the nucleus and most other organelles. This is the cell's center of genetic control and protein synthesis. Neurosomas are usually round, ovoid, or stellate in shape. Extending from the neurosoma, there are usually multiple short, branched processes called dendrites,24 which receive signals from other cells and conduct messages to the neurosoma; and a single, much longer axon, or nerve fiber, which sends outgoing signals to other cells. Some axons are more than a meter long and extend from the brainstem to the foot.
The cell type that compose nervous tissue are: neurons and glial cells, which protect and assist the neurons.[Why tag this text]I found this interesting because of a previous Psychology class. The relation between how the nerve cell works and what it does is intriguing. [CommentWhen reading this section of the book, for once I came across terms that I had studied before. In high school AP psychology, I can't remember the exact content but I remember learning about dendrites, axons, and glial cells -- which are major parts of the nerve cell. Along with neurosoma and nerve fibers. [WHY TAG THIS TEXTThey detect stimuli, and transmit coded information to other cells. The Nerve cells consist of a few different things, including dendrites, axon, and neurosoma.[Why tag this textskeletal, cardiac & smooth[Why tag this textThe three kinds of muscular tissue are skeletal, cardiac and smooth. They all differ on how they look, physiology, and function. (Answer from book page 164)[Why tag this textThe three kinds of muscular tissue are: skeletal, cardiac, and smooth. Skeletal muscles are mostly attached to bones and help control body movements, facial expression, posture, breathing, speech, and swallowing. Cardiac muscles are located in the heart and help pump the blood. Smooth muscles are mostly found as sheets of tissue in walls of viscera and control the blood pressure and flow.[Why tag this textthree types of Muscular tissue: skeletal- we have the ability to control them. cardiac- deals with the involuntary heart. smooth- lack striation and is an involuntary muscular tissue.[Why tag this textThere are three kinds of muscular tissue: skeletal, cardiac, and smooth. Skeletal muscles consist of long threadlike cells which are muscle fibers. Most skeletal tissues are connected to bone, with a few exceptions. Skeletal muscle is striated and voluntary, meaning we have the ability to control them. Cardiac muscle are limited to the heart. They are striated, but they are involuntary. The cells are also much shorter (myocytes). Smooth muscle lacks striation and is involutary. although they are short like cardiac muscles they serve a completely different purpose. They are mostly found in layers of the walls of the digestive, repiratory, and urinary tracts. They serve a veriety of functions deending on where they are located, but they play a very important role in the control the blood pressure and flow, as well as the emptying of the bladder and rectum.[Why tag this textThe three types of muscular tissue are skeletal, cardiac, and smooth. They differ in appearance, physiology, and function. Skeletal muscle consists of long threadlike cells called muscle fibers. Cardiac muscle is limited to the heart. Its cells are shorter called myocytes or cardiocytes rather than fibers. Smooth muscle cells are also called myocytes and are short. [Why tag this textWhen this stimulation is interupted the heart doesn't function like it is suposed to and like my grandfather, people may need a pacemaker put in to ensure normal functioning of the heart[Why tag this textExcitable tissues-it sounds so off when you fisrt read it, but it completely makes sense. Nervous tissue sends signals for us to do things, and something that sends signals sould be exciatable, And msucle tissue moves us-also an excitable thing.[Why tag this textExcitable tissues are absolutely essential to life as we know it; this type of tissue is the focal point of this section discussing nervous and muscle tissue. Nervous tissue functions as a chemical signal receiver/transmitter that employs established electrochemical gradients along the axon to deliver the signal. The signal is delivered to neuromuscular junction that allow the signal to be transferred to excitable muscle tissue which in turn contract to perform work. The combination of these two excitable tissues is essential to life and human physiology.[Why tag this textIt says that these tissues have the highest degree f development in excitability. The heart and the brain are the two most critical organs where if they shut down, the body dies within minutes. It makes sense that they are the most developed in communication response. [Why tag this textThis makes sense, because in the nervous tissue, neuors detect stimuli, and have to respond quickly, and transmit information rapidly to other cells. [Why tag this textThey used a definition that went well with how you would think the meaning of the word would be. [Why tag this textI tagged this because it is important that muscular and nervous tissues are very excitable. This is because if we did not have these readily excitable tissues in our bodies, our reaction timing would be extremely low to non-existent. There are different types of both nervous tissue and muscular tissue, but basically, the nervous tissue is specialized for communication to and from the brain and the body and the muscular tissue is specialized to contract when stimulated (by various nerves, of course) and produce movement. Together these two are a vital pair - if one or the other failed to work, there would be issues. If, however, both function correctly, if you were to touch something hot, for example, the sensory nerves would sense the sensation, a signal/message would be sent to the brain and a response signal would be sent back from the brain to the body for a reaction, which would be the stimulated muscular tissue that will contract to pull the body away from the heat source. This is why I think the excitability of nervous and muscular tissue is so important for the human body. [Why tag this textThis goes with the first learning out come with the excitable tissuesfrom other tissues[Why tag this textits amazing that the nervous system is controlled by an electrical charge that makes us do what we do[Why tag this textThis explains what excitability is in nervous tissue cells. [Why tag this textI was watching the Australian open the other night and noticed how many bananas the players at. I assume its for the P+ necessary for muscle contraction. Without P+ and Na+2, the electrach charge difference wouldn't be avaiable to cause muscle contraction. And after 3 hours of play, the body has used all of the avaiable Pa+ up and is in desperate need to maintain function.[Why tag this textI always have learned about membrane potential in high school biology and AP biology even human anatomy. I have never heard about excitability as being a characteristic of all living cells. Or I should say I've never heard it be called that. I think this is interesting.[Why tag this textAt first I was curious as to why nervous and muscular tissues are known as excitable tissues, but after reading more about them I understand the reason. Both tissues rely on stimulus to make quick responses, which is a clear sign of excitability. Connective and epithelial tissues do not have this capability.[Why tag this textInteresting facts about the two tissues that develop of the excitable tissues.[Why tag this textExcitability is an interesting subject.[Why tag this textI find it interesting to read about the excitability of nervous tissue. I once had to have an EMG (Electromyography) performed on me, where an outside stimuli was used to excite the nerves in my arms and legs. It's strange to think that there is a daily process of this happening just within my body.[Why tag this textI felt like this paragraph was important because i never knew what excitability was nor did i know this is why muscular tissues are described as excitable tissues. Excitability is the ability to recieve and respond to a stimulus. [Why tag this textQuestion 1: Nervous and Muscular tissue are both considered to be excitable tissues. This means that a membrane potential or voltage develops across the plasma membrane. This allows the cells to quickly respond to external stimuli. Nerve cells are responsible for transfering signals from cell to cell. Muscle cells respond and cause contraction and shortening of the cell.[Why tag this textExcitable tissues is new to me but definitly is true to its name because the excitable tissues respond quickly to outside stimuli. [Why tag this textI tagged this part of the text, because it's truly incredible how rapid the transmission of signals to other cells are. This type of specialized communication is extremely interesting, because if you were to fall on some ice a signal would be sent that you're in pain and emotionally that's how you'd respond to the situation.[Why tag this textliving cells all have excitability. it becomes its highest degree in the nervous and muscular tissues. the nervous and muscular tissues are excitable. the excitation comes from an electrical charge which is membrane potential. member potential works across the plasma membrane.[Why tag this textI chose to tag this text because nervous and muscle tissue make up a huge part of the human body and conduct so much of our everday activity. If the reason we can move our muscles, interpret and react to stimuli and enviornmental factors is due to excitability, then I think this is extremely important.[Why tag this textThe communication that is taking place within the nervous and muscular tissue brings to mind radio towers as well as the simple exchange of information because of advancment in technology which is effortless, effective, seemingly simple and yet complex. The chemical signals that nervous tissue recieves makes me curious as to how drugs and foods affect said signals. For instance high fructose corn syrup or any prescription drug.[Why tag this textIt's hard to imagine a cell/cell part that can exten for more than a meter. I've always thought that nerve cells are more abundant and that they just respond very quickly. Now i understand that they do respond very quickly and we don't have as much nerve cells as I had thought.[Why tag this textI tagged this because it explains the basics on how both the nervous system and the muscular system are connected by the fact they both need impulses in order to function.[Why tag this textNervous [transmit signals] and muscular tissues [contraction] are excitable, which means they are able to respond quickly to outside stimuli by changing their membrane potential. [Why tag this textThis is all previous learned information to me. I have taken three psych courses and these thoughts were definately stressed, almost too much![Why tag this textThis is the key factor that really differentiates nervous and muscular tissues from connective and epithelial tissues [Why tag this textwhat distinguishes excitable tissues from other tissues[Why tag this textThe reason they are considered excitable tissues is because there is a high membrane potential. With this, there is a very quick signal to each other.[Why tag this textboth muscular and nervous tissue are grouped as excitable tissue because of this property.[Why tag this textThis is important because it shows the role of excitable tissues. It also shows how it connects with the nervous and muscle tissues as well. [Why tag this textlearned this at uw waukesha[Why tag this textThis needed to help the futher understanding of these two tissues because it makes sense to me why they would be excitable. This in my mind would be because of the rapid transmission of signals between the tissues and cells. It makes me think about the way blood and other fluids, wastes etc. flow through the tissue. Specifically, how do they contribute to the energy transporting through the these tissues.[Why tag this textEric Wichman
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Bony Joints
Bony JointsA bony joint, or synostosis3 (SIN-oss-TOE-sis), is an immovable joint formed when the gap between two bones ossifies and they become, in effect, a single bone. Bony joints can form by ossification of either fibrous or cartilaginous joints. An infant is born with right and left frontal and mandibular bones, for example, but these soon fuse seamlessly into a single frontal bone and mandible. In old age, some cranial sutures become obliterated by ossification and the adjacent cranial bones, such as the parietal bones, fuse. The epiphyses and diaphyses of the long bones are joined by cartilaginous joints in childhood and adolescence, and these become synostoses in early adulthood. The attachment of the first rib to the sternum also becomes a synostosis with age.
Bony JointsA bony joint, or synostosis3 (SIN-oss-TOE-sis), is an immovable joint formed when the gap between two bones ossifies and they become, in effect, a single bone. Bony joints can form by ossification of either fibrous or cartilaginous joints. An infant is born with right and left frontal and mandibular bones, for example, but these soon fuse seamlessly into a single frontal bone and mandible. In old age, some cranial sutures become obliterated by ossification and the adjacent cranial bones, such as the parietal bones, fuse. The epiphyses and diaphyses of the long bones are joined by cartilaginous joints in childhood and adolescence, and these become synostoses in early adulthood. The attachment of the first rib to the sternum also becomes a synostosis with age.Fibrous JointsA fibrous joint is also called a synarthrosis4 (SIN- ar-THRO-sis) or synarthrodial joint. It is a point at which adjacent bones are bound by collagen fibers that emerge from one bone, cross the space between them, and penetrate into the other (fig. 9.2). There are three kinds of fibrous joints: sutures, gomphoses, and syndesmoses. In sutures and gomphoses, the fibers are very short and allow for little or no movement. In syndesmoses, the fibers are longer and the attached bones are more movable
Bony JointsA bony joint, or synostosis3 (SIN-oss-TOE-sis), is an immovable joint formed when the gap between two bones ossifies and they become, in effect, a single bone. Bony joints can form by ossification of either fibrous or cartilaginous joints. An infant is born with right and left frontal and mandibular bones, for example, but these soon fuse seamlessly into a single frontal bone and mandible. In old age, some cranial sutures become obliterated by ossification and the adjacent cranial bones, such as the parietal bones, fuse. The epiphyses and diaphyses of the long bones are joined by cartilaginous joints in childhood and adolescence, and these become synostoses in early adulthood. The attachment of the first rib to the sternum also becomes a synostosis with age.Fibrous JointsA fibrous joint is also called a synarthrosis4 (SIN- ar-THRO-sis) or synarthrodial joint. It is a point at which adjacent bones are bound by collagen fibers that emerge from one bone, cross the space between them, and penetrate into the other (fig. 9.2). There are three kinds of fibrous joints: sutures, gomphoses, and syndesmoses. In sutures and gomphoses, the fibers are very short and allow for little or no movement. In syndesmoses, the fibers are longer and the attached bones are more movable.
in synovial joints, that is where synovial fluid is present right? Are synovial joints the only joints that have some type of fluid surrouding them or in them?[Why Tag This?]We have four major joints in our body.[Why Tag This?it is important to know the different types of joints[Why Tag This?I tagged this because these are the four major types of joints: bony, fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial [Why Tag This?What a suture is [Why Tag This?Bony Joints: synostosis- immovable joint formed when the gap between two bones ossifies and they become a single joint. Happens with babies. [Why Tag This?These sections of text are important because the information below these headings describe the types of joints in our body. These joints are responsible for allow us to move as well as protect certain areas of our bodies.[Why Tag This?If these ultimately fuse into, essentially, one bone, why then are they still classified as [Why Tag This?You are able to see the differenes in bony and fibrous joints[Why Tag This?So one depends on the other or not necessarily?[Why Tag This?doesn't make sense why bones fused would be a joint . When I think of a joint I think of a hinge or bending of motion not a solid none moving body part.[Why Tag This?When an athlete starts to have problem with their joints over the years is it because the joints have been worn down?[Why Tag This?A synostosis is an immovable jointed in a gap between two bones that becomes a bone in itself, essentially.[Why Tag This?I never knew that there were different types of joints or names for the different types of joints. Bony joints interested me the most because the joints fuse together, but im not really sure why they are called [Why Tag This?formed when two bones duse together and create on (does not move)[Why Tag This?Bony is close to the word bone, bones do not move or bend, so the bony joint is immobile[Why Tag This?What type of benifits does this confer to the person that as they get older that some of their joints fuse? To provide better support and protection as the rest of their body starts to degrade?[Why Tag This?how do they become one bone? and do all of these become a bone?[Why Tag This?Try to remember that bony joints are all bone.[Why Tag This?definition of a bony joint[Why Tag This?it is interesting that as we age bones fuse together and we lose around 70 bones[Why Tag This?I dont quite understand what ossification means.[Why Tag This?Bony joints do not move- a gap joins two bones[General---Do Not UseAre there any benefits to classifying these as joints? Why aren't they just called bones? Is it perhaps easier for surgeons to work along a synostosis rather than carving out a randomly-shaped peice of bone?[Why Tag This?What kind of ions/elements help to ossify these bones together and make it so that it is as solid as a single bone?[Why Tag This?I did not know we had such a thing in our skeletal structure. Very interesting.[Why Tag This?I don't get why this type is considered a joint when the two bones become one. A joint is any point two bones meet but this type wouldn't go along with that definition. [Why Tag This?This seems to be on the only type of joint that I would have normally not considered a joint unless I had read this chapter. Part of the reason why we lose bone #'s as we grow older (ossification of bone)[Why Tag This?Bony joints develop over time as the person ages. Young people have more individual bones because the process of ossification is not completed until adulthood.[Why Tag This?Although there are four different types of joints what made them come up with what they did?[Why Tag This?Bony joints are immovable joints that form when the gap between the two bones ossify and they become just once single bone.[Why Tag This?there are many different types of joints[Why Tag This?description of a body joint[Why Tag This?This type of joint is the reason we are born with more bones than we die with (as discussed in the previous chapter on bones) [Why Tag This?How does this take place? What are the stages that occur to make this happen?[Why Tag This?What a bony joint is[Why Tag This?How do the bones fuse together? What happens if something goes wrong in fusing? or has that ever even been a concern? This is interesting to me because I never knew that this happened and I feel like there are many questions as to how does this happen.[Why Tag This?What causes bones to fuse together?[Why Tag This?Does this mean that an infants skull is more breakable?[Why Tag This?I tagged this because its nice to know why its so important to be cautious around infants and always protect their heads while handling them because it is still in the process of developing into a bone. [Why Tag This?I never really thought of the joining of the frontal bone in an infant as a joint. I always thought of the bone as just fusing together and being one bone. Why is this classified as a joint? Especially since I feel like there is no visible connection.[Why Tag This?How do bones know when to fuse and what part of the body to fuse with? And how would would are life be different if some of the bones didn't fuse together?[Why Tag This?A sub teacher for my lab was explaining this to me today while I was in lab today for Rachel's class! and this is absolutly amazing! I don't even understand how that works completly! what fuses them? I would have never thought about how our bodies can do that! So amazing! and this is also why babies have that sof spot on there head correct? Because there skull isn't fully developed!! This is very cool to learn about![Why Tag This?It's interesting that our joints and bones form over time as we grow older and we don't feel a thing. Or is that what they mean when we get [Why Tag This?Are these bones named differently because there was once two?[Why Tag This?PangJeb Vang
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The most useful unit of measurement for designating cell sizes is the micrometer (µm), formerly called the micron?one-millionth (10^-6) of a meter, one-thousandth (10^-3) of a millimeter.
The most useful unit of measurement for designating cell sizes is the micrometer (µm), formerly called the micron?one-millionth (10^-6) of a meter, one-thousandth (10^-3) of a millimeter.
The most useful unit of measurement for designating cell sizes is the micrometer (µm), formerly called the micron?one-millionth (10^-6) of a meter, one-thousandth (10^-3) of a millimeter. (
The most useful unit of measurement for designating cell sizes is the micrometer (µm), formerly called the micron?one-millionth (10^-6) of a meter, one-thousandth (10^-3) of a millimeter. (See appendix D for units of measurement.) The smallest objects most people can see with the naked eye are about 100 µm, which is about one-quarter the size of the period at the end of this sentence. A few human cells fall within this range, such as the egg cell and some fat cells, but most human cells are about 10 to 15 µm wide. The longest human cells are nerve cells (sometimes over a meter long) and muscle cells (up to 30 cm long), but both are usually too slender to be seen with the naked eye.
There is a limit to how large a cell can be, partly due to the relationship between its volume and surface area. The surface area of a cell is proportional to the square of its diameter, while volume is proportional to the cube of its diameter. Thus, for a given increase in diameter, volume increases much more than surface area. Picture a cuboidal cell 10 µm on each side (fig 3.2). It would have a surface area of 600 µm2 (10 µm × 10 µm × 6 sides) and a volume of 1,000 µm3 (10 × 10 × 10 µm). Now, suppose it grew by another 10 µm on each side. Its new surface area would be 20 µm × 20 µm × 6 = 2,400 µm2, and its volume would be 20 × 20 × 20 µm = 8,000 µm3. The 20 µm cell has eight times as much protoplasm needing nourishment and waste removal, but only four times as much membrane surface through which wastes and nutrients can be exchanged. A cell that is too big cannot support itself. In addition, an overly large cell is at risk of rupturing like an overfilled water balloon.
There is a limit to how large a cell can be, partly due to the relationship between its volume and surface area. The surface area of a cell is proportional to the square of its diameter, while volume is proportional to the cube of its diameter. Thus, for a given increase in diameter, volume increases much more than surface area. Picture a cuboidal cell 10 µm on each side (fig 3.2). It would have a surface area of 600 µm2 (10 µm × 10 µm × 6 sides) and a volume of 1,000 µm3 (10 × 10 × 10 µm). Now, suppose it grew by another 10 µm on each side. Its new surface area would be 20 µm × 20 µm × 6 = 2,400 µm2, and its volume would be 20 × 20 × 20 µm = 8,000 µm3. The 20 µm cell has eight times as much protoplasm needing nourishment and waste removal, but only four times as much membrane surface through which wastes and nutrients can be exchanged. A cell that is too big cannot support itself. In addition, an overly large cell is at risk of rupturing like an overfilled water balloon.
Much of this section was review due to me taking Elements of Biology last semester. Although I found this paragraph to be interesting because it was about what the naked eye is capable of seeing, relating to size and what it is not able to see. Therefore, how was it posible for us as humans to be able to generate a size for many of the cell structures or for small atoms when we can't even see them or weight them?[Why tag this text]This is crazy, how do they even measure something that small, even having machines and microscopes this process must be very hard to work with. Just thinking what 100um might be but 10^-6um must be difficult to come across, I cant believe our technology in the modern has come so far.[Why tag this textTHis is crazy to think about!!!!!! more than 10 billion protein molecules consist in a cell.[Why tag this textSometimes when we talk about cells so much in class, or reading, it makes me forget just how tiny they are and the fact that they are microscopic little things but that they do so much work.[Why tag this textWe also learned about this in chemistry, and is important for conversitions to better help understand measurements. [Why tag this textHow do they manage to measure cells, with the size of them being so small?[Why tag this textI found this interesting because I am learning about sizes of cells in chemistry right now. We did a lab where we were comparing the sizes of different objects and using relative and absolute size to get a better understanding of how big or small different objects are. [Why tag this textTalking about the size of a cell, and comparing that to the smallest objects most people can see with their naked eye. Hard to imagine a cell me one millionth of a meter. Actually surprised that the human eye can typically see an object that is 100 micrometers small. The equivalent of one fourth the size of a period.[Why tag this textsmallest measurement[Why tag this textFor me this is hard to imagine how small a cell really is. If the smallest objects people can see are one-quarter of the size of a period, I can't imagine the size of a cell, and the infinite amount of cells in our body. [Why tag this textInteresting![Why tag this text100 micrometer is really small and I tried looking for about one-quater the size of a period but I'm not sure if it is there or not. Very complicated indeed for most human to see an object that small.[Why tag this textit is amazing to know the depth of how small of an object a human naked eye can see[Why tag this textVery informative and interesting. I had no idea a human female egg was roughly 1/4 the size of the period in this highlighted, annotated sentence. Which makes it visible. [Why tag this textwow, that is exteremly small! i didn't realize how small that was until they gave that perior at the end of the sentence example[Why tag this textThat's tiny! It's hard to wrap your head around it! [Why tag this textWhat nerve cell is this long? Im guessing these run the entire length of the spinal cord.[Why tag this textThis is very interesting. So long yet so littler and thing - unable to see[Why tag this texti would of thought that nerve cells would be a little bigger since they are controled by sending electric messages to each other so it surprises me that they are the longest but smallest[Why tag this textWhat part is the long part? Is the axon the thing that stretches a meter or do some of the dendrites reach a meter?[Why tag this texti had never really put thought into why cells didn't expand to larger in size and less in volumn. But now understanding the extra stress of having an inlarged surface and increased volumn with the same amount of receptors and protein pumps.[Why tag this textI know that cells are small, microscopic, and some can be seen with the naked eye, as stated above. However, I did not reaize that they had a limit to how large they can be. [Why tag this textHow big is the largest cell ever observed? I'm curious. [Why tag this textI feel that this statement is important because some people could have no idea about cells and think that a person is a cell when in a sense they are but they are made up of a body of organs and bones all containing cells.[Why tag this textI tag this text because I have never thought that because of its volume and surface area, it determined the size of the cell. I had always thought that all cells are the same and there are some small and big because of what they are not the voulme or surface area at all. [Why tag this textI tagged this text because I am curious about if there is a limit to how large cells can be then there must be a limit to how strong a person can become because then their muscles cannot grow any larger[Why tag this textThere is a limi to cell size but all cells are differet size, so wha factos limit the size?[Why tag this textNever thought that it would be a limit to how big a cell can be. But I guess if there wasn't that woudl cause more problems with a lot of the rotations of things.[Why tag this textif there is a limit due to the relationship between its volume and surface area, then when it comes to cells such as fat cells, can the cells be larger in an obese compared to a person of a normal size or are fat cells one size no matter what?[Why tag this textWhen the text says there is a limit, has there been a calculated numerical limit of how large a cell can be? Is it a limit where no cell has yet been found larger than current limit?[Why tag this textCells do not grow indefinately, but rather they have a proportional relationship with their shape. This is interesting because this explains how it is possible to diffuse materials into and out of the cell [Why tag this textI had no idea that there was a mathematical explanation to the size of cells. I always just thought they were small just because. But it's interesting to know that there is a method to why cells are the size they are. [Why tag this textI understand that a cell is limited to its growth potential, but what about when tumors form? Does this coordinate with how large a cell can get? [Why tag this textit surprises me that their is a limit on how big a cell can be but i guess they can't be to big and it makes sense that they are proportional in the sizes and shapes[Why tag this textI found it interesting that there is a limit to how large a cell can be. Its unique that as the diameter of a sell increases its surface area increases, so it was almost always retain the same shape as it inceases but in a larger volume. However, if the cell gets too large it is at risk of rupturing. [Why tag this textThis makes sense when you think of how much is packed into a cell, there must be lots of room for all the vital organelles![Why tag this textI had no clue that a cell being so darn small also had a limit on the size that i can be. I thought that if the surface area was bigger than there would be bigger cells on it. Now I learned that cells really do have a correlation with volume and surface area, and that's something I wouldn't have thought about.[Why tag this textQuestion 3: Cell growth.Cells cannot grow to unlimited size because of the link between cell volume and surface area.[Why tag this textI think this is interesting because, though it sounds weird, I did not know that cells rupture. Is this what they refer to when they talk about cysts? Do they rupture in the same way? [Why tag this textThis is fascinating; often times it's easy to get wrapped up in the anatomy and physiological processes of a cell and neglect to notice the amazing precision in cellular structure. This makes me think about an earlier statement about neurons that stated that these cells can reach one meter in length. How do these cells support the size of their cytosol? I imagine that the solution to this has something to do with the minute diameter and minimal volume of the axon, which alone accounts for most of this one meter length?[Why tag this textI like this section because it explains why cells can not be bigger than they are because of their needs versus the surface area required to fulfill those needs. [Why tag this textIf cells can only grow to a certain volume before it cannot no longer survive, then there has to be a limit on haw large muscle and fat cells can get. Because muscle and fat cells only grow through hypertrophy, not hyperplasia, then there should logically be a limit to how fat or muscular a person can become.[Why tag this textI tagged this because if Saladin said that the volume is proportional to the cube of a cell's diameter, then how can the volume increase much then the given surface area? Since a cell that is too big cannot support itself, what happens to the tissues? [Why tag this textAlthough cells limit there size and have functions or processes to not become overly large, I've heard of cells bursting before in people. How does the cell all of a sudden not manage their diameter/volume and does that have to do with certain diseases or even drinking too much water after dehydration?[Why tag this textKayla Theys
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Heat production. The skeletal muscles produce as much as 85% of one's body heat, which is vital to the functioning of enzymes and therefore to all metabolism. Glycemic control. This means the regulation of blood glucose concentration within its normal range. The skeletal muscles absorb, store, and use a large share of one's glucose and play a highly significant role in stabilizing its blood concentration. In old age, in obesity, and when muscles become deconditioned and weakened, people suffer an increased risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus because of the decline in this glucose-buffering function.
Im curious what else in the body produces heat? because I thought that muscles produced close to all body heat.[Why tag this]Since I started to read this chapter I pay attention to what happens when its cold. I can feel my muscles shiver when Im walking to class or just flat out cold. I never really thought about what shivering was. [Why tag thisWhat contributes to the remaining 15% of the body's heat production?[Why tag thisSince muscle movement contributes 85% of body heat, would increased movement decrease hypothermia? Shivering aids in thermoregulation in cold climates, and vasoconstriction prevents loss of heat from blood. Mitochondria can directly convert fat into heat energy, though in many underweight patients I have seen hypothermia. Violent shivering is characteristic of more progressed hypothermia, though many of the patients I see are very ill and bed-ridden during hypothermic episodes.[Why tag thisSo the more muscle you have the warmer you are?[Why tag thisThis is interesting because I would have never thought that skeletal muscles are the ones that produce heat. How exactly does that work?[Why tag thisI dont really understand how the skeletal muscle produces body heat, but its interesting to know that it produces as much as 85% of body heat, which is vital to the functioniong of enzymes and therefore to all metablosims. [Why tag thisThese are both two functions of muscles that I was not aware of until now. It's interesting that the skeletal muscles produce that much heat-- 85%! Would someone with more muscle mass produce more heat, or would the level of heat coming from the muscles remain constant? Also, where does the other 15% of our heat originate from? I also learned in this selection that one of the reasons why when people become older, they are at a higher risk for Type II Diabetes; as muscles weaken their ability to regulate blood glucose concentration is diminished.[Why tag thishow do the muscles produce heat?[Why tag thisSkeletal muscles make up about 85 % of our body heat. [Why tag thisMuscles provide us with support and the ability to move, but also other key functions in our bodies. The section headings that I chose to highlight are the other functions that muscles have. [Why tag thisWhat goes on in the brain to make the muscles shiver to keep you warm when it is cold outside? Why do you teeth chatter?[Why tag thisI found this really interesting. I did not know that the skeletal muscles produce 85% of body heat [Why tag thisIf the skeletal muscles produce 85% of the heat present in the body, than where does the other 15% of heat come from? What does this 15% of heat help maintain, protect, support, and become vital for what organs and enzymes of the body?[Why tag thisIs this where, or why, we use the phrase [Why tag thisWasn't aware that 85% of our body heat is produced by skeletal muscles alone.[Why tag thisI knew that lipids were used for heat production but I was surprised to learn that muscles are too.[Why tag thisHeat production is very important but if muscles account for a 85% of body heat what in our body system produce the rest?Does heat production also occur when in a resting position?[Why tag thisSince muscles create heat, I wonder if that's why a lot of our body heat escapes through are head. There's a less dense concentration of muscles there, in comparison to other parts of the body.[why i tagged thisI thought this was interesting to know that muscle produce 85% of one's body heat. [Why tag thisI didnt know that muscles played such a big part in producing body heat! Is this why when you excercise your body temperature rises significantly?[Why tag thisThis was a mind blowing fact because skin holds the heat in but I had no idea muscles made the heat[Why tag thisI think this is important because I did not know this prior to reading this, but now it makes sense. [Why tag thisReally! That's a lot of heat! Where does the other 15% come from? So a way to keep your metabolim up, is to produce heat a lot? I guess that makes sence because when you work out your muscles are produing heat and sweat so inturn your metabolism stays up![Why tag thisHow do the skeletal muscles make the body heat. Is the heat generated because of our use of the muscles or can they generate heat when they are not being used.[Why tag thisSo are larger people without very much muscle colder?[Why tag thisThis is really intreasting, I though the skin is what controls the heat in our bodies. Thats why when we go to the gym by moving our muscles we sweat. and also when we walk in a cold weather we feel warm. is that because we are movieng the muscles?[Why tag thisIs this the reason women feel colder than men on average?[Why tag thisNever would have guessed that the muscles produce 85% of ones body heat. [Why tag thisI always thought that the blood is what kept us warm. I thought that it circulated to maintain O2 levels and the bring heat to the extemities.[Why tag thisthis is a concept that i have never thought of before. i just thoguht if fat producing heat. also skin to maintain the temperature. i didnt know that heat production is mostly made by muscles.[Why tag thisWhy is it when we metabolize, we don't feel a temperature rise in our body if skeletal muscles are responsible for 85% of heat production? [Why tag thishow does it help the metabolism exactly?[Why tag thisIt seems weird that this is a major function of the muscular system. I can see support, stability, and even heat production but glycemic control just seems odd. I only think of muscles as using glycose but not actually having much of a role in its regulation.[Why tag thisI know that muscles have many roles. I thought that there roles all had to do with movement and stability. I did not relise that it also controls your glycemic. Is that why when someone is hyperglycemic it is very hard for them to move, or is there another factor in that procces.[Why tag thisThis is interesting to me because I had no idea that muscles had anything to do with regulating glucose levels in the blood. Why is it the muscles job to do this and not some other system in the body that regulates other proteins and sugars?[Why tag thisSince people are at a higher risk for type 2 diabetes when their muscles become deconditioned and weaker, then do people who stay fit and regularly excercise their muscles have a lower chance of getting type 2 diabetes[Why tag thisI always thought that it was due to insulin usage, production or lack of that controled our blood sugar levels. It is interesting to find out that our muscles play a role in controling our glucose as well.[Why tag thisThis is interesting to me as to why those diorders happen because of weakened muscles, there is almost not way to prevent the higher risk when people get older cause you cant renew there muscles. Or is there a way that they can help lower or eliminate the risk?[Why tag thisAll of the other functions of muscles I could have thought of before this section. I didn't know that glycemc control was part of their function though.[Why tag thisThis makes a lot of sense why people with more muscles tend to be able to eat more. Is this also related to why lifting weights continue to burn calories even after the workout?[Why tag thisI find this really interesting. I never thought of muscles as having very many functions outside of movement and creating heat.[Why tag thisInteresting that muscles play a role in glycemic control and thus diabetes. Shows the importance of staying active and having a healthy life style.[Why tag thisThat's a very important function.At the beginning I thought that skeletal system is just for movement but since it's also regulating the concentration of glocus in blood (which I thought blood vessles control it) that implies the highly importance of the skeletal system[Why tag thisWhy is it that skeletal muscle in particular uses so much glucose? This makes sense that they say you should excerise and have a good diet to avoid diabetes. You build more skeletal muscle by exercising, and thus can burn more glucose and be healthier in that regard.[Why tag thismary furner
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Epithelial6 tissue consists of a sheet of closely adhering cells, one or more cells thick, with the upper surface usually exposed to the environment or to an internal space in the body. Epithelium covers the body surface, lines body cavities, forms the external and internal linings of many organs, and constitutes most gland tissue.
Epithelial6 tissue consists of a sheet of closely adhering cells, one or more cells thick, with the upper surface usually exposed to the environment or to an internal space in the body. Epithelium covers the body surface, lines body cavities, forms the external and internal linings of many organs, and constitutes most gland tissue.
Epithelial6 tissue consists of a sheet of closely adhering cells, one or more cells thick, with the upper surface usually exposed to the environment or to an internal space in the body. Epithelium covers the body surface, lines body cavities, forms the external and internal linings of many organs, and constitutes most gland tissue. The functions of epithelial tissue include
Epithelial6 tissue consists of a sheet of closely adhering cells, one or more cells thick, with the upper surface usually exposed to the environment or to an internal space in the body. Epithelium covers the body surface, lines body cavities, forms the external and internal linings of many organs, and constitutes most gland tissue. The functions of epithelial tissue includeProtection. Epithelia protect deeper tissues from invasion and injury. The epidermis, for example, is a barrier to infection, and the inner lining of the stomach protects its deeper tissues from stomach acid and enzymes.Secretion. Epithelia produce mucus, sweat, enzymes, hormones, and most of the body's other secretions; glands are composed largely of epithelial tissue.Excretion. Epithelia void wastes from the tissues, such as CO2 across the pulmonary epithelium and bile from the epithelium of the liver.Absorption. Epithelia absorb chemicals from the adjacent medium; nearly all nutrients, for example, are absorbed through the epithelium of the small intestine.Filtration. All substances leaving the blood are selectively filtered through the epithelium that lines the blood vessels; all urinary waste is filtered through epithelia of the kidneys.Sensation. Epithelia are provided with nerve endings that sense stimulation ranging from a touch on the skin to irritation of the stomach.
Epithelial6 tissue consists of a sheet of closely adhering cells, one or more cells thick, with the upper surface usually exposed to the environment or to an internal space in the body. Epithelium covers the body surface, lines body cavities, forms the external and internal linings of many organs, and constitutes most gland tissue. The functions of epithelial tissue includeProtection. Epithelia protect deeper tissues from invasion and injury. The epidermis, for example, is a barrier to infection, and the inner lining of the stomach protects its deeper tissues from stomach acid and enzymes.Secretion. Epithelia produce mucus, sweat, enzymes, hormones, and most of the body's other secretions; glands are composed largely of epithelial tissue.Excretion. Epithelia void wastes from the tissues, such as CO2 across the pulmonary epithelium and bile from the epithelium of the liver.Absorption. Epithelia absorb chemicals from the adjacent medium; nearly all nutrients, for example, are absorbed through the epithelium of the small intestine.Filtration. All substances leaving the blood are selectively filtered through the epithelium that lines the blood vessels; all urinary waste is filtered through epithelia of the kidneys.Sensation. Epithelia are provided with nerve endings that sense stimulation ranging from a touch on the skin to irritation of the stomach.The cells and extracellular material of an epithelium can be loosely compared to the bricks and mortar of a wall. The extracellular material (?mortar?) is so thin,
basically the topmost layer of tissue[Why tag this text]It gives a brief insight to epithelial tissue and the make up of it and the role it plays in the boddy before going into greater detail about it in the text.[Why tag this textThis is very important becuase Epithelial does many things to help protect our bodies. Epithelial covers the whole body surface, it produces mocus, sweat, enzymes, hormones, and most of the body's secretions which are very important. [Why tag this textEpithelial-Epidermis. Remember the similar beginnings of the words to figure out its place on the body and functions.[Why tag this textDefinition of epithelial cells and how they are physically different than other types of tissue in the body.[Why tag this textThis text tells me exactly what epithelial tissues are and why (i think) they are one of the most important tissues in the body. The line body cavities, cover the outside of our body and are responsible for lining a lot of our internal organs[Why tag this textDescribes what Epithelial tissue is and what it consists of[Why tag this textExplains what the Epithelial tissues is made of, also it tells you what it covers within the body.[Why tag this textI find this interesting to know since I did not know before,and that how the epithelial tissue had so many functions to help our body and help protect it.[Why tag this textEpithelial tissue=Close knit, 1+ cell thick, Covers surfaces, lines things, glands. Protection-Secretion-Excretion[wastes like bile]-Absorption-Filtration [kidneys, blood vessels]-Sensation [nerve endings][Why tag this textThe Epitheal tissue does more than protect the body. I thought it was interesting that the dense cells are able to help the body in many ways. It can protect the body as well as secrete mucous, excrete waste, absorb nutriends, filter blood, and sense irritation. [Why tag this textepithelial tissue is the tissue that is exposed to the envirnment and the internal space in the body. epithelium tissue is what covers the bodys surface. you can find it in body cavities and on organs. epithelial tissue functions are: protection, secretion, excretion, absorption, filtration, and sensation[Why tag this textI highlighted this section because I thought it was interesting. To think how much the Epithelial tissue does for our body is mindblowing. Before reading this section, I would have never imagined how much this tissue did for us, from protecting, absorbing, etc. But now I know that it's an important tissue. [Why tag this textIt is descriptive about the tissue. tells where the location of the tissue is then goes into the function/ reason of the tissue[Why tag this textThis gives an introduction to the section and we can see that epithelial tissues have many functions. It plays a huge role in the body.[Why tag this textUntil now I never was quite sure or realized how important certain tissues were to the human body. In this opening paragraph I am informed that the epithelial tissue protects, secretes, excretes, absorbs, filtrates and helps make sensation possible. [Why tag this textit introduces the epithelial tisse and explains what it adheres to[Why tag this textdescribing what the epithelial tissue is; what sets it aside from the other tissues[Why tag this textNice explanation of epithelial tissues.[Why tag this textinteresting to know that the epithelial tissue has so many functions to help our bodies.[Why tag this textI find this so interesting because i did not relize that tissue could do so many jobs to help protect my body. I find this important because you should know everything the epithelial tissue or any tissue for that matter can do.[Why tag this textAll of this is important to know about epithelial tissue. It includes it's make- up and functions. Most of which we are able to recognize in/with our skin![Why tag this textThis is a pretty big section to highlight, but I believe it to be significant becasue it shows how important the Epithelial tissue is to in oyur body. All the functions of this tissue cover a majority of the body and a large portion of organ group. [Why tag this textI tagged this because before reading about Epithelia tissues I had no clue what it was or what it does. After reading this passage I fully understand the many functions and roles it plays. [Why tag this textEpithelia includes the function of protection, secretion, excretion, absorbtion, flitration, and sensation.[Why tag this textWhat would we do if we didnt have the epithelial tissue, just a thought.[Why tag this textThe epithelium tissue covers the body surface, lines body cavities, forms the external and internal linings of organs, and constitutes most gland tissue. There are six functions of epithelial tissue: protection, secretion, excretion, absorption, filtration, and sensation.[Why tag this textFunctions are important to know.[Why tag this textIt's amazing to think that something most people think nothing about when it comes time to the most important organ in the body, and really the skin is it. You would never think that the skin would be capable of doing all of these functions. When you think about it more, it's amazing that something that seems so thin can really most times protect us from so much. It's time we start not only worrying about our internal body health, but also our external skin. I find it so fascinating when I see the healing process in action. It just comes to show just how important epithelium is. [Why tag this textIt's amazing to me that the epithelial tissue, which is so thin and only consists of close cells, has so many functions in the body that consists of protecting, producing, absorbing, providing, and filtering. All sharing a common goal in the body.[Why tag this textbasic definition of epithelial[Why tag this textIt's interesting that Epithelium is all over the body, and that it does a lot for the body.[Why tag this textfound throughtout the whole body and also on the surface of the body, basically everywhere. [Why tag this textoverviews epithelium and what it covers[Why tag this textWhenever I used to think of epithelial tissue (which, i admit, is not a lot) I only thought of it being my skin, not as covering anything else in my body.[Why tag this textKnowing the coverage is necessary because then you know where a tissue is located and it's function which help contribute to the further study of other layers of tissue and their function. All of which, contribute to how body reacts and works together.[Why tag this textEpithelial tissue has several crucial roles such as, protection of organs, secretion of hormones, excretion of waste, absorption of nutrients, filteration of substances, sensation of touch/pain, and more. [Why tag this textimportant overview of the functions[Why tag this textKnowing where the types of tissues are located will help distinguish what they look like and what their function is. [Why tag this textStates where epitheliuim is located[Why tag this textI highlighted this because I think it's important to see where the epithelium tissue is located. It also leads us into the next paragraph describing all the functions of this type of tissue. [Why tag this textEpithelial tissue covers and lines many things in the body. It has a special protective property.[Why tag this textEpithelial tissue is so important - it is the primary layer of skin etc and is what covers and protects everything in our body - from the outside on our skin to our internal organs. It contains important nerves such as sensory nerves, absorbs nutrients, and excretes things such as sweat to cool our body down and other important mucouses.[Why tag this textI tagged this because I find epithelial tissue interesting in that it is the [CommentThis isimportant because you need to know what the Epithelium does to understand the chapter.[Why tag this textEpithelium has specific roles in the body. Their anatomy begins with where they are located. This determines their function as a tissue in this area (physiology).[Why tag this textQuiana
Anisa Janko
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Hair Texture and ColorHair Texture and Color The texture of hair is related to differences in cross-sectional shape (fig. 6.8)?straight hair is round, wavy hair is oval, and tightly curly hair is relatively flat. Hair color is due to pigment granules in the cells of the cortex. Brown and black hair are rich in eumelanin. Red hair has a slight amount of eumelanin but a high concentration of pheomelanin. Blond hair has an intermediate amount of pheomelanin but very little eumelanin. Gray and white hair result from a scarcity or absence of melanins in the cortex and the presence of air in the medulla.
The texture of hair is related to differences in cross-sectional shape (fig. 6.8)-straight hair is round, wavy hair is oval, and tightly curly hair is relatively flat.
i remember learning about this in high school anatomy[Why tag this]I always wondered why we got goose bumps. I guess its just an only defnese mechanism.[Why tag thisVery interesting facts about hair[Why tag thisit talks about the hair types and colors, and the differences between them[Why tag thisThe texture of hair is determined by the shape of the cross-section of the hair itself. A round hair will be straight, an oval hair is wavy and tight curly hair is flat.[Why tag thisIntersting [Why tag thisI thought this was interesting because I have always wondered how our hair becomes a certain color or texture. My hair is dark brown so it's rich in eumelanin and my hair is straight which means the cross-sectional shape is round. I like the fact that I could apply this information to myself. [Why tag thishair texture depends on cross-sectional shape.wavy hair is oval, straight hair is round, and curly hair is flat. hair color is due to pigment granules in the cells of the cortex.[Why tag thisIs dying your hair bad?[Why tag thisall depends on cross-sectional shape of the hair. straight hair is round, wavy is oval, and curly is flat[Why tag thisIn African Americans compared to caucasions our hair differentiates extremley because of all the work they might have to go through in order for it to be straight. What do they have present that others don't have. [Why tag thisWhat causes hair to be thicker on certian parts of the body? Or a different color on the body? Does it have to do with the amount of persperation in that area?[Why tag thisI found this to be very interesting to learn about! Talks about the texture of hair as well as the color![Why tag thisIts really interesting that what differs hairs texture and appearance is its cross sectional shape. I guess today I learned that my hairs cross sectional shape is round![Why tag thisThis is an interesting fact that each strand of hair has a different cross sectional shape due to texture.[Why tag thiswhat exactly causes the different colors and shapes?[Why tag thisThis is an interesting section. Women are consistently modifing their hair and it's interesting to learn the biological reasons for the different hair types and how gray hair is different.[Why tag thisLearning about the hair has never interested me until reading this. I am now really interested in learning how we get curly or straight hair, and they color our hair becomes. Also, why does our hair change colors after we are born. Some babies are born with blonde hair but later they develop dark brown hair. Does this have to do with our three different types of hair we develop?[Why tag thisthe shape is almost the opposite of what the texture is [Why tag thisI found this very interesting because I never thought something like your hair being strait or curly because of the cross section of your hair. It never occured to me that there was a scientific reason, just that it was. [Why tag thisCan your hair type change in your life time?[Why tag thisI have never really thought about the way hair is formed and how it is different for everyone. This is very interesting for me to be learning about, and that hair involves cross-sectional shape.[Why tag thisI find this super interesting because I thought the shape of every strang of hair was round. And if I had to guess I would guess that curly hair would be the roundest and straight hair would be the flattest.[Why tag thisThis is really interesting! I have wavy to tight curly hair and I would have thought that my hair would be more circular to form it's curl. When people get perms or straightening procedure done, does the shape of their hair change?[Questions I found this inforamtion to be very interesting because I didn't know that different hair types and colors had different shapes from cross sectiosns. [Why tag thisi didnt know taht the color and type of hair depended on the structure of it! i thought they were all the same structures. [Why tag thisI find this interesting that different colored hairs have different shape and make up![Why tag thisthat's interesting! but sometimes people born with white hair and eyelashes, Is it because the lack of melanin?[Why tag thisThis entire paragraph was very interesting to me! I would have assumed that straight hair is relatively flat and curly hair to be round, not the other way around. It is also interesting how the color of one's hair is due to pigments in the cells of the cortex. Color of hair starts at the roots, which explains why people who dye their hair must dye their roots too.[Why tag thisI tagged this text because I thought it was interesting to learn the science behind hair color, texture, and type. [Why tag thisWhy does wet hair make hair straight? I also don't understand how some people can have curly hair when it's wet but straight when it's dry.[Why tag thisWhat do hair dyes put in your hair to change the eumalanins?[Why tag thisThis is interesting because I was not aware that the different colors of hair had different amounts of eumelanin or pheomelanin in them. I assumed that they were only different in pigmentation. Does this mean that the color is a result of the eumelanin and pheomelanin or does the color come first which then results in the eumelanin or pheomelanin?[Why tag thisWhy is it that hair can change color? (no I'm not talking about at the salon). Hair can become more red or blond in the sun. Also, hair that was lost during chemotherapy can regrow as a completely different style. This is particularly true for bone marrow transplant recepiants. [Why tag thisI found it interesting that different types of hair produce different shapes of cross sectioned hair. I assumed that all hair types had the same shaped hair strands.[Why tag thisDoes curling your hair/straightening your hair change the shape of it temporarily? I have straight hair, which means my hair is round. When I curl it for a night out on the town, am I temporarily changing its shape to ovular, or is the heat just doing something to the [Why tag thisNever really thought about what it is that makes hair have different texture. It makes sense that it is based on the structure but I would have expected all hair to be round not more flat or oval shaped.[Why tag thisDoes this support the generally accepted view that hair color is genetic?[Why tag thisIs there a way to permanently change hair color? For instance could you genetically modify cells to have genes for specific pigment granules via transformation?[Why tag thisDoes dying your hair penetrate all of the cortex cells, even the ones closest to the medulla? And what does bleaching your hair do to your cells?[Why tag thiswhy hair color is the color it is[Why tag thisCan stress lead to premature fading of the hair color? How often can hair color change naturally? [Why tag thisSo what happens with people whose hair goes white after stress? Or is that a myth?[Why tag thisI never knew exactly how hair color was pigmented. I knew you go the color from your parents, but I didn't know the pigment granules for each hair. For a girl with mix of brown and blonde hair naturally, does that mean I have the same amounts of eumelanin and pheomelanin? Or does one of them HAVE to be dominant?[Why tag thisIs this also why more Mexican and Africans all have dark hair because overall they have a greater concentration of melanin in their cells.[Why tag thisWhen people dye their hair how is it the color stays in the hair? I know a few people who had dyed their hair and it effected the color of their natural hair and even when thier hair grows now it grows the color of the dye they used.[Why tag thisI found this fact very interesting in seeing where the different colors of peoples hair comes from. [Why tag thisLeah Hennes
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The essential function of the three principal RNAs is to interpret the code in DNA and use those instructions to synthesize proteins. RNA is a disposable molecule that works mainly in the cytoplasm, while DNA is irreplaceable and remains safely behind in the nucleus, ?giving orders? from there.
The essential function of the three principal RNAs is to interpret the code in DNA and use those instructions to synthesize proteins. RNA is a disposable molecule that works mainly in the cytoplasm, while DNA is irreplaceable and remains safely behind in the nucleus, ?giving orders? from there. This process is described in the next section of the chapter.
What are the three components of a nucleotide? Which component varies from one nucleotide to another in DNA?
What governs the pattern of base pairing in DNA?
What is the difference between DNA and chromatin?
Summarize the structural and functional differences between DNA and RNA
Summarize the structural and functional differences between DNA and RNA.
RNA interprets code in DNA and uses those instructions to synthesize proteins.[Why tag this text]How would the role of DNA be affected if RNA did not exist?[Why tag this textImportant to remember DNA is the code, and RNA inteprets the code for the synthesis of proteins.[Why tag this textNot only is this statement true but RNA also plays a role in coding, decoding, regulation and expression of genes.[why i tag thisDNA and RNA work together because DNA stores the genetic information, while RNA de-codes the instructions in order to synthesize proteins. DNA is the permanent boss, and RNA is the disposable worker.[Why tag this textThis is a good analogy and will help me keep RNA and DNA separate. It reminds me of a bee colony where the queen is protected inside the hive while the worker bees go do all work outside of the hive.[Why tag this textfunction of RNA[Why tag this textGives an explaination of how DNA and RNA work together[Why tag this textSo really RNA is the most important part because without the RNA the DNA wouldn't be coded really.[Why tag this textRNA consists of the threesame nitrogenous bases as DNA which consist of adenine, cytosine, and guanine. RNA also has to synthesize proteins in the body. This is the primary example and reasoning for this chapter. [Why tag this textRole of RNA[Why tag this texta sugar, a phosphate group and a single or doubled ringed nitrogenous.. the nitrogenous varies.[Why tag this textA nucleotide consists of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a single- or double-ringed nitrogenous base. Two of the bases in DNA, cytosine (C) and thymine (T), have a single carbon-nitrogen ring and are classified as pyrimidines. The other two bases, adenine (A) and guanine (G), have double rings and are classified as purines.[Why tag this texta pentose sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), and a nitrogen-containing base, all linked together by covalent bonds[General-Do not useA sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. The nitrogenous bases vary in one nucleotide to another. (squences).[Why tag this textthe three components of a nucleotide are a sugar, a phosphate group, and a single or double ringed nitrogenous basethe nitrogenous ring is the one that varies in dna[Why tag this textthe 3 components of a nucleotide are prophase, and thats the only thing i can find[Why tag this textThe three components to a nucleotide are: phosphate group (forms the backbone), the sugar (deoxyribose for DNA and ribose for RNA), and the base (Adenine, Thymine ,Cytosine ,Guanine in DNA and A, Uracil, C, G in RNA) The component that varies is the base, it can be any one of four options, A, T, C, or G.[Why tag this textThe nucleotides consist of polymers like DNA and other nucleic acids. The nucleotide itself contains a sugar, a phosphate group, and either a single or double- ringed nitrogenous base. Two of the bases in DNA are cytosine (C) and thymine (T), which are both single (carbon-nitrogen )ringed. These bases make up the pyrimidine classification. The other base made up of adenine (A) and guanine (G) and are double rings classified as purines. [Why tag this textThe three components of nucleotdes are a sugar, a phosphate group, and a single or double ringed nitrogenous base. DNA have only single ringed nitrogenous bases. [Why tag this textThe law of complementary base pairing governs the pairing of DNA. This allows us as observers to know the base sequence will be the same of each pair.[Why tag this textA natural binding. Hydrogen binding. [Why tag this textThe law of complimentary base pairing governs the base pairing.[Why tag this textthe law of complementary base pairing[Why tag this textThe pattern of base pairing is governed by the fact that not all purines can bind to just any pyrimidine. Adenine and thymine form two hydrogen bonds with each other, and guanine and cytosine form three. The fact that one strand governs the base sequence of the other is called the law of complementary base pairing. This enables us to predict the base sequence of one strand if we know the sequence of the complementary strand.[Why tag this textBiochemical binding. Specifically, Hydrogen binding.[Why tag this textWhat governs the pattern of base pairing in DNA?The law of complementary base pairing governs the pattern of DNA base pairing. One strand's base sequence depends and relys on the other. Basically telling us that if we know the base sequence of one strand we are able to know the sequence of the strand in the pair.[Why tag this textone of the strands in the DNA is what governs the patterns of base pairing[Why tag this textOne strand governs the base pairing; law of complementary base pairing.[Why tag this textDNA is the double helix strand that carries genes of chromosomes and nucleotides for all genetic make up. The Chromatin is the complex form of fine filamentous material constructed by densely packed proteins. [Why tag this textDNA-long threadlike molecule that contains chromosomes and nucleotides which carry geneschromatin-chromatin is the material that composes the chromosomes[Why tag this textChromatin is a fine filamentous material formed with proteins, within DNA[Why tag this textDNA is the respiratory or our genes and chromatin is fine filiamentous material found in dna[Why tag this textDNA is a double helix structure that contains the chromosomes and nucleotides that make up the genes. The chromatin are the fine filamentous material that are dense with proteins.[Why tag this textDNA: long threadlike molecule with a uniform diameter of 2nm, most human cells have 46 molecules of DNA. Carry instructions, called genes, for the synthesis of proteins.Chromatin: filamentous material in the interphase nucleus, composed of DNA and associated proteins.[Why tag this textDNA is structured as a double helix and chromatin consists of proteins and forms a filamentous material. Chromatin occurs in the nucleus of a cell.[Why tag this textDNA contains the chromosomes and nucleotides that make up the genes. The chromatin is the fine filamentous material dense with proteins. [Why tag this textthe double helix is made up with proteins to form a fine material which makes up the chromatin. DNA is a long molecule made up of information of genetics that lives in the cell nucleus[Why tag this textchromatin makes up the DNA[General-Do not useChromatin is uncoiled DNA.[Why tag this textThe most significant difference is that RNA is much smaller than DNA. RNA strands can range from 70 bases to slightly over 10,000 bases, while DNA averages more than 100 millionbase pairings long. DNA is also a double helix, and RNA consists of only one nucleotide chain, which is not held together by complementary base pairs except in certain short regions where the molecule folds back on itself. The sigar in RNA is ribose opposed to deoxyribose in DNA.[Why tag this textdna is made up of atc and g nitrogenous bases and rna is made up of A,U,C and G nitrogenous bases. dna functions in the the nucleus and rna leave the nucleus. dna codes for synthesis of rna and protein while rna carries out the instructions in dna[Why tag this textDNA is made up of deoxyribose sugar, contains the pairs A,T,C,G, and is arranged in a double helix. It codes for production of RNA and proteins. RNA is made up of ribose sugar, contains the pairs A,U,C,G, and has only one nucleotide chain. It carries out intructions from DNA.[Why tag this textDNA holds all the information relating towards the genetics of that human, the RNA is the messenger and carries proteins.[Why tag this textThe differences between DNA and RNA is that they are composed of different nitrogenous bases, perform different functions and are located in different places. DNA consists of A, T, C, and G while RNA consists of A, U, C, G. DNA is located in the nucleus and codes for RNA and protein synthesis while RNA functions in the cytoplasm and carries out the instructions in the DNA. [Why tag this textDNA acts as a long-term storage and transmission of genetic information and RNA job is to transfer the genetic code needed for the creation of proteins from the nucleus to the ribosomes. The structure of DNA double- stranded molecule with a long chain of nucleotides, The structure of RNA single-stranded molecule and has a shorter chain of nucleotides[Why tag this textDNA-double helix, more than 100million base pairs, deoxyribose sugar, codes for synthesis of RNA and proteinRNA-much smaller than DNA, 70-90 base pairs, only one nucleotide chain, ribose sugar, carries out instructions from DNA[Why tag this textDNA is in the form of a double helix, and its function is that is the code for synthesis of RNA and protein. DNA also encoded genetic information. RNA has only one nucleotide chain and it carries our the DNA's instructions for making proteins.[Why tag this textSarah Hudson
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The skin is the body's largest and heaviest organ
The skin is the body's largest and heaviest organ.
The skin is the body's largest and heaviest organ. In adults, it covers an area of 1.5 to 2.0 m2 and accounts for about 15% of the body weight.
The skin is the body's largest and heaviest organ. In adults, it covers an area of 1.5 to 2.0 m2 and accounts for about 15% of the body weight.
The skin is the body's largest and heaviest organ. In adults, it covers an area of 1.5 to 2.0 m2 and accounts for about 15% of the body weight. It consists of two layers: a stratified squamous epithelium called the epidermis and a deeper connective tissue layer called the dermis (fig. 6.1). Below the dermis is another connective tissue layer, the hypodermis, which is not part of the skin but is customarily studied in conjunction with it.
The skin is the body's largest and heaviest organ. In adults, it covers an area of 1.5 to 2.0 m2 and accounts for about 15% of the body weight. It consists of two layers: a stratified squamous epithelium called the epidermis and a deeper connective tissue layer called the dermis (fig. 6.1). Below the dermis is another connective tissue layer, the hypodermis, which is not part of the skin but is customarily studied in conjunction with it.[image #1] Figure 6.1Structure of the Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue.Most of the skin is 1 to 2 mm thick, but it ranges from less than 0.5 mm on the eyelids to 6 mm between the shoulder blades. The difference is due mainly to variation in the thickness of the dermis, although skin is classified as thick or thin based on the relative thickness of the epidermis alone. Thick skin covers the palms, soles, and corresponding surfaces of the fingers
I find it interesting that the body's largest organ is the skin, yet it is one of the most abused organs. From tanning, tattoos, and overall lack of care. As I continued to read I learned that the skin is also the fastest organ to heal. I found that interesting since in my opinon it's one of the most abused. I find it amazing that you can cut your finger and with in a few days, maybe even that same day it's already healed or on its way to being healed.[Why tag this text]knew the skin was the largest organ but didnt think it would be the heaviest.[Why tag this textThere are multiple layers including the dermis and emidermis. [Why tag this textIt seems that many people tend to forget that our skin is an organ. My uncle is a big time motorcycle rider and one of his friends got into an accident. Where as the internal injuries were substantial, they were not life threatening. It was in skin, road rash, that was the subsequent factor in his death. He has told me never to ride without a helmet and leathers, especially leather because people forget. They forget how important the integumentary system is to maintain homeostasis and our life.[Why tag this textThe skin is identified by stratified squamos epithilium known as the dermis. There are two other connective tissue layers if the skin known as the epidermis and the hypodermis, although hypodermis is not part if the skin. The heaviest and biggest organ of the body is the skin.[Why tag this textInlab my instructor had said that this may or may not e the largest organ in the body, i think overall it does cover our intire body, but some may have more meat then others i believe it could vary in size and wieght.[Why tag this textWhat makes the skin an organ? It is made of at least 2 types of tissue, has structural boundaries and specific functions. These functions include protection, sensation, absorption and thermoregulation[Why tag this textThis fact is a good reminder that our skin is just as important an organ as our other organs. It is also sobering to think how poorly we as a society treat this organ. For example, tanning beds have begun a social norm for many college age people. Tanner skin is more attractive skin, so voluntary time is spent baking under UV radiation to [Why tag this textI find it interesting that a lot of people are surprised by this fact because when we think of organs, most of us do not consider the skin to be an organ, we usually think of internal organs like the liver or the small intestine.[Why tag this textHowis the skin an organ?[Why tag this textHow heavy is it and what the second largest in comparison to it?[Why tag this textI didn't even think of the skin as an organ, because I always think of organs being internal.[Why tag this textI thought this was interesting that the skins is the bodys largest and heaviest organ. It is interesting to think the bodies largest and heaviest organ can heal so quickly. I would love to learn more about this. [Why tag this textskin accounts for 15% of total body weight. So along with water, a lot of the body weight is from 2 things[Why tag this textInteresting - heaviest[Why tag this textIt still amazes me that the skin is our largest organ. I always thought of organs to be inside the body. Also, the fact of what exactly our skin does for us is very interesting.[GeneralA fun fact that most people know but can easily forgot about because most people when asked about your organs wouldn't think about skin being the largest or heaviest of the organs[Why tag this textNot so much important, but just interesting. Didn't know this[Why tag this textI did not know this until now , and I learned something new by reading this.[Why tag this textiInever new that skin was the heaviest organ. You would think that the other organs in our bodies would be heavier than the our skin.[Why tag this textwhen you get stretch marks on your skin does that mean its damaging the layers beneath your skin?[Why tag this textIt's interesting to know thtat the skin is the heaviest organ.[Why tag this textI knew that skin was the largest organ, but I did not know it was the heaviest. It makes sense:we have skin everywhere, but we don't have brains everywhere, or lungs, or hearts. For some reason, I never really thought about the weight of the skin.[Why tag this textThis is probably why it functions in so many ways. It helps in heat regulation, which would make perfect sense for being the largest and heaviest organ. It has many tasks to fulfil just within the outer layer of the skin and deeper.[Why tag this textI had to reread these first couple of sentences because it was shocking. When I read them the first time, it didn't make sense. I didn't want to believe it; but, when I thought about the functions of the skin (protection being key) it began to sink in. It is also different to think of the skin as an organ, although it is common knowledge that that is what the skin is.[Why tag this textI know its a common fact that skin is the body's largest organ, but I'm sure other were unaware, since I was unaware that skin is the body's heaviest organ. 15% is a very large percent of the body.[Why tag this textyou wouldn't think of the skin as being a layer or it being heavy considering it doesn't feel heavy on you[Why tag this textI never realized that skin is part of our weight! haha15% is a good chunck![Why tag this textthis is interesting because the skin does not seem to be the largest or heaviest when you think of a organ[Why tag this textA quick summary describing skin of a human body[Why tag this textI thought this was very interesting to learn that the skin is the largest and heaviest organ. I've never realized that the skin was made up of two layers. [Why tag this textThis is an amazing fact to know, I cannot believe that the skin is the bodys largest and haviiest organ. I would have never thought that because when I think of skin I think of something that is smooth and doesnt weigh a lot.[Why tag this textTHe largest and heaviest organ of the human body is the skin. 15% of your Your skin has two layers which are the epidermis and dermis.[Why tag this textThis should help us remember how important skin it for us and that we need to take care of it better. Moisterizing and using sun screen is crucial for our skin.[Why tag this textSkin is the largest and heaviest organ. Skin accounts for 15% of the total body weight.[Why tag this textBefore reading, i never knew that skin was considered an organ. Now that i've read about it, however, it seems silly to not have considered it one, since it i smade of cells which form tissues, and together serves a function for the body.[Why tag this textIts interesting to learn that the skin is the body's largest and heaviest organ becuase i did not know that. The skin prevents the body from absorbing excess water when swimming or bathing, but also prevents the body from losing excess water. Amazing what the skin does. [Why tag this textThis information was very important to me because I had always known that the skin was the largest and heaviest organ of the body, however; I didnt realize that it made up about 15% of adults total body weight. Through this information I also learned that it consists of two primary layers called the epidermis and dermis and also has a another layer below the dermis known as the hypodermis layer, which is not part of the skin but is usually studied along with it. [Why tag this textThe skin is an important organ to have. It protects us and helps with many other things such as regulating body temperature.[Why tag this textWhy and how is the skin the heaviest organ to humans?[Why tag this textWould this 15% of weight vary for different people and their weight? Lets say you have a very skinny girl compared to a girl with more much or fat , would that change the percentage a lot? a little? [Why tag this textThats alot..[Why tag this textinteresting - much more than I expected it to be[Why tag this textFirst Degree burn covers only the epidermis area. Why Sencond Degree burn covers the eperdermis and the dermis layers. While Third Degree burn is covering all layers, including the hypodermis. [Why tag this textI think this is important because it tells you a little bit about the layers of the skin. This is always helpful because I got confused when talking about the dermis and epidermis in the histology take home assingment. [Why tag this textskin consists of two layers and one below the dermis[Why tag this textBrittany Nycz
Amanda
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Not only do movements of the body and its limbs depend on muscle, but so do such processes as digestion, waste elimination, breathing, speech, and blood circulation.
Not only do movements of the body and its limbs depend on muscle, but so do such processes as digestion, waste elimination, breathing, speech, and blood circulation. The muscles are also an important source of body heat.
There are three types of muscular tissue?skeletal, cardiac, and smooth?which differ in appearance, physiology, and function (table 5.11). Skeletal muscle consists of long threadlike cells called muscle fibers. Most of it is attached to bones, but there are exceptions in the tongue, upper esophagus, some facial muscles, and some sphincter25 (SFINK-tur) muscles (muscular rings or cuffs that open and close body passages). Each cell contains multiple nuclei adjacent to the plasma membrane. Skeletal muscle is described as striated and voluntary. The first term refers to alternating light and dark bands, or striations (stry-AY-shuns), created by the overlapping pattern of cytoplasmic protein filaments that cause muscle contraction. The second term, voluntary, refers to the fact that we usually have conscious control over skeletal muscle.[image #2]
There are three types of muscular tissue-skeletal, cardiac, and smooth-which differ in appearance, physiology, and function (table 5.11). Skeletal muscle consists of long threadlike cells called muscle fibers. Most of it is attached to bones, but there are exceptions in the tongue, upper esophagus, some facial muscles, and some sphincter25 (SFINK-tur) muscles (muscular rings or cuffs that open and close body passages). Each cell contains multiple nuclei adjacent to the plasma membrane. Skeletal muscle is described as striated and voluntary. The first term refers to alternating light and dark bands, or striations (stry-AY-shuns), created by the overlapping pattern of cytoplasmic protein filaments that cause muscle contraction. The second term, voluntary, refers to the fact that we usually have conscious control over skeletal muscle
A couple years ago I found out that I has a quarter sized hole in my heart, I was very confused because I knew that there was heart muscles, and i wasnt quit sure why it didnt want to grow there, later i had a includer put in and the cardiac tissues and muscles were able to grow over it and now i no longer has a hole in my heart. [Why tag this text]These are very good examples as to what a muscle does. As a student I could clearly see in my mind the muscles in those body parts contracting and functioning.[Why tag this textIt is important to remember muscle is not just associated with movements of the body. Without them, we could not do many life neccessary processes(Ex: Breathing)[Why tag this textMuscles do so much more than allow us to move, different types of muscular tissue allow different organs in the body to contract and function, along with allow us to move our limbs, generate body heat and allow our hearts to pump everyday. Different types of muscular tissue are necessary for our bodies to carry out the necessary every day functions we rely on to survive[Why tag this textWhen I think of muscle I usually only think of the fact that we need it for movements such as running, swimming, etc. After I read this it is clear to me that Muscular tissue is needed for much more vital processes in the body that I would not have thought of before.[Why tag this textWhen I think of muscular tissues i don't think of processes in the body. Most of the time I think about how the body exerts physical force for exercise and building the body. These processes are involuntary. Muscles are contracting and we don't even notice.[Why tag this textAfter reading this section i learned that the precess of digestion, waste elimination, and blood circulation depend on muscle. I did not go that in depth about the muscular tissue in high school anatomy, so it was intersting to learn all of the functions of it. The thing i found the most interesting was that the muscles are a source of body heat. I never thought that they were. [Why tag this textThe characteristics and function of the list of functions of muscular tissue should be known because they are important to the study and understanding of the tissue.[Why tag this textLearning all of the muscles in the body is my favorite part of anatomy and physiology so this really interests me.[Why tag this textMuscle tissues I orginally thought were for just common things like lifting things up, walking, running, and so on. I didn't know that we needed muscle tissue to do a lot of the everyday tasks we do, like breath and go to the bathroom.[Why tag this textThis is important to know because muscular tissue does not only help us with body movement, but it helps us understand other processes or functions of our bodies.[Why tag this textalso a main role of the muscular tissue[Why tag this textIn Introduction to Nutrition, last night actually, we discussed how muscular tissue is responsible for the digestive processes of peristalsis. Peristalsis is a series of [Why tag this textthe vocal cords have to be taught, they have to function correctly, to produce proper speech. The labium and the tongue are muscles that are extermely important for articulation. [Why tag this textI know somebody who is anorexic and they are always cold! Now I know that is because they have very limited muscule.[Why tag this textThe image#2 very good explaintion for the three typs. [Why tag this textimportant to know thier appearance, physiology and function differences[Why tag this textMuch like the different types of connective tissue, one could wonder why all three of these types of tissues are all classified as [Why tag this textThree Types of Muscular Tissue:- Skeletal: appearance- Cardiac: physiology- Smooth: fuction[Why tag this textDespite my understanding that, the heart is a muscle, the isntesine use muscles, and we have muscle to for self locomotion, I never thought about the fact that there were actually different types of cells for different muscular tissues.[Why tag this textI highlighted this because it is important to know the three different types of muscular tissue (skeletal, cardiac, and smooth) and how they differ in both looks and role. [Why tag this textIt is important to note that their are different types of muscular tissue and they all have different physical looks and functions[Why tag this textDefinently need to know this and where they are located.[Why tag this textThis is important to know so that we can understand the different types of muscular tissue that include the skeletal, cardiac and smooth. All of these are different in looks and function. [Why tag this textThese three types of muscular tssues are important to keep in mind because they are what keeping us functioning with our body.[Why tag this textI have always found the different types of musclular tissue interesting. It is interesting that only skeletal muscle is voluntary. But it is a good thing that the cardiac and smooth muscle is involuntary, to keep our hearts beating and our lungs and digestive tracts working.[Why tag this textThis is important to my learning process because it gives me an insight of the makeup of the tissue. This relates back to the functions it is interesting how the muscular tissue has three types that contribute to it's overall functioning. Something that is something that is fun to think about. It is crazy how one type of tissue is made of three types and then to think there is even more things smaller than that in the body.[Why tag this textThese are good to know the type of muscles in the body because I am going into physical therapy. So i know what i am dealing with when i need to rehab a patient and know how the muscles will react to treatment. But then what is the difference between the singling time between fast twitch and slow twitch muscles?[Why tag this textMuscle tissue is what helps our body move and work. The different types cause for different functions and reading this section helps us to differentiate between the different types.[Why tag this textThe three types of muscular tissue are skeletal, cardiac, and smooth. They differ in appearance, physiology, and function. Skeletal muscle consists of long threadlike cells called muscle fibers. Cardiac muscle is limited to the heart. Its cells are shorter called myocytes or cardiocytes rather than fibers. Smooth muscle cells are also called myocytes and are short. [Why tag this textskeltal, cardiac, and smooth are muscular tissues. skeletal muscles have muscle fibers. they are stiated and vouluntary.[Why tag this textI was interested in learning about the three types of muscular tissues which are skeletal cardiac, and smooth[WHY TAG THIS TEXTMuschles contracts which pulls on a bone. The three types of muscles are all different in appearence, physical and functions. The three muscle tissues are skeleta, cardiac, and smooth. Skeletal muscles are longfibers that are light and dark striated bands and voluntary. Cardiac muscle is the heart. Unlike the skeletal muscles it is unvoluntary and the cells are called myocytes rather than fibers. Smooth muscles are voluntary but they are not striation. They also have short myoctes. They regualte blood vessels to control blood flow.[Why tag this textAll three types of muscular tissue have different functions, provide different duties, and differ in look and texture but all are important for bodily function.[Why tag this textQuestion 3: The 3 types of muscular tissue are skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle.Skeletal muscle are long unbranched cells or fibers that have a threadlike appearance. They contain multiple nuclei in each individual cell. Thesse muscle cells are mostly attached to bones but also other area such as the tongue. These muscles are responsible for movement including posture, breathing, speech, and defecation.Cardiac Muscle cells are short with slightly branched endings. They are striated and have a less parallel appearance. These cells are located exclusivly in the heart. These are responsible for pumping blood involuntarily.Smooth Muscle cells are also short cells but they are nonstriated and overlap each other. Both smooth cells and cardiac cells contain only one nucleus per cell. Smooth muscle cells are found in sheets on the walls of viscera and also in the iris and hair follicles. These cells allow for contraction of stomach and intestines as well as several other functions such as control of blood pressure, respiratory airflow and labor contractions.[Why tag this textI tagged this text because it is important to know the three types of muscular tissue.1. skeletal2. cardiac3. smoothEven though they are all muscular tissue they do not all look the same, or have the same functions in our bodies[Why tag this textI think this part is particularly interesting because it talks about the consciosu control of muscle because I always thought it was interesting how someone who does not have muscle control like someone with say Parkinson's disease is able to be treated with medication to atleast temporarily stop tremors.[Why tag this textThe three muscle types do exactly what the names suggest. Skeletal is connected to bones (with some exceptions) Cardiac is limited to the heart, and smooth muscle forms layers over/around organs.[Why tag this textLong threadlike cells [muscle fibers] with multiple nuclei. Striated.Mostly attached to bonesBody movements, VOLUNTARY CONTROL[Why tag this texthow are there skeletal muscles in the tongue when the tongue is all muscle? ...[Why tag this textskeletal muscles are NOT always attached to the skeletal. making areas of primary flesh both flexible and versatile[Why tag this textExplains what skeletal muscle incorporates and what its main functions are.[General-Do not usedescription of skeletal muscle[Why tag this textSkeletal Muscle definitions/characteristics[Why tag this textAre all muscle fibers the same ?[Why tag this textIf the muscle fibers are not attached to bone in these specific areas, then what do they attach to? The answer to this question would help me visualize this paragraph better.[Why tag this textJenna Nehls
Ethan Kelly
Samantha B Johnson
Megan Page
mary furner
kailey Cortez
Lauren Gwidt
Samantha Herron
Kaitlynn
Xenyen
Margo Tillotson
Alina Gur
Sarah Kallas
Ashley McBain
soha
Jungas
aubrey
mainkao
Stephen Minakian
Lauren Thiel
Sarah Faust
Leah Hennes
Sophia Wood
Sue Xiong
Jourdan Richardson
Justin Rosinski
Maria Stephans
Anisa Janko
lindsay krueger
ramon hollnagel
Linda Xiong
Michael Acker
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Joe Nimm
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jess Tegelman
Roy Lewis
Brandon Brandemuehl
Alexandra Schmit
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Elizabeth
If they were not stained, most tissue sections would appear pale gray.
If they were not stained, most tissue sections would appear pale gray. With stains that bind to different components of a tissue, however, you may see pink cytoplasm; violet nuclei; and blue, green, or golden-brown protein fibers, depending on the stain used.
Sectioning a tissue reduces a three-dimensional structure to a two-dimensional slice
Sectioning a tissue reduces a three-dimensional structure to a two-dimensional slice. You must keep this in mind and try to translate the microscopic image into a mental image of the whole structure.
Sectioning a tissue reduces a three-dimensional structure to a two-dimensional slice. You must keep this in mind and try to translate the microscopic image into a mental image of the whole structure.
Sectioning a tissue reduces a three-dimensional structure to a two-dimensional slice. You must keep this in mind and try to translate the microscopic image into a mental image of the whole structure. Like the boiled egg and elbow macaroni in figure 5.1, an object may look quite different when it is cut at various levels, or planes of section.
Sectioning a tissue reduces a three-dimensional structure to a two-dimensional slice. You must keep this in mind and try to translate the microscopic image into a mental image of the whole structure. Like the boiled egg and elbow macaroni in figure 5.1, an object may look quite different when it is cut at various levels, or planes of section. A coiled tube, such as a gland of the uterus (fig. 5.1c), is often broken up into multiple portions since it meanders in and out of the plane of section. An experienced viewer, however, would recognize that the separated pieces are parts of a single tube winding its way to the organ surface.
Sectioning a tissue reduces a three-dimensional structure to a two-dimensional slice. You must keep this in mind and try to translate the microscopic image into a mental image of the whole structure. Like the boiled egg and elbow macaroni in figure 5.1, an object may look quite different when it is cut at various levels, or planes of section. A coiled tube, such as a gland of the uterus (fig. 5.1c), is often broken up into multiple portions since it meanders in and out of the plane of section. An experienced viewer, however, would recognize that the separated pieces are parts of a single tube winding its way to the organ surface. Note that a grazing slice through a boiled egg might miss the yolk, just as a tissue section might miss the nucleus of a cell or an egg in the ovary, even though these structures were present.
Sectioning a tissue reduces a three-dimensional structure to a two-dimensional slice. You must keep this in mind and try to translate the microscopic image into a mental image of the whole structure. Like the boiled egg and elbow macaroni in figure 5.1, an object may look quite different when it is cut at various levels, or planes of section. A coiled tube, such as a gland of the uterus (fig. 5.1c), is often broken up into multiple portions since it meanders in and out of the plane of section. An experienced viewer, however, would recognize that the separated pieces are parts of a single tube winding its way to the organ surface. Note that a grazing slice through a boiled egg might miss the yolk, just as a tissue section might miss the nucleus of a cell or an egg in the ovary, even though these structures were present.Many anatomical structures are significantly longer in one direction than another?the humerus and esophagus, for example. A tissue cut in the long direction is called a longitudinal section (l.s.), and one cut perpendicular to this is a cross section (c.s. or x.s.) or transverse section (t.s.). A section cut on a slant between a longitudinal and cross section is an oblique section. Figure 5.2 shows how certain organs look when sectioned on each of these planes.
Would this effect what you would be able to see?[Why tag this text]Its important for me to remember if I were to acutally see a human body, not only would it not be colored nicely, but the position and shapes of the various organs could vary from what I am learning.[Why tag this textI find this very interesting because I always thought tissue was a clear thing![Why tag this textI went to Body Worlds when it was at the Museum of Science and Industry in Chicago and I remember all the different colorings and dyes used to show the different structures. Sometimes people forget those aren't exactly the real colors inside your body...[Why tag this textInteresting that whilew viewing samples on a slide, the viewer must keep in mind not only the plane the sample was sectioned on, but also that the sample has been dyed and is similar to viewing an illustration in a textbook, not a true view of how the cell would appear untreated in the body.[Why tag this textThis demonstrates that cellular components have different polarities, charges, and properties. [Why tag this textDoes anyone know if it matters what color is actually used to stain specific parts of tissue?[Why tag this textThis is interesting. Who first discovered that you needed to stain the tissue? How did they determine the different parts of the tissue before that? It would be interesting to find out what the process was to figure out how staining helped with looking at the tissues more accurately.[Why tag this textI did not know that you could stain different parts of a cell different colors. I thought it would be the same color with different shades.[Why tag this textKnowing what colors a stain stains each component of a cell is going to be very useful in looking at the cell. [Why tag this textIn high school, I assisted our biolgy teacher with some basic slide preparations for underclassmen classes. I find the process of tissue staining incredibly interesting. The most common type of histological stain is H&E (Haemotoxylin and Eosin). Haemotoxylin stains basophilic cellular structures (ex: the nucleus) purple, and Eosin stains acidophilic cellular structures (ex: the cytoplasm) pink or red.[Why tag this textwhen we use stains to identify cells, do the different components of the tissue stain to the color of the dye used. Or do all the different colors always show up?[Why tag this textthese arent the actual colors of these components, they are only died so that we are better able to view them under a microscope. [Why tag this textIt is important for Histologists to do this so they get the most accurate study and detailed observation of the tissue. some of the steps include using a fixate to prevent decay, and after it has been applied they begin slicing and sectioning.[Why tag this textDoes taking the once three-dimensional tissue and turning it into a two-dimensional tissue alter the quality of the cells involved in the tissue? I am interested in this because I feel that in order to see the full tissue and make any diagnoses you would need to see the cell in its three-dimensional form. Have scientists found ways to view a tissue in a three dimensional form? I feel that I may have once completed this task by putting the sample in a petri dish with a small layer of water. [Why tag this textYou have to remember when you're looking at something under the microscope you aren't seeing the whole picture. You need to keep in mine what the whole structure looks like not just what you're observing.[Why tag this textgives more basic definition of sectioning, easy for me to find and develop understanding[Why tag this textwhen you section tissue samples you go from a 3d structure toa 2d structure.[Why tag this textBasically studying a flat picture of a cell: picture it as 3-D to actually interpret. [Why tag this textimportant to keep in mind because when looking at a slab you have to know that it was at one time 3D.[Why tag this textThis is important because it is reminding you that you have to keep in mind that an image can look completely different depending on where it is sliced[Why tag this textThis is important to keep in mind when studying anatomy of tissues. I can relate because when I was first starting out looking at tissue samples or anything under a slide in 2d it was hard to see the whole 3d picture, but when I was able to see that, it became alot easier. [Why tag this textTHis is where understanding the sectional areas of a body would be helpful. If you understand how the section was cut in realation to the body it will be easier to get the 3D picture[Why tag this textVery important to take into consideration the sectioning of a tissue, because if you fail to do so then you may get confused as to what you are really looking at.[Why tag this textThis will be important to remember when looking at slides under a microscope in order to help identify it.[Why tag this textImportant to keep in mind for lab work.[Why tag this textThis is important to keep in mind because it explains to us how to interpret tissues that Histologist have prepared for our viewing.[Why tag this textI found this interesting because if I was preparing a slice of a cell or organ I might not necessarily think of what portion compared to the whole I am seeing. The images above definitely help to understand that you can't just base observations off of one picture. This reminds me of bran MRIs that Ive seen where they take multiple pictures to go through all of the layers of the brain.[Why tag this textWhile reading this paragraph I couldn't stop but think how advanced science is compared to what people understood in the past. I can't image taking a liquid tissues and spreading them so that they can examine them under a microscope. It makes me wonder how they came up with being able to slice tissues and coiled tubes like the gland of the uterus. [Why tag this textInteresting informations of how to keep things apart when doing a slicing of different structures, in this paragraph, I was able to a get clearer explaination over dissection.[Why tag this textThis is extremely important stuff. It is easy to forget that when looking at a section it could look very different from another section of the same tissue - just cut from another angle. [Why tag this textThis is interesting to know because we are usually so accustomed to viewing things in three dimensions due to our normal world that it is important to understand that in a sectioning you are only viewing things in two dimensions and might be missing particular aspects of tissues you're viewing so it might be a good idea to take different slices in different angles to get a good sense of the object you're looking at to make sure you don't miss anything[Why tag this textThis is interesting because it is possible that certain tissues, structures and organs in the body may appear completely different if sliced into a section that you may be used to seeing it as a whole structure.[Why tag this textWays of sectioning a tissue. From three dimensional to two dimensional [Why tag this textThis is important because if you are not keeping a picture of the whole image in mind you may miss something or wrongly identify something.[Why tag this textwhen looking at a tissue through a microscope you arent seeing the whole tissue so you need to try to translate the image you see into a idea of the whole structure[Why tag this textwhen observing a tissue through a microscope you can only see the two dimensional figure, so try to translate that image into what the whole tissue would appear to be[Why tag this textThis is important information for when we are in lab and trying to understand the cells and tissues that we are looking at under a microscope [Why tag this textWhen looking at slides through a microscope you should know what you're looking at as well as what you are looking for. You can also keep in mind, what makes that slide different than the rest and what is significant about it.[Why tag this textThis example really helps in comprehending the dimensions of a tissue, and will be helpful in our upcoming labs.[Why tag this textI agree with this comment. Next week in lab we will be using microscopes to identify tissue. Looking at a microscopic image and actually looking under a microscope of the same tissue I image will be confusing for viewers such as myself who are unexperienced in this area. Figure 5.1 is a helpful tip for next week in lab. [Why tag this textI tagged this because the thought never really occured to me before that whatever I'm looking at under a microscope may look completely different at a different angle. [Why tag this textgood to remember when we start to look at tissues and other things under a microscope[Why tag this textnot only does a cut section of the body look different in every way cut, but no cut of two people are the same either. every person, like every body, is different and unique in its own way.[Why tag this textwhen we become more experienced with using a microscope and looking at things we should be able to recognize certain tissues or other things just by seeing a sections of the product[Why tag this textso tissue winds together to wrap its way around the organ surface?[Why tag this texta lot of techniques go into understandy the makeup and funtions of creates us.[Why tag this textin the example above the egg is cut into longitudinal section. like the sphere or bone being shown to demomstrate, the egg is cut into vertical thin slices. if it were to be cut into cross sections the egg would appear to be cut in half, such as the ones we find during easter. oblique sections would show the egg being cut diagonally, simply holding the egg and cutting it left top to bottom right side. [General-Do not useJoe Nimm
Ashley McBain
Kristen Grivas
David Faber
Brandon Neldner
Rebecca Sherer
Jourdan Richardson
Leah Hennes
Awlareau
Alina Gur
Flees Robert John
morgan johnson
kailey Cortez
Jonathan Rooney
krista
Jonathan Lowe
lindsay krueger
Sarah Kallas
Gabriela
Nicholas Bruno
Justin Rosinski
Erica Burns
Kimberly Loney
Rebecca Brekke
Tony Sustachek
Rebecca Powers
Sue Xiong
Kristofer Schroeckenthaler
Danny Duong
Michael Acker
Anthony Wheeler
Nicole Latzig
holly kluge
Alyssa Kaschinske
Sami
Emily Orange
Kelly Sanderson
Chanel Anastas
Emily Zuelzke
Lauren Anthe
jess Tegelman
Types of Levers
Types of Levers There are three classes of levers that differ with respect to which component is in the middle?the fulcrum (F), effort (E), and resistance (
three classes of levers that differ with respect to which component is in the middle?the fulcrum (F), effort (E), and resistance (R)
This is very interesting because I never thought of it in this way. I always thought all the muscles did the same thing but having it compared to car gears it makes more sense to me now that I think about it.[Why tag this]Types of Levers: Three types, three separate things in the middle the fulcrum [f], effort [e], and resistance [r].First class lever: Fulcrim in the middle, acts as a seesaw. Similar to one in neck.Second class lever: resistance in middle, Lifting knee. Example=lifting handles of wheelbarrow. Third class lever: Effort in middle, like paddling a canoe. Most levers are 3rd class. [Why tag thiscomparission of levers even in the human body[Why tag thisPretty interesting to see how different lever types are used in the body. It is interesting too to see how they impact our movement.[Why tag thistypes of levers[Why tag thisDanielle Henckel
Kaitlyn Britten
Stephen Minakian
Kaela Tjugum
he Temporal Bones If you palpate your skull just above and anterior to the ear?that is, the temporal region?you can feel the temporal bone, which forms the lower wall and part of the floor of the cranial cavity (fig. 8.10). The temporal bone derives its name from the fact that people often develop their first gray hairs on the temples with the passage of time.9 The relatively complex shape of the tempo
If you palpate your skull just above and anterior to the ear?that is, the temporal region?you can feel the temporal bone, which forms the lower wall and part of the floor of the cranial cavity (fig. 8.10). The temporal bone derives its name from the fact that people often develop their first gray hairs on the temples with the passage of time.9 The relatively complex shape of the temporal bone is best understood by dividing it into four parts:[image #5]
Each of these headings is the start to a paragraph that describes the different bones of the skull. Differentiating between these bones helps in identifying the part of the brain that the bone is protecting and can hint towards what that part of the brain does.[Why tag this]intersting part about the temporal bons [Why tag thisHelpful that for the most part, the bones match up with the association area[Why tag thisTemporal bones- other bones that form the skull (on side behind ear)[Why tag thisUsually this is where people get headaches, why is this such a popular place for heachaches?[Why tag thisAdam Alshehab
Ann
Anthony Wheeler
Maisey Mulvey
Table 1.2 Singular and Plural Forms of Some Noun TerminalsSingular Ending Plural Ending Examples -a -ae axilla, axillae -ax -aces thorax, thoraces -en -ina lumen, lumina -ex -ices cortex, cortices -is -es diagnosis, diagnoses -is -ides epididymis, epididymides -ix -ices appendix, appendices -ma -mata carcinoma, carcinomata -on -a ganglion, ganglia -um -a septum, septa -us -era viscus, viscera -us -i villus, villi -us -ora corpus, corpora -x -ges phalanx, phalanges -y -ies ovary, ovaries -yx -yces calyx, calyces
I thought this was important to know because it gives examples of plural and singular forms of terms[Why I tagged this]TAKE NOTE OF THIS TABLE: good for future reference[General---Do Not UseSingualr and Plural Forms[Why I tagged thisThis chart identifies the singular and plural forms for certain suffixes and gives an example of each, which is very helpful.[Why I tagged thissingle v. plural words[Why I tagged thisjennifer lassiter
Amie Emrys
Christina Colarossi
Corianne
The Sphenoid Bone The sphenoid16 (SFEE-noyd) bone has a complex shape with a thick median body and outstretched greater and lesser wings, which give the bone as a whole a ragged mothlike shape.
The Sphenoid Bone The sphenoid16 (SFEE-noyd) bone has a complex shape with a thick median body and outstretched greater and lesser wings, which give the bone as a whole a ragged mothlike shape. Most of it is best seen from the superior perspective (fig. 8.11a). In this view, the lesser wings form the posterior margin of the anterior cranial fossa and end at a sharp bony crest, where the sphenoid drops abruptly to the greater wings. The greater wings form about half of the middle cranial fossa (the temporal bone forming the rest) and are perforated by several foramina to be discussed shortly.
I was in an anatomy class last semester at oshkosh an I found that I had trouble keeping straight the sphenoid bone and the ethmoid bone. I would always confuse them when looking at a frontal view of the skull, hopefully now I will remember that the sphenoid bone has a mothlike or butterfly shape. [Why tag this]Each of these headings is the start to a paragraph that describes the different bones of the skull. Differentiating between these bones helps in identifying the part of the brain that the bone is protecting and can hint towards what that part of the brain does.[Why tag thisdoes this have to be a certain size to support the body?[Why tag thisAlyssa Harmes
Maria Stephans
Senny Xiong
There are several ways to turn genes on or off. We cannot consider all of them here, but an example can convey the general principle. Consider a woman who has just given birth to her first baby. In the ensuing days, the hormone prolactin stimulates cells of her mammary glands to begin synthesizing the various components of breast milk, including the protein casein?something her body has never synthesized before.
There are several ways to turn genes on or off. We cannot consider all of them here, but an example can convey the general principle. Consider a woman who has just given birth to her first baby. In the ensuing days, the hormone prolactin stimulates cells of her mammary glands to begin synthesizing the various components of breast milk, including the protein casein?something her body has never synthesized before.
Genes can turn on or off, like the case with breast milk. [Why tag this text]The book talks a little about how genes can be turned on naturally, but is there currently a way science can turn them on?[Why tag this textdescribes how gene does not work 24/7 and how its shut down.[Why tag this textInteresting concept. I'm curious if this is why some disease that are thought to be hereditary or genetic lie dormant for some time before symptoms begin. Could the gene be triggered by something that causes the symptoms (ex: MS)?[Why tag this textWould it be possible that we can manually activate certain genes to cure diseases, or increase the body's performance. The possibilities for this would be nearly endless. [Why tag this textSamuel Nichols
Chad Mudd
Rebecca Brekke
Guendel Brandon James
A third-degree burn may be surrounded by painful areas of first- and second-degree burns, but the region of the third-degree burn is painless. Explain the reason for this lack of pain.
You do not feel third degree burns because your sensory nerves were burned off. [Why tag this]third degree burn wont hurt as much, since no dermis remains and eveything is destroyed[Why tag thisThe region of the third-degree burn is painless because all of the tissue in that area (which would contain the nerve endings) has been completely destroyed. There is nothing left to sense pain.[Why tag thisSince all of the tissue is destroyed in a third degree burn the nerves are destroyed in the dermis so the area may not be painful unlike first and second degree burns which are painful because the nerves are still intact. [Why tag thisAll the dermis and deeper tissues are destroyed, so the nerves and tissues that would make you feel pain are gone.[Why tag thisBrittany Nycz
jennifer lassiter
Michael Franzini
Erin Griph
It is important to distinguish a mole from a melanoma.
The American Cancer Society suggests an ?ABCD rule? for recognizing melanoma: A for asymmetry (one side of the lesion looks different from the other); B for border irregularity (the contour is not uniform but wavy or scalloped); C for color (often a mixture of brown, black, tan, and sometimes red and blue); and D for diameter (greater than 6 mm).
Cool fact[General_Do Not Use]does melanoma form from a mole?[Why tag thisThis is an easy way for people to recognize melanoma based off of physical features. (A-asymmetry, B-border irregularity, C-color, and D-diameter). By learning to identify the differences between moles and melanoma, it will help one detect early signs of melanoma, which in turn, will lead to more effective treatments if caught before a certain point in development.[Why tag thisBE AWARE[Why tag thisI myself am very familiar with the ABCD's of skin cancer because I have been advised by my dermatologist to keep an eye on one perticular mole on my neck that may have the potential to become abnormal. So she gave me an ABCD handout and told me to monitor the mole's growth (if any). [Why tag thisLauren Anthe
Petra Stevanovic
Jelena Ristic
Alina Gur
MitosisCells divide by two mechanisms called mitosis and meiosis. Meiosis, however, is restricted to one purpose, the production of eggs and sperm, and is therefore treated in chapter 27 on reproduction. Mitosis serves all the other functions of cell division: development of an individual, composed of some 50 trillion cells, from a one-celled fertilized egg;
MitosisCells divide by two mechanisms called mitosis and meiosis. Meiosis, however, is restricted to one purpose, the production of eggs and sperm, and is therefore treated in chapter 27 on reproduction. Mitosis serves all the other functions of cell division: development of an individual, composed of some 50 trillion cells, from a one-celled fertilized egg; growth of all tissues and organs after birth; replacement of cells that die; and repair of damaged tissues.Four phases of mitosis are recognizable: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase (fig. 4.16). mitosis[image #5]
Cells divide by mitosis and meiosis. Meiosis is only when sperm/eggs are concerned. Mitosis: develops individuals, growth of tissues, replacement of cells that die, and repair of damaged tissues. Phases of Mitosis:Prophase: Chromosomes shorten and thicken, nuclear envelope disintegrates and releases the chromosomes into the cytosol. Spindle fibers push the centrioles apart as they grow. A pair of centrioles lie at each pole in the cell. Metaphase: Chromosomes go to the middle and the mitotic spindle is now formed. Anaphase: Enzyme cleaes two sister chromatids apart, they go to opposite sides of the cellTelophase: Rough ER produces a new nuclear evelope around each cluster and each new nucleus forms nucleoili.Cytokinesis=division of the cytoplasm into two cells. [Why tag this text]P-MAT for mitosis. Prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. Cytokneisis starts in the end of telophase.[Why tag this textVITAL information to understand, as well as the process of mitosis. Sometimes I confuse these, and I need to go over them more in order to get them straight.[Why tag this textMitosis has always been very confusing to me and I feel that I have yet to grasp the understanding of it. If possible could you please explain a little more in lecture about it.[Why tag this textQuestion 5:There are 4 phases of mitosis. Prophase is where the chromosomes condense and the nucleus envelope breaks down. Centrioles migrate to opposite poles of the cell. Metaphase is where the chrmosomes line up along the midline of the cell. The spindle fibers attach to kinetochores. Anaphase is where the centromeres divide in two. Spindle fibers pull the sister chromatids to opposite poles of the cell. In telophase the chromosomes gather at each pole of the cell. The chormtin decondenses and the nucleus envelope appears.[Why tag this textAmie Emrys
Megan Perna
shelby
Sarah Ertl
Representative locations: Brain, spinal cord, nerves, gangliaFunction: Internal communication
structure of the neuron[Why tag this text]locations and function of nervous tissue[Why tag this textI find this interesting because the nervous system pretains to my major. In speech, and especially hearing, the systems in your ears has to respond to sound waves and your brain has to interpret the movement of those systems. [Why tag this textalthought neurons do get assistance alot from Glial cells and also do not clean up for themselse so to speak, it is important to recognize that their function throughout our body is extraordinarily important[Why tag this textAgain, my major. Sound travels through the inner ear, to the cochlea, to the auditory nerve witch is located in the brain. All internal communication. [Why tag this textAlyssa Harmes
Sarah Kallas
Nick Lund
Mineral resorption is the process of dissolving bone
Mineral resorption is the process of dissolving bone. It releases minerals into the blood and makes them available for other uses.
Mineral resorption is the process of dissolving bone. It releases minerals into the blood and makes them available for other uses. Resorption is carried out by osteoclasts.
Mineral resorption is the process of dissolving bone. It releases minerals into the blood and makes them available for other uses. Resorption is carried out by osteoclasts. They have surface receptors for calcium and respond to falling levels of calcium in the tissue fluid. Hydrogen pumps in the ruffled border of the osteoclast secrete hydrogen ions into the tissue fluid, and chloride ions follow by electrical attraction. The space between the osteoclast and the bone thus becomes filled with concentrated hydrochloric acid with a pH of about 4. The acid dissolves the bone minerals. The osteoclast also secretes an enzyme called acid phosphatase that digests the collagen of the bone matrix. This enzyme is named for its ability to function in a highly acidic environment.
mineral deposition in bone tissue is an example of positive feedback, PTH is a regulator and is part of a negative feedback loop which maintain the calcium ions. [Why I tagged this]Are there any benefits of bone dissolving or does it always have a negative affect?[Why I tagged thisIs this what causes osteoperosis?[Why I tagged this I would of thought that minerals are already in the bone, by the blood vessels aborsing the minerals throughout the body and the cells to help produce new bone cells [Why I tagged thisWhy do our bones need to dissolve? Just for the minerals and calcium that makes our bones strong? I find it interesting that there is so much that goes into making our bones sturdy.[Why I tagged thisAshley Wiedmeyer
Kristin Basche
Lauren Anthe
Kelly Stahl
The Coccyx Four (sometimes five) tiny coccygeal vertebrae (Co1 to Co4 or Co5) fuse by the age of 20 to 30 years to form the coccyx39 (COC-six) (fig. 8.26), colloquially called the tailbone. Although it is indeed the vestige of a tail, it is not entirely useless; it provides attachment for the muscles of the pelvic floor. Vertebra Co1 has a pair of horns (cornua) that serve as attachment points for ligaments that bind the coccyx to the sacrum. The coccyx can be fractured by a difficult childbirth or a hard fall on the buttocks.
Coccyx: made of 4 or 5 vertebrae, tailbone. [Why tag this]the coccyx[Why tag thisWhen they state that the coccyx is the vestige of a tail, are they really saying that we once had tails? Seriously? And the book states that it is not entirely useless? But is it useful?[Why tag thisI bruised this once when I was younger. I fell on a rock, it was bruised and hurt for a while. I wonder if I were to fall the same way notw that I'm older if the coccyx would break because it's fused now?[Why tag thisI had no idea the spine was still fusing at 20 to 30 years old. So many people require back surgery in their 30s and 40s. The pain from a fractured tailbone at birth may then carry with someone their whole life, as the coccyx would not have the same anatomy were it undamaged. [Why tag thisAlyssa Harmes
Kristofer Schroeckenthaler
Nadin
Amanda Baxter
S
S is the synthesis phase, in which a cell makes a duplicate copy of its centrioles and all of its nuclear DNA. The two identical sets of DNA molecules are then available to be divided up between daughter cells at the next cell division.
S is the synthesis phase, in which a cell makes a duplicate copy of its centrioles and all of its nuclear DNA. The two identical sets of DNA molecules are then available to be divided up between daughter cells at the next cell division. This phase takes 6 to 8 hours in cultured fibroblasts.
What would happen if the cells failed to replicate? Would there be a genetic error within that person?[Why tag this text]Synthesis phase in which a cell makes a duplicate copy of its centrioles and all of its nuclear DNA[Why tag this textDuring the S phase, cell makes a duplicate copy of its centrioles and all of its nuclear DNA[Why tag this textwhat happens in the S of interphase[Why tag this textsynthesis phase of the cell cycle[Why tag this textRachel Feivor
Stephanie
Alyssa Harmes
Chad Mudd
FIGURE 9.11The Six Types of Synovial Joints.All six have representatives in the forelimb. Mechanical models show the types of motion possible at each joint.
Ball-and-socket joints. These are the shoulder and hip joints?the only multiaxial joints in the body. In both cases, one bone (the humerus or femur) has a smooth hemispherical head that fits into a cuplike socket on the other (the glenoid cavity of the scapula or the acetabulum of the hip bone). Condylar (ellipsoid) joints. These joints exhibit an oval convex surface on one bone that fits into a complementary-shaped depression on the other. The radiocarpal joint of the wrist and metacarpophalangeal (MET-uh-CAR-po-fah-LAN-jee-ul) joints at the bases of the fingers are examples. They are biaxial joints, capable of movement in two planes. To demonstrate this, hold your hand with the palm facing you. Make a fist, and these joints flex in the sagittal plane. Fan your fingers apart, and they move in the frontal plane. Saddle joints. Here, both bones have a saddle-shaped surface?concave in one direction (like the front-to-rear curvature of a horse's saddle) and convex in the other (like the left-to-right curvature of a saddle). The clearest example of this is the trapeziometacarpal joint between the trapezium of the wrist and metacarpal I at the base of the thumb. Saddle joints are biaxial. The thumb, for example, moves in a frontal plane when you spread the fingers apart, and in a sagittal plane when you move it as if to grasp a tool such as a hammer. This range of motion gives us and other primates that anatomical hallmark, the opposable thumb. Another saddle joint is the sternoclavicular joint, where the clavicle articulates with the sternum. The clavicle moves vertically in the frontal plane at this joint when you lift a suitcase, and moves horizontally in the transverse plane when you reach forward to push open a door. Plane (gliding) joints. Here the bone surfaces are flat or only slightly concave and convex. The adjacent bones slide over each other and have relatively limited movement. Plane joints are found between the carpal bones of the wrist, the tarsal bones of the ankle, and the articular processes of the vertebrae. Their movements, although slight, are complex. They are usually biaxial. For example, when the head is tilted forward and back, the articular facets of the vertebrae slide anteriorly and posteriorly; when the head is tilted from side to side, the facets slide laterally. Although any one joint moves only slightly, the combined action of the many joints in the wrist, ankle, and vertebral column allows for a significant amount of overall movement.
I would like these to be explained more in detail and maybe shown what they do exactly.[Why tag this]I think this is interesting because out of all the classifications in the body, these 6 joints are the easiest ones and the ones I learned in middle school[Why tag thissix types of synovial joints:[Why tag thisWhy isn't this located on the fibia and tibia?[Why tag thisHow many are there? [Why tag thisMelissa
Alyssa Harmes
Michea Jones
Lauren Anthe
The Sternum The sternum (breastbone) is a bony plate anterior to the heart. It is subdivided into three regions: the manubrium, body, and xiphoid process. The manubrium40 (ma-NOO-bree-um) is the broad superior portion, shaped like the knot of a necktie. It lies at the level of vertebrae T3 to T4. It has a median suprasternal (jugular) notch, which you can easily palpate between your clavicles (collarbones), and right and left clavicular notches where it articulates with the clavicles. The dagger-shaped body, or gladiolus,41 is the longest part of the sternum, lying at the level of vertebrae T5 through T9. It joins the manubrium at the sternal angle, which can be palpated as a transverse ridge at the point where the sternum projects farthest forward. In some people, however, the angle is rounded or concave. The second rib attaches here, making the sternal angle a useful landmark for counting ribs in a physical examination. The manubrium and body have scalloped lateral margins where cartilages of the ribs are attached. At the inferior end (vertebral level T10 to T11) is a small, pointed xiphoid42 (ZIF-oyd) process that provides attachment for some of the abdominal muscles. In cardiopulmonary resuscitation, improperly performed chest compressions can drive the xiphoid process into the liver and cause a fatal hemorrhage.
Is this why if someone is in an accident they check to see if any ribs are broken?[Why tag this]Are the ribs above considered floating ribs because they are not connected?[Why tag thisdescription of the sternum[Why tag thisThe sternum is a bony plate anterior to the heart and lying down the midline of the body. It is best known for connecting the ribs and protecting the internal organs from damage.[Why tag thisThis is important to know because it helps our bodies by protacting our heart. I feel without this piece in our bodies we would have a lot of issue and would not have as many abilities and would not be able to do as much. [Why tag thisMichea Jones
Alyssa Harmes
Michael Franzini
Sophia Wood
Surface epithelial cells around the wound multiply and migrate into the wounded area, beneath the scab. The scab loosens and eventually falls off, and the epithelium grows thicker. Thus, the epithelium regenerates while the underlying connective tissue undergoes fibrosis, or scarring
Surface epithelial cells around the wound multiply and migrate into the wounded area, beneath the scab. The scab loosens and eventually falls off, and the epithelium grows thicker. Thus, the epithelium regenerates while the underlying connective tissue undergoes fibrosis, or scarring. Capillaries withdraw from the area as fibrosis progresses. The scar tissue may or may not show through the epithelium, depending on the severity of the wound.
the last step in repairing an injury[Why tag this text]I understand that new blood capillaries form and replace the ones that are broken, but why must a scar form? if it is the same type of epithelium why is there a different apperance on the surface of our skin?[Why tag this textI tagged this because I find it so interesting how the body can heal itself all on it's own. It's a process that we rarely think about but without it we wouldn't be able to stop the blood we got from a small cut. [Why tag this textI just skinned half my finger in a door last week, so it is interesting to read about how it healed and how epithelial cells played a roll in it. [Why tag this textI found this interesting because I am so someone who is very prone to injuries for whatever reason. I always wondered why the skin never was normal until the scab fell off of its own accord. Especially when I got a particular big scar on my face that scabbed over and I wondered why I could not peel off the scab right away to make it look normal. Now I realize that the epitheium had not regenerated yet.[Why tag this textKayla Theys
Lauren Thiel
Leah Daul
Jessica Ryback
The latter effect can be sensed in the way your voice changes when you have a cold and mucus obstructs the travel of sound into the sinuses and back.
The latter effect can be sensed in the way your voice changes when you have a cold and mucus obstructs the travel of sound into the sinuses and back.
what exactly is the latter effect[Why tag this]I tagged this because when I read something that i can apply to every day life or past exeperiances, it helps me really understand the material or concept im covering. [Why tag thisThis is very interesting[Why tag thisIs this also what causes you to loose your voice just on a larger scale?[Why tag thisSo mucus obstucts the travel of sound, so does that mean that the mucus interupts the sound waves that are trying to come out of the mouth making the sound of the voice to sound obsured?[Why tag thisCaitlin
Jungas
Zachary Garrity
Maisey Mulvey
Scapular Muscles. The
The other seven muscles of the shoulder are considered scapular muscles because they originate on the scapula. Four of them form the rotator cuff and are treated in the next section. The most conspicuous scapular muscle is the deltoid, the thick triangular muscle that caps the shoulder. This is a commonly used site of drug injections.
The other seven muscles of the shoulder are considered scapular muscles because they originate on the scapula. Four of them form the rotator cuff and are treated in the next section. The most conspicuous scapular muscle is the deltoid, the thick triangular muscle that caps the shoulder. This is a commonly used site of drug injections. Its anterior, lateral, and posterior fibers act like three different muscles.
so if all 9 muscles perform the same ability of the shoulder joint why does only 2 are axial?[Why Tag This]It bugs me that the [Why Tag ThisThe deltoid is a common site for drug intermuscular injections because it is composed of very think muscle layers that cover the bone. It is used for drug injections because it has some, but often minimal discomfort depending on the type of injection, but because of it's density, it is used to inject vaccinations or other drugs because it permits them to spead to other parts of the body.[Why Tag ThisThe other seven muscles of the shoulder are scapular muscles. The most predominant muscle is the deltoid, which caps the shoulder. [Why Tag ThisThere are nine muscles that cross the shoulder joint. One of which is the pectoralis major which is very thick and fleshy. The latissiums dorsi is the think muscle that runs along the back and extends to the waist. The deltoid is another part of the scapular muscle is shaped like a thick triangular. This is where drug injections are placed. I want to know why this is? [Why Tag ThisKelly Stahl
Petra Stevanovic
Noelle
Alyssa Tucker
Pattern baldness is the condition in which hair is lost from select regions of the scalp rather than thinning uniformly across the entire scalp. It results from a combination of genetic and hormonal influences
Pattern baldness is the condition in which hair is lost from select regions of the scalp rather than thinning uniformly across the entire scalp. It results from a combination of genetic and hormonal influences. The relevant gene has two alleles: one for uniform hair growth and a baldness allele for patchy hair growth. The baldness allele is dominant in males and is expressed only in the presence of the high level of testosterone characteristic of men. In men who are either heterozygous or homozygous for the baldness allele, testosterone causes the terminal hair of the scalp to be replaced by thinner vellus, beginning on top of the head and later the sides. In women, the baldness allele is recessive
I recently read an article stating that the specific protein responsible for hair loss in pattern baldness had been isolated and identified. The Holy Grail of men's cosmetic medicine has been found![Why tag this]is their anything to stop this?[Why tag thisIs any male with the baldness allele bound to go bald because many people say baldness skips a generation? Is there evidence of this?[Why tag thisBalding is caused by two influences [Why tag thisSo male pattern baldness comes from high testosterone. Why is it that young males with seemly high testosterone have issues with make pattern baldness. Would that then be genetic when it happens early? [Why tag thisLauren Anthe
Keira
Anthony Wheeler
Roy Lewis
Through a mechanism called alternative splicing, one gene can code for more than one protein.
Through a mechanism called alternative splicing, one gene can code for more than one protein. Suppose a gene produced a pre-mRNA containing six exons separated by noncoding introns. As shown in figure 4.6, these exons can be spliced together in various combinations to yield codes for two or more proteins. This is a partial explanation of how the body can produce millions of different proteins with no more than 25,000 genes.
Alternative splicing is the reason Humans have very few genes in comparision to an onion. However with splicing we are able to still make all of the proteins necessicary to function.[Why tag this text]so one gene can make several proteins? how does that happen?[Why tag this textalternative splicing is really cool because of how many protiens it can code for. All the millions of proteins produced by such a small amount of genes is pretty awesome. I remeber learning about this in AP BIO.[Why tag this textInteresting how the DNA can splice itself and create another half.[Why tag this textthat is still amazing to me![Why tag this textLauren Anthe
Kelly Stahl
xuntao
Ions form because elements with one to three valence electrons tend to give them up,
Ions form because elements with one to three valence electrons tend to give them up, and those with four to seven electrons tend to gain more.
Ions form because elements with one to three valence electrons tend to give them up, and those with four to seven electrons tend to gain more. If an atom of the first kind is exposed to an atom of the second, electrons may transfer from one to the other and turn both of them into ions. This process is called ionization. The particle that gains electrons acquires a negative charge and is called an anion (AN-eye-on). The one that loses electrons acquires a positive charge (because it then has a surplus of protons) and is called a cation (CAT-eye-on).
didnt know multiple electrons being transferred could result in this [Why tag this text]i tagged this because of the importance of ions in bodily processes like neves send action potentials to areas of the body, and for moving tropomyosin off the myosin binding sites on actin[Why tag this textAnswers earlier question about giving or taking electrons.[General-Do not useAtoms > Ions[General-Do not useI tagged this because after reading this I understand before I thought that Ions form because they gain electrons but now I know that in order for them to form they have to give up electrons.[Why tag this texteric voelker
Erin Griph
Garrett Key
Michea Jones
It is a very porous and delicate bone, with three major portions:
The Ethmoid Bone (Anterior View).
List five bones that articulate with the ethmoid bone. The vertical perpendicular plate, a thin median plate of bone that forms the superior two-thirds of the nasal septum (see fig. 8.4b). (The lower part is formed by the vomer, discussed later.) The septum divides the nasal cavity into right and left air spaces called the nasal fossae (FOSS-ee). The septum is often curved, or deviated, toward one nasal fossa or the other. A horizontal cribriform22 (CRIB-rih-form) plate, which forms the roof of the nasal cavity. This plate has a median blade called the crista galli23 (GAL- eye), an attachment point for the dura mater. On each side of the crista is an elongated depressed area perforated with numerous holes, the cribriform (olfactory) foramina. A pair of olfactory bulbs of the brain, concerned with the sense of smell, rests in these depressions, and the foramina allow passage for olfactory nerves from the nasal cavity to the bulbs (see Deeper Insight 8.1). The labyrinth, a large mass on each side of the perpendicular plate. The labyrinth is named for the fact that internally, it has a maze of air spaces called the ethmoidal cells. Collectively, these constitute the ethmoid sinus discussed earlier. The lateral surface of the labyrinth is a smooth, slightly concave orbital plate seen on the medial wall of the orbit (see fig. 8.14). The medial surface of the labyrinth gives rise to two curled, scroll-like plates of bone called the superior and middle nasal conchae24 (CON-kee). These project into the nasal fossa from its lateral wall toward the septum (see figs. 8.7 and 8.13). There is also a separate bone, the inferior nasal concha, discussed later. The three conchae occupy most of the nasal cavity, leaving little open space. By filling space and creating turbulence in the flow of inhaled air, they ensure that the air contacts the mucous membranes that cover these bones, which cleanse, humidify, and warm the inhaled air before it reaches the lungs. The superior concha and adjacent part of the nasal septum also bear the sensory cells of smell.
what is the purpose of this bonebeing porous?[Why tag this]What is the purpose of the ethmoid bone being porous? Does this aid in the olfactory senses?[Why tag thisIf deviation of the septum is actually within the realm of normalcy, then why do people use [Why tag thisThis one will probably the most easiest to remember. Not sure why but it will be.[Why tag thisfive bones that articulate with the ethmoid bone[Why tag thisRebecca Brekke
Alina Gur
Melissa
Alyssa Harmes
?Dissecting? words in this way and paying attention to the word-origin footnotes throughout this book will help you become more comfortable with the language of anatomy. Knowing how a word breaks down and knowing the meaning of its elements make it far easier to pronounce a word, spell it, and remember its definition. There are a few unfortunate exceptions, however.
breaking apart words into their roots is going to be much easier when studying and memorizing words.[Why I tagged this]This is a good note. [Why I tagged thisThis is like studyingt a foreign language - all of this is. I've been studying German since I was 5years old so I know what is like to have to dissect the words and so on in order tp understand better... [Why I tagged thisdissecting words help you lean them faster. taking words apart helps you to know all parts involved.[Why I tagged thisKnowing that you can dissect a word to guess its meaning or spelling is a bit liberating. The terminology and/or vocabulary is a bit intimidating and it is good to know that most (not all) follow a similar format.[Why I tagged thisBonnie Watson
Dakota Francart
lindsay krueger
Jacob Balkum
Calcium homeostasis depends on a balance between dietary intake, urinary and fecal losses, and exchanges with the osseous tissue. It is regulated by three hormones: calcitriol, calcitonin, and parathyroid hormone.
what does this mean?[Why I tagged this]What is tetany?[Why I tagged thisThis is important because it tells me how to make sure I keep a positive calcium intake. A good diet is especially important![Why I tagged thisCalcium Homeostasis is regulated by three hormones: Calcitrol: Form of vitamin d: increases calcium absorption in small intestine, increases calcium resorption from the skeleton by binding to osteoblasts to release another messenger called RANKL which stimulates stem cells to form into osteoclasts which break down bone to release calcium, and it promotes reabsorption of calcium by the kidneys.Calcitron: Secreted by thyroid gland. It is responsible for osteoclast inhibition [less calcium being released by skeleton], osteoblast stimulation [calcium being deposited on skeleton]Parathyroid Hormone: Release parathyroid hormones when blood calcium is low. These hormones bind to osteoblasts, which raise osteoclast population, promotes calcium reabsorption by kidneys, promotes calcitrol synthesis and inhibits collagen synthesis in osteoblasts [this inhibits bone deposition][Why I tagged thisI never realized how much calcium (and phosphate) can effect their entire body, and especially the CNS. Good thing I was raised in Wisconsin and eat plenty of cheese![Why I tagged thisAlexis Blaser
Lauren Thiel
Danielle Henckel
Sarah Cherkinian
In the Middle Ages, the state of medical science varied greatly from one religious culture to another.
In the Middle Ages, the state of medical science varied greatly from one religious culture to another. Science was severely repressed in the Christian culture of Europe until about the sixteenth century, although some of the most famous medical schools of Europe were founded during this era
In the Middle Ages, the state of medical science varied greatly from one religious culture to another. Science was severely repressed in the Christian culture of Europe until about the sixteenth century, although some of the most famous medical schools of Europe were founded during this era.
In the Middle Ages, the state of medical science varied greatly from one religious culture to another. Science was severely repressed in the Christian culture of Europe until about the sixteenth century, although some of the most famous medical schools of Europe were founded during this era. Their professors, however, taught medicine primarily as a dogmatic commentary on Galen and Aristotle, not as a field of original research. Medieval medical illustrations were crude representations of the body intended more to decorate a page than to depict the body realistically. Some were astrological charts that showed which sign of the zodiac was thought to influence each organ of the body (fig. 1.2). From such pseudoscience came the word influenza, Italian for
the way science has evolved from a religious standpoint to a study based on facts is important to understand[evolving]in the middl ages medical science was very large in variety because of the religious culture[Why I tagged thisI find it very interesting how much religion and science fight. Even back in the Middle Ages religion was influencing the way science was practiced and thought of. Today the two worlds are separate and there is plenty of room for science to grow but there are still certain religious cultures that struggle with the knowledge and practice we now have. [Why I tagged thisThe Christian East and Hindu India passed on a lot of scientific knowledge to the Islamic East which flowed back into the West. By Christian East I'm refering to areas like Syria and Coptic Egypt.***Europe took centuries to recover from Germanic barbarian invasion. A people once very pagan (half my family comes from Germany, the other half from Africa). A once very violent warrior cultured people. ***European Catholicism spent centuries civilizing these people bringing them their written language and science. To this day modern man follows the Gregorian Calendar a calendar produced by the Catholic Church and named after the Pope that commissioned it. Basically, Christian Europe was a big patron to the sciences and that is why science as we know it today grew out of Italy and Europe and not Asia, Africa, or anywhere else. ***This is all before the intellectually and scientifically redoubtable Jesuits came on the scene. Not to mention the monk credited as the father of genetics or the Priest that brought us the Big Bang Theory. So, I take umbrage at the author's (typically bigoted and selective) [Why I tagged thismiddle ages science was heavily based on religious culture. Professors taught Aristotle and Galen. Bodies were not drawn realistically and some were taught the zodiac influenced each organ in the body. This show the advancement that have been made over time. [Anatomy and Physiologylindsay krueger
Bonnie Watson
Justin Morgan
Stephanie
In cross section, a hair reveals up to three layers. From the inside out, these are the medulla, cortex,
From the inside out, these are the medulla, cortex, and cuticle. The medulla is a core of loosely arranged cells and air spaces. It is most prominent in thick hairs such as those of the eyebrows, but narrower in hairs of medium thickness and absent from the thinnest hairs of the scalp and elsewhere. The cortex constitutes most of the bulk of a hair. It consists of several layers of elongated keratinized cells that appear cuboidal to flattened in cross sections. The cuticle is composed of multiple layers of very thin, scaly cells that overlap each other like roof shingles with their free edges directed upward (see photo on p. 180). Cells lining the follicle are like shingles facing in the opposite direction. They interlock with the scales of the hair cuticle and resist pulling on the hair. When a hair is pulled out, this layer of follicle cells comes with it.
This has always fascinated me as far as marketing of hair products go. So if hair is dead, why do we spend so much money on it? Billions of dollars a year![Why tag this]I always wondered why we got goose bumps. I guess its just an only defnese mechanism.[Why tag thislayers of the hair[Why tag thisThink of a comparison to a pencil. lead- medulla. wood - cortext. yellow paint - cuticle[Why tag thisThis is how hair breaks so easily. This hair is thin and when the scalp is turned the other way, it causes a fracture in the hair. [Why tag thisLeah Hennes
Alyssa Harmes
Jelena Ristic
mary furner
An important consideration in head injuries is swelling of the brain. Since the cranium cannot expand, swelling puts pressure on the brain and results in even more tissue damage. Severe swelling can force the brainstem out through the foramen magnum, usually with fatal consequences.
Is drilling a hole in the skull still the most effective method for releasing this pressure within the [Why tag this]Should know but kind of just never thought about it before. But the fact that the skull cannot move or expand is what makes brain injuries dangerous. If the brain swells in has no where to go causing more pressure. In severe cases actually forcing the brainstem out through the foramen magnum[Why tag thisThat is scary, what would make your brain swell?[Why tag thisShort of drilling into somoenes head to releave the pressure is there a way to lessen the brain swelling in the case of an injury?[Why tag thisIs this why with brain trauma patients they sometimes leave a piece of the skull out. I have never actually witnessed it but I know of patients who have to wear helmets when recovering to keep them from damaging their brain further.[Why tag thisNicholas Bruno
Kelly Stahl
Samuel Nichols
Joe Nimm
covalent bonds
hydrogen bonds
van der Waals forces
(Table 2.3).
Ionic Bond:Weak attraction between anion [negative] and cation [positive]. Easily disrupted.[Why tag this text]Covalent: Bonded by sharing one or more pairs of electrons.Single Covalent: One electron pairDouble: Sharing between two. Polar: Covalent which results in a slightly positive or negative charge. Nonpolar: Covalent bond which is neutral. Strongest.[Why tag this textHydrogen Bonds:Weak attraction between polarized molecules, easily disrupted.[Why tag this textVan der Waals force:Weak, brief attraction. Weakest of all. [Why tag this textI tagged this because this is a useful tool to help you see the different types of bonds and their differinces.[Why tag this textKaitlyn Britten
One of the classic lines of evidence for evolution, debated even before Darwin was born, is vestigial organs. These structures are the remnants of organs that apparently were better developed and more functional in the ancestors of a species. They now serve little or no purpose or, in some cases, have been converted to new functions.Our bodies, for example, are covered with millions of hairs, each equipped with a useless little muscle called a piloerector. In other mammals, these muscles fluff the hair and conserve heat. In humans, they merely produce goose bumps. Above each ear, we have three auricularis muscles. In other mammals, they move the ears to receive sounds better or to repel flies and other pests, but most people cannot contract them at all. As Darwin said, it makes no sense that humans would have such structures were it not for the fact that we came from ancestors in which they were functional.
I tagged this because I find this to be extremely interesting and after having performed several different dissections on other animals and viewing cadavers (etc) you can actually see this... [Why I tagged this]Vestigial organs provide a link towards understanding whether certain organisms have a common ancestor and how they might have diverged in the path that they acquired. It is astounding how many vestigial organs humans have during the development of the fetus. [Why I tagged thisI tagged this because it might be common sense to some people but I guess I never thought about the fact that even our organs have evolved through time to be more efficient. Now that I have read this section it is as clear as day and how I never assumed it before makes me seem foolish but i love learning stuff like this and then able to understand why.[Why I tagged thisWhat was the function of vistifial organs for our ancestors?[Why I tagged thisThis is important because it gives a few examples of proof that evolution happens and takes place[Why I tagged thisJacob Balkum
Elizabeth
Janis McNamara
Danny Duong
Cells divide by two mechanisms called mitosis and meiosis. Meiosis, however, is restricted to one purpose, the production of eggs and sperm, and is therefore treated in chapter 27 on reproduction. Mitosis serves all the other functions of cell division: development of an individual, composed of some 50 trillion cells, from a one-celled fertilized egg; growth of all tissues and organs after birth; replacement of cells that die; and repair of damaged tissues.
Cells divide by two mechanisms called mitosis and meiosis. Meiosis, however, is restricted to one purpose, the production of eggs and sperm, and is therefore treated in chapter 27 on reproduction. Mitosis serves all the other functions of cell division: development of an individual, composed of some 50 trillion cells, from a one-celled fertilized egg; growth of all tissues and organs after birth; replacement of cells that die; and repair of damaged tissues.Four phases of mitosis are recognizable: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase (fig. 4.16).
Mitosis had four different types of pharses that can duplicated the DNA and they are known as the prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.[Why tag this text]the image shows the mitosis more clearly [Why tag this textI found mitosis to be the most interesting thing in the chapter. It is because of this process that cells are able to recreate themselves in the trillions, tissues are able to grow and even replace themselves when they are dying or damaged. [Why tag this textCells divide through two different processes, mitosis and meiosis. Meiosis is the process responsible for the production of eggs and sperm, and mitosis is the process that is responsible for all the other functions of cell division. It happens in four phases, which are prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase, and mitosis and it's four phases are responsible for the development of an individual from a one-celled fertilized egg, growth of all tissues and organs after birth, replacement of cells that die, and repair of damaged tissues.[Why tag this textsoha
TRAVIS
Michael Acker
In some cases, the tendon is a broad sheet called an aponeurosis10 (AP-oh-new-RO-sis). This term originally referred to the tendon located beneath the scalp, but now it also refers to similar tendons associated with certain abdominal, lumbar, hand, and foot muscles. For example, the palmaris longus tendon passes through the wrist and then expands into a fanlike palmar aponeurosis beneath the skin of the palm (see fig. 10.28a).
Brachialis and triceps brachii lateral head have direct attachments to bone, where as the biceps brachii, triceps brachii long head have indirect attachments[Why tag this]The biceps brachii and the triceps brachii are indirect attachments and the brachialis and the triceps brachii lateral head are direct attachments. [Why tag thisBoth the Brachialis and the Lateral head of the Triceps Brachii have direct attachments to the bones. The Biceps brachii and the long head of the Triceps brachii have indirect attachments to the bones.[Why tag thisWhat would determine the indirect or direct attachment of the muscle?[Why tag thisAn aponueris is a large sheet like tendon that usually enclosses something in place. [Why tag thisErin Griph
jennifer lassiter
andrew baker
Michael Franzini
Telophase is the last stage a nuclear division goes through, the cytoplasm then divides into two cells. It is achieved by the motor protein.[Why tag this text]nuclei are created, RNA production starts[Why tag this textwhat happens during Telophase[Why tag this textthe chromatids cluster on each side of the cell[General-Do not useSarah Kallas
Alyssa Harmes
Rachel Feivor
Tayelor Neiss
This process is called ionization. The particle that gains electrons acquires a negative charge and is called an anion (AN-eye-on). The one that loses electrons acquires a positive charge (because it then has a surplus of protons) and is called a cation (CAT-eye-on).
Ionization: when electrons transfer from one atom to another. Particles that gain electrons and acquire negative charge are called anion. Ones taht lose electrons are called cations.[Why tag this text]ionization has positive and negation charges. [Why tag this textAnion= negative charge, gains. Cation= postive charge, loses. Important definition![General-Do not useThe way I always remembered the negatively charged ion as anion is the two n's it has which negative starts with and cation is positive because a lower case t is similar to the plus sign. [Why tag this textAnion: Initially positive or neutral, becomes negative by acquiring electrons.Cation: Initially negative or neutral, becomes positive by losing electrons and having more protons. [Why tag this textPangJeb Vang
Erin Griph
Hauser Joseph Alan
Danielle Henckel
Reductionism is necessary because we need to understand what exactly of what something is made. That said, however, any one system is not necessarily just the sum of its parts. We need to know what parts make up a system, but we then also need to know how all of these parts work together and what function they each play.[Why I tagged this]Because it helps us understand that a patients illness may not be obvious in an organ and tissue, but there may be a defect in the cells and molecules, which could be causing their illness.[Why I tagged thisReductionism help people gain a better understanding on the body as they study it through smaller components, looking at the individual pieces and then the whole. When it comes to diagnosing an illness however, doctors must look at the body as a whole first. [Why I tagged thisBecause how the whole human body works affects the illness more than the specific systems affected and disease itself[Why I tagged thisLike the transmission example in the reading, theres no telling the problem with one's transmission just by looking at it. One must know the exact parts of a transmission to propose a proper problem with the transmission. Just like the human body, medical professionals can't simply diagnose a person by looking at them. Well there are exceptions, but most of the time you have to understand the make up of every human structure starting with the atoms and molecules that eventually make up the organ systems.[Why I tagged thisJourdan Richardson
jess Tegelman
Matthew Robert Schmidt
Hauser Joseph Alan
Interesting fact, i never knew why fats were more calories than carbs.[General-Do not use]I never knew that oxidation had to do with the amount of calories a substance had. It makes sense that because llipids are less oxidized than carbohydrates, that that is the reason why they have more calories. I believe carbs have about 4 calories per gram while lipids have 9.[Why tag this textThis means that lipids are also the slowest to convert to energy compared to proteins and carbohydrates. They are stored by the body for later use.[Why tag this textI learned in a health magazine that because there is twice as much energy stored in a fat molecule that carbohydrate, eating a low carb diet is important if trying to burn off fat. [Why tag this textI learned in Nurtrition that each gram of lipids in food contains 9 kilocalories. And although lipids should not be entirely eliminated from a person's diet, should be carefully regulated. [Why tag this textSamantha B Johnson
Cody Andrews
morgan johnson
Alina Gur
Motile cilia are less widespread, occurring in the respiratory tract, uterine (fallopian) tubes, internal cavities (ventricles) of the brain, and short ducts (efferent ductules) associated with the testes.
They beat in waves that sweep across the surface of an epithelium, always in the same direction (fig. 3.12), propelling such materials as mucus, an egg cell, or cerebrospinal fluid
They beat in waves that sweep across the surface of an epithelium, always in the same direction (fig. 3.12), propelling such materials as mucus, an egg cell, or cerebrospinal fluid. Each cilium bends stiffly forward and produces a power stroke that pushes along the mucus or other matter.
They beat in waves that sweep across the surface of an epithelium, always in the same direction (fig. 3.12), propelling such materials as mucus, an egg cell, or cerebrospinal fluid. Each cilium bends stiffly forward and produces a power stroke that pushes along the mucus or other matter. Shortly after a cilium begins its power stroke, the one just ahead of it begins, and the next and the next?collectively producing a wavelike motion. After a cilium completes its power stroke, it is pulled limply back by a recovery stroke that restores it to the upright position, ready to flex again.
Please review the differences between motile cilia, cilia, and microvilli.[Why tag this text]Although nobody is completely sure what the benefits of cilia are - are they necessary? What would happen if somebody was to remove all the cilia from their body?[Why tag this textI find it amazing that not only are teeny tiny cells able to move but structures within them such as cilia are able to move using techniques specific to them. It's fascinating that something so tiny can be smart and complex enough to move on its own.[Why tag this textWhy do they need to move the same direction wouldn't much more be done if it went both ways.[Why tag this textWow, I read that cilia really do have a job of it's own. I knew that cilia made a wavelike motion to help things move along but I thought that they did it all together at the same time. I found out that each of the cilia individually move along which causes the domino effect.[Why tag this textAshley McBain
Stephanie
Madeline
maria lira
i find it interesting that all of these systems work together to make our body. each system in our body is responsible for a particular job to keep our body alive and healthy. if one fails, it'll be like a domino. [Why I tagged this]I like this section because it is really helpful and brings everything together so we can understand better how things in the body work together and effect other systems and so on... [Why I tagged thisThis part seem a bit brief and out of place after the rest of the chapter, but it seems actually like a nice way to tie everything together at the end. Bones are obviously incredibly important to the body and serve roles to every single other system within the body.[Why I tagged thisThe respiratory, urinary, and digestive systems all depend on bones for their ability to maintain proper Ca AND P levels.[Why I tagged thisIn this sentence, it makes it seem as though childbirth did not used to be adapted to the female pelvic girdle, but wouldn't women not be able to give birth if that were so?[Why I tagged thisDakota Francart
Joe Nimm
Thomas Hensler
Cassi Malko
feedback loop: a receptor, an integrating center, and an effector.
The receptor is a structure that senses a change in the body,
The integrating (control) center, such as the cardiac center of the brain, is a mechanism that processes this information, relates it to other available information
The effector is the cell or organ that carries out the final corrective action.
these three things are necessary for the reflexive correction to occur to stabalize your blood pressure[Why I tagged this]Important parts but not always in the feedback loop[Why I tagged thisthe receptor senses change in the body.[Why I tagged thisThe control center is probably most often the brain[Why I tagged thisthe corrective action can be carried out with increase or decrease in function or hormones.[Why I tagged thisJustin Rosinski
Amanda Baxter
Most cells periodically divide into two daughter cells, so a cell has a life cycle extending from one division to the next. This cell cycle is divided into four main phases: G1,S,G2, and M (fig. 4.15).
what percentage of cells is most cells?[Why tag this text]Cell life extending from one division to the next...what exactly are they trying to say. G1-G2?[Why tag this textThe cell cycle is an important part of our studies because our lives are based off of cells and the process in which they are replicated helps us to relaize how our body is able to stay healthy and supply the correct amount of cells to function. The section contains information on each of the seperate phases of the cell cycle as well.[Why tag this textso when it divides its each cell is still 46 chromosomes?[Why tag this textTelophase and Cytokinesis is the nuclear envelopes begin to reassemble around two daughter nuclei. Chromosomes decondense, spindle dissappears, and division of the cytoplasm into two cells. [Why tag this textRebecca Hoefs
Maria Stephans
Lauren Anthe
Andrea Benson
The envelope is perforated with nuclear pores, about 30 to 100 nm in diameter, formed by a ring of proteins. These proteins regulate molecular traffic through the envelope and act like a rivet to hold the two unit membranes together.
The envelope is perforated with nuclear pores, about 30 to 100 nm in diameter, formed by a ring of proteins. These proteins regulate molecular traffic through the envelope and act like a rivet to hold the two unit membranes together. Hundreds of molecules pass through the nuclear pores every minute. Coming into the nucleus are raw materials for DNA and RNA synthesis, enzymes that are made in the cytoplasm but function in the nucleus, and hormones that activate certain genes. Going the other way, RNA is made in the nucleus but leaves to perform its job in the cytoplasm.
They need to be larger because materials of a variety of sizes pass into and out of the nucleus - best example: RNA.[Why tag this text]Isn't the answer to this becasue more substances have to move through the nuclear pores?[Generalso a formation of proteins makes up the nuclus envelope?[Why tag this textI know that our bodies are constantly changing and cells are dieing, but exactly how much of the DNA and RNA molecules must be released from the nucleus and exit through the nuclear envelope to perform their specific jobs? Do we ever reach an age where these molecules do not need to be released or are released at slower rates as we age?[Why tag this textThese are the main activities occuring in the nucleus: DNA and RNA synthesis, enymes, and hormones all enter the nucleus. The RNA that was synthesized then leaves the nucleus to the cytoplasm. This is interesting because all these activities are necessary for the cell as a whole because the nucleus regulates all cellular activity. [Why tag this textChristina
Lauren Anthe
Jonathan Rooney
Neema Shekar
Some mammals can stand, hop, or walk briefly on their hind legs, but humans are the only mammals that are habitually bipedal. Footprints preserved in a layer of volcanic ash in Tanzania indicate that hominids walked upright as early as 3.6 million years ago. This bipedal locomotion is possible only because of several adaptations of the human feet, legs, spine, and skull (fig. 8.43). These features are so distinctive that paleoanthropologists (those who study human fossil remains) can tell with considerable certainty whether a fossil species was able to walk upright.
This section in interesting. In class we briefly discussed some of these adaptations, but it's really interesting to see how many there are and how theses adaptations make it possible for us to walk upright.[Why tag this]There are many featuers in the human body that function specifically for bipedalism. The adaption for walking upright happened to allow for long distance running, free use of hands, and to gaze forward (to name a few). These types of features must have been very important to allow for such huge anatomical changes.[Why tag thisI learned all about this in my Anthropology class. It is mindblowing to think about.[Why tag thisi studied about this in my Earth, Air, Fire, and Water class. i saw the pictures of the fossils created from the volcanic ash's preservation. Very cool to think that the earth has natrual ways of preserving history and evolution.[Why tag thiswe evolved from apes yet we are blogically capable to walk at all times and they ar not because they just have separate shapes and sized of our same bones.[Why tag thisAmanda Bartosik
Andrea Benson
Anna Christenbury
There are three kinds of carriers: uniports, symports, and antiports.
A uniport19 carries only one type of solute
Other carriers move two or more solutes in opposite directions; this process is called countertransport and the carrier protein is called an antiport.2
Before this little paragraph I was a bit confused between carriers and enzymes, but this really summed it up well. Carriers are much simpler and have a slightly different function than an enzyme.[Why I tagged this]Explains what the difference is between a carrier and an enzyme. so since carriers are not chemically chane does that mean enzyme are?[Why tag this textexplains the 3 different kinds of carriers. this is for sure something i would want to learn more about[Why tag this textwhy does it only carry one type of solute?[Why tag this textwhy do some have two or more but others have one[Why tag this textLauren Anthe
This is interesting because this implies that we all came from the same cell at one point and time.[Why tag this text]It is mind blowing that all life on Earth originated from one common ancestor and that there are similarities between human cells and the cells of a great red wood or shark or essentially any living organism on this planet.[Why tag this textThis theory suggests that all life has come from a common ancestor. It does amaze me that evolution, mutations and gene recombinations can produce such a variety of organisms that are so different on so many levels[Why tag this textThis is similar to the Theory of Evolution. Humans and chimpanzees developed from a common ancestor. Therefore, we may not act/look alike anymore, but we still have very similar DNA structure and features. [Why tag this textThis is a great example of another reason why we might study the cellular composition of other organisms-- due to common ancestry, we can discover similarities and point out possible examples of evolution as a result of natural selection. [Why tag this textJacob
Kyle Le
Kasey Kallien
Alina Gur
The carbonic acid reaction, for example, normally maintains a 20:1 ratio of bicarbonate ions to carbonic acid molecules.
Reaction Rates
Reaction RatesChemical reactions are based on molecular motion and collisions. All molecules are in constant motion, and reactions occur when mutually reactive molecules collide with sufficient force and the right orientation. The rate of a reaction depends on the nature of the reactants and on the frequency and force of these collisions. Some factors that affect reaction rates are Concentration. Reaction rates increase when the reactants are more concentrated. This is because the molecules are more crowded and collide more frequently. Temperature. Reaction rate increases as the temperature rises. This is because heat causes molecules to move more rapidly and collide with greater force and frequency. Catalysts (CAT-uh-lists). These are substances that temporarily bind to reactants, hold them in a favorable position to react with each other, and may change the shapes of reactants in ways that make them more likely to react. By reducing the element of chance in molecular collisions, a catalyst speeds up a reaction. It then releases the products and is available to repeat the process with more reactants. The catalyst itself is not consumed or changed by the reaction. The most important biological catalysts are enzymes, discussed later in this chapter.
Do reverse reactions only exist in equilibrium? And why do they exist in equilibrium?[Why tag this text]It is important when talking about equilibrium that one understands it doesn't mean all of the constituents of the formula are equal in size, just at a point where the forward and reverse reactions match one another. This is an example showing that because 20:1 is by no means equal.[Why tag this textReaction Rates:Rate of reaction depends on the nature of the reactants and the force of collisions between molecules. Factors that affect the rate:Concentration: Rates increase when reactants are more concentrated due to it being more crowded.Temperature: Rate increases as temperature rises due to the molecules moving more quickly.Catalysts: Substances that temporarily bind the reactants/make them more favorable to reaction. Speeds up a reaction. Enzymes are catalysts.[Why tag this textthere are many factors involved in chemical reactions. the rate of reaction depends on these factors[Why tag this textImportant to know why and how reactions accur in a chemical.[Why tag this textAwlareau
Danielle Henckel
Justin Putterman
Morgan Peil
Certain multipotent bone marrow stem cells, for example, can give rise to red blood cells, five kinds of white blood cells, and platelet-producing cells.
Certain multipotent bone marrow stem cells, for example, can give rise to red blood cells, five kinds of white blood cells, and platelet-producing cells.
Why is it not just in any type of body cell and these two or more different cell lines?[Why tag this text]Multipotent[Why tag this textWhen a bone marrow donation is taken for a leukemia patient, are they just taking the stem cells or all the bone marrow?[Why tag this text Is this why people save umbilicle cord blood? Because it has stem cells that can ultimately save lifes of patients with low white blood cells, low red blood cells, and low platelets?[Why tag thisLeukimia is involved with a shortage of white blood-cell count, right?[Why tag this textJoe Nimm
Cassi Malko
Elizabeth
Megan Perna
Damage to the mitochondria seems to be the most serious and life changing. If there is damage to this, there is almost no turning back or fixing it.[Why tag this text]It's interesting to think about the number of different medical issues people can endure all because of a common problem.[Why tag this textThis is a super interesting point, given the current research on Alheimer disease and possible drugs they are creating to help cut back on the occurence of these degenerative issues.[Why tag this textI annotated this section because it made me think about my grandfather who died a year and a half ago with Alzheimer's disease. At just over 60 years of age, he changed so quickly between his 55th birthday and his unfortunate early death. My grandfather's death was the first I had experienced in my life, and it was tramatic to me; but, life does go on and I can think about him today and smile knowing he is free from his pain.[Why tag this textThis statement is interesting to me because my grandma has Alzheimer disease, so maybe her mtDNA was damaged causing her to get the disease.[Why tag this textKristen Grzeca
Catherine Andersen
Allyson Tetzlaff
Samantha Herron
A typical skeletal muscle cell is about 100 µm in diameter and 3 cm (30,000 µm) long; some are as thick as 500 µm and as long as 30 cm.
A typical skeletal muscle cell is about 100 µm in diameter and 3 cm (30,000 µm) long; some are as thick as 500 µm and as long as 30 cm. Because of their extraordinary length, skeletal muscle cells are usually called muscle fibers or myofibers.
Recall from chapter 10 that a skeletal muscle is composed not only of muscular tissue, but also of fibrous connective tissue:
It is interesting to see that involuntary muscles are never connected to bone while voluntary muscles often times are. I am interested in looking into how the disease named MS affects the voluntary vs the involuntary muslces. I have heard of people with this disease not being able to breathe and dieing a painful death. [Why I tagged this]Skeletal muscle is the only muscle type that is voluntary. Would a twitch not be caused by skeletal muscle?[Why I tagged thisAre the thicker skeletal muscle cells in specific locations in the body?[Why I tagged thisInteresting to know that a typical skeletal muscle cell is about 3 cm long, and some are 30 cm long, thats why they are usually called muscle fibers. [Why I tagged thisAre these tissues equal in the amount that is in skeletal muscle?[Why I tagged thisCassi Malko
David
Anisa Janko
samantha
Because free radicals are so common and destructive, we have multiple mechanisms for neutralizing them. An antioxidant is a chemical that neutralizes free radicals. The body produces an enzyme called superoxide dismutase (SOD), for example, that converts superoxide into oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. Selenium, vitamin E (a-tocopherol), vitamin C (ascorbic acid), and carotenoids (such as ß-carotene) are some antioxidants obtained from the diet. Dietary deficiencies of antioxidants have been associated with increased incidence of heart attacks, sterility, muscular dystrophy, and other disorders.
Because free radicals are so common and destructive, we have multiple mechanisms for neutralizing them. An antioxidant is a chemical that neutralizes free radicals. The body produces an enzyme called superoxide dismutase (SOD), for example, that converts superoxide into oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. Selenium, vitamin E (a-tocopherol), vitamin C (ascorbic acid), and carotenoids (such as ß-carotene) are some antioxidants obtained from the diet. Dietary deficiencies of antioxidants have been associated with increased incidence of heart attacks, sterility, muscular dystrophy, and other disorders.Molecules and Chemical Bonds
I always hear about antioxidants being good for people, but until now, I did not know that this is because it neutralizes destructive free radicals in the body.[Why tag this text]I am confused about how the free radicals become neutralized. It states that they are extremley destructive, so my question is does the body know when free radicals are becoming destrcutive, or does this need to be diagnosed?[Why tag this textinteresting to read about the acutal process of antioxidants and free radicals and the dangers of the latter.[Why tag this textWhat is the ratio of dietary antioxidants and enzymatic (SOD) antioxidant? Where in the body and cells are SOD's produced and what is the genetic link between high or low SOD production and genetic make up and or environment? eg. Do people that live in polluted environments have epigenetic factors that can increase their SOD production?[Why tag this textThe potential of antioxidants is trl incredible, yet instead of seeking natural means of trating and curing disease and ailment, many people turn to manufactured and synthetic products. Diet truly is the key to good health, and it cannot be replaced by any other means.[Why tag this textCallie McCarthy
Flees Robert John
Corianne
Some potential biases in biomedical research can be knowledge of personal information of the test subject, personal relationships with the test subjects, and favoritism towards a certain group (race, sex, etc.) of people. You can minimize this by performing random samples, where there is no control over the types of people chosen, and having double-blind studies, where neither party knows personal information about the other party.[Why I tagged this]There is the experimenter bias, due to experimenters wanting and expecting certain results which leads to inaccurate interpretation of data. One way to control this is using the double-blind method. The procedure ensure neither the subject which is receiving the treatment nor the person giving it knows the experimental treatment or the placebo. [Why I tagged thisSome potential bias in a biomedical research would be the experimenter bias in whereareas the tester is showing favoritism to a certain participant/subject. And one way to lesson this kind of bias from happening is the double-blind method which basically means that neither the participant or the tester or the information/experiment given out is anonymous.[Why I tagged thisThe subject's psyci resulting from their perceived role could affect the results. give one the placebo and the other the real thing[Why I tagged thisBiases among biomedical research may be due to exact hypothesis the researcher proclaims in their findings and observations. If precisely looking for one or two specific details of the research, that's going to be the main priority they search for and everything else some what slips through the cross hairs and not noticed or considered. One way to minimize the biases could be by generating an unpredictable sample and understand the various observations all the way across the board. [Why I tagged thisTou Xiong Thao
Sandy C. Yang
Matthew Robert Schmidt
Hauser Joseph Alan
Elevation and Depression Elevation (fig. 9.14a) is a movement that raises a body part vertically in the frontal plane. Depression (fig. 9.14b) lowers a body part in the same plane. For example, to lift a suitcase from the floor, you elevate your scapula; in setting it down again, you depress the scapula. These are also important jaw movements in biting.
Hyperextension and hyperabduction are the process of crossing over a certian point[Why tag this]Elevation basically shrugging your shoulders upwards elevating your scapula, whereas depression is lowering it.[Why tag thisThis is intersesting, I just realized that when we breathe in and out we bring our body up and down. Elevation and Depression.[Why tag thisdescription of elevation and depression[Why tag thisWhat is this a cause of? [Why tag thisMichael Acker
Michea Jones
Alyssa Harmes
Lauren Anthe
Addaptations are features of an organism's anatomy, physiology, behavior that have evolved in response to these selection pressures and enable the organism to cope with challenges of its environment. Selection pressures are the natural forces that promote the reproductive success of some individuals more than others. There are variations amongst all species and certain selection pressures lead to adaptations, often widening that divide.[Why I tagged this]selection pressures are the natural forces that promote the reproductive success of some individuls more than others, and adaptions are the features of an organism that have evolved in response to selection pressures. These are important to understanding anatomy and physiology because it explains the changes in the human body over time, and it helps to explain changes that are happening in humans in modern times, such as the absense of the appendix in some children.[Why I tagged thisA condidtion or event does not allow some traits to be past on to the offspring, so the form and function of the human body have to allow him to pass his genes to the next generation with in the environmental condidtions he faces. We are able to understand why our anatomy and physiology is the way it is. [Why I tagged thisAdaptations are traits that animals or species have developed over time to help them better survive. This includes camoflauge for snakes to help them survive from predators, which in turn would be the selection pressure.Or an adaptation may also be a giraffe developing a long neck for better survival through competition, also the selection pressure. [Why I tagged thisAdaptation is the human anatomy, physiology, and behavior of the body and how it has evolved over time to become the superior body for modern time. The selection pressure seems to be the same concept as survival of the fittest. Where the selection pressure enables the reproduction of organisms to be better than the previous generation for adaptation and living in the habitat in which they live. [Why i tagged thisJourdan Richardson
Matthew Robert Schmidt
jess Tegelman
Hauser Joseph Alan
Combining vowels that are often inserted to join roots and make the word easier to pronounce.
Combining vowels that are often inserted to join roots and make the word easier to pronounce. In cardiomyopathy, each o is a combining vowel. Although o is the most common combining vowel, all vowels of the alphabet are used in this way, such as a in ligament, e in vitreous, i in fusiform, u in ovulation, and y in tachycardia. Some words, such as intervertebral, have no combining vowels. A combination of a root and combining vowel is called a combining form; for example, chrom- (color) + o (a combining vowel) make the combining form chromo-, as in chromosome.
This is a concept that we will continue to see in the future. Learning all of the different prefixes and suffixes will definitely make thing easier when studying vocab.[Why I tagged this]combining vowels defined[Why I tagged thiscombining vowels are there to make words easier to pronounce[Why I tagged thisPart two and intersting since it is a way to make the word easier to say.[Why I tagged thisI never realized that combining vowels translate into medical terms as frequently as the english language. [Why I tagged thisAmanda Baxter
lindsay krueger
Lauren Gwidt
Jonathan Rooney
For example, brachium denotes the arm, and brachii (as in the muscle name biceps brachii) means ?of the arm.? Carpus denotes the wrist, and carpi, a word used in several muscle names, means ?of the wrist.? Adjectives can also take different forms for the singular and plural and for different degrees of comparison. The digits are the fingers and toes. The word digiti in a muscle name means ?of a single finger (or toe),? whereas digitorum is the plural, meaning ?of multiple fingers (or toes).? Thus the extensor digiti minimi muscle extends only the little finger, whereas the extensor digitorum muscle extends all fingers except the thumb.
I am nervous that so many medical terms are so close in spelling[Why I tagged this]I thought this was important because it gives examples of adjectival forms of and nouns of certain medical terms[Why I tagged thisadjectives can be singular or plural for different degrees of comparsion.[Why I tagged thisNaming the proper singlular and plural versions of terms is critical to understanding and carrying out treatment. [Why I tagged thisso lost..[Why I tagged thisDanny Duong
lindsay krueger
Jonathan Rooney
jess Tegelman
Basal cell carcinoma40 is the most common type. It is the least deadly because it seldom metastasizes, but if neglected, it can severely disfigure the face. It arises from cells of the stratum basale and eventually invades the dermis. On the surface, the lesion first appears as a small, shiny bump. As the bump enlarges, it often develops a central depression and a beaded ?pearly? edge
Basal cell carcinoma40 is the most common type. It is the least deadly because it seldom metastasizes, but if neglected, it can severely disfigure the face. It arises from cells of the stratum basale and eventually invades the dermis. On the surface, the lesion first appears as a small, shiny bump. As the bump enlarges, it often develops a central depression and a beaded ?pearly? edge (fig. 6.12a).
Very treatable- get it treated before it deforms your face! be aware[Why tag this]basale cell carcinoma. type of skin cancer. seldom mestastasizes.[Why tag thishow does someone treat this exactly? i mean since it tis the least deadly and most common it cant be that hard to treat[Why tag thisbasal cell carcinoma is the most common; description[Why tag thisMy uncle actually just had a relatively small bump removed from his nose because the dermatologist feared that it could develop into basal cell carcinoma. Apparently, if caught early enough, the bump is relatively easy to remove. [Why tag thisChad Mudd
Lauren Anthe
Alyssa Harmes
Alina Gur
2. What is meant by dynamic equilibrium? Why would it be wrong to say homeostasis prevents internal change?
Four Biological Criteria of life: Homeostasis, Cellular Organization, Response to Environment/Evolution, and Reproduction/DNA. One Clinical Criterion of life: No Responsiveness or Reflexes. If a person is hooked up to medical assistance and the brain and heart are dead, as in not corresponding to pump blood throughout the body, that person is clinically dead. But the organs are still considered living due to the medical assistance before death. [Why I tagged this]It is referred to as dynamic equilibrium because it functions within certain parameters; it does not stay situated at exactly one temperature, for instance, but rather regulates within a range.It would be wrong to say that homeostasis prevents internal change because it actually allows, if not promotes change within certain limits to maintain [Why I tagged thisThe dynamic equilibrium is the internal state of the body. It would not be wrong, since homestatsis detects change and opposes, and maintains internal stability.[Why I tagged thisThere is a range of equalibrim that has an average set of values so negative feedback might push the condidtion past equalibrium so that the outer condidtions would bring it back to equalibrium inorder to keep homeostasus[Why I tagged thisThe dynamic equilibrium represents the state in which the body is maintained to a range in temperature. As for Homeostasis being considered wrong would be false because it does in fact allow change. The temperature within the human body doesn't stay at one particular temp at all times. The fluctuation of temp allows the body to remain normal in other outside factors. [Why I tagged thisjennifer lassiter
Jourdan Richardson
Matthew Robert Schmidt
Expected Learning Outcomes When you have completed this section, you should be able to name the four primary classes into which all adult tissues are classified; name the t
Tried to save answer to question: [Why tag this text]I tagged this table because it gives a simple, useful outline of where each type of tissue is located, but most important to me, where it is found. This allowed me to make a diagram in my head about where each of the types of tissue is located in the body, and why.[Why tag this textwouldn't all sections contain nutrients, wastes and hormones?[Why tag this textI agree with this comment. Next week in lab we will be using microscopes to identify tissue. Looking at a microscopic image and actually looking under a microscope of the same tissue I image will be confusing for viewers such as myself who are unexperienced in this area. Figure 5.1 is a helpful tip for next week in lab. [Why tag this textI tagged this because the thought never really occured to me before that whatever I'm looking at under a microscope may look completely different at a different angle. [Why tag this textHeather LeDoux
Lauren Anthe
Kelly Sanderson
Chanel Anastas
Physiology8 uses the methods of experimental science discussed later. It has many subdisciplines such as neurophysiology (physiology of the nervous system), endocrinology (physiology of hormones), and pathophysiology (mechanisms of disease).
Physiology8 uses the methods of experimental science discussed later. It has many subdisciplines such as neurophysiology (physiology of the nervous system), endocrinology (physiology of hormones), and pathophysiology (mechanisms of disease). Partly because of limitations on experimentation with humans, much of what we know about bodily function has been gained through comparative physiology, the study of how different species have solved problems of life such as water balance, respiration, and reproduction. Comparative physiology is also the basis for the development of new drugs and medical procedures. For example, a cardiac surgeon may have to learn animal surgery before practicing on humans, and a vaccine cannot be used on human subjects until it has been demonstrated through animal research that it confers significant benefits without unacceptable risks.
This lists some of the many subdisciplines of Physiology[Why I tagged this]
Before reading this section I did not know what Physiology, neurophysiology, endocrinology, and pathophysiology. These two sentences briefly and clearly explain what each of these words mean. I didnt realize there were sub categories within physiology as well. [Why I tagged thisDementions of physiology[Why I tagged thisThere are many different categories that branch off of physiology. (Neurophysiology, which is the study of the function of the nervous system, Endocrinology, physiology of hormones, and pathophysiology mechanisms of disease). [Why I tagged thisThere are many different types of physiology. and they all study different things. it is needed because there are so many different subject on how things function you need sub categories. [Anatomy and PhysiologyNicole Coppins
Caitlin
dsstokes
Stephanie
The average chromatin thread repeats this pattern almost 800,000 times, and thus appears divided into segments called nucleosomes.
Is the nucleosome the same as the nucleolus? Because that would make sense that the nucleolus is much denser and dark- because chromatin repeats a patter almost 800,000 times. [Why tag this text]This is a very hard thing to comprehend that something could be small enough to wrap around something 800,000 times and still be that small.[Why tag this textIt amazes me how the process of this works. I really enjoy the image that goes along with this because is really makes it make sense.[Why tag this textwhy does it repeat its pattern so much?[Why tag this textthe heirarchy of dna[Why tag this textAwlareau
Jenna Nehls
Lauren Anthe
Alexandra Schmit
Endoplasmic Reticulum Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) literally means ?little network within the cytoplasm.? It is a system of interconnected channels called cisternae34 (sis-TUR-nee) enclosed by a unit membrane (fig. 3.28).
Endoplasmic Reticulum Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) literally means ?little network within the cytoplasm.? It is a system of interconnected channels called cisternae34 (sis-TUR-nee) enclosed by a unit membrane (fig. 3.28). In areas called rough endoplasmic reticulum, the cisternae are parallel, flattened sacs covered with granules called ribosomes.
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) literally means ?little network within the cytoplasm.? It is a system of interconnected channels called cisternae34 (sis-TUR-nee) enclosed by a unit membrane (fig. 3.28). In areas called rough endoplasmic reticulum, the cisternae are parallel, flattened sacs covered with granules called ribosomes. The rough ER is continuous with the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope, and adjacent cisternae are connected by perpendicular bridges. In areas called smooth endoplasmic reticulum, the cisternae are more tubular, branch more extensively, and lack ribosomes. The cisternae of the smooth ER are continuous with those of the rough ER, so the two are different parts of the same network.
Just tagging this because I want to oppose or raise a question. My question is, would it make a difference if we had no endoplasmic reticulum???[Why tag this text]Definiton of endoplasmic reticulum: system of interconnected channels called cisternaes.[Why tag this textThere are 2 different forms of Endoplasmic Reticulum also known as ER[Why tag this textThe cisternae in the rough ER and the smooth ER have different shapes. Can this difference in shape be attributed to their different functions?[Why tag this textStephanie
Lauren Anthe
Alyssa Harmes
aubrey
G2,
G2, the second gap phase, is a relatively brief interval (4?6 hours) between DNA replication and cell division. In G2, a cell finishes replicating its centrioles and synthesizes enzymes that control cell division. It
G2, the second gap phase, is a relatively brief interval (4?6 hours) between DNA replication and cell division. In G2, a cell finishes replicating its centrioles and synthesizes enzymes that control cell division. It also checks the fidelity of DNA replication and usually repairs any errors that are detected.
6 to 8 hours doesn't seem that long its like over night[Why tag this text]Second gap phase (brief) between DNA replication and cell division. A cell finishes replicating its centrioles and synthesies enzymes that control cell division. [Why tag this textI understand for cancer therapy the destroy the cell with radiation, but could there be a medicine created to affect this stage of cell reproduction to slow the division down or may it exsist already?[Why tag this textDuring G2, a cell finishes replicating its centiroles and synthesizes enzympes that control cell divison. also check and make repairs. [Why tag this textsecond gap phase of the cell cycle where cell finishes replication its centrioles and synthesizes enzymes that control divsion.[Why tag this textRachel Feivor
Sarah Cherkinian
Stephanie
Chad Mudd
six types of synovial joints continued:[Why tag this]How many of this jiont are there?[Why tag thisI thought these were the only type of joints before reading this. I didn't realize that some joints dont have this range of motion. what is the joint with the most limited movement?[Why tag thisi thought this was interesting because the only pivot joint that i thought of before was the axial joint[Why tag thisI dont understand this one really can you explain it some more?[Why tag thisLauren Anthe
krista
Holland
Prior to the seventeenth century, science was done in a haphazard way by a small number of isolated individuals. The philosophers Francis Bacon (1561-1626) in England and René Descartes (1596-1650) in France envisioned science as a far greater, systematic enterprise with enormous possibilities for human health and welfare. They detested those who endlessly debated ancient philosophy without creating anything new. Bacon argued against biased thinking and for more objectivity in science. He outlined a systematic way of seeking similarities, differences, and trends in nature and drawing useful generalizations from observable facts. You will see echoes of Bacon's philosophy in the discussion of scientific method that follows.
Other than for reasons of lack of technology, why was science conducted so poorly before the 17th century?[Why I tagged this]A major reason was due to the fact that many cultures have a religious foundation and religion had a tendency to thwart scientific study and research.[Why I tagged thisPossibly because they didnt have the funding for such things and therefore only a select few studied it and didnt pass on such information keeping their position and paycheck. maybe?[Why I tagged thisQuestion: Why were there only a certain number of isolated individuals? Was it because people were afraid to touch the topic or what?[Why I tagged thisBacon and Descartes Thought science went beyond possibilities. Bacon want people to step out of the box and observe things[Anatomy and PhysiologyCatherine Andersen
andrew baker
Stephanie
A point of confusion for many beginning students is how to recognize the plural forms of medical terms. Few people would fail to recognize that ovaries is the plural of ovary, but the connection is harder to make in other cases: F
A point of confusion for many beginning students is how to recognize the plural forms of medical terms. Few people would fail to recognize that ovaries is the plural of ovary, but the connection is harder to make in other cases: For example, the plural of cortex is cortices (COR-ti-sees)
I took class on medical termenology years ago and this was one section that was always hard for me. I am hoping this class will help clarify this alittle more for me. [Why I tagged this]Studying this list of plural and singular endings will be helpful in knowing anatomical terms.[Why I tagged thisI wonder why there are so many forms of these words. So confusing. I want to take a medical terminology class. All these big fancy words.[why i tagged thisThis part of anatomy is going to prove to be very diffucult. Especially if you just switch a couple words around, the word can mean something totally different. [Why I tagged thisa good thing to know, you could drastically hurt someone with the wrong term[Why I tagged thisMia Breidenbach
Kelly Stahl
Zoe Hitzemann
Flees Robert John
name and locate the muscles that produce facial expressions;
name and locate the muscles used for chewing and swallowing;
identify the origin, insertion, action, and innervation of any of these muscles
The muscles that make up facial expressions include: the scalps, or occipitofrontalis, the galea aponeurotica, occipitalis, orbicularis oculi, levator palpebrae superioris, corrugator supercilii and the nasalis.[Why Tag This]Frontalis: elevates eyebrows, wrinkles skin of foreheadOccipitalis:retracts sculpOrbicularis Oculi: closes eye in clinking, squinting, and sleep. aids in flow of tears across eyeLevator Palpebrae Superioris: elevates upper eyelid, opens eyeCorrugator Supercilii: draws eyebrows medially and downward, reduces glare of bright sunlightNasalis: widens nostrilsOrbicularis Oris: closes lips, developed in humans for speechLevator Labii Superioris: elevates upper lip in sad, sneering, or serious expressionsLevator Anguli Oris: elevates angle of mouthZygomaticus Major: draws angle of mouth upward and laterallyZygomaticus Minor: elevates upper lipRisorius: draws ngle of mouth laterallyDepressor Anguli Oris: draws angle of mouth laterally and downwardDepressor Labii Inferioris: draws lip downward and laterally in chewingMentalis: elevates and protrudes lower lip in drinking, and wrinkles skin of chinBuccinator: compresses cheek against teeth and gumsPlatysma: opening mouth widely, and draws lower lip and angle of mouth downward[Why Tag ThisMasster and the platysma which are located on the angle of the mandible and right above the esophogus[why i tagged thisencirccles and closes the eye. other muscles in the group move hte eyelids and skin of the forehead and dilate nostrils[Why Tag ThisTemportalisAction- Elevation, retraction, and lateral and medial excursion of the mandibleOrigin: Temporal lines and temportal fossa of craniumInsertion: Coronoid process and anterior vorder of mandibular ramusInnervation: Mandibular nerve[Why Tag ThisChristeen Tuck
Adrian Kange
Justin Putterman
Nick Lund
I tagged this because I am having a hard time figuring out the answer to this question. [Why I tagged this]Because it shows what things or happenings are influencing how you feel, based on astrological patterns.[Why I tagged thisI tagged this because I would love to answer the question but I cannot read the print. I know the word [Why I tagged thisThe word influenza stems from the belief reflected by this illustration because this drawing of a human body shows each zodiac sign in a different part of the body in which it was believed that this sign influenced that specific part of the body. For example, there is a scorpion in the genital area of this man which indicates the influence of the scorpio zodiac in this region.[Why I tagged thisThe word influenza stems from the belief reflected by the illustration because it is Italian for [Why I tagged thisJourdan Richardson
Ashley Wiedmeyer
Christina Colarossi
Abigail
Osmolality is the number of osmoles of solute per kilogram of water, and osmolarity is the number of osmoles per liter of solution.
Osmolality is the number of osmoles of solute per kilogram of water, and osmolarity is the number of osmoles per liter of solution. Most clinical calculations are based on osmolarity, since it is easier to measure the volume of a solution than the weight of water it contains.
Osmolality is the number of osmoles of solute per kilogram of water, and osmolarity is the number of osmoles per liter of solution. Most clinical calculations are based on osmolarity, since it is easier to measure the volume of a solution than the weight of water it contains. At the concentrations of human body fluids, there is less than 1% difference between osmolality and osmolarity, and the two terms are nearly interchangeable. All body fluids and many clinical solutions are mixtures of many chemicals. The osmolarity of such a solution is the total osmotic concentration of all of its dissolved particles.
What? I think this is hard to understand because not all of us know the element abbreviations to understnad all these equations.[Why tag this text]Osmoles are essentially the same as moles, but solely for osmosis. Molality=Osmolality (mole solute/kg solvent) and Molarity=Osmolarity (moles solute/L sln)[Why tag this textOsmolality: numver of osmoles of solute per kilogram of waterOsmolarity: number of osmoles per liter of solution, total osmotic concentration of all of its dissolved particles. [Why tag this textQuestion 6: Osmolarity versus Tonicity.Osmolarity is the number of osmoles per liter of solution whereas tonicity is the ability of a solution to affect fluid volume and pressure.[Why tag this textI liked how this section ties in with what I am learning in chem 104 right now. We were going over the differences of molarity and molality, and seeing the biological applications is helpful.[Why tag this textBrendan Semph
Stephanie
Sarah Ertl
Joe Nimm
Question 1: Potassium will have a greater tendency to give up an electron.[Why tag this text]Potassium is more likey to give away an electron, and this will make it more stable.[Why tag this textI think this question really allows one to guage their understanding of what an ion is exactly, and how they form ionic bonds with one another. Since potassium has only one valence electron, it is more likely to lose one electron than to gain seven in order to achieve the valence octet. Once it loses this electon the potassium atom becomes positively charged (cation). This potassium cation can now form an ionic bond with an atom possessing a negative charge. (anion).[Why tag this textPotassium has a greater chance of giving up an electron[Why tag this textPotassium will is more likely to give up an electron because it has one extra electron in its outer shell.[General-Do not usemorgan johnson
David Orr
Kenyetta
Erin Griph
Storage. Fat is the body's major energy reserve; bone is a reservoir of calcium and phosphorus that can be drawn upon when needed. Heat production. Metabolism of brown fat generates heat in infants and children. Transport. Blood transports gases, nutrients, wastes, hormones, and blood cells.
helps provide movement [Why tag this text]This is an interesting area to me because I had suffered a snowboarding accident where I tore my glenoid labrum. From what I understand, the labrum is cartilagenous cup like structure that allows for the shoulder to have the broadest range of movement in humans. Despite mine being torn, the injured shoulder had a broader range of movement than the healthy shoulder.[Why tag this textconnective tissue also helps with storage of enegry for the body, heat production and trasport of nutrients and other sources.[Why tag this textI chose this part because as I read it it made me think. Does fat give us energy? Or am I reading it wrong. I know that the bones need calcium to be strong and healthy. Connective tissue is also a big help to our body. It's interesting reading all the benefits that our body gets from it. [Why tag this textexplain the storage very well [Why tag this textStephen Minakian
Poljana Janko
Adam Alshehab
This table is important because it gives examples of singular and plural endings for certain medical terms[Why I tagged this]I tagged this because this is something important to know... [Why I tagged thisImportant if this is written on a medical examination because we will know if they are referring to one or both[Why I tagged thisroot words are changed in many different ways to create plurals and it can be confusing. its essential not to make several diagnosis as diagnosides. [Why I tagged thisJust some things to remember and study since they help understand how to convert things into plural meanings.[Why I tagged thisDakota Francart
Sami
Amanda Baxter
Lauren Gwidt
Keratinocytes are produced deep in the epidermis by the mitosis of stem cells in the stratum basale. Some of the deepest keratinocytes in the stratum spinosum also multiply and increase their number.
Keratinocytes are produced deep in the epidermis by the mitosis of stem cells in the stratum basale. Some of the deepest keratinocytes in the stratum spinosum also multiply and increase their number. Mitosis requires an abundant supply of oxygen and nutrients, which these deep cells can acquire from the blood vessels in the nearby dermis. Once the epidermal cells migrate more than two or three cells away from the dermis, their mitosis ceases. Mitosis is seldom seen in prepared slides of the skin, because it occurs mainly at night and most histological specimens are taken during the day.
Keratinocytes are produced deep in the epidermis by the mitosis of stem cells in the stratum basale. Some of the deepest keratinocytes in the stratum spinosum also multiply and increase their number. Mitosis requires an abundant supply of oxygen and nutrients, which these deep cells can acquire from the blood vessels in the nearby dermis. Once the epidermal cells migrate more than two or three cells away from the dermis, their mitosis ceases. Mitosis is seldom seen in prepared slides of the skin, because it occurs mainly at night and most histological specimens are taken during the day.Page 185
How many are replaced a day? a hour?[Why tag this text]What do keratinocytes look like in the epidermis, and what do they look like when they are dead and floating around in the air?[Why tag this textThe epidermis is made up of only these cells and they just keep producing more and more cells to replace the dead flaking off cells on the surface.[Why tag this textBy occuring mainly at night are they referring to when we as humans sleep?[Why tag this textKeratinocytes are produced deep in the epidermis near the border of the dermis through mitosis of cells in the dermis.[Why tag this textSarah
Erin Griph
Danny Duong
Michael Franzini
Marfan syndrome is present in about 1 out of 20,000 live births, and most victims die by their mid-30s. Some authorities speculate that Abraham Lincoln's tall, gangly physique and spindly fingers were signs of Marfan syndrome, which may have ended his life prematurely had he not been assassinated. A number of star athletes have died at a young age of Marfan syndrome, including Olympic volleyball champion Flo Hyman (1954?86), who died at the age of 31 of a ruptured aorta during a game in Japan.
Oh no this sounds like a terrible connective tissue disease. I have never even heard of it and now I know why...because it happens to 1 out of 20,000 live births[Why tag this text]Is this something that they would be aware of or is it something that could go unnoticed and then kill them? Obviously for some of these results you would notice it but is there no form of treatment? It is very interesting the way a mutation in the elastin fibers presents externally. [Why tag this textTo think that one of our great leaders, Abraham Lincoln had Marfan syndrome is quite surprising. I have never heard of Marfan syndrome prior to reading this but reading the description and characteristics of this syndrome does make you think that Abraham Lincoln could have had Marfan syndrome. [Why tag this textI have actually heard of athletes dieing from this and did not know what it was until right not. Its interesting because tissue plays such a big role in our bodies that if there is an issue with it then it may cause death.[Why tag this textIf i were to have a heart murmur would the chance of this happening to me be greater?[Why tag this textBonnie Watson
payoua
Zachary Garrity
Maisey Mulvey
Excretion. Epithelia void wastes from the tissues
Excretion. Epithelia void wastes from the tissues, such as CO2 across the pulmonary epithelium and bile from the epithelium of the liver.
third function[Why tag this text]secretion of waste from on section to the body to the other.[Why tag this textFunction #3: excretion[Why tag this textExcretion will be the one function of epithelial tissue I will not forget because when I had food poisoning I first hand experienced the excretion of wastes including the ever so nasty bile.[Excretionthe tissue gets rid of waste from the body such as bile from the liver [Why tag this textGabriela
Stephanie
Elizabeth
Secondary active transport. It maintains a steep Na+ concentration gradient across the membrane. Like water behind a dam, this gradient is a source of potential energy that can be tapped to do other work. The secondary active transport described previously is an example of this. Regulation of cell volume. Certain anions are confined to the cell and cannot penetrate the plasma membrane. These ?fixed anions,? such as proteins and phosphates, attract and retain cations. If there were nothing to correct for it, the retention of these ions would cause osmotic swelling and possibly lysis of the cell. Cellular swelling, however, elevates activity of the Na+ ? K+ pumps. Since each cycle of the pump removes one ion more than it brings in, the pumps are part of a negative feedback loop that reduces intracellular ion concentration, controls osmolarity, and prevents cellular swelling. Maintenance of a membrane potential. All living cells have an electrical charge difference called the resting membrane potential across the plasma membrane. Like the two poles of a battery, the inside of the membrane is negatively charged and the outside is positively charged. This difference stems from the unequal distribution of ions on the two sides of the membrane, maintained by the Na+ ? K+ pump. The membrane potential is essential to the excitability of nerve and muscle cells, as we will study in later chapters. Page 96 Heat production. When the weather turns chilly, we turn up not only the furnace in our home but also the ?furnace? in our body. Thyroid hormone stimulates cells to produce more Na+ ? K+ pumps. As these pumps consume ATP, they release heat, compensating for the body heat we lose to the cold air around us.
Important to know the 4 main functions of Na+-K+ pump which are secondary active transport, regulation of cell volume, maintenance of a membrame potential and heat production.[Why tag this text]energy that can be used to do work[General-Do not useThe damn is playing as a blockade for the water but how is this relating to the Na+[Why tag this textIts like its the storage of energy. Gets compared to water behind a dam, because it is potential energy, with the ability to be tapped into to do other work.[Why tag this textAll of these functions regulate basic cell form and make it possible for the cell to remain stable. [Why tag this textRachel Feivor
Tayelor Neiss
Nicholas Bruno
Michael Franzini
Carbonate ions neutralize some of the acid in the blood. The withdrawal of calcium carbonate from the skeleton, however, can lead to osteomalacia, a softening of the bones. Bone strength can be preserved by treating acidosis with intravenous bicarbonate.
hypocalcemic
Calcium ions normally bind to and mask negatively charged groups on glycoproteins of the cell surface, contributing to the difference between the relatively positive charge on the outer face of the membrane and the negative charge on the inner face. In hypocalcemia, fewer calcium ions are available to mask the external negative charges, so there is less charge difference between the two sides of the membrane. Voltage-gated sodium channels in the plasma membrane are sensitive to this charge difference, and when the difference is diminished, they open more easily and stay open longer. This allows sodium ions to enter the cell too freely. As you will see in chapters 11 and 12, an inflow of sodium is the normal process that excites nerve and muscle cells. In hypocalcemia, this excitation is excessive and results in the aforementioned tetany.
Do other areas of the body store calcium or is it solely bone?[Why I tagged this]This just shows that our body is a delicate thing, and small changes can lead to huge problems.[Why I tagged thisWhat kind of effects would softening of the bones have? Im assuming they would break easier but besides that what im wondering about other effects. Would it cause pain? [Why I tagged thisHypocalcemia:Can shut off airflowHypercalcemia: Increases charge difference and makes channels less responsive. [Why I tagged thisI would like this explained in simplier terms if you could, thank you!The way I am understanding it is that calcium ions bind together to mask negativly charged groups, so in hypocalcemia there are fewer calcium ions to mask with the negative charges? and what is the aforementioned tetany?[Why I tagged thisBrandon Neldner
Zachary Garrity
Danielle Henckel
Kaitlynn
pelvic floor is divided into three compartments (layers). The one just deep to the skin, called the superficial perineal space (fig. 10.20a), contains three muscles: the ischiocavernosus, bulbospongiosus, and superficial transverse perineal. The ischiocavernosus muscles converge like a V from the ischial tuberosities toward the penis or clitoris. In males, the bulbospongiosus (bulbocavernosus) forms a sheath around the base (bulb) of the penis, and in females it encloses the vagina like parentheses. Cavernosus in these names refers to the spongy, cavernous structure of the tissues in the penis and clitoris. The superficial transverse perineal muscle extends from the ischial tuberosities to a strong median fibromuscular anchorage, the perineal body. It is a weakly developed muscle and not always present, so it is not tabulated below. The other two muscles of this layer primarily serve sexual functions.
so it all muscles in this region the same for males and females?[Why tag this]pelvic floor is divided into three compartments[Why tag thisI've realized that hip replacement is one of most common surgerys for the elderly. I also know the bulb wears down in the socket, but how does the muscles of the hip/pelvis come into play?[Why tag thisAre they refering to what people refer to a [Why tag thisWhy is the perineal muscle to weak? This paragraph made me wonder if it gets weaker and weaker as women delivery babies since so many people say that the whole body gets deformed after each pregnancy.[Why tag thisAlyssa Harmes
Sarah Cherkinian
Rebecca Hoefs
maria lira
When shared electrons spend approximately equal time around each nucleus, they form a nonpolar covalent bond
When shared electrons spend approximately equal time around each nucleus, they form a nonpolar covalent bond (fig. 2.7a), the strongest of all chemical bonds. Carbon atoms bond to each other with nonpolar covalent bonds.
When shared electrons spend approximately equal time around each nucleus, they form a nonpolar covalent bond (fig. 2.7a), the strongest of all chemical bonds. Carbon atoms bond to each other with nonpolar covalent bonds. If shared electrons spend significantly more time orbiting one nucleus than they do the other, they lend their negative charge to the region where they spend the most time, and they form a polar covalent bond (fig. 2.7b). When hydrogen bonds with oxygen, for example, the electrons are more attracted to the oxygen nucleus and orbit it more than they do the hydrogen. This makes the oxygen region of the molecule slightly negative and the hydrogen regions slightly positive.
Every single atom has its eight electrons on its outermost electron cloud layer being considered a complete octet rule. [Why tag this text]How did scientists or researchers find out the octet rule?[Why tag this textthe strongest bond. they spend more time orbiting the nucleus than they do eachother. I think thats interesting because they are the strongest chemical bonds and its interesting to see the difference and why it's the strongest.[Why tag this textThis makes sense as to why diamonds are the hardest material in the world. [Why tag this textI found this information to be important because I never knew that nonpolar covalent bonds are the strongest of all chemical bonds. Nonpolar covalent bonds are not charged so they aren't easily dissolved.This allows for the ability to build strong sturdy materials and just to allow atoms to gain stability by bonding to another atom of the same element.[Why tag this textAlexis Blaser
krista
Jerry S Yang
dsstokes
Tactile (Merkel4) cells, relatively few in number, are receptors for touch. They, too, are found in the basal layer of the epidermis and are associated with an underlying dermal nerve fiber. The tactile cell and its nerve fiber are collectively called a tactile (Merkel) disc.
Dendritic5 (Langerhans6) cells
Dendritic5 (Langerhans6) cells are found in two layers of the epidermis called the stratum spinosum and stratum granulosum (described in the next section). They are immune cells that originate in the bone marrow but migrate to the epidermis and epithelia of the oral cavity, esophagus, and vagina. The epidermis has as many as 800 dendritic cells per square millimeter. They stand guard against toxins, microbes, and other pathogens that penetrate into the skin. When they detect such invaders, they alert the immune system so the body can defend itself.
I guess I just assumed that there were a lot of sensors for touch, but looking back at it, that would make it hard to do almost anything without being in pain or having your senses overwhelmed...[Why tag this text]Interesting how the cells that help your touch are in a deeper layer i would have thought they would have been closer to the surface.[Why tag this textThis gives us our sense of touch[Why tag this textprotect us against pathogens. skin defense warners- warn immune system to take action[Why tag this textIs dendritic the same as dendrites, the one in nerve cells?[GeneralErin Griph
Jelena Ristic
lujain
How does phagocytosis differ from pinocytosis?
Describe the process of exocytosis. What are some of its purposes?
People who inherit the gene from both parents typically have heart attacks before the age of 20 (sometimes even in infancy) and seldom survive beyond the age of 30.
Through the Sodium-Potassium pump, as these pumps consume ATP, they release heat, compensating for the body heat we lose to the cold air around us[Why tag this text]Phagocytosis is cell eating and pinocytosis is cell drinking. Pincocytosis occurs in all human all human cells while phagocytosis only occurs in some.[Why tag this textExocytosis is the process of discharging material from a cell. It occurs when endothelial cells release insulin to the tissue fluid, mammary gland cells secrete milk, other gland cells release hormones, and sperm cells release enzymes for penetrating an egg. The purpose is to replace plasma membrane that has been removed by endocytosis or become damaged or worn out[Why tag this textExocytosis is the process of discharging material from a cell. It is used to release cell secretions, replace worn-out plasma membrane, and replace membrane that has been internalized by endocytosis.[Why tag this textI highlighted this because I thought it was not possible for an infant to have a heart attack, although I guess probable is a more accurate description. I am assuming it just does not happen very often. I also didnt know that things that affect cholesterol levels could be so drastic. I did know that what effects cholesterol is hereditary thought because you are at a high risk for high cholesterol if someone in your family has it. [Why tag this textChristeen Tuck
Kirsten Majstorovic
Remodeling. The hard callus persists for 3 to 4 months. Meanwhile, osteoclasts dissolve small fragments of broken bone, and osteoblasts deposit spongy bone to bridge the gap between the broken ends. This spongy bone gradually fills in to become compact bone, in a manner similar to intramembranous ossification. Usually the fracture leaves a slight thickening of the bone visible by X-ray, but in some cases, healing is so complete that no trace of the fracture can be found.
When this process is complete, is the bone stronger than it was before? It would seem that it doesn't due to the appearance of the bone staying the same after a fracture, but I would think that it would have thickened to accomodate the added stress in the future.[Why I tagged this]Does allowing proper healing after a bone fracture mean that a bone is healed to the strength it was before, or will the bone always be weaker since it has been fractured once already?[Why I tagged thisIt's interesting that spongy bone forms at the fracture first, and then turns into compact bone. Does this mean that bones could end up bigger or different because of all the cells and tissue that come to help heal it?[Why I tagged thisthe healing of a bone fracture - remodeling[Why I tagged thisDuring this time period of remodeling, is it easier to refracture the same location or has it reinforced itself enough to withstand a force acting against it?[Why I tagged thisAwlareau
Bailey Johnson
Alyssa Harmes
Jacob Balkum
The urinary, respiratory, and skeletal systems cooperate to maintain the body's acid?base balance (pH).
The urinary, respiratory, and skeletal systems cooperate to maintain the body's acid?base balance (pH). pH balance is threatened by such conditions as kidney diseases that impair hydrogen ion excretion in the urine. The accumulation of H+ in the blood lowers its pH, potentially causing a state of acidosis (pH < 7.35). Urinary and respiratory responses to acidosis are discussed in chapter 24. The role of the skeleton in responding to acidosis is to dissolve bone and release calcium carbonate into circulation. Carbonate ions neutralize some of the acid in the blood. The withdrawal of calcium carbonate from the skeleton, however, can lead to osteomalacia, a softening of the bones. Bone strength can be preserved by treating acidosis with intravenous bicarbonate.
PH Balance:Urinary, respiratory and skeletal systems cooperate to maintain the body's PH balance. [Why I tagged this]THe urinary, respiratory, and skeletal systems could also be called described as 'balancing' systems.[Why I tagged thisthis is awsome how is bone contrbute in every aspect of the body [Why I tagged thisI tagged this because I never knew how important our skeletal system is to the other systems in our bodies such as urinary and respiratory. Without the sketetal system our bodies pH balance would never be right and there may be too less or too much H+ in our bodies. [Why I tagged thisHow many people on average have acid reflex? Why is this?[Why I tagged thisThomas Hensler
lujain
Zoe Hitzemann
Andrea Benson
Special Movements of the Mandible Movements of the mandible are concerned especially with biting and chewing.
Movements of the mandible are concerned especially with biting and chewing. Imagine taking a bite of raw carrot
Movements of the mandible are concerned especially with biting and chewing. Imagine taking a bite of raw carrot. Most people have some degree of overbite; at rest, the upper incisors (front teeth) overhang the lower ones. For effective biting, however, the chisel-like edges of the incisors must meet. In preparation to bite, we therefore protract the mandible to bring the lower incisors forward. After the bite is taken, we retract it (fig. 9.20a, b). To actually take the bite, we must depress the mandible to open the mouth, then elevate it so the incisors can cut off the piece of food.
Movements of the mandible are concerned especially with biting and chewing. Imagine taking a bite of raw carrot. Most people have some degree of overbite; at rest, the upper incisors (front teeth) overhang the lower ones. For effective biting, however, the chisel-like edges of the incisors must meet. In preparation to bite, we therefore protract the mandible to bring the lower incisors forward. After the bite is taken, we retract it (fig. 9.20a, b). To actually take the bite, we must depress the mandible to open the mouth, then elevate it so the incisors can cut off the piece of food. FIGURE 9.20Movements of the Mandible.Next, to chew the food, we do not simply raise and lower the mandible as if hammering away at the food between the teeth; rather, we exercise a grinding action that shreds the food between the broad, bumpy surfaces of the premolars and molars. This entails a side-to-side movement of the mandible called lateral excursion (movement to the left or right of the zero position) and medial excursion (movement back to the median, zero position) (fig. 9.20c, d).
Special Movements of the Mandible. Look at figure 9.20[Why tag this]This might not have anything to do with this but sometimes when I open my mouth really big, my mandible disconnects as if it was broken. I don't know why this happens and it sometimes worries me because I feel like my mandibles are not strong enough. [Why tag thisOnly happen when crunching on a hard solid? [Why tag thisspecial movements of the mandible[Why tag thisThis excerpt describes the complex mechanism involved in chewing food. Often people neglect to think about how precise the movements of the mandible are in performing its function. The mandible does not raise and lower while chewing food; it is more of a grinding action that breaks food down into digestible pieces. The manible has many movements other than up and down that are essential in the process of digestion. These other movements include protraction, retraction, lateral excursion, and medial excursion. [Why tag thispayoua
Lauren Anthe
Alyssa Harmes
David Orr
describe the varied functions of muscles;
explain what is meant by the origin, insertion, belly, action, and innervation of a muscle;
describe the ways that muscles work in groups to aid, oppose, or moderate each other's actions;
Movement of skeletal structure, stability of appendicular skeleton and bodily functions, control of body openings and passages, producing heat, and regulation of blood glucose concetrating within its normal range[Why tag this]Muscles convert chemical ATP into mechanical motion. They exert force on tissues and organs. They produce desirable and undesirable movements. There are five major functions of muscles. Movement enables us to move our body parts. Stability keeps joints stable so we do not fall and maintain posture. Control of openings is self explanatory. Heat is produced by 85% of skeletal muscles, important to metabolism. Glycemic control is regulation of blood glucose concentration. Important role in diabetes in old age.[Why tag thisOrigin is the bony site of attachment at the stationary end. Insertion is the attachment site at the more mobile end. Muscle innervation is the identity of the nerve that stimulates it. The belly is the bulkiest part where movement occurs. Muscle action would mean the same thing as muscle contraction[Why tag thisThe origin is the bony site of attachment at the relatively stationary end. The insertion is the attachment site at its more mobile end. EX: Biceps Brachii- origin is on scapula and insertion is on the radius. The belly is the middle and usually a thicker region. The innervation of a muscle refers to the identity of the nerve that stimulates it. (Spinal Nerves and Cranial Nerves)[Why tag thisthe combination of the muscles working together allow one to act out movements that a single muscle could not allow the body to do on its own. it is called a system for a reason, one cannot do everything by itself[Why tag thisElizabeth
Christeen Tuck
Adrian Kange
Why is this the first time that I am told of this?[Why Tag This]Wow, was taught the other way around throughout school. How is it okay for teachers to be this ignorant of the truth?[Why Tag Thisthat makes senses considering theres two[Why Tag ThisI will always remember this from now on considering that most individuals refer to one biceps muscle as a [Why Tag ThisI think this is important to know. It's one thing to know the muscle but if you aren't pronouncing it right it may do you no good. [Why Tag ThisAllyson Tetzlaff
Lauren Anthe
Jacob Balkum
Kelli Banach
Stabilizing mechanisms are called negative feedback because they report the negative chanegs, outside of normal limits, in order to initiate changes necessary to return to homeostasis.[Why I tagged this]It is called negative feedback because it senses the change, and attempts to negate it, therefore keeping stability.[Why I tagged thisIt regulates normality by initiating negative change to bring the body back to homeostasis. [Why I tagged thisIt is a response opposite of the response imposed on it[Why I tagged thisI would like to discuss this question in furthr detail in class.[Why I tagged thisJourdan Richardson
Hauser Joseph Alan
Matthew Robert Schmidt
Ashley Wiedmeyer
In the wake of such discoveries, radium was regarded as a wonder drug. Unaware of its danger, people drank radium tonics and flocked to health spas to bathe in radium-enriched waters.
In the wake of such discoveries, radium was regarded as a wonder drug. Unaware of its danger, people drank radium tonics and flocked to health spas to bathe in radium-enriched waters. Marie herself suffered extensive damage to her hands from handling radioactive minerals and died of radiation poisoning at age 67.
In the wake of such discoveries, radium was regarded as a wonder drug. Unaware of its danger, people drank radium tonics and flocked to health spas to bathe in radium-enriched waters. Marie herself suffered extensive damage to her hands from handling radioactive minerals and died of radiation poisoning at age 67. The following year, Irène and her husband, Frédéric Joliot (1900?1958), were awarded a Nobel Prize for work in artificial radioactivity and synthetic radioisotopes. Apparently also a martyr to her science, Irène died of leukemia, possibly induced by radiation exposure.
This reminds me of the famous Radium Girls who were factory workers constructing watches. As they were painting with radium they had to lick the tip, ingesting fatal amount of radiation. They were told the paint was harmless also. This was all around 1917, the same as Marie Curie . I wonder if people knew that there was a problem but did not realize the severity of it all.[Why tag this text]Can't believe that people used to drink radium and bathe in radum enriched waters.[Why tag this textHow could they really believe something inside radium was beneficial to humans? It was just then recently discovered it DARKENED photographs?! [Why tag this textIt was always difficult for me to understand chemical reactions and atoms. How such a small element can have so much impact on how different reactions can take place. Yet it is very intersting and how the matters can affect humans and the wellfare of our bodies.[Why tag this textI find it interesting how people drank radium tonics and bathed in radium-enriched waters. Thinking of radium now, no one would ever do that because we know of the harms that it could cause. It's crazy to think that back then, it wasn't regarded as dangerous. [Why tag this textNicholas Bruno
Rebecca Sherer
kaulor
Kristen
This I thought was interesting because it tells us that we are from the order of mammals known as the primates[Why I tagged this]humansare closely related to primates[Why I tagged thishuman ancestory[Why I tagged thisI found this passage to be very suprising. I knew we can from apes, but i never thought about what came before the apes. It is very interesting to think about how the human body which proves to be so complex could have evolved from something so much different. [Why I tagged thisThis brought back a memory, when i was at the zoo a male ape got on top of a women ape and started having sex the same way humans do. Then the male went back to his bed and fell asleep. HAHA we are very much alike[Why I tagged thislindsay krueger
Corianne
Zoe Hitzemann
Jungas
this makes a lot of sense to me, honestly this was the only part that made sense to me[Why Tag This]Definately make sense, If only all of the other muscles had a comparison that we could use to remember them. So besides the boxer's jab what other exercise would this muscle be useful for?[Why Tag ThisThis is why in men it appears bigger and stronger because it actually is! They can hit harder and faster than women. [Why Tag ThisDo boxers specifically focus on this muscle when they are training to strengthen it? I've always wondered how a boxer has a more powerful punch than someone who doesn't do that for a living.[Why Tag ThisI thought this was an appropriate description of the serratus anterior.[Why Tag Thismaria lira
Grace
Kayla Orta
David
In most people, the spleen, pancreas, sigmoid colon, and most of the heart are on the left, while the appendix, gallbladder, and most of the liver are on the right. The normal arrangement of these and other internal organs is called situs (SITE-us) solitus. About 1 in 8,000 people, however, is born with an abnormality called situs inversus?the organs of the thoracic and abdominal cavities are reversed between right and left. A selective right?left reversal of the heart is called dextrocardia. In situs perversus, a single organ occupies an atypical position?for example, a kidney located low in the pelvic cavity instead of high in the abdominal cavity.
In most people, the spleen, pancreas, sigmoid colon, and most of the heart are on the left, while the appendix, gallbladder, and most of the liver are on the right. The normal arrangement of these and other internal organs is called situs (SITE-us) solitus. About 1 in 8,000 people, however, is born with an abnormality called situs inversus?the organs of the thoracic and abdominal cavities are reversed between right and left. A selective right?left reversal of the heart is called dextrocardia. In situs perversus, a single organ occupies an atypical position?for example, a kidney located low in the pelvic cavity instead of high in the abdominal cavity.Conditions such as dextrocardia in the absence of complete situs inversus can cause serious medical problems. Complete situs inversus, however, usually causes no functional problems because all of the viscera, though reversed, maintain their normal relationships to one another.
In most people, the spleen, pancreas, sigmoid colon, and most of the heart are on the left, while the appendix, gallbladder, and most of the liver are on the right. The normal arrangement of these and other internal organs is called situs (SITE-us) solitus. About 1 in 8,000 people, however, is born with an abnormality called situs inversus-the organs of the thoracic and abdominal cavities are reversed between right and left. A selective right-left reversal of the heart is called dextrocardia. In situs perversus, a single organ occupies an atypical position-for example, a kidney located low in the pelvic cavity instead of high in the abdominal cavity.Conditions such as dextrocardia in the absence of complete situs inversus can cause serious medical problems. Complete situs inversus, however, usually causes no functional problems because all of the viscera, though reversed, maintain their normal relationships to one another. Situs inversus is often discovered in the fetus by sonography, but many people remain unaware of their condition for decades until it is discovered by medical imaging, on physical examination, or in
In most people, the spleen, pancreas, sigmoid colon, and most of the heart are on the left, while the appendix, gallbladder, and most of the liver are on the right. The normal arrangement of these and other internal organs is called situs (SITE-us) solitus. About 1 in 8,000 people, however, is born with an abnormality called situs inversus?the organs of the thoracic and abdominal cavities are reversed between right and left. A selective right?left reversal of the heart is called dextrocardia. In situs perversus, a single organ occupies an atypical position?for example, a kidney located low in the pelvic cavity instead of high in the abdominal cavity.Conditions such as dextrocardia in the absence of complete situs inversus can cause serious medical problems. Complete situs inversus, however, usually causes no functional problems because all of the viscera, though reversed, maintain their normal relationships to one another. Situs inversus is often discovered in the fetus by sonography, but many people remain unaware of their condition for decades until it is discovered by medical imaging, on physical examination, or in surgery. You can easily imagine the importance of such conditions in diagnosing appendicitis, performing gallbladder surgery, interpreting an X-ray, auscultating the heart valves, or recording an electrocardiogram.
situs solitus and the arrangement of internal organs[Why I tagged this]locations of organs found inside of a body[Why I tagged thisI thought this was important because it talks about situs inversus and how it can affect someone. This is important to know especially for medical personal if they are to perform surgery as to not make mistakes on the location of the organs[Why I tagged thisI highlighted this because I saw a patient at work who had this and the way in which they found out was during his cardiac catherization. [Why I tagged thisI found it very interesting that their could be so much variety in the placement and shape of a perseons organs. The thing i found most interesting is how the organs could be completely reversed in regards to their position withing the body and the person might even know it.[Why I tagged thisvictor
Danny Duong
Erica Burns
Riley Spitzig
Peroxisomes occur in nearly all cells but are especially abundant in liver and kidney cells. They neutralize free radicals and detoxify alcohol, other drugs, and a variety of blood-borne toxins.
Peroxisomes occur in nearly all cells but are especially abundant in liver and kidney cells. They neutralize free radicals and detoxify alcohol, other drugs, and a variety of blood-borne toxins. Peroxisomes also decompose fatty acids into two-carbon fragments that the mitochondria use as an energy source for ATP synthesis.
I knew that the liver detoxify alcohol but did not know that peroxisomes are the enzymes responsible such function.[Why tag this text]If peroxisomes neutralize free radicals and detoxify alcohol, other drugs, and a variety of blood borne toxins, what happens if people have a abnormally small amount of them? Are they more effected by drinking or doing drugs? Or is it possible for someone to not have any peroxisomes?[Why tag this textPeroxisomes function/role[Why tag this textI never new the exact process of how the body broke down alcohol, drugs, toxins, etc. until now. I find it very intriguing that these perxisomes are able to netralize these by changing properties about them.[Why tag this texti know the liver and kidney are important but you would think it would appear in all organs not just those two. and can that mean that if they kill unwanted things than a kidney transplant those peroxisomes can kill the unmatched organ?[Why tag this textCaitlin
Alyssa Harmes
Zachary Garrity
Lauren Anthe
The most common deformity is an abnormal lateral curvature called scoliosis.
The most common deformity is an abnormal lateral curvature called scoliosis. It occurs most often in the thoracic region, particularly among adolescent girls.
The most common deformity is an abnormal lateral curvature called scoliosis. It occurs most often in the thoracic region, particularly among adolescent girls. It sometimes results from a developmental abnormality in which the body and arch fail to develop on one side of a vertebra. If the person's skeletal growth is not yet complete, scoliosis can be corrected with a back brace.
This is seen in todays society. I personally know a few people with this deformity[Why tag this]This part was interesting to me because I have slight scoliosis. I've had it since I was young, but luckily it was such a small degree that I didn't need to wear a brace. However, I do notice even now that hips are slightly uneven and one shoulder is higher than the other because of my scoliosis.[Why tag thisWhy does it happen mostly among young girls and not young boys as well? [Why tag thisI wonder if scoliosis can affect other daily activities. I feel like this must cause some pain. I don't think I have ever seen anyone that has this. Is kyphosis most common in older people because slouching?[Why tag thiswhy is it more common with girls?[Why tag thisKasey Kallien
Samantha B Johnson
Kelly Stahl
Anthony Wheeler
Birthmarks, or hemangiomas,20 are patches of skin discolored by benign tumors of the blood capillaries. Capillary hemangiomas (strawberry birthmarks) usually develop about a month after birth. They become bright red to deep purple and develop small capillary-dense elevations that give them a strawberry-like appearance. About 90% of capillary hemangiomas disappear by the age of 5 or 6 years. Cavernous hemangiomas are flatter and duller in color. They are present at birth, enlarge up to 1 year of age, and then regress. About 90% disappear by the age of 9 years. A port-wine stain is flat and pinkish to dark purple in color. It can be quite large and remains for life.
Birthmarks, or hemangiomas,20 are patches of skin discolored by benign tumors of the blood capillaries. Capillary hemangiomas (strawberry birthmarks) usually develop about a month after birth. They become bright red to deep purple and develop small capillary-dense elevations that give them a strawberry-like appearance. About 90% of capillary hemangiomas disappear by the age of 5 or 6 years. Cavernous hemangiomas are flatter and duller in color. They are present at birth, enlarge up to 1 year of age, and then regress. About 90% disappear by the age of 9 years. A port-wine stain is flat and pinkish to dark purple in color. It can be quite large and remains for life.Before You Go On
I thought all [Why tag this text]This text was interesting to me because my older sister was born with a hemangioma on her wrist. It was very large at birth but now after 25 years, it has shrunk to about the size of a pea, and it is skin colored (so its not very noticable). [Why tag this textWhat is the long term effect if capillary hemanginomas do not disappear? Does being exposed to the sun have any effect in the development or better say, growth of the capillary hemanginoma?[Why tag this textThis is very interesting because my brother has a birthmark on his right hip. It is interesting to uderstand what causes birthmark. By reading this passage, I was able to learn that my brother has a port-wine stain. [Why tag this textStratum corneum, Stratum corneum,Stratum lucidum, Stratum grannulosum, Stratum spinosum ,Stratum basale [Why tag this textKeira
Elvia Rivas
GiaLee
Belaynesh
The is more information contained within a theory, as a theory tends to be made up of a number of facts, laws, etc.[Why I tagged this]There seem to be more facts in theories, because it is a bunch of facts that are being combinded into a theory. A scientific fact is one proven thing. [Why I tagged thisA fact is information; however a theory is an explanation so the theory has more information[Why I tagged thisThere is more information in a theory because it is an explanatory statement back up by facts, laws, and confirmed hypotheses. Facts are information gathered, observed, and tested. Facts are pieces of the whole that makes theory. [Why I tagged thisDefinitely a scientific fact. This fact will be test, retested, and tested several more times before being published as a scientific fact. (Otherwise that could be quite embarrassing for the scientist or researcher in charge of that fact). Whereas the theory is known to be a tool, essentially an instrument. Used as a mental mode for adaptation to reality. [Why I tagged thisJourdan Richardson
Matthew Robert Schmidt
Tou Xiong Thao
Hauser Joseph Alan
ymnasts, dancers, and acrobats increase the ROM of their synovial joints by gradually stretching their ligaments during training
?Double-jointed? people have unusually large ROMs at some joints, not because the joint is actually double or fundamentally different from normal in its anatomy, but because the ligaments are unusually long or slack.
Action of the muscles and tendons. Extension of the knee is also limited by the hamstring muscles on the posterior side of the thigh. In many other joints, too, pairs of muscles oppose each other and moderate the speed and range of joint motion.
Action of the muscles and tendons. Extension of the knee is also limited by the hamstring muscles on the posterior side of the thigh. In many other joints, too, pairs of muscles oppose each other and moderate the speed and range of joint motion. Even a resting muscle maintains a state of tension called muscle tone, which serves in many cases to stabilize a joint. One of the major factors preventing dislocation of the shoulder joint, for example, is tension in the biceps brachii muscle, whose tendons cross the joint, insert on the scapula, and hold the head of the humerus against the glenoid cavity. The nervous system continually monitors and adjusts joint angles and muscle tone to maintain joint stability and limit unwanted movements.
After I had surgery for a torn ACL, they had to slowly increase the degrees that my knee brace would allow me to move. I had to go to physical therapy to regain the ability to bend my knee. I wish they could just apply WD-40 and make it as good as new.[Why tag this]By gradually stretching these tendons and ligaments, does it cause excess stress on these tendons and lead to health problems later in life? Can this lead to the permament lengthening or slacking of tendons? Would these naturally repair themselves when a person is younger if a person stopped stretching them?[Why tag thisInteresting. I always thought it was a malfunction of the joint but posed no harm to the person. It makes sense that the ligament would just be abnormally longer. I don't know how I havemn't learned this before.[Why tag thisWhat can cause the speed and range of the joint motion? [Why tag thisIt was mentioned before that tendons are the most important tissue in stabilizing joints, and this and the paragraph before make it apparent. Tendons are what protect the joint from hyperextension and dislocation, which can cause serious damage to the tissues inside a joint.[Why tag thisDavid Faber
Allyson Tetzlaff
Lauren Anthe
Joe Nimm
Protein synthesis is not finished when its amino acid sequence (primary structure) has been assembled. To be functional, it must coil or fold into precise secondary and tertiary structures; in some cases, it associates with other protein chains (quaternary structure) or binds with a nonprotein such as a vitamin or carbohydrate.
Protein synthesis is not finished when its amino acid sequence (primary structure) has been assembled. To be functional, it must coil or fold into precise secondary and tertiary structures; in some cases, it associates with other protein chains (quaternary structure) or binds with a nonprotein such as a vitamin or carbohydrate. As a new protein is assembled by a ribosome, it is often bound by an older protein called a chaperone
Protein synthesis is not finished when its amino acid sequence (primary structure) has been assembled. To be functional, it must coil or fold into precise secondary and tertiary structures; in some cases, it associates with other protein chains (quaternary structure) or binds with a nonprotein such as a vitamin or carbohydrate. As a new protein is assembled by a ribosome, it is often bound by an older protein called a chaperone. The chaperone guides the new protein in folding into the proper shape and helps to prevent improper associations between different proteins. As in the colloquial sense of the word, a chaperone is an older protein that escorts and regulates the behavior of the ?youngsters.? Some chaperones are also called stress proteins or heat shock proteins because they are produced in response to heat or other stress on a cell and help damaged proteins fold back into their correct functional shapes.
Protein processing and secretion:When a new protein is assembled it is often accompanied by a chaperone which helps fold it into a proper shape.[Why tag this text]After termination, an amino acid sequence is assembled but isnt functinal until its coiled and folded. [Why tag this textin order to be functional proteins must coil[Why tag this texttalks about the finishing of protein synthesis, i always thought this was a little interesting[Why tag this textthe additional actions that must be taken after the amino acid sequence has been assembled [Why tag this textStephanie
Alyssa Harmes
Lauren Anthe
Anthony Wheeler
Rheumatoid arthritis is named for the fact that symptoms tend to flare up and subside (go into remission) periodically.33 It affects women far more often than men, and because RA typically begins as early as age 30 to 40, it can cause decades of pain and disability. There is no cure, but joint damage can be slowed with hydrocortisone or other steroids. Because long-term use of steroids weakens the bone, however, aspirin is the treatment of first choice to control the inflammation. Physical therapy is also used to preserve the joint's range of motion and the patient's functional ability.Arthroplasty,34 a treatment of last resort, is the replacement of a diseased joint with an artificial device called a prosthesis.35 Joint prostheses were first developed to treat injuries in World War II and the Korean War. Total hip replacement (THR), first performed in 1963 by English orthopedic surgeon Sir John Charnley, is now the most common orthopedic procedure for the elderly. The first knee replacements were performed in the 1970s. Joint prostheses are now available for finger, shoulder, and elbow joints, as well as the hip and knee. Arthroplasty is performed on over 250,000 patients per year in the United States, primarily to relieve pain and restore function in elderly people with OA or RA.Arthroplasty presents ongoing challenges for biomedical engineering. An effective prosthesis must be strong, nontoxic, and corrosion-resistant. In addition, it must bond firmly to the patient's bones and enable a normal range of motion with a minimum of friction. The heads of long bones are usually replaced with prostheses made of a metal alloy such as cobalt?chrome, titanium alloy, or stainless steel. Joint sockets are made of polyethylene (fig. 9.33). Prostheses are bonded to the patient's bone with screws or bone cement.
That is just disturbing. Is there any new scientific research that can prevent arthritis?[Why tag this]I found this section very interesting, it talks about replacing bones and joints with metal versions. The history behind it is interesting as well.[Why tag thiswhy does it affect women more than men?[Why tag thishow would PT help in this case?[Why tag thisThis chapter mentions the role of Physical Therapy in the healing process on more than one occasion, which gets me really excited for my future field of study and career. [Why tag thisJoshua Collier
Lauren Anthe
Alina Gur
Trabeculae at the surface continue to calcify until the spaces between them are filled in, converting the spongy bone to compact bone.
Trabeculae at the surface continue to calcify until the spaces between them are filled in, converting the spongy bone to compact bone. This process gives rise to the sandwichlike arrangement typical of mature flat bones.
Why does the trabeculae have a spongy appearance? Is the way that it is formed and shaped help its function?[Why I tagged this]It is really neat how the bone can turn its self from spongy bone into compact bone. It makes me think of vines growing in and growing in until there is a solid layer of plant vines that look like a wall of green rather than lots and lots of individual vines. [Why I tagged thiswhat would happen if the spaces between didn't fully calcify, would it still be considered spongy or just a weak compact bone?[Why I tagged thisThis section clarifies a concept for me that I was uncertain about. I was curious when we learned about spongy bone vs. compact bone in the histology section of the lab, how these bones formed to be hard solid bone on the outside, while remaining sponge-like and hollow on the inside. So just to clarify...trabeculae form all bones to begin and then the surfaces become compact bone as the most superficial portions of the trabeculae continues to calcify over time?[Why I tagged thiswithout these the whole bone would be spongy and not compact enought to have regular bones.[General_Do Not UseBonnie Watson
Hayley Smith
David Orr
Brandon Brandemuehl
Although it is indeed the vestige of a tail, it is not entirely useless; it provides attachment for the muscles of the pelvic floor.
The Thoracic Cage
The thoracic cage (fig. 8.27) consists of the thoracic vertebrae, sternum, and ribs. It forms a roughly conical enclosure for the lungs and heart and provides attachment for the pectoral girdle and upper limb. It has a broad base and a somewhat narrower superior apex. Its inferior border is the arc of the lower ribs, called the costal margin. The cage protects not only the thoracic organs but also the spleen, most of the liver, and to some extent the kidneys. Most important is its role in breathing; it is rhythmically expanded by the respiratory muscles to create a vacuum that draws air into the lungs, and then compressed to expel air.
The thoracic cage (fig. 8.27) consists of the thoracic vertebrae, sternum, and ribs. It forms a roughly conical enclosure for the lungs and heart and provides attachment for the pectoral girdle and upper limb. It has a broad base and a somewhat narrower superior apex. Its inferior border is the arc of the lower ribs, called the costal margin. The cage protects not only the thoracic organs but also the spleen, most of the liver, and to some extent the kidneys. Most important is its role in breathing; it is rhythmically expanded by the respiratory muscles to create a vacuum that draws air into the lungs, and then compressed to expel air.
what if this is longer in people, can people develop a sort of tail? [Why tag this]As I read this, I couldn't help but wonder how the human form will continue to evolve over time.. what would human beings look like, and what would their skeletal (not to mention all other organ systems) structure look and act like? Would the coccyx grandually disappear? Would the floating ribs? [Why tag thisThoracic Cage: Made up of thoracic vertebrae, sternum and ribs. Mainly helps with breathing. Sternum:Breastbone, bony plate in front of heart. Has three parts [manubrium, body and xiphoid process]Ribs: 12 pairs of ribs, each is attached to the vertebral column, many are attached to sternum too. [Why tag thisIt is important to know about the thoracic cage because it protects our heart and lungs. Without this cage we would be much more susseptable to injury and unable to support the weight of these organs without the reinforcement of this cage.[Why tag thisjennifer lassiter
Danielle Henckel
Maria Stephans
Alyssa Harmes
Abnormalities of its structure or function are associated with certain genetic diseases and premature cell death.
The material in the nucleus is called nucleoplasm
The material in the nucleus is called nucleoplasm. This includes chromatin33 (CRO-muh-tin)?fine threadlike matter composed of DNA and protein?and one or more dark-staining masses called nucleoli (singular, nucleolus), where ribosomes are produced. The genetic function of the nucleus is described in chapter 4.
What genetic diseases are associated with this?...[Why tag this text]What kinds of abnormalities can be present in the nuclear lamina and how would they develop?[Why tag this textNucleoplasm is the material in the nuclues.[Why tag this textnucleoplasm[Why tag this textAlina Gur
Stephanie
Alyssa Harmes
Protection. Bones enclose and protect the brain, spinal cord, heart, lungs, pelvic viscera, and bone marrow.
the brain is enclosed and protected by bones.[Why I tagged this]protect soft tissue and body organs[Why I tagged thisA section of the Skeletal that protects is the rib cage. It protects our inner organs, heart and lungs. If we didn't have the rib cage, people's chest would be extremely fragile.[Why I tagged thisIf a bone is the protector why is it not able to heal itself as well as skin is able to ?[Why I tagged thisCan you explain this a little more[Why I tagged thisRachel Feivor
mainkao
lenarch2
Lauren Anthe
The high heat capacity of water also makes it a very effective coolant. When it changes from a liquid to a vapor, water carries a large amount of heat with it. One milliliter of perspiration evaporating from the skin removes about 500 cal of heat from the body.
The high heat capacity of water also makes it a very effective coolant. When it changes from a liquid to a vapor, water carries a large amount of heat with it. One milliliter of perspiration evaporating from the skin removes about 500 cal of heat from the body. This effect is very apparent when you are sweaty and stand in front of a fan.
Water's solid form is less dense that its liquid form, which is obvious when you think about ice floating on top of water. But in most substances, the molecules are closer packed together in their solid state compared to their liquid or gas state. I've always known this, but never connected the dots on how water ignores this rule until my Chemistry course last semester. I can't think of why this property would be important to the human body, but its important to the environment for reasons such as when a lake freezes. The top layer is ice, but the bottom layer is still water where fish can survive and live off of plants on the bottom.[Why tag this text]This is the scientific reason why sweating cools you off after you have exercised. The evaporation of sweat helps regulate your body temperature so you don't over heat.[Why tag this textI always thought the aspect of fog, or hot water creating fog for instance when you take a hot shower and get out and than the mirrors are all fogged up. I did not realized that fog is also considered vapor. [Why tag this textWOW! This makes so much sense everytime I work up a sweat from playing sand volleyball. One mL of perspiration evaporated from the skin is equivalent to about 500 cal of heat. That is huge. No wonder marathon runners are so skinny and sweat suit work so well. [Why tag this textThis is another example of something that we have all experienced but not many people know the explination behind the sensation but now I know. I thing this book does a great job of incorporatinge example that intrigue its readers interest.[Why tag this textlucas hubanks
Callie McCarthy
Jerry S Yang
Zachary Garrity
Humans are estimated to have 20,000 to 25,000 genes. These constitute only about 2% of the DNA. The other 98% is noncoding DNA, which plays various roles in chromosome structure and regulation of gene activity, and some of which may have no function at all.
Humans are estimated to have 20,000 to 25,000 genes. These constitute only about 2% of the DNA. The other 98% is noncoding DNA, which plays various roles in chromosome structure and regulation of gene activity, and some of which may have no function at all.
Humans are estimated to have 20,000 to 25,000 genes. These constitute only about 2% of the DNA. The other 98% is noncoding DNA, which plays various roles in chromosome structure and regulation of gene activity, and some of which may have no function at all. Some of the noncoding DNA is sometimes thought of as ?junk DNA? to suggest that it might be merely harmless debris accumulated by mutation over eons of evolutionary time.
Humans are estimated to have 20,000 to 25,000 genes. These constitute only about 2% of the DNA. The other 98% is noncoding DNA, which plays various roles in chromosome structure and regulation of gene activity, and some of which may have no function at all. Some of the noncoding DNA is sometimes thought of as ?junk DNA? to suggest that it might be merely harmless debris accumulated by mutation over eons of evolutionary time.Chromatin and Chromosomes
DNA does not exist as a naked double helix in the nucleus of a cell, but is complexed with proteins to form a fine filamentous material called chromatin.
DNA does not exist as a naked double helix in the nucleus of a cell, but is complexed with proteins to form a fine filamentous material called chromatin.
DNA does not exist as a naked double helix in the nucleus of a cell, but is complexed with proteins to form a fine filamentous material called chromatin. In most cells, the chromatin occurs as 46 long filaments called chromosomes.
DNA does not exist as a naked double helix in the nucleus of a cell, but is complexed with proteins to form a fine filamentous material called chromatin. In most cells, the chromatin occurs as 46 long filaments called chromosomes.
DNA does not exist as a naked double helix in the nucleus of a cell, but is complexed with proteins to form a fine filamentous material called chromatin. In most cells, the chromatin occurs as 46 long filaments called chromosomes. There is a stupendous amount of DNA in one nucleus?about 2 m (6 ft) of it in the first half of a cell's life cycle and twice as much when a cell has replicated its DNA in preparation for cell division.
DNA does not exist as a naked double helix in the nucleus of a cell, but is complexed with proteins to form a fine filamentous material called chromatin. In most cells, the chromatin occurs as 46 long filaments called chromosomes. There is a stupendous amount of DNA in one nucleus?about 2 m (6 ft) of it in the first half of a cell's life cycle and twice as much when a cell has replicated its DNA in preparation for cell division. It is a prodigious feat to pack this much DNA into a nucleus only about 5µm in diameter?and in such an orderly fashion that it does not become tangled, broken, and damaged beyond use. Here, we will examine how this is achieved.
I always thought genes made up way more of our bodies than 2% of DNA. The other 98% is structuring and activity which I don't think is as important.[Why tag this text]DNA in humans![Why tag this textI tagged this because I found this fascinating how many genes we actually have. [Why tag this textAs I believed I once heard about The Genome Project that takes a sample of your DNA and can look at a certain segment of genes to determine where your earliest ancestors came from. I believe around 75% of people can be traced back to Africa. [Why tag this text20-25000 genes seems like a lot of genes compared to the genetic characteristics that we have (for example, hair color, eye color, height etc.) [Why tag this textWith 20,000 to 25,000 different possible genes, aside from identical twins, it makes sense why no two humans are exactly alike.[Why tag this textWhy is there so little DNA in our genes? 2% doesn't seem like a lot to go off of considering the other 98% of the gene is made up of [Why tag this textImportant to know that humans have 20,000-25,000 genes that make up only 2% of DNA. everything else in DNA doesnt matter[Why tag this textI'm just curious as to why we would have noncoding DNA that plays no role in our function at all? [Why tag this textIt always amazes me to think that we have all this DNA, but so little of it actually affects us gene wise.[Why tag this textThis answers my question about how we are so much more developed than chimpanzees even though we share 97% (I think that was the number) of their DNA. I didn't realize so many genes can be stored into only 2% of the DNA. I think that the remaining percentage may be what also connects us to chimps.[Why tag this textI tagged this part of the text because I find it very interesting that we have so many genes yet they only contribute to about 2% of DNA, which is essentially what makes everyone unqiue. I think its amazing that such a small precentage makes up a whole individual.[Why tag this textt's intriguing to learn that out of the thousands of genes in the human body, only 2% constitutes for our DNA. What is even more interesting, isn't the notion that some of genes that don't play a role in in chromosome structure and function have no purpose, but that there is potential of these genes to have purpose and we may just not have figured it out yet.[Why tag this textWhy is such a large percentage (98%) of DNA composed of this so called [Why tag this textI am very surprised by the fact that only 2% of DNA are genes and the rest is noncoding DNA. The human body is a very efficient machine, and I feel that the fact that there is DNA that has no function is a waste of valuable space. I would think the body/cell would find some way to rid itself of this.[Why tag this textIf they are inactive and have no function, than why would a mutation on the noncoding DNA matter? Will this somehow come back to genetic mutations seen through the phenotype?[Why tag this textThis tells us how much DNA the body contains. Only a very small portion is for coding purposes.[Why tag this textIt is very interesting to me that only 2% of the DNA is coded for and the rest is noncoding DNA. Just that 2% of the DNA consists of an amazing number of genes. [Why tag this textI found it interesting that the genes only make up 2% of DNA. I would think that the genes which give us our characterisitics would account for much more in DNA. [Why tag this textIwonder how some genes are used and some are not? Is it just at random selection? I have always wondered how that is figured out. I assume just the luck of the draw. DNA is so interesting to me. I used to want to work in genetics,[Why tag this textThrough evolution, organisms have evolved to better adapt to the evironment. Cheetahs are speedy, sharks are highly trained sensing machines, and humans are highly intelligent. Maybe this is why the other 98% of our DNA appears to code for [Why tag this textHumans are estimated to have 20,000 to 25,000 genes which can be thought of as the active ingredient in DNA. Surprisingly this only constitues 2% of DNA. The other 98% is called noncoding DNA and it is thought to regulate gene activity.[Why tag this textThe other 98% can't be junk!? what are some of the explanations for all this coded information that we have no use for?[Why tag this textits interesting that there is that many genes that contribute to the things we do when it really doesnt seem like it. I never knew it was that many. people always try and say i do this or i do that in relation to their genes when sometimes their genes dont even play a role in that factor. why are there some genes that dont have a function. they are counted for when they should be nonexsistent.[Why tag this textfacts about DNA within the human body - about 23000 genes - makes up about only 2% of the DNA[Why tag this textthats so many![Why tag this textThis is interesting to me because I would ahve thought that more than 2% of our DNA consisted of genes, and that the rest is noncoding DNA. DNA makes us who we are, and to think that only 2% is coded is fasinating. [Why tag this textI find it fascinating that such a large percent of DNA serves no function at all or else has a function that is still unknown.[Why tag this textSo would noncoding DNA be the different types of muscles, epithelium tissues, and nerve cells that we have in our body?[Why tag this textIf some of the genetic material is useless and just mutation over eons of evolution that why is it still stored in our genes. Wouldnt we our bodies just get rid of that code or is some of that evolutionary useless code still more valuable than we think?[Why tag this textSo for the junk DNA is there no other function or have scientists not understood the purpose for DNA? For the most part everything in the body has a purpose or function. It doesn't make a whole lot of sense for there to no be a purpse of 98% of the DNA.[Why tag this textI find this very hard to believe because I dont thnk the body would create something useless or known the less useless DNA. Maybe we havent found the function yet?[Why tag this textChromatin and Chromosmes:Histones: A bead on the chromatin that the DNA molecule winds around. Nucleosomes: Has a core particle [spool of histones with the DNA wrapped around it] and a segment of linker DNA leading to the next core particle. [Why tag this textchromatic is 46 long filaments called chromosomes.[Why tag this textWhat does this mean exactly? Naked as in it has no proteins?[Why tag this textIs there DNA in all cells of the human body?[Why tag this textQuestion 5: DNA is the basic or raw genetic data whereas chromatin is the DNA packaged with proteins.[Why tag this textThis whole sections where the book tries to describe how DNA is enclosed in a chromosome went right over my head. Can you please break this down and make it a little easier to understand? Basically the DNA coils itself around histones, and then from there just keeps squishing and folding and bending to condense itself to fit inside the nucleus?[Why tag this textDNA is complexed with proteins to form a fine filamentous material called chromatin that consists of 46 filaments called chromosomes.[Why tag this textso the double helix is made up of proteins?[Why tag this textDoes the chromosome form of DNA ever turn into the double helix structure?[Why tag this textIt is interesting that the amount of DNA is at its highest only when the cell is preparing for cell division, as well as when it is in the first half of its life. [Why tag this textHard to believe or just comprehend in your mind that DNA which is about 2m in length actually fits into a nucleus which is only about 5 micrometers in diameter.[Why tag this textThe nitrogenous base pairs that comprise the 'data' in DNA are given supportive structure by chromosomes. [Why tag this textSo what this passage wasy is trying to say is, DNA is complexed with proteins to form chromatin. And chromatins forms 46 long filaments called chromosomes.[Why tag this textDNA is complicated![Why tag this textWondered if people who don't have 46 chromosomes have some sort of disability?[Why tag this textAmanda
Nicole Coppins
Sarah Cherkinian
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Samantha B Johnson
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mainkao
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mary furner
shelby
Danielle Henckel
Paola Arce
Abigail
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Sarah Ertl
Heather Archibald
Erin Griph
Neema Shekar
Nicholas Bruno
Thomas Hensler
DNA is a long threadlike molecule with a uniform diameter of 2 nm, although its length varies greatly from the smallest to the largest chromosomes. Most human cells have 46 molecules of DNA totaling 2 m in length. This makes the average DNA molecule about 43 mm (almost 2 in.) long. To put this in perspective, imagine that an average DNA molecule was scaled up to the diameter of a telephone pole (about 20 cm, or 8 in.). At this diameter, a pole proportionate to DNA would rise about 4,400 km (2,700 mi.) into space?far higher than the orbits of space shuttles (320?390 km) and the Hubble Space Telescope (600 km).
DNA is a long threadlike molecule with a uniform diameter of 2 nm, although its length varies greatly from the smallest to the largest chromosomes. Most human cells have 46 molecules of DNA totaling 2 m in length. This makes the average DNA molecule about 43 mm (almost 2 in.) long. To put this in perspective, imagine that an average DNA molecule was scaled up to the diameter of a telephone pole (about 20 cm, or 8 in.). At this diameter, a pole proportionate to DNA would rise about 4,400 km (2,700 mi.) into space?far higher than the orbits of space shuttles (320?390 km) and the Hubble Space Telescope (600 km).At the molecular level, DNA and other nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides (NEW-clee-oh-tides). A nucleotide consists of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a single- or double-ringed nitrogenous (ny-TRODJ-eh-nus) base (fig. 4.1a). Two of the bases in DNA?cytosine (C) and thymine (T)?have a single carbon?nitrogen ring and are classified as pyrimidines (py-RIM-ih-deens). The other two bases?adenine (A) and guanine (G)?have double rings and are classified as purines (fig. 4.1b). The bases of RNA are somewhat different, as explained later, but still fall into the purine and pyrimidine classes.
DNA is a long threadlike molecule with a uniform diameter of 2 nm, although its length varies greatly from the smallest to the largest chromosomes. Most human cells have 46 molecules of DNA totaling 2 m in length. This makes the average DNA molecule about 43 mm (almost 2 in.) long. To put this in perspective, imagine that an average DNA molecule was scaled up to the diameter of a telephone pole (about 20 cm, or 8 in.). At this diameter, a pole proportionate to DNA would rise about 4,400 km (2,700 mi.) into space?far higher than the orbits of space shuttles (320?390 km) and the Hubble Space Telescope (600 km).At the molecular level, DNA and other nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides (NEW-clee-oh-tides). A nucleotide consists of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a single- or double-ringed nitrogenous (ny-TRODJ-eh-nus) base (fig. 4.1a). Two of the bases in DNA?cytosine (C) and thymine (T)?have a single carbon?nitrogen ring and are classified as pyrimidines (py-RIM-ih-deens). The other two bases?adenine (A) and guanine (G)?have double rings and are classified as purines (fig. 4.1b). The bases of RNA are somewhat different, as explained later, but still fall into the purine and pyrimidine classes.
DNA Structure: DNA is polymers of nucleotides. These nucleotides are made up of sugar, a phosphate group, and single or double ringed nitrogenous bases. Bases of DNA: Cytosine, Thymine, Adenine and Guanine.Cytosine and Thymine are made with single carbon-nitrogen rings and are classified as pyrimidines. Adenine and Guanine have double rings and are classified as pruines. DNA's structure is in a double helix [James Watson and Francis Crick]. Each sidepiece [step] is made of a phosphate group that alternates with deoxyribose [a sugar]. Purine and Pyrimidine switch off. Usually Adenine pairs with Thymine and Guanine pairs with Cytosine [Why tag this text]molecule that is long and threadlike, most humans have 46 molecules of DNA and the average dna length is 43 mm[Why tag this textIts amaizing how something that is microscopic can be 2 meters long! The metaphor of the diameter of DNA being that of a telephone pole and how high it would reach is makes our perspecitve of DNA richer. Its this long and never gets tangled! I wonder what would happen if it did in fact get tangled?[Why tag this textConsidering the fact that a telephone is not that large in diameter, the fact that it, in proportion, would cause the length of the average DNA molecule to rise into space that far really put things in perspective for me. [Why tag this textIt is good to know more about the shape, length, and make up of DNA. Most human cells contain 46 molecules of DNA, and it's also interesting to know that DNA takes up much space in our bodies, as on average each molecule is about 2 inches long.[Why tag this textIt is interesting to see how DNA is structured. You always hear about DNA testing but this actually how it is formed and what they are actually testing.[Why tag this textonly 2 nm in diameter, extrememly small[Why tag this texta threadlike molecule with uniform diameter of 2nm[General-Do not useMy sophmore bio teacher showed us DNA in a test tube, it was really interesting. It's like sticky, white, strings. [Why tag this textExactly how small is 2 nm in comparison to somethint? [Why tag this textDNA is so small but it is the make up of our bodies it is interesting to know that DNA is all of our genetic make up[Why tag this texthumans are made up of DNA, its what seperates us from somebody else[Why tag this textI think it is important to know how dna is composed and what gives it its length and how it varies in size.[Why tag this textits amazing that something so small can be the key to what makes us who we are[Why tag this textNICE DESCRIPTION EVEN OF THE LEGNTH AND WHAT NOT SO I CAN REALISTICALY THINK ABOUT IT[Why tag this textDefinition of DNA: long threadlike molecule that is ultra thin, most cells have 46 molecules of DNA[Why tag this textDNA is what makes a person who they are. If something needs to be tested scientists will test a persons DNA to see if it matches.[Why tag this textDoes it matter if the molecules are more spread out that 2 m?[Why tag this textIt is amazing to know that DNA is made up of molecules and how it varies from sizes. [Why tag this texthow DNA looks - length[Why tag this textDescribes the dna molecule[Why tag this textWhat happens if the DNA stucture is not this long? Is this the cause of any gentic problems that a human might come in contact with? or will you not be able to survive if it is not this long in size? Im just confused if there are deformities in the DNA what will happen?[Why tag this textI highlighted this because I think it is interesting to put into perspective how long DNA really is.[Why tag this textThis interests me because for one of my high school anatomy teachers we discussed what DNA looks like and came to the conclusion that it looked like a ladder. I told my teacher that to me, it looks like a type of hemp bracelet that I make. I make a twisted hemp bracelet that resembles a DNA strand. My chemistry teacher was in the room when discussing this and he asked me to make him a large hemp bracelet with beads that can resemble the bases. I made a large bracelet and did what he asked but reading this in salon, i had no clue the actual size of an average DNA molecule. I was a little off in my example.[Why tag this textBreakdown of size of DNA[Why tag this textThis is quite interesting. If the average DNA molecule is about 2in. long, it's crazy to think that all 46 molecules fit in our body. I realize that they're in the nucleus of the cell, but it's crazy to think that all of that DNA is in our body.[Why tag this textI remember learning how long the DNA molecules were in high school. My teacher also referred to it as a telephone pole, which really helps my fully understand. [Why tag this textI found this so interesting. It would be interesting to see how the DNA is layed out throughout our body, since it's so long. [Why tag this textI just find it hard to believe that something that we cannot even see with the naked eye can be this size. Still amazes me.[Why tag this textDNA reminds me of Willy Wonka's Nerds Rope candy, just without the [Why tag this textDNA structure [Why tag this textQuestion 3: The 3 components of a nucleotide are: a sugar, a phosphate group, and a single or double ringed nitrogenous base. The bases will vary from nucleotide to nucleotide.[Why tag this textDetail on the structure and function of DNA. (sizes of it and what it consists of)[Why tag this textThis text provides the structure of DNA from it's size to the materials it is made out of.[Why tag this textDNA is very long and thin. Most human cells have a total of 46 molecules of DNA.[Why tag this textWhat allows the different legnths?[Why tag this textI know that most organisms have genomes of different sizes. Many organisms have larger genomes than humans but are much simpler organisms. That is something that interests me. One would think that with a larger genome, there would be more potential for complexity. However, that is not always true. [Why tag this textIt's interesting to know how long DNA is.[Why tag this textTHATS CRAZY! 2 METERS IS TALLER THAN I AM[Why tag this textI still have trouble understanding how something we can't even see can be a whole body length long [Why tag this textThis is so interesting to me. It makes it seem as if the cell, including the nuclues (which holds the DNA) is much bigger that it actually is. In reality, cells are very small. It intrigues me to realize how such a small unit can carry out such important functions, including DNA replication and the assistance of protein formation. [Why tag this textWhat! i find it facinating that it says that MOST human cells have 46 molecules. This makes me wonder if there are other illnesses where the amount of molecules is different besides down syndrome. So if the DNA molecule is around 43 mm then how short can it be before the length of the molcule affects your human begin functions?[Why tag this textThis is amazing that the dna is this long when it is pacakged into something that we cannot see , and expecially not without a microscope. [Why tag this textThis really helped me picture how long DNA is because 43mm doesn't mean much to me, however by stating how long it is if it was scaled up to the diameter of a telephone pole, then I can futher understand the average length of DNA.[Why tag this textI tagged this text because it is a very good comparison. This helps me visualize how DNA is structured. By comparing it to a telephone pole, it helps me put in perspective the length of DNA in the body verus how wide it is.[Why tag this textRemarkable to imagine the length of DNA with respect to other microscopic parcticles. Good example to clarify in the readers mind how large it actually is to scale, by saying if it were the diameter of a telephone pole it would stand far taller than the orbits of space shutttles or even the Hubble telescope.[Why tag this textIf two purines or pyrimidines were to pair together to form the DNA helix, the diameter would not be uniform, making it very unstable. [Why tag this textI think is is amazing that our DNA can reach higher than the orbit of space shuttles. And they all fit inside our body. Crazy that something that long can fit into a body this small.[Why tag this textHoly cow!! That's insane! How something so little is so important![Why tag this texta telepone pole is a long amont of DNA[Why tag this textPaola Arce
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explain what the human genome is and what relationship it has to the health sciences;
define
define genetic code
describe the process of assembling amino acids to form a protein
synthesized;
describe some ways that a gene can be turned on or off; and
regulates
What Is a Gene
What Is a Gene?
As much as biologists talk about genes, the term is devilishly difficult to define. The classical concept of the gene , rooted in Mendel's studies of heredity in peas, was that it is an abstract ?unit of heredity? by which a trait passes from parent to offspring.
As much as biologists talk about genes, the term is devilishly difficult to define. The classical concept of the gene , rooted in Mendel's studies of heredity in peas, was that it is an abstract ?unit of heredity? by which a trait passes from parent to offspring. Following discovery of the double helix, molecular biologists worked out the genetic code contained in the four bases of DNA and considered a gene to be a segment of the DNA that carries the code for a particular protein. Now, however, we know that the human body has millions of different proteins but no more than 25,000 genes; obviously there isn't a separate gene for every protein. In addition, we know now that several percent of the human genes produce only RNA molecules that never go on to direct the synthesis of a protein; RNA is their final product. Several other recent discoveries have complicated our concept of the gene still more?genes overlapping each other, so some segments of DNA belong to two different genes; short genes embedded within longer ones; multiple related proteins encoded by a single gene; and other unexpected arrangements. As molecular biologists have learned more and more about DNA, the definition of the gene has become more and more frayed around the edges.
As much as biologists talk about genes, the term is devilishly difficult to define. The classical concept of the gene , rooted in Mendel's studies of heredity in peas, was that it is an abstract ?unit of heredity? by which a trait passes from parent to offspring. Following discovery of the double helix, molecular biologists worked out the genetic code contained in the four bases of DNA and considered a gene to be a segment of the DNA that carries the code for a particular protein. Now, however, we know that the human body has millions of different proteins but no more than 25,000 genes; obviously there isn't a separate gene for every protein. In addition, we know now that several percent of the human genes produce only RNA molecules that never go on to direct the synthesis of a protein; RNA is their final product. Several other recent discoveries have complicated our concept of the gene still more?genes overlapping each other, so some segments of DNA belong to two different genes; short genes embedded within longer ones; multiple related proteins encoded by a single gene; and other unexpected arrangements. As molecular biologists have learned more and more about DNA, the definition of the gene has become more and more frayed around the edges.For the purposes of an introductory book such as this one, however, we can settle for an approximate meaning. We will define gene as an information-containing segment of DNA that codes for the production of a molecule of RNA, which in most cases goes on to play a role in the synthesis of one or more proteins. The amino acid sequence of a protein is determined by a nucleotide sequence in the DNA.
obviously there isn't a separate gene for every protein. In addition, we know now that several percent of the human genes produce only RNA molecules that never go on to direct the synthesis of a protein; RNA is their final product. Several other recent discoveries have complicated our concept of the gene still more-genes overlapping each other, so some segments of DNA belong to two different genes; short genes embedded within longer ones; multiple related proteins encoded by a single gene; and other unexpected arrangements.
A gene is an information containing segment of DNA that plas a role in the synthesis of one or more proteins. This current working definition of a gene has been changed many times over the years due to the discovery of the double helix.[Why tag this text]A human genome has 23 chromosome pairs, and ultimately helps Homo Sapiens, individually, throughout life. Human genomes affect both physical aspects of our bodies, as well as mental aspects such as the way we think, and some of our mannorisms. The human genome is essentially human DNA.[Why tag this textHuman genome: both coding and noncoding, in one 23-chromosome set. consists of about 3.1 billion nucleotide pairs. It has been hailed as the technological accomplishment, it has opened a new field of biology called genomics. The study of comprehensive study of the whole genome and how its genes and noncoding DNA interact[Why tag this textA genome is a 23-chromosome set of DNA. The genome is related to health sciences via genomics; the study of the whole genome and how its gens and noncoding DNA affect stucture and function of organisms. [Why tag this textGenome medicine is the application of genome knowledge to the prediction, diagnosis and treatmend of diseases. [Why tag this textThe genetic code is a system that enables 4 nucleotides to code for the amino acid sequences of all proteins; and this genetic code is exprssed in codons. [Why tag this textdo out genetic code change when we get older?[Why tag this textamino acids metabolize and when they are broken down into little protein molecules they are able to absorb into the blood stream and are used as a source of energy.[Why tag this textmRNA assembles the amino acids in the right oder to make a certain protein. [Why tag this textThe protein becomes fully functioning.[Why tag this textGenes carry out the code for a protein to be synthesized. However, they are not constantly synthesizing proteins at every moment of the day. Some genes might be synthesizing in one party of the body, and inactive in another. They are only in action when their proteins/products are needed. An example of this is the synthesis of casein, which is only synthesized when the hormone prolactin is secreted. This process starts lactation in women when they are breast feeding. When they no longer need to breast feed, the hormone stops secreting and the the gene to produce casein is turned off. [Why tag this textGenes can be turned on and off by gene regulation. Gene regulation is important in normal development: it allows cells to react quickly to their change in environment and also allows genes to become different organs. [Why tag this textA regulatory protein can coil the chromatin in a different way that makes the gene less accessible, thus preventing transcriptiom.[Why tag this textGenes can be tuned on and off according to need. For example the mammary gland, when a women is lactating it is turned on but when there is no more use for it, it is turned off.[Why tag this textThey are produced by enzymatic reactions, and enzymes are proteins encoded by genes.[Why tag this textin which a trait passes from one parent to an offspring. it is a segment of the DNA that carries a code for a particular protein[General-Do not useinformation-containing segement of DNA that codes for the production of a molecule of RNA[Why tag this textGenes are so complicated and hard to research that all of the functions are not known. The known significance of genes is that they are information- containg segments of DNA that code for the production of RNA and in extension they code for the formation of various proteins.[Why tag this textGenes really make me wonder about my life. The fact that genes are passed from your parents to yourself. When I was born, I was born nine weeks early. Now being born nine weeks early the doctors predicted sevral things that would be wrong with me including: I would walk with a limp, I would be blind, I would have dislexia and many more other things. Now this interests me because they just predicted those things about me, they didn't know my mothers genes. How would they know that those things would be wrong with me when I would have a specific set of genes.Also, I lost my twin in the womb so I've always wondered if my twin would have those genes and I wouldn't or if we'd share them. [Why tag this textI didn't realize how abstract the concept of [Why tag this textHow exactly do we know there is no more than 25,000 genes? What is the basis of this being the absolute limit?[Why tag this textthis information can help people to understand the word [Why tag this textIf we were to create clones, we would just have to get a sample of DNA and replicate it. Would they than have the same life-span as the original owner of that DNA.[Why tag this textWhy and how do mutations in genes affect traits?[Why tag this textExplains how as we learn more and more about DNA, it has actaully become harder and harder to define a gene. The definition used has actually changed a lot over the years. However for this class it is defined as [Why tag this textThe tern gene started off meaning [Why tag this textIn high school, I remember doing a punnet square for the studies of peas.[Why tag this textThis is important because it gives the basic original definition of the gene. [Why tag this textremember studying this in high school and doing the chart with the four squares next to each other but I cannot remember what it is called.[Why tag this texta good term to vaugely define gene[Why tag this textClassic definiton of a gene[Why tag this textI guess I'm just wondering how these scientists found out that DNA carries the code for particular proteins.[Why tag this textthis is something i would like to learn more about[Why tag this textSince there isn't a gene for every protein, do some genes contain genetic code for more than one protein?[Why tag this textdid he see this under a microscope and did it really look like that?[Why tag this textSo in a set of 23 chromosomes there are about 3.1 billion nuceleotide paris? What is the join of these?[Why tag this textThis was Mendel's original belief as to what the pieces of DNA were.[Why tag this textIt's interesting to know what part of the gene, and that each protein doesn't have it's own gene.[Why tag this textA gene is considered to be a segment of the DNA that codes for the production of a molecule of RNA, which goes on to play a role in the synthesis of proteins. The sequence of amino acids in a protein is determined by the nucleotide sequence in the DNA.[Why tag this textWhat proteins make up the DNA which the genes are coded for?[Why tag this textI thought DNA creates RNA to do that?[Why tag this textI did not know this much in-depth information about each seperate gene and protein[Why tag this textThis shows how science has helped us advance and disprove Mendel's original theory.[Why tag this textinformation about genes; what they make up[Why tag this textNew research has revealed things that challenge the idea of what a gene actually is.[Why tag this textWhat's the minimum number?[Why tag this textWhich protein has its own separate gene?[Why tag this textIt is amazing how there are so many proteins and yet so few genes.[Why tag this texthow did we get so many?[Why tag this textwhat we were thing about genes and what really it's.[Why tag this textMegan Perna
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Expected Learning Outcomes When you have completed this section, you should be able todescribe the properties that distinguish epithelium from other tissue classes;list and classify eight types of epithelium, distinguish them from each other, and state where each type can be found in the body;explain how the structural differences between epithelia relate to their functional differences; andvisually recognize each epithelial type from specimens or photographs.
which lacks the surface layer of dead cells.
This type provides a surface that is, again, abrasion-resistant, but also moist and slippery. These characteristics are well suited to resist stress produced by the chewing and swallowing of food and by sexual intercourse and childbirth.
Before You Go OnAnswer the following questions to test your understanding of the preceding section:Distinguish between simple and stratified epithelia, and explain why pseudostratified columnar epithelium belongs in the former category.Explain how to distinguish a stratified squamous epithelium from a transitional epithelium.What function do keratinized and nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelia have in common? What is the structural difference between these two? How is this structural difference related to a functional difference between them?How do the epithelia of the esophagus and stomach differ? How does this relate to their respective functions?
Tissue composed of layers spaced cells that cover organ surfaces, form glands, and serve for protection, secretion, and absorbtion.[Why tag this text]This is the main objective of this section, so it's the first thing to look onto to see what are expected after reading this section.[Why tag this textIf nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelia do not contain a dead layer of cells, how then does the outermost layer of these cells receive nourishment to stay alive when they are not connected to a basement layer?[Why tag this textQuestion 4: The esophagus contains nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelia cells. These cells allow the esophagus to remain moist and slippery. The stomach has epithelia cells that have nerve endings to facilitate digestion.[Why tag this textunlike the kerantinized cells the nonkeratinized cells are abrasion resistant, moist and slippery. [Why tag this textHow do these resist abrasion without the keratin? Is it the fact that it is stratified squamous rather than whether it has kerotin or not?[Why tag this textThat would make sense because if you were to exfoliate on your tongue it would not be as moist and therefor it would be dry and do the things we do regularly like eat food and swallow it without there being a difficult.[Why tag this text1. Simple is a single layer of cells and stratified has two or more layers of cells. Pseudostratified columnar not all cells reach the free surface. The shorter cells are covered by the taller ones, but they all reach the basement membrane.2. Transitional epithelium surface cells are rounded, not flattened,and often bulge at the surface unlike stratified squamous.3. They both resists abrasion and peneration by pathogenic organisms. Nonkeratinized lacks the surface layer of dead skin, and keratinized is found in the epidermis and covered with compact dead squamous cells.I am having trouble with the last part of number 3.4. I think the stomach is lined and the esophagus is coated.Keratinized resists penetration by disease organisms. And nonkeratinized is moist and slippery it aids with chewing and swallowing of food.[Why tag this textIn simple epithelium, every cell touches the basement membrane, whereas in stratified not all cells touch the basement membrane. The cells that do not touch the basement membrane are simply stacked on top of the other cells. Even though it may not look like it, pseudostratified columnar epithelium is considered to be a simple epithelium opposed to stratified epithelium. While not all of the cell reach the free surface, all of the cells do touch the basement membrane.[Why tag this textSimple epithelia has one cell layer and every call touches the base membrane. Stratified epothelia can range from 2 to 20+ cell layers and some cells only touch the basement membrane. Although not all cells reach the surface because some are covered by taller cells, every cell in the puesdostratified columnar epithelium touches the base membrane.[Why tag this textstratified epithelia contain multiple cell layers (2-20) whereas simple only has one layer[Why tag this textsimple epithelium-has only one layer of cells. but has three types, simple squamous, simple cubodial, and simple columnar. Stratified epithelium- has anywhere from 2-20 layers of cells. many layers rest directly on each other and only the deepest layer in attached to the basement membrane. there are also three types of stratified epithelia, stratified squamous, stratified cubodial, and stratified columnar. pseudostratified columnar belongs to a different category because it produces a mucous that coats the mucous membrane [Why tag this textSimple epithelia is a tissue that contacts with the basement membrane and stratified epithelia is when not all cells will be in contact with the basement membrane because they will be on top of each other creating layers. Pseudostratified columnar epithelium belongs in the simple epithelia because the cells still contact with the basement membrane. [Why tag this textSimple epithelia have cells that all attach to the basement membrane, thus only creating one layer. Stratified epithelia, however, have more than one layer of cells and only the first layer attaches to the basement membrane. Sometimes pseudostratified columnar epithelia resembles stratified epithelia because some cells are taller than other surrounding cells. Even though some cells aren't touching free surface, all of them attach to the basement membrane, thus qualifying this type of epithelia as simple.[Why tag this textSimple epithelia consist of only one layer of cells where as stratified epithelial consist of 2 to 20 layers of cells. Psuedostratified columnar epithelium belong in the simple category because it only looks multilayered. Some cells do not reach the surface but all of the cells do reach the basement membrane (similiar to all trees in the forest have roots in the ground, but they do not all reach the top layer of the forest because they are over shawdowed by the taller trees)[Why tag this textSimple stratified epithelia, every cell touches the basement membrane, in stratified epithelium some cells rest ontop of others and not all touch the basement membrane. pseudostratified columnar is tricky, you may think it is stratified but every cell does touch the b. membrane. [Why tag this textSimple epithelial consists of one layer of cells. Stratified epithelial consists of 2-20 layers of cells. Psuedostratified epithelial belongs in the simple category because, though not all of the cells reach the free surface, the shorter cells are not covered over by the taller cells.[Why tag this textThe most obvious difference between simple and stratified is that simple is a single layer of cells and stratified is between 2-20 layers of cells which covers a wider range thickness. As for pseudostratified columnar epithelium it seems that its multilayered possibly reaching the surface, but after looking close enough all the cells are connected to the basement membrane, making it controversial to catagorize.[Why tag this textSimple epithelium tissue has only one layer of cells. The pseudostratified tissues belongs to this group because it is similar to those that are in the simple and stratified epithelia tissue. The stratified epithelia tissue is very different from the simple, according to the text it ranges from having 2 to 20 or more layers of cells, with some cells resting directly on others and only the seepset layer attached to the basement membrane, somewhat similar to the pseudostratified.[Why tag this textsimple epithelia is tissue where all cells come into contact with the basement membrane, and stratified epithelia not all cells come in contact because some of the cells will form layers and be stacked on top of each other. Pseudostratified columnar epithelia would be considered simple epithelia because some of the cells still touch the basement membrane.[Why tag this textThe simple epithelia has only one layer of cells and every cell touches the base membrane. The stratified epithelia has usually 2-20 layers but can have more and only the bottom layer touches the base membrane obviously. The pseudo stratified columnar epithelia is like the simple stratified where every cell touches the base membrane but like the stratified only some are tall enough to reach the surface while smothering the smaller shorter cells beneath them. [Why tag this textAs this tissue's name implies, the simple epithelium has a [WHY TAG THIS TEXT Simple epithelia cells attach to the basement membrane and only create one layer. Stratified epithelia have more than one layer of cells and only the first layer attaches to the basement membrane. Pseudostratified columnar epithelia resembles stratified epithelia because some of cells are taller than surrounding cells. [answerStratified squamous epithelium cells are flat & scaly whereas transitional epithelium cells are round & bulged at the surface.[Why tag this texttransitional epithelium is meant to describe stages between squamos and columnar epithelium whereas squamos epithelium are the most scaly epithelium[Why tag this textThe way to distinguish between the teo, stratified and transitional epithelium tissue is that stratified has two or more layers of cells and the surface cells are square or round and transitional tissues are almost the same but the cells are round.[Why tag this textIn transitional epithelium surface cells are rounded and bulge at the surface. In stritified squamous epithelium, surface cells are flat and scaly.[Why tag this textSurface cells are rounded and not flat[Why tag this textThe stratified squamous epithelium are flattened and scaley cells that layer one on top another like a brick wall, only some bricks touch bottom. a transitional epithelium also has multiple layers but they expand and constrict. Transitional epithelium was thought to represent the transtional stage between stratified squamous and columnar. It is now proven untrue but the name still resides.[Why tag this textStratified squamous epithelium cells are flat and scaly. Transitional epithelium cells are rounded and bulge.[answerStratified squamous epithelium differs from a transitional epithelium by the shape of each of them. Stratified squamous is a flat stratified epithelium where transitional epithelium is a transitional stage between stratified swuamous and stratifed columnar epithelium. [Why tag this textThe main observable difference between the two is that the stratified squamous epithelium are flattened while the transitional are more rounded.[Why tag this textStratified Squamous is the scaly epithelium and the transitional epithelium is know to describe the stages in between the squamous and columnar epithelia.[Why tag this textKeratinized epithelium has a covering of dead cells which contain keratin and are coated with water-repellent glycolipid. Because of this the skin is dry and slows water loss. Nonkeratinized doesn't have a covering of dry skin so the surface is moist and slippery. Because of this, it helps us chew and swallow and also sexual intercourse and childbirth. Both keratinized and nonkeratinized epithelium resists abrasions and penetrate pathogenic organisms.[Why tag this textin common: both are abrasion resistantdifferences: Keratinized-surface dead cells, relatively dryNonkeratinized-no dead cells, moist[Why tag this textboth keratinized and nonkeratinized epithelia are abrasion resistant and resist penetration from pathogenic organisms. structurally they are different. keratinized cells become flat and scaly toward the surface. the surface is covered with a layer of dead cells. where as nonkeratinized cells act the same way but without the layer of dead cells.[Why tag this textBoth keratinized and non keratinized stratified squamous epithelia are able to penetrate pathogenic organisms. The difference between them is dead, dry skin. Nonkeratinized doesnt have dry skin, it is moist. [Why tag this textKeratinized and nonkertinized both have the function of retrading water loss from the body and also resistes penetration by disease organisms. The structure between the two is that keratinized is covered with a layer of conpact, dead squamous cells and non-keratinized doesn't. [Why tag this textBoth keratinized and non-keratinized epithelia resist abrasion, and are able to resist penetration from pathogenic organisms. The difference is the dead surface layer. Keratinized has the dry, dead, surface layer.Non-keratinized epithelia doesn't have the dry surface, and is instead moist and slippery.[answerBoth Keratinized and nonkeratinized epithelia resist abrasion and are able to penetrate pathogenic organisms. The structural difference is the dry dead skin. Keratinized has the dry skin surface whereas the nonkeratinized epithelia doesn't have the dry skin surface, instead its moist and slippery to help swallow more efficiently and endure childbirth with less pain due to dryness and allows for sexual intercourse to be more enjoyable. [Why tag this textCommonalities bewteen the two include resisting abrasion and preventing penatration from pathogens, with multiple cell layers. The structural difference is that the kerantinized epithelia is covered by a layer of compact dead cells while the nonkeratinized is not. This provide the keratinized epithelia to be water repellent while the nonkeratinized is not.[Why tag this textKeratinized and nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelia both take on a protective function, resisting abrasion and prohibiting the entrance of pathogenic organisms, however, nonkeratinized epithelium lack the outer layer of dead cells packed with the protein keratin. This eliminates the water resistant nature of the cell type making them more suitable to tissue where durability and lubrication are required to aid in interaction with external objects.[Keratinized and (non) EpitheliaEpithelia is used for protection and the esophagus is used for absorption. [Why tag this textThe epithelia of the stomach is classified under the protection function, and the epithelia of the esophagus is classified under the absorption function. Epithelia of the stomach is an internal lining of organs. and the esophagus is a lining of a body cavity.[Why tag this textthe inner lining of the stomach is used for protection, and the esophagus is used for absorbtion[Why tag this textThe epithelia of the stomach is more internalized and protects the body from stomach acids with simple squamous, while the esophagus has pseudostratified epithelia as it come into contact with more frequent abrasions it may require a thicker layer of cells.[Why tag this textThe epithelia of the esophagus and the stomach are different because the stomach has keratinized cells which are lined with dead squamous cells and the esophagus has nonkeratinized cells which lacks the surface layer of dead cells.[Why tag this textThe single layer of cells in the liver are square or round. The single layer of cells in the stomach are tall and narrow. Both absorb and secret mucus and other products. [Why tag this textThe function of the epithelia tissue in the stomach is used for protection where the function in the esophagus is mainly for absorption.[Why tag this textThe simple squamous epithelia of the stomach protects the body from harsh stomach acids. The pseudostratified epithelia of the esophagus has more contact and more abrasions requiring a thicker layer of these cells.[answerThe function of the epithelia tissue in the stomach is used for protection where the function in the esophagus is mainly for absorption. [Why tag this textSue Xiong
Jeremy Kosick
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We breathe primarily by means of muscles that enclose the thoracic cavity?the diaphragm, external intercostal, internal intercostal, and innermost intercostal muscles (fig. 10.13).
We breathe primarily by means of muscles that enclose the thoracic cavity-the diaphragm, external intercostal, internal intercostal, and innermost intercostal muscles (fig. 10.13).
We breathe primarily by means of muscles that enclose the thoracic cavity?the diaphragm, external intercostal, internal intercostal, and innermost intercostal muscles (fig. 10.13).The diaphragm is a muscular dome between the thoracic and abdominal cavities, bulging upward against the base of the lungs. It has openings for passage of the esophagus, major blood and lymphatic vessels, and nerves between the two cavities. Its fibers converge from the margins toward a fibrous central tendon. When the diaphragm contracts, it flattens slightly and enlarges the thoracic cavity, causing air intake (inspiration); when it relaxes, it rises and shrinks the thoracic cavity, expelling air (expiration).
We breathe primarily by means of muscles that enclose the thoracic cavity?the diaphragm, external intercostal, internal intercostal, and innermost intercostal muscles (fig. 10.13).The diaphragm is a muscular dome between the thoracic and abdominal cavities, bulging upward against the base of the lungs. It has openings for passage of the esophagus, major blood and lymphatic vessels, and nerves between the two cavities. Its fibers converge from the margins toward a fibrous central tendon. When the diaphragm contracts, it flattens slightly and enlarges the thoracic cavity, causing air intake (inspiration); when it relaxes, it rises and shrinks the thoracic cavity, expelling air (expiration).Three layers of muscle lie between the ribs: the external, internal, and innermost intercostal muscles. The 11 pairs of external intercostal muscles constitute the most superficial layer. They extend from the rib tubercle posteriorly almost to the beginning of the costal cartilage anteriorly. Each one slopes downward and anteriorly from one rib to the next inferior one. The 11 pairs of internal intercostal muscles lie deep to the external intercostals and extend from the margin of the sternum to the angles of the ribs. They are thickest in the region between the costal cartilages and grow thinner in the region where they overlap the internal intercostals. Their fibers slope downward and posteriorly from each rib to the one below, at nearly right angles to the external intercostals. Each is divided into an intercartilaginous part between the costal cartilages and an interosseous part between the bony part of the ribs. The two parts differ in their respiratory roles. The innermost intercostal muscles vary in number, as they are sometimes absent from the upper thoracic cage. Their fibers run in the same direction as the internal intercostals, and they are presumed to serve the same function. The internal and innermost intercostals are separated by a fascia that allows passage for intercostal nerves and blood vessels (see fig. 13.13b, p. 493).
We breathe primarily by means of muscles that enclose the thoracic cavity?the diaphragm, external intercostal, internal intercostal, and innermost intercostal muscles (fig. 10.13).The diaphragm is a muscular dome between the thoracic and abdominal cavities, bulging upward against the base of the lungs. It has openings for passage of the esophagus, major blood and lymphatic vessels, and nerves between the two cavities. Its fibers converge from the margins toward a fibrous central tendon. When the diaphragm contracts, it flattens slightly and enlarges the thoracic cavity, causing air intake (inspiration); when it relaxes, it rises and shrinks the thoracic cavity, expelling air (expiration).Three layers of muscle lie between the ribs: the external, internal, and innermost intercostal muscles. The 11 pairs of external intercostal muscles constitute the most superficial layer. They extend from the rib tubercle posteriorly almost to the beginning of the costal cartilage anteriorly. Each one slopes downward and anteriorly from one rib to the next inferior one. The 11 pairs of internal intercostal muscles lie deep to the external intercostals and extend from the margin of the sternum to the angles of the ribs. They are thickest in the region between the costal cartilages and grow thinner in the region where they overlap the internal intercostals. Their fibers slope downward and posteriorly from each rib to the one below, at nearly right angles to the external intercostals. Each is divided into an intercartilaginous part between the costal cartilages and an interosseous part between the bony part of the ribs. The two parts differ in their respiratory roles. The innermost intercostal muscles vary in number, as they are sometimes absent from the upper thoracic cage. Their fibers run in the same direction as the internal intercostals, and they are presumed to serve the same function. The internal and innermost intercostals are separated by a fascia that allows passage for intercostal nerves and blood vessels (see fig. 13.13b, p. 493).The primary function of the intercostal muscles is to stiffen the thoracic cage during respiration so that it does not cave inward when the diaphragm descends. However, they also contribute to enlargement and contraction of the thoracic cage and thus add to the air volume that ventilates the lungs.Many other muscles of the chest and abdomen contribute significantly to breathing: the sternocleidomastoid and scalenes of the neck; pectoralis major and serratus anterior of the chest; latissimus dorsi of the lower back; internal and external abdominal obliques and transverse abdominal muscle; and even some of the anal muscles. The respiratory actions of all these muscles are described in chapter 22.
This section is about the muscles used for respiration. [Why tag this]muscles enclose the thoracic cavity[Why tag thiswell of course, but then what about the cardiac muscle, the heart? without this, we would have no oxygen moving throughout our bodies?...[Why tag thisthe muscles of respiration may be the most importannt muscles in my mind, without these we would not be able to breathe.[Why tag thisdiaphragmexternal/ internal/ innermost intercostals[Why tag thisI would like to learn more about it. [Why tag thisMuscles that play a central role in the process of breathing include the diaphragm, external intercostal, internal intercostal and the innermost intercostal muscles. These muscles primarily enclose the thoracic cavity.[Why tag thisInteresting to note all of the muscles required in respiration alone(a lot more than you would expect) as long as the muscles in the abdomen that contribute[Why tag thisyes, because all of these are made up of the respiratory system[Why tag thisWe normally just say the diaphragm is used in breathing. Do these other muscles have a significant impact on our breathing? Also, are they then affected too when we have the hiccups?[Why tag thisThe Discovery Channel and the History Channel recently aired programs on Crucifixion. One of the most fascinating points was how the stress of having the feet crossed and legs slightly bent then nailed put a tremendous strain on the skeleton and the musculature of the thoracic cage. Breathing was extremely difficult and many experts orignially thought Jesus died due to suffication and the lack of the ability of the lungs and thoracic muscles to expand to let air in and to contract to expell air out. It was an interesting way to see how important muscle action is to body processes.[Why tag thisI'm not understanding how the muscles can help us breathe? I know that the lungs help us breathe. Without them we can't, but how does muscles help us breathe?[Why tag thisBreathing is a necessity to life and the muscles that are responsible for our respiration are discusses in this section. Each muscles is talked about and then the key information about each muscle is gathered in a table below the paragraphs.[Why tag thisIt's insane to think we brethe becasue of muscles, people would typically think we are breathing becasue of our respitory system and heart pumping blood to keep us alive. [Why tag thisI think it's interesting how many muscles work together to do something that goes so un-noticed. We don't think or remind our selves to breathe, our body just does it for use with the power of these muscles. [Why tag thisA few years ago, I had costochondritis and it was uncomfortable breathing, especially exercising. It makes sense why that was so. I can imagine that pulling or tearing any of these muscles would make breathing even more painful than what I endured. [Why tag thisI never knew the diaphragm was a muscle-I always thought it was an organ. [Why tag thisI found this really interesting and I didnt know this. Id like to learn more about this. [Why tag thisIs this the reason why people who have more fat than muscle have trouble breathing?[Why tag this text?Is this the reason why people who have more fat than muscle have trouble breathing regularly?[Why tag this text?I hope that you can discuss this process of respiration more in class. It is very interesting that muscles have such a dynamic role in respiration. Breathing seems like a function performed by the lungs soley and without giving it much thought, one may assume that inhalation and exhalation are simply contractions of the actual lungs. However, it is now clear that it is infact these muscles that contract to enlarge and shrink the thoracic cavity. Truley amazing that this involuntary process occurs constantly throughout each day. [Why tag thisWhen we breath, is it something that we can control? or is it in our subconscious?[Why tag thisWhy is this call the trunk? [Why tag thisIf how we breath is through muscle movemnet then is someone with ashama have bad muscle movement or is there something wrong with there actual lung?[Why tag thisAsthma is a chronic disease of the lungs that inflames and narrows the airways. This makes them swollen and very sensitive. The airways are narrowed when the muscles around them tighten. Which causes less air to flow into the lungs. So their muscle movement is fine there is just [I have Asthma and I thought I would respond.So people who have a hard time gaining muscle or have a muscle disorder, might also have a problem breathing? [Why tag thisWe breather by using mostly the muscles that are in the thoracic cavity which conisists of the external intercoastal, internal intercoastal, and innermost intercostal muscles. These three layers of muscle lie inbetween the ribs [Why tag thisin the case that it is hard to breathe, I assume it is the diaphragm that does not function. Why is that the diaphram is such a touchy muscle?[Why tag thismuscles that enclose the thoracic cavity[Why tag thispenetraded by the anal canal, urethra, and vagina[Why tag thisThe diaphragm is also the muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity, as discussed in previous chapters. [Why tag thisit is interesting that one muscle is the primary muscle for breathing[Why tag thisDoes the diaphragm play a part in gas exchange, similar to the alveoli in the lungs that help in the absorption of oxygen and cycling carbon dioxide out of the body?[Why tag thisHiccups are spasms in the diaphragm, but why do we get spasms like that there and not in other places, like the lungs or stomach?[Why tag thisThis part of the body is important because it has to do with breathing and without having a diaphram or lungs we could not live. I think that it is intresting to wonder that every time we breather we are actually contracting a muscle. [Why tag thisI noticed that Diaphragam in all terms mean something between two things. For example, in Microscopre the diaphragm is between light and let it pass to specimen. On the other hand, diaphragm muscle is between thoracic and abdominal vavities.[Why tag thisi always thought the diaphragm was an organ, not a muscle. is there a way to excersize it and enlargen it?[Why tag thisis the reason that CPR stats keep changing to more and more chest compressions with less air because we keep learning more about the diaphragm ?[Why tag thisYou breathe from your diaphragm when singing. You control your voice better. Says my chorus instructor from middle school.[Why tag thisIf the ribs were to be broken and damage tot he diaphragm would come after that... What would happen to those muscles?[Why tag thisIn the past I have heard something about the thoracic cavity being a negative space, or something to that effect. Is there truth in this, and if so, what does it mean? Does this have something to then do with the creation of a partial vacuum?[Why tag thisIs it possible for a hiatal hernia to heal after one has occured through the diaphragm's opening?[Why tag thisDo all mammals' diaphragms function similarly, or is there wide variety based on the species?[Why tag thisIs this the same muscles that causes hiccups?[General_Do Not UseIt is interesting that the means of inspiration and expiration is done by the diaphragm muscle which first enlarges the thoracic cavity then shrinks the thoracic cavity. [Why tag thisI find it interesting that when the diaphragm rises, the chest shrinks and vice versa. I also think it is interesting that the diaphragm helps control our breathing. Does this mean that if the diaphragm were to be damaged that we could not breath? Or would the other muscles (external and internal intercostal) still be enough to help us breath?[Why tag thisI never knew the diaphragm had such an important role in the body. [Why tag thisThis is something new that I learned, and it helps me to better understand how I breath, and how my body contracts in order for me to breath[Why tag thisso it flattens when you inhale and relaxes when you breathe out?[Why tag thisI didn't know the diaphragm was a muscle. I definitely thought it was an organ but that totally makes sense now if you think about it.... [Why tag thisdescription of the diaphragm and its function[Why tag thisIf the intercostal muscles do not stiffen the thoracic cage and does not cave inward what will be the care a doctor could do to help with this so that the diaphragm doesnt get crushed[Why tag thisJustin Putterman
jennifer lassiter
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bayan
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Stem Cells
Stem CellsThe growth and differentiation of tissues depend upon a supply of reserve stem cells. These are undifferentiated cells that are not yet performing any specialized function, but that have the potential to differentiate into one or more types of mature functional cells, such as liver, brain, cartilage, or skin cells. Such cells have various degrees of developmental plasticity, or diversity of mature cell types to which they can give rise.There are two types of stem cells: embryonic and adult. Embryonic stem cells compose the early human embryo?for example, the cells in the photograph on page 1. In the early stages of development, these are called totipotent stem cells, because they have the potential to develop into any type of fully differentiated human cell?not only cells of the later embryonic, fetal, or adult body, but also cells of the temporary structures of pregnancy, such as the placenta and amniotic sac. Totipotency is unlimited developmental plasticity. About 4 days after fertilization, the developing
Stem CellsThe growth and differentiation of tissues depend upon a supply of reserve stem cells. These are undifferentiated cells that are not yet performing any specialized function, but that have the potential to differentiate into one or more types of mature functional cells, such as liver, brain, cartilage, or skin cells. Such cells have various degrees of developmental plasticity, or diversity of mature cell types to which they can give rise.There are two types of stem cells: embryonic and adult. Embryonic stem cells compose the early human embryo?for example, the cells in the photograph on page 1. In the early stages of development, these are called totipotent stem cells, because they have the potential to develop into any type of fully differentiated human cell?not only cells of the later embryonic, fetal, or adult body, but also cells of the temporary structures of pregnancy, such as the placenta and amniotic sac. Totipotency is unlimited developmental plasticity. About 4 days after fertilization, the developing embryo enters the blastocyst stage. The blastocyst is a hollow ball with an outer cell mass that helps form the placenta and other accessory organs of pregnancy, and an inner cell mass that becomes the embryo itself (see fig. 29.4, p. 1106). Cells of the inner cell mass are called pluripotent stem cells; they can still develop into any cell type of the embryo, but not into the accessory organs of pregnancy. Thus their developmental plasticity is already somewhat limited.Adult stem cells occur in small numbers in mature organs and tissues throughout a person's life. Typically an adult stem cell divides mitotically; one of its daughter cells remains a stem cell and the other one differentiates into a mature specialized cell. The latter cell may replace another that has grown old and died, contribute to the development of growing organs (as in a child), or help to repair damaged tissue. Some adult stem cells are multipotent?able to develop into two or more different cell lines, but not just any type of body cell. Certain multipotent bone marrow stem cells, for example, can give rise to red blood cells, five kinds of white blood cells, and platelet-producing cells. Unipotent stem cells have the most limited plasticity, as they can produce only one mature cell type. Examples include the cells that give rise to sperm, eggs, and keratinocytes (the majority cell type of the epidermis).Both embryonic and adult stem cells have enormous potential for therapy, but stem-cell research has been embroiled in great political controversy in the past several years. Deeper Insight 5.4 (p. 176) addresses the clinical potential of stem cells and the ethical and political issues surrounding stem-cell research.
Bronchial metaplasia in heavy smokers would likely result in breathing conditions similar to COPD (we talked about this in Public Health 101 too).[Why tag this text]two types: embryonic and adult[Why tag this textI tagged this because in our current society, stem cell research has created quarls among politics and people. This is so fascinating to me because stem cells are undifferentiated cells that can possibly have the potential of cells in the liver, skin, heart, or anything in the human body! [Why tag this textDiscusses the differences between adult and embryonic stem cells. This indirectly explains why scientists are so keen on research with embryonic stem cells as opposed to more easily accessible adult stem cells.[Why tag this textHow tissues repair themselves. Two ways: regeneration(where the dead or damaged cells are replaced by the same type of cells and Fibrosis ( replacing the damanged tissue with scar tissue)[Why tag this textTissue growth and differentiation are dependent on reserve stem cells. This is a fact that I did not know, but is very important. If there is a certain supply, does that supply eventually deplete itself or just stop creating more as we age or with illness?[Why tag this textStem cells are extremely important to someone who may have cancer. Alot of people need stem cells when they have cancer. [Why tag this textIf stem cells can differentiate into one or more types of matrure functional cells, why don't they have the ability to perfrom any specialized function?[Why tag this textIt makes sense now why so many people want to do stem cell research to help cure diseases. If we can use stem cells and have them become any kind of cell we want, then people who have say some type of degenerative brain disease could have cells that develop into new brain cells and create new tissue[General-Do not useI have always heard a lot about stem cell research but never knew what exactly stem cells where. It is incredible that these cells can become a number of differnt types based off of what your body needs. Its incredible that your body has its own back up system.[Why tag this textI thought this was important because stem cells are a very highly debated ethical subject. I myself believe the stem cells should be used for research because the benefits of finding cures and many other uses for them far out weigh any of the negatives that I can forsee in the future.[Why tag this textTissues derrive from stem cells. It is important to know that stem cells are multipotent, and have the ability to develop, and transform into any type of cell. Stem cells are being further observed in the medical field because due to their ability to evolve into any type of tissue cell, possible treatment for diseases such as diabetes and arthritis is being studied and tested.[Why tag this textstem cells control the growth an d differentation of this tissues.[Why tag this textDef [Why tag this textI always hear a lot about stem cell research and didn't really know what it was about. [Why tag this textImportant information[Why tag this textso that is what the big fuss is about when it comes to stem cell research.[Why tag this textthe growth and differentiation of tissues[Why tag this textdescription of what stem cells are and what they do[Why tag this textStem Cells.[Why tag this textI tagged this because I found it very interesting. I have heard of stem cells but before reading this I did not know much about them. Reading this really helped me get a better understanding of what it is. [Why tag this textStem cells are very important in humans. Are stem cells the reason humans live longer lives than many mammals?[Why tag this textI always heared on the news about stem cell research and never really had a firm understanding of what they exactly were. Now that I have read this section it is starting to be clear to me now. [Why tag this texttwo types of stem cells:[Why tag this texti always hear things about stem cell research but never knew what it was or why it was such a controversial topic.[Why tag this textTwo types of stem cells, which can become any type of cell.Embryonic: Early stages of development=totipotent stem cells which can develop into anything. Adult: Occur in small numbers throughout life. Can be multipotent/able to develop into two or more cell lines. [Why tag this textImportant to know.[Why tag this textthis one has me very confused, I thought adult cells couldn't become stem cells like embryonic?[Why tag this textI know that there are stem cells but had no clue there are two types of stem cells. One of which is totipent and one can be multipotent.[Why tag this textthere are two types of stem cells. which are embryonic and adult. embryonic cells are made early in the humans embryo.[Why tag this textThe two types of stem cells that carry the body through development.[Why tag this textThis is a very hot topic issue for a lot of people. Why are embryonic stem cells more better for research? I realize that embryonic cells are generating at a higher pace since they are trying to develop an embryo, but is there any way to stimulate adult stems cells to do the same?[Why tag this textEmbryonic stem cells form during prenancy in which they can develop into any type of fully differentiated human cell. And as for adult stem cells, it's develop and change in the mature organs and tissues. Some adult stem cells can develop into two or more different cell lines.[Why tag this textThis defines each embyronic and adult stem cells in depth and how they develop.[General-Do not useThe reason why just using Adult stem cells is not sufficient for therapy is because they are not totipotent unlike embryonic stem cells[Why tag this textThis is something that can be essential to the human body because the embryos can be transferred to other human bodies if needed. By this certain research is created to help cure disease.[Why tag this textIt explains stem cells the first type being embryonic stem cells which are commun in fetuses, infants, and small children[Why tag this textso meaning baby and infant to adult[Why tag this textThese can turn into any cell of the human body, which is why these are so important in the debate of embryonic stem cell research. [Why tag this texthuman embryo[Why tag this textEmbryonic Stem Cells[Why tag this textthe two types of stem cells[Why tag this textwhat embryonic stem cells are[Why tag this textNever knew that any cells had the capability to develop into any type of human cell[Why tag this textI am very interested in stem cell research and how a specific totipotent cell can have the abilitiy to form into any specific type of organ. I also noticed that these cells are limited in a very short window of time and are only available for short periods of time. If somebody is try to gather these cells to repair an organ how can they obtain these and allow them to grow into the desired result in such a short period of time? [Why tag this textThe reason that totipotent cells cannot be considered adult cells is because they only happen during pregnancy [Why tag this textTotipotent stem cells[Why tag this textThis is why embryonic stem cells were under such heavy study in the hopes to find a cure for cancer. [Why tag this textI never even knew what totipotency was or even heard of it. It was confusing at first but it makes sense that they are the development of plasticity. [Why tag this textunlimited reproduction[Why tag this textThis is I think one of the coolest parts of the human body, and the story of all of our development. No matter how different we are when we become talk, thinking children and then later senile adults, we all begin as this ball of DNA with omnipotent potential. At this stage it is like we can be anything or anyone in the whole world. Everyone living breathing, young, old, in every part of the world shares this in common. [Why tag this textJustin Putterman
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Andreas Vesalius (1514?64) taught anatomy in Italy. In his time, the Catholic Church relaxed its prohibition against cadaver dissection, primarily to allow autopsies in cases of suspicious death
Andreas Vesalius (1514?64) taught anatomy in Italy. In his time, the Catholic Church relaxed its prohibition against cadaver dissection, primarily to allow autopsies in cases of suspicious death. Furthermore, the Italian Renaissance created an environment more friendly to innovative scholarship. Dissection gradually found its way into the training of medical students throughout Europe. It was an unpleasant business, however, and most professors considered it beneath their dignity. In those days before refrigeration or embalming, the odor from the decaying cadaver was unbearable. Dissections were conducted outdoors in a nonstop 4-day race against decay. Bleary medical students had to fight the urge to vomit, lest they incur the wrath of an overbearing professor. Professors typically sat in an elevated chair, the cathedra, reading dryly in Latin from Galen or Aristotle while a lower-ranking barber?surgeon removed putrefying organs from the cadaver and held them up for the students to see. Barbering and surgery were considered to be ?kindred arts of the knife?; today's barber poles date from this era, their red and white stripes symbolizing blood and bandages.Page 5Vesalius broke with tradition by coming down from the cathedra and doing the dissections himself. He was quick to point out that much of the anatomy in Galen's books was wrong, and he was the first to publish accurate illustrations for teaching anatomy (fig. 1.3). When others began to plagiarize his illustrations, Vesalius published the first atlas of anatomy, De Humani Corporis Fabrica (On the Structure of the Human Body), in 1543. This book began a rich tradition of medical illustration that has been handed down to us through such milestones as Gray's Anatomy (1856) and the vividly illustrated atlases and textbooks of today.
Andreas Vesalius information[Why I tagged this]this is important because finally the catholic church allows human dissection so Vesalius had an advantage by making deeper examinations[Why I tagged thisquestion 1Galen saw science as a way to discover. it was not concrete and it was ever changing. He warned that he could be wrong but his followers didnt listen to him. They took the book literally and praised it as lawQuestion 2Vesalius did dissection himself. He pointed out that much of the anatomy described by Galen was wrong. He was also the one to publush the first illustrations for teaching anatomy. His findings and illustrations are even used today and helped begin the legacy of modern medicine, including milestones such as Gray's Anatomy.Question 3They were the inventors of the microscope. They were the first to observe that living things were made of cells. their inventions paved the way for the cell theory. It also led to the discovery of microscopic organisms.I found it very interesting that within the last 50 years their have been more advances in medicine than in the past 2500 years. It is amazing to think of what will happen in the next 50 years.[Why I tagged thisWith the prohibition against cadaver dissection lifted, interested me into their reasoning for allowing autopsies for suspicious deaths. There had to have been some deaths that weren't exactly natural deaths and/or some brilliant doctor realized one suspicious diagnosis was killing several people, therefore wanted to dig deeper(literally) into the cadavers of the diseased to better understand the reasoning for numerous uncontrolled deaths. Just stemmed many thoughts as to why the catholic church lifted the prohibition to dissecting.[Why I tagged thisDuring this time they realized that dissecting cadavers would be helpful.[Why I tagged thisGood that they started allowing dissection of cadavers again, however I wonder how much they were able to learn about these suspicious deaths since they previously had very little instruction on human dissection. Probably that is where the nonhuman dissection knowledge comes in handy[Why I tagged thisIf students and professors in the western hemisphere could study and dissect cadavers, then it would seem that they would have more knowledge of the anatomy and physiology of the body compared to the rest of the world because other religions and beliefs banned work on cadavers.[Why I tagged thisBecause of investigations of suspicious death and the uplifting of the prohibition of cadaver dissections, breakthroughs were allowed to occur...[Why I tagged thisthe catholic church was not for dissection uness it had a good reason behind it like finding out cause of mysterious death.[Why I tagged thisThis I found rather interesting. I never really thought about how the Catholic Church would be involved with cadavers. I must say though that it was good that they loosened up a bit to allow for dissections. From seeing and working with a real cadaver myself, I know how much one can learn from this incredible opportunity. [Why I tagged thisAllowing cadaver dissection greatly increased discovery in anatomy and physiology[Why I tagged thisAssume this would allow beliefs about A&P to become more realistic and conclusive.[Why I tagged thisdissection helped medical students learn about the body.[Why I tagged thisThis is important becuase dissection is a big part in how we learn about the human body and how it works. Also it is important part of the training of new physicians. [Why I tagged thisQuestion 2: Vesalius improved medical education by making dissections stadard practice as well as the tradition of medical illustration books. Disecction allows for visualization of anatomy and to see how erverything is connected. Medical illustration books allows for stuyding for anatomy without actual dissection. Both of these improvments allowed for better understanding of the human body and how it functions.[Why I tagged thisIt is interesting to see that finally Europe started to model the Middle Easts practice of dissection and that they were very reluctant to begin this practice. [Why I tagged thisThe refusal to get one's hands dirty does not help to advance scientific progress[Why I tagged thisI found this incredibly interesting. I can only imagine what these students had to endure! Our current medical students should thank whomever invented embalming fluid and formaldehyde. And, now, I will always think differently about those red and white striped barber poles that I see every once in a while. I had always had a fun and innocent feeling when I saw one of these poles...[Why I tagged thisI think it is important to see how much times have changed in the medical field. It is unreal to think about students having to learn in such abnormal conditions. [Why I tagged thisOh this was just disgusting to read to me! Cadavers still smell now with the preservative liquids they have, I can't imagine back then![Why I tagged thislooking at how far along we have come is amazing we no longer have to have a a race against decay for the body. we can look at the body for yeras after.[Why I tagged thisI'm glad we have improved the way cadaver dissecting is done because it helps us get answers to the causes of death[Why I tagged thisWith the bodies decaying how did they conduct a proper dissection?[Why I tagged thisI think that it is really interesting on how they only had 4 days to do dissections in Italy. We take for granted the materials we have now that can make dissections last longer and preserve more of the cadaver or animal that we are dissecting. I really enjoyed dissection animals in high school. [Comment probably would be difficult for a student to learn about the cadaver while enduring the awful smells of decay.[Why I tagged thishow cadaver dissection started[Why I tagged thisThis is really interesting! I never knew there was such symbolism behind the barber's red and white striped poles. This sheds a whole new light on Sweeny Todd. [Why I tagged thisI thought this was an interesting fact about the relationship between barbering and surgery.[Why I tagged thisI thought this was interesting how barbery and surgery could be tied together and it explains the roots of the barber pole and the significance of it[Why I tagged thisNeat fact. [Why I tagged thisThis is a fun fact that I believe all students in this course will keep in mind and share with other individuals when they discuss anatomy and physiology in the future, or if they come upon a barber shop this fact will resonate in their minds. I certainly will share this with my barber next time I get a haircut.[Why I tagged thisI never knew that was what it symbolized![Why I tagged thisI've read that barbers poles were modeled after the practice of 'bleeding', which was thought to alleviate a persons maladies, much the way leaches were used. The reason the barbers pole turns, is because the blood flowing down a persons arm, follows the same path, looping its way around the arm. Thus, the red represents the blood, and the white is not bandages, but rather the skin.Also, back then if you were going to see the barber, you were not going for a shave and a haircut. That is the modern vernacular. As the text suggests, in those days 'barbers' were a form of surgeon.[Why I tagged thisThis is a common theme. Breaking tradition and going against authority or the norm is where all the pioneers of science seemed to have begun. [Why I tagged thisVesalius published De Humani Corpus Fabrica which still inflences texts of today[Why I tagged thisI think that this helped the progression of anaotomy due to the fact that Vesalius was able to experience the cadavar up front and personal. He was able to get a closer view of how organs looked, how they may or may not be connected, how they felt, and may be able to guess their function.[Why I tagged thisGave to being a professor and a disectore giving knowledge and experience at a first hand bases to his students. [Why I tagged thisThe paragraph is good in that it shows us to not believe everything in medicine. See the advice but preform and do some of our dissections[Why I tagged thisas a teacher he set the example by doing dissections himself, not just that but he proves that Galen's work was wrong. Finally Vesalius publishes more accurate illustrations[Why I tagged thisI find Vesalius to be interesting and a huge contribution to the birth of modern medicine. Due to the anatomist breaking tradition and coming down from the chair during dissections, he was expierenced enough to identify the anatomy of a cadaver. He then drew illustrations of anatomy and started a tradition thoughout medicle books, even including or anatomy textbook. He also made the first atalas of anatomy. Without Vesalius, it would be difficult to know where certian organs and bones are in the body. The illustrations allow us to better understand anatomy in general. [Why I tagged thisImproved medical education and set standards that are still relevant today.[Why I tagged thisVesalius was a huge contributer in the role of transforming modern science from specifically the view point of authoritarianism. [Why I tagged thisIllustrations of the human anatomy now accurate.[Why I tagged thisFirst person to point out that Galen was wrong about anatomy in the human body.[Why I tagged thisThe fact that Vesalius challenged the work of Galen and sought to proove him wrong is impressive, especially with Galens work held in such high regard in the [Why I tagged thisI tagged this because I am amazed by how he would do the dissections himself. That was good he took a risk and questioned Galens books. It payed off in the end because he got to publish his findings in the first atlas. [Why I tagged thisInteresting that the guys who had a more hands on approach were the innovators, even if it involved a very distasteful dissection of a rotting corpse. Love the image of the thoughtful skeleton from his book of illustrations.[Why I tagged thisThis is important because it explains how Andreas Vesalius contributed to the medical field from his dissections. He is unique in that he took a more hands on approach with students and was also willing to discover things for himself pointing out how Galen was incorrect in his books.[Why I tagged thisVesalius finally disproved Galen after questioning, pushing ethics, and dirty play were incorperated in anatomy and physiology[Why I tagged thisI find this important because we get to see where the first anatomy book came about. We also see how long the study of the human body has been going on[Why I tagged thisAndreas Vesalius brought knowledge of anatomy to the public.[Why I tagged thisThis is inspiring to me because this Vesalius guy went behind the authority to gather a better understanding of human anatomy. And by him doing so such results came about, atlases and textbooks some still use today form 1543. Its rich tradition of medical illustration has been ever so helpful toward knowledge and advancements to medical practices. [Why I tagged thisvictor
Riley Spitzig
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Changes in DNA structure, called mutations,3 can result from replication errors
Changes in DNA structure, called mutations,3 can result from replication errors or from environmental factors such as radiation, chemicals, and viruses.
Changes in DNA structure, called mutations,3 can result from replication errors or from environmental factors such as radiation, chemicals, and viruses.
Changes in DNA structure, called mutations,3 can result from replication errors or from environmental factors such as radiation, chemicals, and viruses. Uncorrected mutations can be passed on to the descendants of that cell, but many of them have no adverse effect
Changes in DNA structure, called mutations,3 can result from replication errors or from environmental factors such as radiation, chemicals, and viruses. Uncorrected mutations can be passed on to the descendants of that cell, but many of them have no adverse effect.
Changes in DNA structure, called mutations,3 can result from replication errors or from environmental factors such as radiation, chemicals, and viruses. Uncorrected mutations can be passed on to the descendants of that cell, but many of them have no adverse effect.
Changes in DNA structure, called mutations,3 can result from replication errors or from environmental factors such as radiation, chemicals, and viruses. Uncorrected mutations can be passed on to the descendants of that cell, but many of them have no adverse effect. One reason is that a new base sequence sometimes codes for the same thing as the old one. For example, TGG and TGC both code for threonine (see table 4.2), so a mutation from G to C in the third place would not necessarily change protein structure. Another reason is that a change in protein structure is not always critical to its function. For example, the beta chain of hemoglobin is 146 amino acids long in both humans and horses, but 25 of these amino acids differ between the two species. Nevertheless, the hemoglobin is fully functional in both species. Furthermore, since 98% of the DNA does not code for any proteins, the great majority of mutations do not affect protein structure at all. Other mutations, however, may kill a cell, turn it cancerous, or cause genetic defects in future generations. When a mutation changes the sixth amino acid of ß-hemoglobin from glutamic acid to valine, for example, the result is a crippling disorder called sickle-cell disease. Clearly some amino acid substitutions are more critical than others, and this affects the severity of a mutation.
That is pretty impressive that it can go so fast and make so few mistakes.[Why tag this text]Jeeze! First off this is very amazing that DNA is infact ALMOST flawless! But my question is...how did scientists figure this out? By watching cell after cell? or is it just a scienctific guess?[Why tag this textErrors and Mutations: DNA Polymerase can sometimes make mistakes when its reading the nucleotides, resulting in faulty proteins. However, there are multiple modes for checking for errors. But there can be changes in DNA structures called mutations. These mutations can be from replication errors or environmental factors. [Why tag this textThe cell cycle is like a well oiled machine. A glich in the system can throw the whole proccess off. [Why tag this textWhat sort of viruses can cause mutations?[Why tag this textSo what happens when people have the BRCA1 gene? How does that become activated to give people breast cancer?[Why tag this textImportant to know causes of mutations. [General-Do not useI found this intresting because if you have a little bit of a mutation it can cause all of these problems such as radiation, chemicals and viruses that are a part of our daily lives. This DNA can be passed down to other cells. [Why tag this textWhen anyone is affected by radiation does it mutate their DNA or does it depend on how much radiation a person is exposed to ?[Why tag this textIs this what causes certain typed of cancers? Specifically melanoma.[Why tag this textIn class we talked about how a change in temperature can also cause mutations[Why tag this textWithout these changes could it cause harm to the body at all?[Why tag this textSo the reason that radiation therapy is used for cancer is because it causes a mutation in the cancer that makes it so it can't regenerate itself?[Why tag this textWhen DNA make changes errors can occur[Why tag this textWhat are some examples of genetic mutations that have been caused in the DNA structure?[Why I tagged thisMutations: changes in DNA structure that can result from replication errors or environmental factors. [Why tag this textIt would be interesting to know on average how many mutations occur in humans. Even if they don't have any effects, I'm still curious as to how often mutations occur if people live a normal life (i.e. don't tan, smoke etc.). [Why tag this textWhat kind of chemicals and viruses? When the bomb dropped on Hiroshima and people got cancer from the radiation, was that cancer caused from the mutations it made in the DNA?[Why tag this textso does the mutations correct the uncorrected mutations?[Why tag this textI tagged this because I didnt really understand this. [Why tag this textMutations are changes in DNA that result from errors in replication or from environmental factors such as chemicals, viruses, and radiation. [Why tag this textHow many mutations without adverse effects are estimated that a person may possess without their knowing? How common are mutations in a human body? I imagine that there would be quite a bit with the amount of cells in our bodies and the ease of which a mutation can occur. We are constantly exposed to radiation, chemicals, and viruses which can all attribute to mutations. [Why tag this textIf DNA polymerase makes mistakes and calls them errors but are able to correct the problem within hours, why is it the the errors are corrected but the mutations are not. I would think that an error should also result in some form of mutation[Why tag this textI thought it was surprising to learn that some DNA changes can be provoked. In other words, there are circumstances outside the body that can actually alter the DNA structure. This circumstances may or may not be under the control human beings. [Why tag this textWhat would happen if one of the mutations did have an effect on a cell?[Why tag this textQuestion 3: A mutation in a change in DNA structure. Some mutations result in a small change of only a single or couple of base pair but some may result in a new codon such as a stop codon, which would cause a much more serious or drastic change.[Why tag this textMutations-study this[Why tag this textI wonder if in research they have found any ways to stop the mutations from occuring. I am sure that they will some way find a way to fix some of them. I think DNA research will be a new up and coming thing. What is sickle-cell disease? I thought that had something to do with blood. [Why tag this textInteresting about changing in DNA struture can cause such errors which lead to radiation, chemicals, and viruses.[Why tag this textIt's interesting that DNA polyerase makes mistakes because I think we often think that the mechanisms of our body are like a machine that will perform perfectly. But the fact that mistakes don't necessarily lead to disaster is a pretty awesome evolutionary catch so we don't end up diseased or damaged. After all, DNA is replicated so often in our lifespan, of course there is bound to be a mistake here and there.[Why tag this textThis to me is very interesting because time and time again we get it drilled in our head that form follows function. This is one instance where small changes do not make a huge difference. [Why tag this textThis makes me feel better about myself. It turns out that nothing is perfect. I had always thought of this process as being spot on and any potential errors would result in a cell which simply doesnt function. Apparently this isnt the case. [Why tag this textSome mutations are minor and do not affect protein structure at all, while others are deadly. [Why tag this textNow this is very informative and interesting. [Why tag this textIs this why we eat food to get protein?[Why tag this textwhy some mutations are harmless while others can be deadly[Why tag this textAt what point are we most susceptible to mutations in our genetic structure? I feel like this would typically be around birth, but I know that cells are constantly undergoing change. Radiation is able to affect and spawn cancerous cells at any moment in our lives. [Why tag this textso when mutations dont affect protein structure they cause a disease?[Why tag this textfour phases in the cell cycle, G1, S, G2,and M. G1 is the cell protein and grows and carries out its tasks for the body. S phase are the two identical sets of DNa molecule are then available to be divided up between daughter cells at the next cell divison. G2 is the second gape between DNA and replication and cell divison. and M is the mitotic phasae.[Why tag this textmajority of mutations do not affect the structure of protein[Why tag this textIs this a way or the only way cancer is started from the bodys cells?[Why tag this textI always enjoy reading every time we find out something new about DNA sequencing and how we can prevent further mutations. How early are mutations detected in the embryo and how early can we fix them, if we can fix them at all? Are their different stages that we have to wait for if we are able to manipulate the sequencing to improve embryo life?[Why tag this textWhen mutations are caused by radiation, viruses, chemicals, etc., what exactly happens to the DNA? Does this cause the copying to be misread or what exactly is the process?[Why tag this textI found this interesting because although RNA plymerase trys to correct errors and mutations, sometimes it cannot fix what was coded wrong due to the severity of the mutation.[Why tag this textChanges in the DNA structure can have adverse effects on an individual if an important strand of the DNA, such as the blood, is changed, or a mutation occurs. It is important to understand that changes in the composition of DNA can have devastating effects on a human, but it all depends on which DNA strand is being altered. [Why tag this textAgiain the detail, necessary to undertand what exactly causes these defect and mutations is astounding; that said, it is unfortunate that genomic medicine is not more readily available or applicable.[Why tag this textI am curious as to why ethnicity playes a role in being affected with sickle-cell anemia[Why tag this text
this is why sickle cell happens[Why tag this textThis harmful mutation can be helpful under certain environmental situations. The heterozygous form of this gene confers some protection against malaria without causing severe sickle cell disease.[Sickle-cell diseaseWould a disease such as Parkinson's be the result of genetic mutation?[Why tag this textIt is frustrating that we understand how errors in mutations could result in diseases and disorders yet we lack the knowledge/ technology to do anything about it.[Why tag this textUnderstanding how mutations work is important to me because I work with many sickle cell disease patients. They are always on pain and require many blood tranfusions over a much shorter life span than average people. One day genomics may find a way to change these cells and prevent it.[Why tag this textKaitlynn
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Filtration. All substances leaving the blood are selectively filtered through the epithelium that lines the blood vessels; all urinary waste is filtered through epithelia of the kidneys.Sensation. Epithelia are provided with nerve endings that sense stimulation ranging from a touch on the skin to irritation of the stomac
Sensation. Epithelia are provided with nerve endings that sense stimulation ranging from a touch on the skin to irritation of the stomach.
The cells and extracellular material of an epithelium can be loosely compared to the bricks and mortar of a wall. The extracellular material (?mortar?) is so thin, however, that it is barely visible with a light microscope, and the cells appear pressed very close together. Epithelia are avascular7 ?there is no room between the cells for blood vessels.
The cells and extracellular material of an epithelium can be loosely compared to the bricks and mortar of a wall. The extracellular material (?mortar?) is so thin, however, that it is barely visible with a light microscope, and the cells appear pressed very close together. Epithelia are avascular7 ?there is no room between the cells for blood vessels. Epithelia, however, almost always lie on a vessel-rich layer of loose connective tissue, which furnishes them with nutrients and waste removal. Epithelial cells closest to the connective tissue typically exhibit a high rate of mitosis. This allows epithelia to repair themselves quickly?an ability of special importance in protective epithelia that are highly vulnerable to such injuries as skin abrasions and erosion by digestive enzymes and acid.Between an epithelium and the underlying connective tissue is a layer called the basement membrane. It contains collagen, glycoproteins, and other protein? carbohydrate complexes, and blends into other proteins in the underlying connective tissue. The basement membrane serves to anchor an epithelium to the connective tissue below it; it regulates the exchange of materials between the epithelium and the underlying tissues; and it binds growth factors from below that regulate epithelial development. The surface of an epithelial cell that faces the basement membrane is its basal surface, and the one that faces away from the basement membrane toward the internal cavity (lumen) of an organ is the apical surface.Epithelia are classified into two broad categories? simple and stratified?with four types in each category. In a simple epithelium, every cell touches the basement membrane, whereas in a stratified epithelium, some cells rest on top of other cells and do not contact the basement membrane (fig. 5.3).
like diffusion across a selectively permeable membrane[Why tag this text]fifth function[Why tag this textpassing through epethelia of kidney to get out waste.[Why tag this textFunction #5: filtration[Why tag this textI had previous knowledge that epithelial cells did everything else in this list besides filter and sense. [Why tag this textepithelial helps filter the bodies substances. it filters the good from the bad in the blood. it also filters urinary waste in the kidneys[Why tag this textI thought this was an interesting function that the Epithelia tissue has. All of the other functions mainly relate to the linings of the organs to stay clean, prtected, filtered, and healthy. Than there is the function that creates sensation. It makes sense because the Epithelia is on the outside lining as well, which is where sensation is created. Its just a little crazy to think that the sensations can range from two complete different areas, but still be a function of the epithelia tissues. [Why tag this textsixth function[Why tag this textthe feeling received from when we touch something with out skin[Why tag this textFunction #6: sensation[Why tag this textIm amazed by all of these functions of Epithelia. Are there nerve endings in all Epithelia or just certain ones?[Why tag this textIt's interesting that we experience irritation and other sensations from our internal epithelia, not our nervous system.[Why tag this textThis is an example of why it is more important to learn how the parts of the body work as a whole. In this example nerve tissue defines a function of epithelial tissue.[Why tag this textthis tissue is also linked with sensation. this feeling can range from the touch on your skin to an irratation in your body[Why tag this textbriefly describes the three types of simple epithilium.[General-Do not useI think this is a good analogy of explaining the cells and the extracellular material of an epithelium.But what does avascular mean?[Why tag this textI was very intrested in this chapter because I never had an in depth description of the 8 types of Epithelium. This chapter allowed me to explore all 8. Which inculde simple squamous, simple cuboidal, simple columnar, psedudostratified ciliated columnar, stratified squamous, stratified cuodial, startified coulmnar and transitional. It really helped me disiguish them and find there differences.[Why tag this textI do like the imagery used here; it allows me to visualize the form of cells in their extracellular material by comparing it to a mental image of something I am already familiar with seeing on a daily basis (a brick wall). [Why tag this textthe epithelium is almost like the [Why tag this textThis is an interesting way to think of it but helps show their main funtion of protection.[Why tag this textis this saying that each individual part of the body has something like a ectoderm mesoderm and endoderm? i know its not saying it literally but the way i grasp this is that everything has multiple protective layers[Why tag this textis this saying that each individual part of the body has something like a ectoderm mesoderm and endoderm. i know its not saying it literally but the way i grasp this is that everything have multiple protective layers[Why tag this textthe structure of epithelial tissue of cells pressed very closely together, which prevents anything from crossing the tissue. this shows the the function of these tissues in the body like the skin which prevents forgien objects from entering the body and prevents water from leaving the body.[Why tag this textThese [Why tag this textThis was a really good comparison that helped me undersand how the cells work in the tissue. The comparisson made it easier to see what the information meant[Why tag this textthis basically means to me that one cannot work without the other. the cell needs the extracellular material to make up the epithelium. the cell and extracellular are pressed very tight together which creates a very strong hold.[Why tag this textGood analogy to help visualize the epithelial tissue.[Why tag this textEpithelia heal relatively fast because they have ready access to blood vessel where as cartilage has little access and heals at a rather slow rate.[Why tag this textDescription of the cells and extracellular material of an epithelium. It also explains a little bit about the functions of the cells.[Why tag this textFor me this actually gave a very vivid image and description of how the epithelia cells function.[Why tag this textThis is important because it distinguishes from the other types of tissues and how you will not be able to see them through a microscope but when you do it looks like a brick wall and is distinguishable between the other tissues[Why tag this textEven though epithelia have no room between the cells for blood vessels, this tells us that even though this is true, epithelia attach to layers of connective tissue that are rich in vells, allowing them to get nutrients and remove waste.[Why tag this textWhen looking at this through a microscope I now know to look for closely spaced cells without blood vessels. [Why tag this textKnowing it is avascular can futher explain the connection with extracellular material. With having no room between cells and the extracellular material being thin, it makes sense that things would be barely visible. This all connects with how the layers are organized since the epitheial tissue is close with the connective tissue. All these statements above, help me futher understand the functions of epitheial tissue.[Why tag this textI have heard of this tissue you but never knew that epithelia is avascular.[Why tag this textI highlighted this because I had never heard of the word avascular before, which I learned means that the cells are so tight that there is no extra room. [Why tag this textbecause epithelial is avascular, which means there is not room for blood between the vessels, the epithelial is on top of a layer of vessel rich connective tissue which provides the tissue with nutrients and allows for the removal of waste.[Why tag this textI always thought that all tissues had blood vessels running thorugh them.[Why tag this textThis makes sense. Whenever you cut your fingers, the loose skin is always clear and never bleeds; however, the layer underneath that outer layer almost always bleeds.Also, vessel-rich layer = basement membrane.[Why tag this textDespite epithelia being avascular, they lie often on a vessel-rich layer of loose connective tissue which gives them nutrients that the blood vessels would give if there. The high rate of mitosis allows them to repair themselves quickly[Why tag this textdescribes and explains epithelia[Why tag this textEpithelia protects deep tissues, which is only one of the many functions it provides our bodies. Without protection from epithelia it would cause damage to health issues.[Why tag this textI thought that it was interesting that epitheal are avascular and have no gaps in between cells. This helps the cells nourish and remove nutrients. It also allows the cells to repair quickly to enable protection on the body. [Why tag this textvery interesting. I can relate to this from when i learned it in high school[Why tag this textThough the cells are tightly packed together, they do have a basement membrane that provieds them with vessels that cannot fit between the cells.[Why tag this textWouldn't this layer also be reffered to the basement membrane, since it provides nutrients and waste removal as well?[Why tag this textI had to reread it a couple of times to understand what it was saying.[Why tag this textThis could be useful in developing a dichotomous key for histology[Why tag this textThis makes sense when thinking of the largest organ of the body. The skin is constantly loosing the dead cells off the skin. It is important that more cells can be made rapidly. [Why tag this textIt is important to know that epithelial cells are able to repair themselves quickly. One question I had after reading this section was, what would slow down the reproduction of epithelial tissue? I eventually found that if these cells were not supplied with the proper nutients from the underlying loose connective tissue, they would not be able to reproduce and exfoliate.[Why tag this textholly kluge
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It was once common to diagnose disorders through exploratory surgery?opening the body and taking a look inside to see what was wrong and what could be done about it.
It was once common to diagnose disorders through exploratory surgery?opening the body and taking a look inside to see what was wrong and what could be done about it.
exploratory surgery?opening the body and taking a look inside to see what was wrong and what could be done about it. Any breach of the body cavities is risky, however, and most exploratory surgery has now been replaced by medical imaging techniques?methods of viewing the inside of the body without surgery, discussed at the end of this chapter
Any breach of the body cavities is risky, however, and most exploratory surgery has now been replaced by medical imaging techniques?methods of viewing the inside of the body without surgery, discussed at the end of this chapter (see Deeper Insight 1.5).
Any breach of the body cavities is risky, however, and most exploratory surgery has now been replaced by medical imaging techniques?methods of viewing the inside of the body without surgery, discussed at the end of this chapter (see Deeper Insight 1.5). The branch of medicine concerned with imaging is called radiology.
The branch of medicine concerned with imaging is called radiology. Structure that can be seen with the naked eye?whether by surface observation, radiology, or dissection?is called gross anatomy.
Structure that can be seen with the naked eye-whether by surface observation, radiology, or dissection-is called gross anatomy.
Ultimately, the functions of the body result from its individual cells. To see those, we usually take tissue specimens, thinly slice and stain them, and observe them under the microscope. This approach is called histology
Ultimately, the functions of the body result from its individual cells. To see those, we usually take tissue specimens, thinly slice and stain them, and observe them under the microscope. This approach is called histology6 (microscopic anatomy). Histopathology is the microscopic examination of tissues for signs of disease. Cytology7 is the study of the structure and function of individual cells. Ultrastructure refers to fine detail, down to the molecular level, revealed by the electron microscope.
Ultimately, the functions of the body result from its individual cells. To see those, we usually take tissue specimens, thinly slice and stain them, and observe them under the microscope. This approach is called histology6 (microscopic anatomy). Histopathology is the microscopic examination of tissues for signs of disease. Cytology7 is the study of the structure and function of individual cells. Ultrastructure refers to fine detail, down to the molecular level, revealed by the electron microscope.Physiology?The Study of Function
Curious how often exploratory surgery is used today. What circumstances lead to a last resort like this? What kind of risk does a dr./ hospital take on when resorting to this kind of surgery?[Why I tagged this]Common old practice. Makes sense that people used to do this because at the time they did not entirely know better that it was harmful to just open peope up merely for research as so many things can go wrong with the human body.[Why I tagged thisthats crazy
It's a good thing we have developed better ways to see inside the body and that cleanliness is more important these days. I bet it took some time to find something wrong, if they even found it, and when the body is opened up for a long amount of time I'm sure a lot of people got sick after this.[Why I tagged thisVery dangerous. What if the problem wasn't on the inside, or wasn't visable from the inside of the body?[Why I tagged thisDIfferent ways of examining anatomy and physiology[Why I tagged thischange in techiniques. Development in medicine.[Why I tagged thisWhen was this common? Is it still used today in some practices if the problem is unknown in some cases?[General_Do Not UseWhat if you weren't actually able to see the problem correctly would you then take other precautions to do so? Such as surgery?[General_Do Not UseMedical imaging techniques-methods of viewing the inside of the body without surgery. Much safer and more widely used and have replaced dissections. [Why I tagged thisWith the technology advancements, medical imaging techniques will only grow. This was interesting because as a student in the Health Care Administration major, I know that this advancement will only help my colleagues and I.[Why I tagged thisMy sister is working in a branch of radiology called nuclear medicine. She can inject dye into patient's veins to run test on mostly every organ of the body. It is crazy of technology has evolved and is still improving over the years. [Why I tagged thisHow was this technology discovered? Does medical imaging pose a risk for possible cancerous exposure?[Why I tagged thisdoes this word mean opening or breaking open?[Why I tagged thisListening to a patient for a heart murmur: auscultationStudying the microscopic structure of the liver: cytologyMicoroscopically examining liver tissue for signs of hepatitis: histopathologyLearning the blood vessels of a cadaver: dissectionPerforming a breast self-examination: palpation[Why I tagged thisAnother way to study the body.[Why I tagged thisSome well known medical imaging techniques is an MRI on the brain, X-rays of the body to look at bones, as well as an ultrasound.[Why I tagged thisradiology, cat scans, MRI[Why I tagged thisWith medical imaging, we don't have the risks of having surgery. Helps us see what isn't seen with the naked eye.[Why I tagged thisused as a method instead of exploratory surgery - better use of technology[Why I tagged thisGross anatomy[Why I tagged thisI think this is very interesting to me which is why I am pursuing a career in something similar, Sonography.[Why I tagged thisImportant to know the branch of medicine which focuses on imaging is known as RADIOLOGY. -GROSS ANATOMY: structure that can be seen with the naked eye via (surface observation, radiology or dissection)[Why I tagged thisgross anatomy is where you can see certain structures by surface observation, radiology and dissections.[Why I tagged thisIts interesting to know what type of anatomy radiology is. My major is radiology so it caught my eye![Why I tagged thisIf anything seen by radiology, surface observation, or dissection is considered gross anatomy. What would be the other side of that? How exactly is radiology considered being seen with the naked eye if you are using [Why I tagged thisDIfferent ways of examining anatomy and physiology.[Why I tagged thisMy major![Why I tagged thisImportant definition: gross anatomy- structure that can be seen without a visual aide[Why I tagged thisthis is a brief explanation of what is considered gross anatomy[Why I tagged thisGross Anatomy- Vocab Word. When you can see the structure of the body, through observation, imaging, surgery, ect.. [Why I tagged thisto remember gross anatomy, seeing the inside of the human body is gross to me[Why I tagged thisAll of these structure viewing techniques are very inportant in collecting all abnormalities within ones anatomy. Sometimes it is crucial/necessary to take the next step in observation to dig deeper in gaining understanding of a problem of ones anatomy/physiology.[Why I tagged thisI have never heard this term and I thought it was interesting and something I should remember[Why I tagged thisMultiple methods of gross anatomy. Does not just include what one can see on the surface, but through technology and more intense examinations as well.[Why I tagged thisGross anatomy plays a big role in diagnosing disorders and diseases in humans whether it be through surface observation, radiology or dissection. [Why I tagged thisImportant definition - assume we will be using gross anatomy throughout this semester.[Why I tagged thisAnother type of anatomy[Why I tagged thisI believed it has to do the the formand funsction. Each cells has its form and function that enables other cells to do what they are suppose to do[Why I tagged thisHow can an individual cell tell us about the overall health of an organ or surrounding tissue?[Why I tagged thisThat is why anatomy is related to physiology, people cannot know the function of any organ without studying the organ itself, whether by taking x-rays or opening the body. this implies that the more we know about body the wider information we get that's why medicine has a lot of sections and classification.[Why I tagged this A different way than dissection of looking at anatomy - looking at specific cells under the microscope. Emphisizes the unity of form and function again.[Why I tagged thisImportant fact[Why I tagged thisessence of anatomy[Why I tagged thisI tagged this thread because it really is an interesting a true statement. If you think about just ONE cell of the body and the amount of work it actually does for us, it is mind boggling.[cellsits intimidating that such a small organism such as a cell maintains function through organisms such as humans[cells, humansHow we are able to see cells on a microscope[Why I tagged thisIt's amazing how altough we are taking such a small specimine of tissues, we are still retreiving thousands of cells and are able to withdrawl some sometimes very crucial results/observations.[Why I tagged thisHistology-microscopic anatomy Histopathology-is the microscopic examination of tissues for signs of disesase[Why I tagged thisTo see cells that you can't see with your naked eye you have to look at them under a microscope. This is called histology. Cytology is the study of the function and structure of a cell. [Anatomy and PhysiologyDefines, histology, histopathology, cytology, ultrastructure, and physiology.[Why I tagged thisChanel Anastas
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The circulatory system is lined with a simple squamous epithelium called endothelium, derived from mesoderm. The endothelium rests on a thin layer of areolar tissue, which often rests in turn on an elastic sheet.
The circulatory system is lined with a simple squamous epithelium called endothelium, derived from mesoderm. The endothelium rests on a thin layer of areolar tissue, which often rests in turn on an elastic sheet. Collectively, these tissues make up a membrane called the tunica interna of the blood vessels and endocardium of the heart.Some joints of the skeletal system are lined by fibrous synovial (sih-NO-vee-ul) membranes, made only of connective tissue. These membranes span the gap from one bone to the next and secrete slippery synovial fluid into the joint.
Before You Go OnAnswer the following questions to test your understanding of the preceding section:Compare the structure of tight junctions and gap junctions. Relate their structural differences to their functional differences.Distinguish between a simple gland and a compound gland, and give an example of each. Distinguish between a tubular gland and an acinar gland, and give an example of each.Contrast the merocrine and holocrine methods of secretion, and name a gland product produced by each method.Describe the differences between a mucous and a serous membrane.Name the layers of a mucous membrane, and state which of the four primary tissue classes composes each layer.
endothelium which is squamous epithelium lines the circulartory system.[Why tag this text]it is interesting that one of the simplest tissues line a system which experinence a lot of expansion and contraction in the coarse of a day. this shows that simple is sometimes better than complex when a tough tissue is needed for a basic task.[Why tag this textThe circulatory system is lined with endothelium.[Why tag this textSpecifically pertains to the heart which is helpful to know because the heart is a primary organ of the body. The circulatory system is the system that controls majority of the body and without this membrane it may not be possible. This is something I never really considered; the membranes. I always thought of the systems, organs, tissues etc but never thought of how the membranes help the overall function.[Why tag this text Tight junctions (prevent the passage of molecules and ions through the space between cells, block the movement of the surfaces of the cell)Gap junctions permit the free passage between the cells of ions and small molecules[Why tag this textIn order to lubricate the joints for proper activity, synovial fluid is secreted. Before playing, athletes stretch and warm up in order to lubricate their joints and it is great to know that this is called synovial fluid.[Why tag this textAnchoring-type junctions not only hold cells together but provide tissues with structural cohesion. These junctions are most abundant in tissues that are subject to constant mechanical stress such as skin and heart[Why tag this textWhen I read this I thought of putting icy-hot on a knee/joint or applying some DW-40 to a bolt/door.[Why tag this text1. Tight junctions completely wraps a epithelial cell near the apical surface and joins it tightly to a cell near by. And a gap junction is the communicating junction. The connection between two cells consisting of a pore surrounded by a ring of proteins in plasma membrane in each cell. Tight junction functions are: forms a water resistant seal between cells, make sure intestinal substances pass through the epitheial cells,NOT between them,and made of adhesion protein.GAp juctions functions allows the passage of ions from one cell to another, allows electrical simulation to pass from cell to cell, and it is made of connexons.2. Simple gland is they have a single unbranched duct. And compound have a branched duct. Tubular gland duct and secretory portion are of uniform. And acinar gland is if the the seretory cells form a dilated sac.3. Merocrine gland or eccrine gland release sercetions by exocytosis,like tear glands or the pancreas. And holocrine gland build up a product and the entire cell disintegration. Like oil producing glands of the scalp.4. Mucous is a tissue layer that forms the inner lining tract that opens up to the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts. And serous membrane like pericardium covers or lines a body cavity. Or cover the external surface of the viscera.5. Epithelium, lamina propria, and muscularis mucosae. The lamina propria is an areolar connective tissue layer. Muscularis mucosae is a layer of smooth muscle[Why tag this texttight junctions join cells closely like a six pack with plastic bindings. Instead of using plastic bindings though, the cells are linked by transmembrane cell-adhesion proteins. This close bond helps to prevent things like intestinal bacteria from invading the tissues. The tight bond also helps to ensure that most digested nutrients pass through the epithelial cells and not in between them. Tight junctions limit how far drifting proteins can travel and keep them segregated in the appropriate domains of the membrane where they are needed to perform their tasks. Gap juntions consist of six transmembrane proteins arranged in a ring. They are also closely connected, but they allow Ions, glucose, amino acids, and other small solutes to pass directly from the cytoplasm of one cell into the next through the channels. [Why tag this textTight junctions are a tightly fused group of alite cells, which allows nothing to pass through. Gap junction is certain protein in a ring that are also tightly fused.[Why tag this textA tight conjunction completely encircles an epithial cell near its apical surface and joins it tightly to the neighboring cells near its apical surface and joins it tightly to the neighboring cells. Gap junctions is a communication that is formed by a connexon.[Why tag this textTight Junctions completely cover epithelial cells. Gap juntions have communication thats formed by connexon. [Why tag this textGap junctions obviously have a gap in them in order to let things pass between them, where tight junctions are so close together that nothing can pass (like a block-aid). I find it interesting that skeletal muscle doesn't have gap junctions. Is it because they allow electrical excitation to pass? Does skeletal muscle need excitation?[Why tag this texttight junction-joins surfaces tightly to neighboring cells, prevents things like digestive juices from seeping in between cellsgap junction-allows things like nutrients, acids, etc to pass through eac other, mainly in cardiac and smooth muscle[Why tag this textThe tight junction is a tightly packed group of cells of adhesive proteins that doesn't allow much of anything to pass, the gap junction allows nutrients and acids to pass freely due to its relaxed loose grouped cells. [Why tag this textThe tight junction: This junction is a tightly packed group of cells of adhesive proteins that doesn't allow much too pass through the junction The gap junction allows nutrients, and acids to pass freely due through the junction because of its relaxed loosely grouped cells.[Answerin simple glands, the main duct is unbranched. in compound glands, there is multiple branching, of the main duct, and the branches of the main duct.simple acinar, simple tubular, simple branched ac.inar, simple branched tubular, and simple coiled tubular.acinal gland is one made up of one or more oval or spherical sacs (acini). If a gland retains its shape as a tube throughout it is termed a tubular gland[Why tag this textSimple gland means they have a single unbranched suct. Compound glands have a branched duct. -Mammary gland-Tubular glands must have a uniform diameter between a secretory portion and the duct.[Why tag this textA simple gland is if the exocrine gland has a single unbranched duct like a sweat gland and a compound has a branched duct like a mammary gland. In order to be classified as a tubular gland the duct and secretory portion must have uniform diameter. this could be a sweat gland. A acinar gland forms a dilated sac of secretory cells. This could be a mammary gland.[Why tag this text The watery fluid oozing through the membrane from the blood is said to be serous. That's the sort of membrane you will find inside hollow body cavities such as the chest and abdomen. The watery fluid will eventually be reabsorbed back into the blood but it serves to lubricate the surface. A mucus membrane has mucus secreting cells in it (often called goblet cells) - and mucus is formed from comples chains of proteins and sugars that create a sticky mass (usually clear).[Why tag this textMerocrine glands secrete by exocytosis through the vesicles. The process of accumulation in the cells of a product and then the cell disinigrates is the holocrine method of secretion. Merocrind: gastric glandsHolocrine: glands of the eyelids[Why tag this textMerocrine-release secretion by exocytosis, which means releases by leaving nucleus into a vessicle then secreted into the duct and out. Holocrine- release by disintegration of complete cell, nucleus and all, disintegrate through the duct and out. Merocrine- release tears Holocrine- release cell fragments[Why tag this textMerocrine glands (eccrine) have vesicles that release their secretions via exocytosis. Merocrine glands include tear glands, the pancreas, gastric glands, as well as many others. In holicrine glands, cells accumulate a product, then the entire cell disinigrates, leaving a mixture of cell fragments and the substance that the cell has synthesized prior to its disinigration. Minimial glands use this type of secretion, including the oil-producing glands of the scalp, and certain glands of the eyelids.[Why tag this textMecrocrine: found in pancreas & stomach. Secrete by exocytosis.Holocrine: oil glands found in scalp[Why tag this textIn Merorcrine secretion mucin mixes with water to form mucusThe holocrine secretion destroys the gland cell[Why tag this textMerocrine methods are found in the tear glands, pancreas, gastric glands, and several more. The way they secrete is by exocytosis through vesicles. Holocrine is the accumulation in cells of a product and then the entire cell disintegrates. So technically the secretion consists of cell fragments and the substance in which the cell had synthesized. The scalp uses holocrine secretion method with it oil producing gland. [Why tag this textHolocrine: These are found in the scalp, and are oil glands.Merocrine: These glands secrete by exocytosis and are in the pancreas and stomach.[Answermerocrine-glands that release secretion by exocytosis, include pancreas, gastric glandsholocrine-accumulate product, helps disintegrate cells, thicker than merocrine, found in oil glands of scalp[Why tag this textMerocrine secretion occurs when secretory vesicles migrate to the plasma membrane, fuse and then release their contents. Holocrine secretion occurs when the cell accumulates product, then bursts/disintegrates, releasing the product alongside dead cellular material. Merorcrine glands could include tear glands, the pancreas, etc. Holocrine glands could be found in the scalp and eyelids.[Secretion TypesMucous membrans is coverd in mucus and serous membrane produce watery fluids.[Why tag this textThree differences between a mucous and a serous membrane are that serous membranes produce watery serous fluid where mucous membranes are covered with mucus that is secreted by goblet cells. Serous membranes are composed of simple squamous epithelium resting on [Why tag this texta mucous membrane helps line passages for digestive, urinary repiratory and reproductive tracts. this membrane is made of three layers usually; epithilium, an areolar layer and smooth muscle. all three work together to protect us from bacteria. a serous membrane on the other hand produces a fluid from blood to line our body cavities.[Why tag this textMueous membranes: lines certain passages that open up to the outside environment.Serous membranes: produce watery serous fluids.[Why tag this textmucous-lines passages open to exterior environmentsserous-produce watery flouid, rises from blood and lines inside of some body cavities to form soft outer surface[Why tag this textThe mucous membrane lines passages that open to the exterior environment, consists of two to three layers and have absorptive, secretory and protective funstions. Serosa is composed of a simple squamous epitheliam resting on a thin layer of areolar connective tissue.[Why tag this textA mucous membrane has two to three layers. The first layer is an epithelium, second being an areolar connective tissue layer called the lamina propria, and sometimes there is a third layer of smooth muscle called muscularis mucosae. The serous membrane is made of a simple squamous epithelium and rests on a thin layer of areolar connective tissue.[Why tag this textMucous membranes (mucosa) line passages that open to the external enviornment. The contain 2 to 3 layers: the epithelium, areolar connective tissue (lamina propria)m and sometimes a layer of smooth muscle (muscularis mucosae). Mucous membranes also have secretort, protective, and absorptive functions. Serous membranes (serosa) is made up of a simple squamous epithelium, which rests on a thin layer of areolar connective tissue. They produce serous fluid, whicharises from the blood.[Why tag this textThe mucous membrane lines the passage ways open to the exterior environment. Whereas the serous membrane produces a watery fluid that rises from the blood. [Why tag this textMucous membranes line passage that are open to the external environment.Serour membranes are internal and are not exposed to the environment. [Answer(1) an epithelium, (2) the basement membrane on which the epithelium rests, and (3) a layer of loose connective tissue, called the lamina propria[Why tag this textlayers of mucous membrane-epithelium, areolar connective tissue and smooth muscle called muscularis mucosae[Why tag this textlayers: Epithelium. areolar connective tissue and smooth muscle[Why tag this textThe three layers of a mucous membrane consist of epithelial tissue, areolar connective tissue, and sometimes a layer called muscularis mucosae which is a smooth muscle[AnswerThe mucous membrane is made of two or three layers. The epithelium layer, an areolar layer, and smooth muscle. The epithelium obviously composes the three layers, the other four tissue classes compose the areolar layer. [Why tag this textEpithelium, areolar connective tissue and smooth muscle[Why tag this texteric voelker
Michael Franzini
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Stratified squamous epithelia are of two kinds?keratinized and nonkeratinized. A keratinized (cornified) epithelium, found in the epidermis, is covered with a layer of compact, dead squamous cells. These cells are packed with the durable protein keratin and coated with a water-repellent glycolipid. The skin surface is therefore relatively dry; it retards water loss from the body; and it resists penetration by disease organisms. (Keratin is also the protein of which animal horns are made, hence its name.9) The tongue, esophagus, vagina, and a few other internal membranes are covered with the nonkeratinized type, which lacks the surface layer of dead cells. This type provides a surface that is, again, abrasion-resistant, but also moist and slippery. These characteristics are well suited to resist stress produced by the chewing and swallowing of food and by sexual intercourse and childbirth.
other cells that would look like this would be the inner lining of the digestive tract, glads, and liver.[Why tag this text]Nostril?[General-Do not useThe epidermis--or that is to say, the outlayer of skin on our bodies visible to the eye, containing chromatic hues?[Why tag this textCould it maybe be the intestins, nostrils, or colon? These are places where cells could be more squamous or scaly, and still mitotically active.[answerI'm not quite sure what the above picture is showing[Why tag this textHair is also made up of keratin right? So are skin and hair made of the same thing?[Why tag this textFrom previous knowledge, I was aware that there are different types of epithelium tissue, however, when it comes to external tissue, I was unaware that there are keratinized and non-keratinized squamous epithelia tissue. I previously believed that the tissue making up internal membranes were just moist due to mucous membranes; I had no idea keratin was the cause of this. This makes complete sense to me beause the keratin acts as a barrier to the internal membranes of the body.[Why tag this text2 types of squamous epithelia: keratinized and nonkeratinized. keratinized are covered with a layer of compact dead cells that make the surface dry. Nonkeratinized areas include tongue, esophagus, and vagina[Why tag this textWould dandruff be considered Stratified squamous epithelia? (Keratinized)[Why tag this textI am confused at what exactly keratin is and if it is also in the hair.[Why tag this textDifferences between keratinized and nonkeratinized cells and their descriptions.[General-Do not useDead squamous cells impacted the skin and making it very dried and can cause disease.[Why tag this textit is very interesting to see that epithelial tissues have such a wide array of locations within and on the human body, yet its main functions are very similar. By using a protein, keratin, it can modifiy itself to adapt to evironmental stress. The sole of the feet versus the inner lining of the esophagus. This is made even more interesting to see that our distant mammal also uses keratin to make their horns. This further amplify my thoughts about evolution. We as the human race have evolved so far, yet we have not completely evolved to being completely different from other mammals. [Why tag this textThought it might be important to point out that our skin isn't keratinized but has another property that allows it to deal with the external environment. The pores of the skin have ducts that secrete an oil based substance that keeps our skin from drying out and excessively sluffing off.[Why tag this textAbout the two different kinds of stratified squamous epithelia (keratinized and nonkeratinized)[Why tag this textI thought this section on the two kinds of stratified squamous epithelia was really interesting. I never knew that the main difference between these skin types was keratin. It all comes down to the amount of water that is allowed to pass through the surface of the skin. Again, I didn't know this was due to the amount of keratin in the skin. [Why tag this textI thought it was interesting that there isnt only one type of stratified squamous epithelia, but there are two - keratinizsed and non keratinized. Keratin is a protein found in the cells. Keratinized and non keratinized epithelium are different from each other. Keratinized epithelium repells water, thus it is relatively dry and resists disease. Non keratinized epithelium lacks a layer of dead cells which allows it to be wet so it can be slippery. [Why tag this textSo basically the keratinized are external and the nonkeratinized are internal organs.[Why tag this textFirst of all, I appreciate the fact that these cells are named as they appear. Secondly, it is amazing that these stratified squarmous epithelia (keratinized and nonkeratinized) are responsible for keeping our skin water repellant (keratinized) as well as keratinized, which allows for the reproduction and survival (eating) of humanity. Thanks stratified squarmous epithelia![Why tag this textthis is something important to know for future exams[Why tag this textI thought this was interesting because I never knew there was keratinized and nonkeratinized epithelia, but after thinking about it, it makes sense that if the keratinized epithelia lined some of the other parts of our body as well it would be very difficult to perform certain tasks like swallowing or sexual intercourse, so it is a good thing our body has these two different kinds of epithelia for different parts of our bodies[Why tag this textexplains the two kinds of stratified squamous and their functions[Why tag this textKeratinized cells is coverwith with a layer of dead squamous cells. They are tightly packed and contain keratin which is a water repellent. This is found in epidermis, the outermost layer of skin.The tongue, esophagus, vagina are covered with nonkeratinized. doesnt have dead cell layer. resists stress.[Why tag this texttwo types of stratified squamous epithelium[Why tag this textkeratin is protein, so they are and are not covered in protein[Why tag this textWhen I was looking at all the cell pictures, i had never ever heard of these two and its interesting of how the cells keep getting broken down into smaller and smaller groups[Why tag this textI now understand why my heel is so hard.[Why tag this textI find it interesting that even dead cells have a function in the health of tissues.[Why tag this textI find it interseting that even dead cells have a function in the health of tissues.[Why tag this textA coating of dead cells is a seemingly ingenious way of protecting the body from viruses. Viruses need liging cells to reproduce their components for them; if the outer layer of cells are dead they can possibly be infected, if the receptors still exist, but there is no production of any viral components.[Why tag this textKeratin's purpose in the outside layer of skin. It is another protectant for the epithelium.[Why tag this textkeratinized epithelium is found in the epidermis. the keratinized epithelium is covered with a layer of dead squamous cells. the cells have a lot of keratin with water repellend glycolipid[Why tag this textI annotated this because I find it interesting that our body actually has dead squamous cells. I always thought that they were no good for us, but it serves as protection for our skin.[Why tag this textEven though we are aware that our skin is water resistant it is interesting to know what factors in are play to make it that way. All the dead skin cells that are pushed up to make room for the new ones still have a purpose.[Why tag this textI find this really interesting. It makes me think of my skin in a little different of a manner - kind of like a light armor. Also, it makes sense that the epidermis would be water resistant as our bodies are made up of something like 70% water.[Why tag this textThis is a great example of the unity of form and function. The keratinized epithelium is durable and resistant and are on part of our bodiys that need to be tough to keep things out, such the soles of our feet while nonkeratinized epithelium is resistant to stress and more slippery which is well suited for their roles. [Why tag this textImportant layer of cells that help protect the body and can be later discussed and contrasted in the above statement on nonkeratinized. The difference must be known because each have specific functions that contribute to the skin.[Why tag this textIt is cool to see that the body has specialized its cells for the different situations it encounters. The keratin layer allows for the skin to be easily maneuvered yet not break. The water-repellent glycolipid also allows for water to be repelled from entering the body but also retains the necessary amounts within the body. [Why tag this textI was right[Why tag this textIf the skin did not have this characteristic, would it still provide protection from disease organisms?[Why tag this textIf keratinized epithelium retards water loss from the skin, then why have I heard that the feet, heavily keratinized, are the sweatiest part of the body? I thought this is what I have heard over and over again, but I could be wrong.[Why tag this textWhat happens to the keratinized stratified squamous epithelium cells when they experience over exposure to the sun?[Why tag this textbecause it is water repelant the skin is pretty dry. it retards water loss and resits penetration by diseased organisms.[Why tag this textAnswer to the question in Figure 5.12.[General-Do not usethese surfaces are covered with nonkeratinized cells which has no surface of dead cells.[Why tag this textThe other type of stratified squamous epithelia surves a much different purpose because it lacks keratin.[Why tag this textwhat parts are nonkeratinized[Why tag this textWould the anus be keratinized or nonkeratinized? or can it be both? Is it internally nonkeratinized and externally keratinized?[Questionthose parts of the body are a little random[Why tag this textIt is interesting in Table 5.3 the depiction of the nonkeratinized versus the karatinized stratified squamous epithelium. The living cells in the nonkeratinized seems to have a consistently dense arrangement of living cells compared to the inconsistent formation of the living cells in the karatinized stratified squamous epithelium. Is this difference universal for all areas where these are located? It would be fascinating to see other photos.[Why tag this textThis should be known because this is a distinction form keratinized stratified squamous and it have primary importance, along with keratinized to protect the external and internal parts of the skin.[Why tag this textwould this still include the internal organs or just some of the internal organs, like the stomach and intestines?[Why tag this textCody Andrews
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Both embryonic and adult stem cells have enormous potential for therapy, but stem-cell research has been embroiled in great political controversy in the past several years.
Both embryonic and adult stem cells have enormous potential for therapy, but stem-cell research has been embroiled in great political controversy in the past several years. Deeper Insight 5.4 (p. 176) addresses the clinical potential of stem cells and the ethical and political issues surrounding stem-cell research.
Tissue Repair
Tissue RepairDamaged tissues can be repaired in two ways: regeneration or fibrosis. Regeneration is the replacement of dead or damaged cells by the same type of cells as before. Regeneration restores normal function to the organ. Most skin injuries (cuts, scrapes, and minor burns) heal by regeneration. The liver also regenerates remarkably well. Fibrosis is the replacement of damaged tissue with scar tissue, composed mainly of collagen produced by fibroblasts. Scar tissue helps to hold an organ together, but it does not restore normal function. Examples include the healing of severe cuts and burns, the healing of muscle injuries, and scarring of the lungs in tuberculosis.
Tissue RepairDamaged tissues can be repaired in two ways: regeneration or fibrosis. Regeneration is the replacement of dead or damaged cells by the same type of cells as before. Regeneration restores normal function to the organ. Most skin injuries (cuts, scrapes, and minor burns) heal by regeneration. The liver also regenerates remarkably well. Fibrosis is the replacement of damaged tissue with scar tissue, composed mainly of collagen produced by fibroblasts. Scar tissue helps to hold an organ together, but it does not restore normal function. Examples include the healing of severe cuts and burns, the healing of muscle injuries, and scarring of the lungs in tuberculosis.Figure 5.34 illustrates the following stages in the healing of a cut in the skin, where both regeneration and fibrosis are involved:COMMENTS:___________________[image #1]
what kind of things would embryonic stem cells be able to cure?[Why tag this text]This is especially interesting in considering the controvery and benefits of stem cell research. Is it unethical to research embryos?[Why tag this textGoing through school I've heard a lot about this debate and after considering both sides of the argument, it's hard to understand why people would not want to further medicine and help save countless lives. The more I learn about this the more I tend to lean towards supporting stem cell research. [Why tag this textThe stem cell controversy is very interesting to me, I believe it is okay to use embryonic cells for the research. Many consider it killing an embryo, but embryonic stem cell research could lead to new discoveries that save millions of lives[Why tag this textthe question remains is it life or not. IF we could agree of that then we could settle the remaining controversy[Why tag this textI do not know much about stem cell research but is it like once you lose them the totipotent cells are gone? I am more curious as to why stem cell research is so controversal when the benefits seem so great?[Why tag this textThe idea of stem cell research, although controversial could have profound effects on medicine's future. The idea that the cells can develop and change into what is necessary could potentially increase the body's autoimmune system and prevent and cure disease.[Why tag this textThis may be a dumb question, but I am still not sure why exactly stem cell research is such a political and ethical issue?[Why tag this textFind this topic interesting and want to read, [Why tag this texttwo ways: regeneration or fibrosis[Why tag this textTissues are able to go through the complete regeration process. What happens when the tissue has been injured and there are scars, is it able to carry out its functions?How many times can tissues regenerate?[Why tag this textI annotated this becuase i find it interesting how damaged tissues are repaired, regeneration or fibrosis. Regeneration heals most injuries such as cuts scrapes and minor burns. Scar tissue help hold an organ together,[Why tag this textTissues have the ability to regenerate and repair.[Why tag this textI find it interesting that the body can heal itself as long as the damage is not to severe. [Why tag this textRegeneration and fibrosis[Why tag this textTwo ways to repair damaged tissueRegeneration: replacement of cells. Fibrosis: replacement with scar tissue. [Why tag this textKnowing how cells work together in the repairing process shows how connected cells are and that's what I mostly like about human's body. Also it shows the important function of cells and blood.[GeneralTissue repair[Why tag this textyou can repair damaged tissues with regeneratin and fibrosis. regeneration is where you replace the dead or damaged cells by the same type of cells. fibrosis isreplacement of damaging tissues with scar tissues.[Why tag this textI found this interesting because I volunteered on a burn unit floor last summer and it was very neat process of how a patients could have a skin graph done and how fast the skin would grow and heal over where the person got burned. [Why tag this textThe defines both ways we are able to repair out tissues[General-Do not usehighlights the two ways that tissues can be repaired and later on describes how it happens[Why tag this textWhat is the difference between the two, and how do they function in repairing damaged tissues?[Why tag this textImportant in understanding how the body functions and grows.[Why tag this textHow does the body determine when it is necessary to regenerate or heal using scar tissue? Is there a certain degree of injury that is standard to all or does it depend on a specific person's body? I have also heard that depending on the age you get injured can affect whether or not scar tissue will be present, why is that?[Why tag this textImportant to be aware of the 2 different types of ways damaged tissues can be repaired[Why tag this textThe tissue repair section really caught my attention. Seeing and learning about how the body can regenerate cells to replace non working organs with working ones is incredible! The images in Figure 5.34 help me visualize this process easier as well. [Why tag this textthats interesting because i never knew what the healing process was to thing like a scraped knee now i know that the cells are actually just replacing themselves with the same cells as before[Why tag this textWhat makes a cut vary between a regeneration of cells (no scar) and fibrosis (scar)? How far down does the cut need to happen in the skin/dermis?[Why tag this textIt's amazing how the body can heal itself in a matter of time. Althought it doesn't heal back to the original skin, it is a helping matter that keeps the body alive.[Why tag this textCollagen can help repair the damaged tissue from little accidents that happen to us, this is done by fibroblasts.[Why tag this textNothing bad can come from how tissues are repaired. In all the sections we have looked over and read, it important to know how the body reacts when in danger. The damage has to hopefully be repaired and with these concepts it can be explained how the tissues are in fact restored.[Why tag this textI tagged this portion of the text because I know someone with cystic fibrosis and I know that it has to deal with the lungs and digestive system. So the reason that they have this is because the scar tissue cannot hold anything together or am I wrong? [Why tag this textTissues can be repaired in two ways that can replace cells and restore the body - regenration and fibrosis. Regeneration restores normal function to the body such as a cut or burns. Fibrosis relaces damaged tissues with scars which holds the tissues of the body together but unlike regeneration, it does not restore normal functions.[Why tag this textQuestion 5: Regeneration is where the dead or damaged cells are replaced with normal functioning cells. Fibrosis is where the dead or damaged cells are replaced with scar tissue. Regeneration restores normal cellular function. The purpose of fibrosis is to hold an organ together.[Why tag this textThis explains how injury repairs itself, and why a scrap or cut doesnt stay visible forever. It also explains why some cuts that are deep or more severe leave behind scar tissue.[Why tag this textAny tissues damages can be regeneration or fibrosis. Which restore cutting or burning, but does not restore the damage to it orginal form. [Why tag this textI tagged this because I thought it was very interesting and I had no idea that the healing process was called Fibrosis. Lots of people get hurt and have to do with healing so this was a lesson learned. [Why tag this texthow damaged tissues can be fixed is intersting to know[Why tag this textits interesting how tissues can repair themselves with only just a few days, and have it be little to no pain. it just shows how much our body is a miracle and is more intersting the more we learn about it [Why tag this textThis entire paragraph is new information to me. I never knew that skin injuries healed by regeneration or that the scar tissue helps to hold and organ together. I am very fascinated by how the skin heals when we get cut or burned. [Why tag this textHow tissues repair themselves. Two ways: regeneration(where the dead or damaged cells are replaced by the same type of cells and Fibrosis ( replacing the damanged tissue with scar tissue)[Why tag this textInforms you of the difference between the two ways damaged tissues repair itself. Never knew that the liver can regenerate itself[Why tag this textThere is a diagram depicting regeneration and what the replacement of damaged cells by the same type of cells looks like, but what does fibrosis look like?[Why tag this text
I thought tissue repair was very interesting. I never knew details on how our body functions and regeneration actually worked. The Figure 5.34 put a new perspective on cuts for me.[Why tag this textI tagged this because I find it very interesting how damaged tissues can be repaired. I have been injured many times through out my life such as having cuts, burns, and muscle injuries. I just find it interesting how there are two ways of repairing damages tissues that I've never learned. [Why tag this textI found this important for two reasons. One, it explains how damaged tissues can be repaired. Two, this in not the first time I have learned about regeneration and fibrosis. [Why tag this texttwo ways tissue repairs[Why tag this textThis really described how damaged tissue can be repaired which is interesting to me.[Why tag this textI highlighted this part of the text because it could be applied to everyday life, or things I have experianced in the past and are sure to occur again in the future. At some point, everyone has gotten a minor (or major) cut that formed a scab. This part of the text explains which type of tissue repair heals such things, and if I can relate something I read back to a personal experiance, it makes it that much easier to retain.[Why tag this textThe ways in which tissues can repair themselves. Why isn't the body able to regenerate tissue in severe cuts and burns like it can in minor cuts?[Why tag this textregeneration - one of the way a tissue repairs itself as well as examples of how[Why tag this textEthan Kelly
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The second term, voluntary, refers to the fact that we usually have conscious control over skeletal muscle.
[image #2]
COMMENTS:________________
Cardiac muscle is limited to the heart.
Cardiac muscle is limited to the heart. It too is striated, but it differs from skeletal muscle in its other features.
Cardiac muscle is limited to the heart. It too is striated, but it differs from skeletal muscle in its other features. It is considered involuntary because it is not usually under conscious control; it contracts even if all nerve connections to it are severed
Cardiac muscle is limited to the heart. It too is striated, but it differs from skeletal muscle in its other features. It is considered involuntary because it is not usually under conscious control; it contracts even if all nerve connections to it are severed.
Cardiac muscle is limited to the heart. It too is striated, but it differs from skeletal muscle in its other features. It is considered involuntary because it is not usually under conscious control; it contracts even if all nerve connections to it are severed.
Cardiac muscle is limited to the heart. It too is striated, but it differs from skeletal muscle in its other features. It is considered involuntary because it is not usually under conscious control; it contracts even if all nerve connections to it are severed. Its cells are much shorter, so they are commonly called myocytes26 or cardiocytes rather than fibers.
Cardiac muscle is limited to the heart. It too is striated, but it differs from skeletal muscle in its other features. It is considered involuntary because it is not usually under conscious control; it contracts even if all nerve connections to it are severed. Its cells are much shorter, so they are commonly called myocytes26 or cardiocytes rather than fibers.
Cardiac muscle is limited to the heart. It too is striated, but it differs from skeletal muscle in its other features. It is considered involuntary because it is not usually under conscious control; it contracts even if all nerve connections to it are severed. Its cells are much shorter, so they are commonly called myocytes26 or cardiocytes rather than fibers. The myocytes are branched or notched at the ends. They contain only one nucleus, which is located near the center and often surrounded by a light-staining region of glycogen.
Cardiac muscle is limited to the heart. It too is striated, but it differs from skeletal muscle in its other features. It is considered involuntary because it is not usually under conscious control; it contracts even if all nerve connections to it are severed. Its cells are much shorter, so they are commonly called myocytes26 or cardiocytes rather than fibers. The myocytes are branched or notched at the ends. They contain only one nucleus, which is located near the center and often surrounded by a light-staining region of glycogen. Cardiac myocytes are joined end to end by junctions called intercalated27 (in-TUR-kuh-LAY-ted) discs. Electrical connections at these junctions enable a wave of excitation to travel rapidly from cell to cell, and mechanical connections keep the myocytes from pulling apart when the heart contracts. The electrical junctions allow a wave of electrical excitation to travel rapidly from cell to cell so that all the myocytes of a heart chamber are stimulated and contract almost simultaneously. Intercalated discs appear as dark transverse lines separating each myocyte from the next. They may be only faintly visible, however, unless the tissue has been specially stained for them. Cardiac muscle is considered involuntary because it is not usually under conscious control; it contracts even if all nerve connections to it are severed.
I have had many classes where i learned bout skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscles and none of my teachers have ever talked about this.[Why tag this text]I know constant eye twitching can be caused by a lack of sleep and too much caffine. Is this a muscular or nervous system reaction?[Why tag this textI think this image is important because it differentiates the 3 different types of muscles. The pictures help to depict the comparisons and differences between the two as well as the different types.[Why tag this textI find cardiac muscle the most interesting of the three types of muscles. It has always been my understanding that all muscles require a nerve connection to contract. Because smooth muscle and cardiac muscle are both mononucleated, involuntary, and are myocetes rather than fibers, I would think that eventually smooth muscle could one day be used to repair portions of necrotic cardiac tissue.[Why tag this textThe pictures are really helpful in understanding the difference between the types of muscles and why they function differently[Why tag this textI taged image two because when looking at a slide in class and see that there are three muscles. It is good to know what they look like and were they are located.[Why tag this textThe pictures gave me a clear understanding and outlook on what the muscles look like.[Why tag this text#NAME?[Why tag this textSkeletal tissue-long threadlike and has multiple nuclei per cell near the plasma membrane of skeletal muscles like the tongue, lips, esophagus, etc.. and controls facial expressions and body movements. The cardiac tissue in the heart is made up of short cells know as myocytes with notched ends, it has one nucleus per cell and functions as a pump of blood under involuntary control. Smooth muscle tissue is short fused cells also called myocytes. it is involuntary control and has one centrally placed nucleus. they're found in the iris of the eyes and the skin and digestive, respiratory, and urinary tracts.[Why tag this textI like to think of the cardiac muscles as rigged muscle cells. Since they bind within eachother, it is a thing to look for when identifying them.[Why tag this textfound in the heart[Why tag this textCardiac Muscle: Only in heart, also striated [like skeletal] but it is involuntary. Look for intercalated discs. Pumps blood[Why tag this textIt seems appropriate that our most vital organ, the heart, as muscle tailored for it's own purpose and performance.[Why tag this textIn my opinion this is the most important type of muscle in the human body (or any other species for that matter). Without the cardiac muscle we would have no need for any other muscle in our bodies because we would not be alive. The cardiac muscle is an involuntary muscle, meaning that we do not need to be conscious of it in order for it to contract and relax. This is the sole muscle that keeps us alive.[Why tag this textAs varied as the applications of smooth and skeletal muscle is, I have always found it interesting that cardiac muscle is just for the heart. I think it speaks to just how specialized the heart is and how important it is in the function of the rest of the body. Especially since even if you cut off connection to all the neurons the heart will still keep beating.[Why tag this textThe three types of muscular tissue are skeletal, cardiac, and smooth. They differ in appearance, physiology, and function. Skeletal muscle consists of long threadlike cells called muscle fibers. Cardiac muscle is limited to the heart. Its cells are shorter called myocytes or cardiocytes rather than fibers. Smooth muscle cells are also called myocytes and are short. [Why tag this texti really like learning about the cardiac muscle because it is interesting how the heart works[Why tag this textcardiac muscles are only found in the heart. this muscle is striated and is involuntary. that means if all nerve endings were cut it would still contract.[Why tag this textI find it interesting that the heart can contract and therefore pump blood to the body even if all nerve connections are severed. Which makes me wonder how the signal to pump the blood is then being relayed?[Why tag this textAmazing to think how cool it is that our hearts still contracts on its own when all nerve connections to it have been cut.[Why tag this textBut cant a person focus and slightly increase and decrease their heartbeat.? Wouldnt this put it more under a controlled group like the skeletal muscles and not the uncontrolled like smooth muscles?[Why tag this textI thought it was very interesting knowing that if all of the nerves to the cardiac muscles are severed it will continue contracting because it is not under conscious control. It is like seeing a heart removed from a body that is still beating. [Why tag this textDidn't know that, but I find it interesting. So the heart doesn't need anything to tell it to beat.[Why tag this textI don't understand what this means? Why is the cardiac muscle limited to the heart?[Why tag this textCardiac is important considering it is only limited to mostly one part of the body the heart which keeps everything working [Why tag this textCharacteristics of Cardiac tissue[Why tag this textdescription of cardiac muscle[Why tag this textThe cardiovascular system is interesting to me because the heart muscle contracts without any nerves. It involuntarily function and is wired for electrical pulses. Even under the worst conditions it continues to function. It is fascinating to me because in Hospice care, I have felt a pulse on patient's with multi-organ failure and a lack of notable respirations. Even after we fail to take in more oxygen, the heart muscle continues to work on its own. [Why tag this textDefines and explains the purpose of Cardiac muscles and why it is considered involuntary.[General-Do not useCardiac muscle is only found in the heart.[Why tag this textIt explains what type of tissues make up the cardiac muscle[Why tag this textso since it has striations does that mean it is voluntary?[Why tag this textI tagged this text because I find it amazing how the muscles in the heart contract even if the connections from the nerves are cut. It is mind-boggling how the muscles of the heart could do this. This gives me some kind of hope for my sister who was born with a missing valve in her heart. She has been okay since she was a tounger child and it has not hindered her thus far, but I'm afraid that her dream of joining the Air Force will be shattered because of her heart condition.[Why tag this textI worked in a nursing for over a year and I had a man that had to have a pace maker. Which I know is a medical device that is placed in the chest to help regulate the heartbeat. When a person needs a pace maker does that mean that their cardiac muscle is not functioning properly anymore?[Why tag this textwow![Why tag this textIf the cardiac muscle was not involuntary, it would make life really hard. Everyone would have to think about breathing, pumping blood to the body and such. [Why tag this textI find this really amazing that even without nerve connections to the heart that it will still contract. How does this happen?[Why tag this textWhat causes cardia muscles to be put under voluntary control? Is it for a brief period of time and can it be extrememly dangerous?[Why tag this textI'm not really understanding how cardiac muscle contracts. Is it just the electrical junctions causing simultaneous contractions that keep them going constantly?[Why tag this textTHe Heart still works if one is knocked out (unconscience). [Why tag this textI don't understand how that is possible? [Why tag this textit surprises me that the cardiac muslce has smaller or shorter cells when it is the most important muslce[Why tag this textI tagged this because junctions are something I am unfamiliar with. The intercalated discs are something that I have never learned about. When thinking about it, this discs serve an underlying, but very large purpose for cardic muscles. These discs would answer my questions of how the heart can be an involuntary muscle.[Why tag this textHow fast do the waves travel to the heart?[Why tag this textMyocytes must be very strong since they have to hold together whenever the heart contracts.[Why tag this textI tagged this because when I was a baby I had to have heart surgury because my heart was not beating correctly. Therefore this kind of stuff is very interesting to me.[Why tag this textBasically this section tells you how your heart beats. It's an involuntary contraction that allows the electricity to flow from cell to cell and this contraction keeps you alive. [Why tag this textThis is part of the basis for EKG interpretation used in cardiac and emergency medicine. Understanding the changes in electrical activity that occur when these cells are oxygen starved or damaged can help in the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias and other serious conditions. [Cardiac Muscle and electrical excitationThis is important to know what cardiac muscles does in the heart. I find this interesting because I have a question that rise from reading this passage. My mom sometimes suffer from heartburn. What causes heartburn? [Why tag this textThis is interesting, the complexity of the heart; a muscle that is always moving being controlled by electric excitation in unity. The human body is truly amazing.[Why tag this textWhen this stimulation is interupted the heart doesn't function like it is suposed to and like my grandfather, people may need a pacemaker put in to ensure normal functioning of the heart[Why tag this textFord Elizabeth Emily
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Connective tissues are the most abundant, widely distributed, and histologically variable of the primary tissues. They include fibrous tissue, adipose tissue, cartilage, bone, and blood
Connective tissues are the most abundant, widely distributed, and histologically variable of the primary tissues. They include fibrous tissue, adipose tissue, cartilage, bone, and blood.
Connective tissues are the most abundant, widely distributed, and histologically variable of the primary tissues. They include fibrous tissue, adipose tissue, cartilage, bone, and blood.
Connective tissues are the most abundant, widely distributed, and histologically variable of the primary tissues. They include fibrous tissue, adipose tissue, cartilage, bone, and blood. Such diverse tissues may seem to have little in common, but as a rule, their cells occupy less space than the extracellular matrix.
Connective tissues are the most abundant, widely distributed, and histologically variable of the primary tissues. They include fibrous tissue, adipose tissue, cartilage, bone, and blood. Such diverse tissues may seem to have little in common, but as a rule, their cells occupy less space than the extracellular matrix.
Connective tissues are the most abundant, widely distributed, and histologically variable of the primary tissues. They include fibrous tissue, adipose tissue, cartilage, bone, and blood. Such diverse tissues may seem to have little in common, but as a rule, their cells occupy less space than the extracellular matrix. Usually their cells are not in direct contact with each other, but are separated by expanses of matrix. Most connective tissues serve to bind organs to each other (for example, the way a tendon connects muscle to bone), form a structural framework for an organ, or support and protect organs.
Connective tissues are the most abundant, widely distributed, and histologically variable of the primary tissues. They include fibrous tissue, adipose tissue, cartilage, bone, and blood. Such diverse tissues may seem to have little in common, but as a rule, their cells occupy less space than the extracellular matrix. Usually their cells are not in direct contact with each other, but are separated by expanses of matrix. Most connective tissues serve to bind organs to each other (for example, the way a tendon connects muscle to bone), form a structural framework for an organ, or support and protect organs. Connective tissues vary greatly in vascularity, from rich networks of blood vessels in the loose connective tissues to few or no blood vessels in cartilage.
Connective tissues are the most abundant, widely distributed, and histologically variable of the primary tissues. They include fibrous tissue, adipose tissue, cartilage, bone, and blood. Such diverse tissues may seem to have little in common, but as a rule, their cells occupy less space than the extracellular matrix. Usually their cells are not in direct contact with each other, but are separated by expanses of matrix. Most connective tissues serve to bind organs to each other (for example, the way a tendon connects muscle to bone), form a structural framework for an organ, or support and protect organs. Connective tissues vary greatly in vascularity, from rich networks of blood vessels in the loose connective tissues to few or no blood vessels in cartilage.The functions of connective tissue include the following:
Connective tissues are the most abundant, widely distributed, and histologically variable of the primary tissues. They include fibrous tissue, adipose tissue, cartilage, bone, and blood. Such diverse tissues may seem to have little in common, but as a rule, their cells occupy less space than the extracellular matrix. Usually their cells are not in direct contact with each other, but are separated by expanses of matrix. Most connective tissues serve to bind organs to each other (for example, the way a tendon connects muscle to bone), form a structural framework for an organ, or support and protect organs. Connective tissues vary greatly in vascularity, from rich networks of blood vessels in the loose connective tissues to few or no blood vessels in cartilage.The functions of connective tissue include the following: Binding of organs. Tendons bind muscle to bone, ligaments bind one bone to another, fat holds the kidneys and eyes in place, and fibrous tissue binds the skin to underlying muscle. Support. Bones support the body; cartilage supports the ears, nose, trachea, and bronchi; fibrous tissues form the structural framework of organs such as the liver and spleen. Physical protection. The cranium, ribs, and sternum protect delicate organs such as the brain, lungs, and heart; fatty cushions around the kidneys and eyes protect these organs. Immune protection. Connective tissue cells attack foreign invaders, and connective tissue fiber forms a ?battlefield? under the skin and mucous membranes where immune cells can be quickly mobilized against disease agents.
Tissue found in almost every part of the body: surround blood vessles and nerves, in small spaces in muscles/tendons/other tissue. Somewhat binds epithelilia to deep tissue, allows passage of nerves and blood vessels, and provides an area for immune defense. It can be distingushed by loose arrangement of collagen and elstic fibers numerous in blood vessles.[Why tag this text]connective tissue is the most abundant tissue. it includes many parts in the body. [Why tag this textConnective tissue is sort of a new thing for me to read about. I never knew they were the most abundant and widely distributed tissue in the body. But now it makes sense conscidering the name [Why tag this textknowing the different types of connective tissue and where they are found in the body is detrimental to understanding the content [Why tag this textI found the blood and adipose tissue being connective tissue interesting. I never thought of those as a connective type of tissue and am excited to learn why they are connective.[CommentThe tissues that hold us together and help us function[Why tag this textConnective tissue: most abundant, widely distributed[Why tag this textIncludes fibrous, adipose, cartilage, bone and blood. Connective tissues are not closely packed and are separated by lots of fluid. Bind organs together, form structural framework, support/protect organs[Why tag this textImportant to know definition of connective tissue. [Why tag this textThis is the definition of connective tissues. Following this are examples of types and a brief overview of what it is.[Why tag this textAre there different types of connective tissue varying on the different areas of the body?[Why tag this textIts interesting how one kind of tissues connect all the body. since Connective tissues are spread in the body such as in the bones and in the cartilage, any disorder of these kind of tissues would make many serious diseases.[Why tag this textIs there a way to say which type of tissue is most important, given the roles each play?[Why tag this textConnective tissue is everywhere![Why tag this textconnective tissues are the most important? i would of thought that all tissues are important to the body.[Why tag this textconnective tissues are the foundation of primary tissues[Why tag this textThis speaks to which connective tissues are most abundant which included in connective tissues. Also it is important to know that connective tissue is the most abundant of all tissue.[Why tag this textIt explains what belongs to the connective tissue components[Why tag this textconnective tissues include fibrous, adipose, cartilage, bone, and blood tissue. Connective tissues bind organs to eachother[Why tag this textOut of all the tissues in the body connective tissues are the most common and most widely produced tissues in the body. These tissues also include bone, blood and catrilage which is what our bodies are mostly made of. [Why tag this textConnective tissue is another very important tissue of the body, since it also has a large variety of functions and uses. One can find this type of tissue in all parts of the body including the bones, muscles, fat, under the epidermis and so on. What I find the most interesting about connective tissue is that it actually connects organs together and in a way, holds the body together. You see this proven when you dissect something - in order to get inside, you must first peel the skin back from the rest of the body and to do so, you must peel away the layer of connective tissue between the skin and the internal organs. This is also true when you want to distinguish the different muscles apart from one another as well as the different organs throughout the body. It is really quite interesting how vital and important this tissue type seems to be.[Why tag this textThey are the most abundant so they have so many functions![Why tag this textThe final of the tissues that i didnt understand but classifying it with blood and in such a broad category helps understand what exactly is does. Also goes for bones and etc but you understand what im saying. Why is such a thing so variable if it is so abundant though?[Why tag this textImportant information about connective tissues and what it does in our body, they involving in many parts of our body such as the bone and blood. [Why tag this textThis is what makes up the connective tissue[Why tag this textthe definition of Connective tissues and example for it[Why tag this textThis gives the main definition to what connective tissues are, what components they have and why they are found.[Why tag this textConnective tissues in general are the most fascinating tissue types, in my opinion. The eclectic mix of their functions, structures, and overwhelming placement throughout the body make it seem impossible for them to all be classified under the same category. [Why tag this textI found it interesting how diverse the connective tissue group is. At first I thought that all connective tissue had similar functions. I did not know that all connective tissues have little in common. [Why tag this textthe overview is important. It lays down the foundation for what the section on connective tissue will cover.[Why tag this textthere is rule that was made up which is their cells take up less space then the extracellular matrix. most of the time cells do not have direct contact with each other but do get seperated by expanses of matrix.[Why tag this textA very informative intro paragraph, nice summary.[Why tag this textConnective tissue is what gives the body movement.[Why tag this textoverview of what connective tissues are[Why tag this textI tagged this part of the text, because when I played softball in High school I sprained my ankle and it's interesting to read how important a role connective tissue plays in the scheme of things. This part of the body is minute in comparison to all the other places connective tissue performs it's job. It may not take up a ton of room, but there's a lot to go around.[Why tag this textTypes and functions of connective tissues[Why tag this textKnowing the different functions of connective tissues; many different functions of the connective tissues: binding organs, support, physical protection, immune protection, movement, storage, heat protection and transport.[Why tag this textConnective tissues are very important because they are the most abundant, they are everywhere in our bodies. Its interesting to learn of all the funtions of the connective tissue, such as binding of organs, supports the body, protects our immune system, and many more. [Why tag this textI knew connective tissues were made up of fibrous tissue and cartilage, but I never realized they involved blood and bones before.[Why tag this textIt amazes me that there are so many different connective tissues, ones that you wouldn't even think of being a tissue.[GeneralIt is important to know the different types of connective tissues and that there is a very diverse type of the tissue[Why tag this textThis is the answer to the question that it won't let me answer....[Why tag this textI highlighed this because I didn't really realize that our bones and blood were considered connective tissues. [Why tag this textName of the different connective tissues. They all can relate to each other.[Why tag this textaren't these apart of another tissue group?[Why tag this textI think its importent to know how connective tissue is all connected because its every where in the body. If it was not for connective tissue our body would not be able to move and we would get injured a lot due to no protection to out most importent organs.[Why tag this textWith connective tissue having less occupancy of cells and more room for extracellular matrix, does this give it capabilities (functions) more understanding of how it is able to do the functions that it can?[Why tag this textI don't really understand this. what do they mean by occupying less space than the extracellular matrix? connective tissues very a lot. they include fibrous tissue, adipose tissue, cartilage, bone, and blood. [Why tag this textWhat is the most important role though? I am not quite grasping the concept of connective tissues.[Why tag this textQuestion 1: Connective tissue have very large extracellular matrix which in turn means that their cells occupy less space. This also means that their cells do not typically touch one another.[Why tag this textThe form of connective tissue; what it would look like under a microscope.[Why tag this textThis is interesting because cells normally have direct contact with each other, rather than being seperated by a matrix.[Why tag this textThis reminds us that in connective tissue there are little amounts of cells and more of an abundance of the matrix surrounding them.[Why tag this textthis incresed space inbetween the cells, i feels helps these tissues protect the organ systems they support by allowing a cushion within the make up of the connective tissue[Why tag this textI am highlighting this because the expanses of matrix have come up various times in this chapter, and I do not fully understand what it is. I have read that they are in the development process of Homo Sapiens as well as reading about them now, and I want to learn more about them and realize the different functions that the matrix provide. [Why tag this textmatrix is composed of fibers. Connective tissue has more matrix than epithelium or nervous tissues because the fibers allow for the connective tissue to be stronger. if the connective tissue was not strong our muscles and bones would not be able to hold on to each other[Why tag this textThis is important because its tells how some tissues have different forms, but they are still in the same category. The example given is the perfect example. (the way a tendon connects muscle to bone)[Why tag this textholly kluge
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WaterMost mixtures in our bodies consist of chemicals dissolved or suspended in water. Water constitutes 50% to 75% of your body weight, depending on age, sex, fat content, and other factors. Its structure, simple as it is, has profound biological effects. Two aspects of its structure are particularly important: (1) its atoms are joined by polar covalent bonds, and (2) the molecule is V-shaped, with a 105° bond angle (fig. 2.9a). This makes the molecule as a whole polar, because there is a slight negative charge (d -) on the oxygen at the apex of the V and a slight positive charge (d +) on each hydrogen. Like little magnets, water molecules are attracted to one another by hydrogen bonds (see fig. 2.8). This gives water a set of properties that account for its ability to support life: solvency, cohesion, adhesion, chemical reactivity, and thermal stability.
WaterMost mixtures in our bodies consist of chemicals dissolved or suspended in water. Water constitutes 50% to 75% of your body weight, depending on age, sex, fat content, and other factors. Its structure, simple as it is, has profound biological effects. Two aspects of its structure are particularly important: (1) its atoms are joined by polar covalent bonds, and (2) the molecule is V-shaped, with a 105° bond angle (fig. 2.9a). This makes the molecule as a whole polar, because there is a slight negative charge (d -) on the oxygen at the apex of the V and a slight positive charge (d +) on each hydrogen. Like little magnets, water molecules are attracted to one another by hydrogen bonds (see fig. 2.8). This gives water a set of properties that account for its ability to support life: solvency, cohesion, adhesion, chemical reactivity, and thermal stability.Page 51
My dad does this all the time and before reading this I never knew why he'd say that it tastes sweeter with salt. [Why tag this text]I tagged this because in my Chemistry class in High School we did this experiment to and we had to find what was the final compound. I was confused at first but then we the compound was formed we discovered it was merely table salt! [Why tag this textcontrasts against a compound with a mixture and explains how a mixture adapts to the thing it encounters in which each compound retains its individual properties[Why tag this textWhy water doesn't have color? [Why tag this textWater:Bonded by polar covalent bonds. Meaning it is hydrophilic. The water molecule is also v-shaped, which helps it with its specific properties [solvency, cohesion, adhesion, chemical reactivity, thermal stability][Why tag this textIs amazing that water is capable of so many this. I feel much like we have disscused in lecture the structure of water is responsible for so many of it's function. If the molecule was not shaped how it is there would be no polarity and there for water wouldn't be such a good solvent, nor would it be a cohesive. The more and more we look at things struction and fuction truly go hand and hand. This i feel is important too because it bridges the theory we learn in biology and brings it together with chemistry making all the chem classes feel like they finally mean something.[Why tag this texti highlighted this because water is very important for survival[Why tag this textResponse [General-Do not usedescribes water's many useful attributes to supporting life. [Why tag this textThis is important informations because water is essential to life. Our cells mostly consist of water. Also water has so many functions which makes it super versitile. [Why tag this textWater plays countless roles in the body and is important for numerous different reasons. Water consists of 50-75% of ones body weight. [Why tag this textknowing that our body is part water is weird in a way but even though I really dont care for water. [Why tag this textit is hard to believe that the majority of the human body is made up of water[Why tag this textDoes this number change and depend on how much or often someone actually drinks water? I've always heard that our body's are like 99% water.. now I know the real answer! And why![Why tag this textImportant to know percent of water in humans because it makes up most of the body. [General-Do not useWater is one of the most important things we consume each day since it is so much of our body weight. I learned so much about water and why we need it and am excited to continue to learn about it. The thing i leanred from reading this is that the body weight fluctuates depending on age, sex, and fat content.[Why tag this textI found this part interesting because from the outside it doesnt look like humans are 75% water. How did scientists come this conclusion? What kind of tests test how much water we are composed of? [Why tag this textI thought this was really interesting and I never knew women had more water then men. [Why tag this textI have always thought it was interesting that our bodies consits of mostly water. [Why tag this textWater is what keeps us alive. It amazes me that something that we do not think twice about in our daily lives is what our lives depend on, we need it as much as we need oxygen...without out it we would cease. Is it possible to create water physically? I ask this, because people say one day we won't have enough water. [Why tag this textI tagged this to show the importance of water in our bodies. It takes up most of our body weight and is what really supports our life the most. [Why tag this textIt is crazy to think how important water is for us to survive. We would all be dead without it. [Why tag this textit is amazing to think that the entire human body weight consists of 50-75% water[Why tag this textI find it interesting how important water is and how it is able to support life. I think it's incredible that it is able to do so becuase of it's structure. Water's structure is so simple and it's amazing that it has the ability to sustain life on earth. [Why tag this textwater makes up a majority of most organisms, and is an important component which makes life possible[Why tag this textI never relised that water was so important to my body. When i think of water i just think of the liquid in a bottle that when i drink makes me hydrated. I never relized that water was a big part of helping my body work and is also 50-75% og my body weight. Who knew that most of our body is made up of water.[Why tag this textSo much of our body depends on water it's no wonder that you feel so bad when you're dehydrated, or that it takes less time to die from deydration than lack of food. [Why tag this texttwo important aspects of the structure of water; what makes it polar; properties[Why tag this textWater is importent It helps keep your body running.[Why tag this textWater is 75% of our body weight and give life to earth.[Why tag this textThis explains why water, and its polar covalent bond make up much of our body weight and the importance that water makes in maintaining homeostasis.[Why tag this textI tagged this part of the text, because it reminded me of how essential water is to our existence. The importance of water when I was younger was something I never understood. Now knowing just how much is found in our body, it only makes sense that we drink five or six glasses a day so that way the lost water can be replenished.[Why tag this textIn out lab section we learned a good way to remember how the NaCl and water molecules are charged. LIke in the image #1 below. We went over that exact image. The blue hydrogens are facing away from the Na+ and the hydrogen faces towards the Cl-. This is because of hydrophilic and hydrophobic substance.[Why tag this textI selected this part of the reading because I don't think people, myself included, truly understand how important water is. Water is essential for proper body functioning and surprisingly enough, makes up most of our bodies. With so many commercial beverages, I don't think people consume as much water as they should. I am guilty of not drinking enough water every day, but after reading this, I was reminded of how essential water is. [Why tag this textQuestion 5: Without polar covalent bonds water would have lower thermal stability and cohestion because the bonds in the water would break easier making the boiling point lower.[Why tag this textThis is why osmosis occurs alot in ECM to ICM.[Why tag this textWater and body weight[Why tag this textWhen I first read this I was shocked becasue I don't feel like my body is mainly made up of water. But as I thought about it, it does make sense that water would be the most abundant in our bodies because the majority of our organs need water to survive and funciton properly. [Why tag this textWater plays such an important role in maintaining homeostasis. Not only does it provide lubrication to various organs, it also prevents foreign, hydrophobic substances from passing through certain pathways by creating a barrier. Lastly, water assists the body by providing an electrical pathway for electrolytes to pass through. Without electrolytes, our body wouldn't function properly. [Why tag this textHow much weight does water make up our body weight?[Why tag this textI had always that water made up more of our weight. Although this number makes more sense.[Why tag this textdisplays biological significance seeing as the average human is made up of 50-75% of it[Why tag this textA biologically important part of water.[Why tag this textWater seems to make up everything we are, and continues to allow our bodies to continnue to function every day. Makes you realize how horrible it is to be dehydrated.[Why tag this textIf water is such a big factor in our bodies then why is it that we need to drink a certain amount of water in order to keep ourselves hydrated?[Why tag this textWater is extremely important in the human body. Water is essential to body hydration, it can cure headaches, digestive issues and many other things. Water has even proven to reduce the risk of cancer in the bladder, colon, and most of the digestive system. So a note to everyone, it is VERY important to drink substantial amounts of h20 to keep your body healthy.[h20Is this why a majority of our body is composed of oxygen? Hydrogen is seems would be the most abundant element when it comes to actual number of atoms and carbon when is comes to weight of physical structures of the body.[Why tag this textI tagged this because I didn't realize that water constitutes 50%-75% of our body weight. That is a lot more than I would have thought. I wonder if there are ways to get rid of extra un-needed water weight?[Why tag this textYou don't normally realize how much our bodies depend on water, until i read this. I mean i always knew drinking water was good for your blood and digestive system but didn't realize how much of my body depends on it.[Why tag this textIf water is basically in everything in our body then why wouldn't it be a higher percentage affecting our body weight?[Why tag this textThis is something about life that truly fascinates me. A small difference in shape between two molecules determines their function. Another example of this is how proteins have specific functions because of their shape. Only small differences specify each protein but those small differences completely change their functions.[Why tag this textWater is polar covalent and v-shaped so it attaches to other atoms very easily. [Why tag this textQuestion on this one: What would happen if there was an increase in negative charge on oxygen, would it change the structure of the water molecule or change the whole molecule altogether? And is it 105 degrees? I was always taught it was 107 degrees.[Why tag this textWater has two importatnt structure characteristics. Water attracts and acts as a solvent with almost any (hydrophilic) substance. Water supports life because of it's many properties.[Why tag this textDue to water's characteristics, it provides our bodies with the ability to use compunds such as NaCl. Water comprises a majority of our body and can be the main component in many of our organs. Understanding the traits of water more will help to comprehend its functions in our bodies.[Why tag this textthis shows that both the structure and function of water are very important and go hand in hand, much like the human body. We can also see that finding a substitute for water to sustain human life would be impossible because of its very unique and specific properties. [Why tag this textThese sentences informs the readers why water is essential for life and how it plays that big of a role.[Why tag this textGrace
Chad Mudd
soha
Danielle Henckel
Colin Bauman
Trevor
Garrett Key
Thomas Hensler
Kayla Cowan
Jonathan Baures
Jasmin James
lindsay krueger
Rebecca Sherer
Erin Griph
kailey Cortez
Zoe Hitzemann
Nicole Coppins
Ripley
Ashley Parker
Lauren Thiel
Rebecca Hoefs
Justin Putterman
Kristen
PangJeb Vang
sarah
Sophie
Alyssa Harmes
Hussain
Morgan Peil
Brandon Brandemuehl
Juliana Gottwein
Kelly Stahl
Kasey Bowers
Sarah Ertl
Paige Immel
Melissa Gile
payoua
Kasey Kallien
Maisey Mulvey
Leah Hennes
Megan Perna
Samantha B Johnson
mainkao
Tessa
Stephen Minakian
Kelli Banach
Lauren Anthe
Nicole Korstanje
aubrey
Stephanie
andrew baker
Alexandra Schmit
Maria Stephans
Mia Breidenbach
Leonard Wilkerson
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Skin Cancer
Skin CancerSkin cancer befalls about one out of five people in the United States at some time in their lives. Most cases are caused by UV radiation from the sun, which damages DNA and disables protective tumor-suppressor genes in the epidermal cells. Consequently, most tumors occur on the head, neck, and hands, where exposure to the sun is greatest. It is most common in fair-skinned people and the elderly, who have had the longest lifetime UV exposure (see Deeper Insight 6.4). The ill-advised popularity of suntanning, however, has caused an alarming increase in skin cancer among younger people. Skin cancer is one of the most common cancers, but it is
Skin CancerSkin cancer befalls about one out of five people in the United States at some time in their lives. Most cases are caused by UV radiation from the sun, which damages DNA and disables protective tumor-suppressor genes in the epidermal cells. Consequently, most tumors occur on the head, neck, and hands, where exposure to the sun is greatest. It is most common in fair-skinned people and the elderly, who have had the longest lifetime UV exposure (see Deeper Insight 6.4). The ill-advised popularity of suntanning, however, has caused an alarming increase in skin cancer among younger people. Skin cancer is one of the most common cancers, but it is also one of the easiest to treat and has one of the highest survival rates when it is detected and treated early.
Skin cancer befalls about one out of five people in the United States at some time in their lives. Most cases are caused by UV radiation from the sun, which damages DNA and disables protective tumor-suppressor genes in the epidermal cells. Consequently, most tumors occur on the head, neck, and hands, where exposure to the sun is greatest. It is most common in fair-skinned people and the elderly, who have had the longest lifetime UV exposure (see Deeper Insight 6.4). The ill-advised popularity of suntanning, however, has caused an alarming increase in skin cancer among younger people. Skin cancer is one of the most common cancers, but it is also one of the easiest to treat and has one of the highest survival rates when it is detected and treated early. Apply What You KnowSkin cancer is relatively rare in people with dark skin
It's interesting to know the skin disorders, and how they appear.[Why tag this]As I was reading about the disorders of the integumentary system, acne stood out because it was interesting how it is created. When I get acne I dont think so much about it, thats why reading this I feel like I gained some knowledge. [Why tag thisThis whole chapter is especially interesting to me because In my former career I was a medical esthetician, which specialized in the skin and its functions. This was a great review for me and even taught me a few things along the way. As pre-PA student, looking to eventually specialize in dermatology, this chapter will be a great basic resource to look back at.[Why tag thisthis table I found intresting because I have eczema. my eczema usually acts up in the winter time and is very irritating because all you do is scratch[Why tag thisAcne is definitely one of the problems that I have on my face and it annoyrs me the most because I'm a girl and to have ance all over your face, it's a really big insecruity.Another one that I may have dealt with is the dermatitis germ that formed on my knee. It looked something like a red circular shape and it was definitely irritating me because I scratched it like so many times of the day. How ever I complained it to my doctor several times and all he gave me was some cream to stop the itchness, however that did not work at all. So he finaly just stuck a needle, (with some kind of antibiotic), in my knee where the bump had formed and it swelled up for a couple of days, and then it eventually disappear. So if you ask me which one would I rather prefer to cure tha dermitus germ, it was definitely the needle.[Why tag thisThis is for the table. I never knew that white heads turned into black heads because of oxidation. However it makes sense because of the lack of oxygen to the pus inside. Black heads are often hard in texture as opposed to a white head which is often soft, runny puss.[Why tag thisI tagged the table because it thought it was helpful and important to learn about the different types of skin disease. [Why tag thisHow long would it take one of these tumors to form?[Why tag thiscaused by uv radiation from the sun, like going out and tanning[Why tag thisSkin Cancer: Mostly caused by UV radiation [which damages DNA and allows for tumors to grow]. Three types:Basal Cell Carcinoma: Comes from stratum basaleSquamos Cell Carcinoma: Comes from stratum spinosumMelanoma: Comes from melaoncytes. In men, can come from oncogene called BRAF. Two types of UV radiation:UVA and UVB [tanning and burning rays]. Evidently sunscreen only protects aggainst squamos cell carcinoma. [Why tag thisDose the sun oil increases the risks of getting skin cancer?[GeneralI feel like skin cancer isnt that uncommon anymore. Many of my relatives have had some form of skin cancer. My mom just had basal cell lasered off her face not too long ago. She stayed out of the sun as a child and only got burned about twice in her life time but still got cancer. [Why tag thisCancer Sucks[Why tag thisI always tell my friends that tanning is dangerous however they do not believe me. I think if they knew that 1 out of 5 people will get skin cancer and that artifical tanning increases your risk that maybe they would over tan as much as they do.[Why tag thisI have heard that freckles are a result of sun damage, if you have many that there is a lot of irreversible damage to your skin.[Why tag thisThat seems like a staggering amount of skin cancer.[Why tag thisI tagged this because this is so sad and shocking. Why is there skin cancer?[Why tag thisDidn't realize that skin cancer was so common. To say that one out of five people in the united states have it at some time in their lives.[Why tag thisSo if skin cancer is diagnosed in one of out five people in the U.S., wouldn't this be one of the easiest to diagnose?[GeneralI tagged this because my uncle had skin cancer. He is a farmer and is in the sun all day every day and therefore the exposure to sun caused his cancer[Why tag thisI can relate to this because many members of my family are or have been affected by skin cancer. Is skin cancer genetic?[Why tag thisIsn't the body equiped to guard off these problems from happening? How is it so common when we are created to live in the suns beams?[Why tag thisMy grandma died of skin cancer so I found this part very informational about how to avoid this occuring to me.[Why tag thisIs there anything that would be able to help people from getting skin cancer? Besides not going in the sun[Why tag thisIf this is known to all, why do people still tan whether naturally or by UV exposures?[Why tag thisI find this section very interesting because I am fair skinned and always burn quickly in the sun. This is a condition I am continuously concious of, but never understood the anatomy and physiology of the disease.[Why tag thisthis really surprised me since I'm a tana-holic . dose the sun block prevent the skin from having the cancer?[Why tag thisI thought this was interesting about how UV radiation from the sun causes skin cancer. Most people go to the tanning salon to get a tan which makes them have a higher risk at having skin cancer.[Why tag thisI was naping in the sun, enjoying its' warmth, and recalled my TA stating that the UV light damaged DNA. I then recalled Dr. Petto stating that it is the light, not the soil/nutrients, plants need to make energy. On Friday, we talked about lateral and vertical movement for evolutionary species and noticed plants and animals are very close. My question is: what modifications or differences do plants have that allows them to utilize the sun that also keeps them from mutating their DNA from UV light?[Why tag thisIn this section it states that skin cancer has one of the highest rates of survival out of any of the cancers. Is this because it is the most easily detected source of cancer and therefore treated sooner than others? My dad had a cancerous patch of melanoma on his nose and had to have it surgically removed. He was able to detect it early because of the dark appearence/ pigmentation. [Why tag thisMost skin cancer is cased by UV radiation from the sun, which damages DNA and disables protective tumor suppressor genes in the epidermis cells. Skin cancersw is one of the most common cancers, but its the easiest to treat. [Why tag thisApproximately 1 in 5 people in the United States will experience skin cancer in their lifetime. It is mainly caused by exposure to excessive amounts of the damaging UV rays that come from the sun and artificial sunlamps. Fair skinned people are especially vulnerable to the sun's rays and skin cancer because they lack enough melanin in the skin to shield them from damage. [Why tag thisI tagged this section, because I never thought about who is typically affected by skin cancer. I find it fascinating that the most common recipients are those with fair skin and also the elderly. Years of UV exposure within the elderly community would explain why they fall under the group of people being affected by this specific type of cancer.[Why tag thisas far as the skin diseases, I've heard through other studies that certain varieties of acne is because of living organisms that find their ways to your pores...does the bacteria that already cause acne attract these organisms?[Why tag thisThis is more than I thought! I just learned in my nursing 101 class that over 50 percent of cancers are treatable![Why tag thisThis is many cancer patients. I did not know it was this common.[Why tag thisis the sun causes so much probelms why is it also good for you?[Why tag thisI already knew that the sun is bad for your skin and can cause cancer but I never knew how it worked exactly. Damaging the DNA and disabling protective tumor-suppressor genes in the epidermal cells is kind of scary to say. Your DNA is very important and unique, no one wants to damage that![Why tag thisTo know that most skin cancers are usually caused from the sun, makes me really sad because I love to tan and just look a little bit darker from my original color. But then I am afraid to tan out in the sun sometimes because of skin cancer. Oh and I hate spray tan. It's ridiculous![Why tag thisthis shows the importance of using sun screen to protect the skin to protect yourself from cancer[Why tag thisIts weird thinking that UV rays can cause such horrendous mutations.[Why tag thisAre infants more pron to it as well because they do not have the means in their skin cells to protect themselves because they areso young?[Why tag thisWhy don't more people wear sunscreen then if the risk of getting skin cancer is so high? Is it because people are skeptical that sunscreen even works?[Why tag thisWhy is cancer more common in fair-skinned people instead of people who are italian or african american? Does this have to do with the pigment of the skin, and that's it?[Why tag thisso it is not common in everyone?[Why tag thisTanning beds have increased skin cancer. [Why tag thisI highlighted this section because I always try to tell people of my cohort that suntanning is bad for the skin! No matter how many facts that I present to them, they seem to think that they are invincible, which we all know that they are not. I understand why young people want to tan, seeing as how I am a very pale-skinned individual. I would never cause more harm to my body just for my appearance though; there are many, many factors in the world that contribute to diseases and death, why would anyone want to add more problems to that mix?[Why tag thisThis is interesting to me, I was thinking would people in Wisconsin have a higher rate of skin cancer from tanning beds and sun or would be in California have a higher rate of skin cancer. Because California is always warm and sunny people don't have seasonal depression and won't need to go to a tanning bed as often. [Why tag thisMy mom constantly tells me to put on sunscreen and sit in the shade so that I don't ruin my skin like she did: in some places it's brown and wrinkly and it others she has lots of freckles and moles. [Why tag thisHow often do people get skin cancer from tanning? Is it just as bad to lay outside in the sun?[Why tag thiseven though skin cancer is very common, it is fairly easy to treat[Why tag thisI knew skin cancer was extreemly common, but I had no idea that it was treatable!!! Also, I think that tanning is good in moderation, unlike the sun, tanning beds are controlled and have restrictions as to how often you can go in them. [Why tag thistrue. very true[Why tag thisMy dad had skin cancer on his upper arm like 10 years ago and it hasn't come back since. Knock on wood. They caught it early enough so they did surgery and now he has a scar, but no cancer.[Why tag thisIt is interesting that skin cancer is the easiest to be treated. [Why tag thishow is it the easiest to treat? cancer is cancer[Why tag thisPoljana Janko
Ashley Wiedmeyer
Jasmin James
mainkao
Nadin
GiaLee
andrew baker
Brittany Nycz
Danielle Henckel
lujain
Sarah
Jeremy Kosick
Zachary Garrity
Amanda Fitzmaurice
Ethan Kelly
Nicole Coppins
Nicholas Bruno
Christina
Tony Sustachek
Leah Daul
Bonnie Watson
Ashley McBain
Nicole Korstanje
PangJeb Vang
Rebecca Brekke
hanouf
Ryan Gallagher
Jonathan Rooney
Anisa Janko
Michael Franzini
Juliana Gottwein
Emily Zuelzke
Kaitlynn
Jelena Ristic
Lauren Anthe
eric voelker
Brandon Neldner
lenarch2
Samantha B Johnson
Maisey Mulvey
Allyson Tetzlaff
Jungas
Sarah Kallas
samantha
Anthony Wheeler
Lindsay Orgas
Quinn
Erin Griph
There are two zones of dermis called the papillary and reticular layers (fig. 6.5). The papillary (PAP-ih-lerr-ee) layer is a thin zone of areolar tissue in and near the dermal papillae. This loosely organized tissue allows for mobility of leukocytes and other defenses against organisms introduced through breaks in the epidermis. This layer is especially rich in small blood vessels.
There are two zones of dermis called the papillary and reticular layers (fig. 6.5). The papillary (PAP-ih-lerr-ee) layer is a thin zone of areolar tissue in and near the dermal papillae. This loosely organized tissue allows for mobility of leukocytes and other defenses against organisms introduced through breaks in the epidermis. This layer is especially rich in small blood vessels.Figure 6.5
Well, the dermis is well supplied with blood vessels and, more inportantly in this case, nerve endings. Therefore, by having more dermal papille present in the palmar and plantar regions, there are more nerve endings present in the areas that are most likely to come into physical contact with the outside world first. The palmar and plantar regions are those that would be the first physical point of contact for danger or a threat (i.e. thorns on a rose, or hot ground); so the higher concentration of more superficially located nerve endings allows the individual to gauge the physical dangers around him or her.[Why tag this text]The function difference is that hands and feet need more feeling or need to be more sensitive in order to do there job. Thus the dermal papillae needs to be higher so the nerve endings are closer to the surface.[Why tag this textdescription of the two zones of dermis (papillary and reticular)[Why tag this textyou would think the dermis would have more layers than the epidermis since its deeper[Why tag this textwithin the layer of dermis[Why tag this textI did not know this, that is interesting. I always wondered how that all worked. [Why tag this textErin Griph
Anthony Wheeler
Lauren Anthe
Jelena Ristic
Kelly Stahl
Monkeys, apes, and humans do, however, share common ancestors. Our relationship is not like parent and child, but more like cousins who have the same grandparents.
Monkeys, apes, and humans do, however, share common ancestors. Our relationship is not like parent and child, but more like cousins who have the same grandparents.
Observations of monkeys and apes provide insight into how primates adapt to the arboreal habitat and therefore how certain human adaptations probably originated.Walking Upright
For this is an interesting bit, for this is the first time I've seen the distinction between saying that we evolved from apes to saying that we shared a common ancestor.[Why I tagged this]Give us insight to what relations we share with monkeys and how we may have developed from them. [Why I tagged thisThis is an interesting simile to compare primates to humans.[Why I tagged thisThis is interesting because I thought that humans evolved from monkeys. Saladin says that it is more 'like cousins who have the same grandparents' (p. 12). This is a very good way to put it and helps me to better understand the relationship of evolvement between monkeys and humans.[Why I tagged thisI found this statement true, Monkeys and apes are like humans. Observing apes helped determine the walking upright of humans[Why I tag thisMuch of our anatomy is actually an adaptation[Why I tagged thisJustin Rosinski
Jonathan Rooney
Christina Colarossi
Brittany
Mia Breidenbach
Because people are different in many ways, and not everyone has the same components that make up that person. Some people lack certain organs or their organs are comformed. [Why I tagged this]Because each person has a different cell make-up, so it is important to know the variation between people, so you should dissect multiple cadavers to observe this variation.[Why I tagged thisThere is anatomical variation among all humans. A medical student should observe multiple cadavers in order to familiarize themself with the body and to appreciate anatomical variations.[Why I tagged thisStudents should observe multiple cadavers because no two humans are the same. Some people have deformed and conformed organs and body parts, therefore students should be aware of the acquaintances of various body parts and organs which can be served on multiple different cadavers. [Why I tagged thisThere is variation which may or may not be common amoung humans, so the student needs to see multiple cadavers to be prepared for multiple body types and arrangements[Why I tagged thisJourdan Richardson
Rachel
Hauser Joseph Alan
Matthew Robert Schmidt
A hydrogen atom, with only one electron shell and one electron (fig. 2.2), tends to react with other atoms that provide another electron and fill this shell with a stable number of two electrons. All other atoms react in ways that produce eight electrons in the valence shell. This tendency is called the octet rule (rule of eights).
Isotopes
valence electrons are the electrons that are located in the outermost shell. [Why tag this text]While hydrogen atoms want their outer shell tohave 2 electrons, all other atoms want 8 electrons in the valence shell[Why tag this textAtoms want to have a full outer shell to produce stability.[Why tag this textit is important to understand this tendency with regards to how atoms are able to bond to one another[Why tag this textThe Octet Rule: the tendency for atoms to react to keep 8 electrons in the valence shell.[Why tag this textIsotopes are the different forms of the elements. They differ in the number of neutrons [and atomic mass]. Isotopes vary, thus, in their physical behavior. [Why tag this textStephanie
Paige Schlieve
Jonathan Lowe
Danielle Henckel
The 6 basic functions of epithelial tissue is important to note in order to understand this type of tissue. Epithelial tissue protects, secretes, excretes, absorbs, filtrates, and sensates. It is also important to note what epithelial tissue is: it is a thin sheet of cells covering an external or internal body surface.[Why tag this text]This section is really helpful in understanding the purpose of Epithelial tissue and how it works. [Why tag this textThis is a nice review of the information I am already pretty familiar with. I took AP Anatomy and Physiology my junior year of high school and had a pretty good teacher, so I still remember quite a bit of this information. [Why tag this textThis is an interesting way to think of it but helps show their main funtion of protection.[Why tag this textthe functions of epithelial tessue:[Why tag this textThe epithelial tissue has so many more functions than just the protection offered by our skin. Epithelia lines lungs, glands, intestines, blood vessels, and stomach. I never thought of the lungs as excreting CO2 across the pulmonary epithelium. I always think of an organ as its function rather than the tissued of the organs.[Why tag this textGuendel Brandon James
Alina Gur
Kristen Grivas
Hussain
Amanda Baxter
Immune protection. Connective tissue cells attack foreign invaders, and connective tissue fiber forms a ?battlefield? under the skin and mucous membranes where immune cells can be quickly mobilized against disease agents.
Usually when I think of connective tissues I think of bones, ligaments, and tendons, so I never really connected the idea of immune protection to be associated with connective tissues. However I often forget that blood is also considered a connective tissue, and knowing that blood houses leukocytes (which funciton as immune system defense), it makes sense. [Why tag this text]So does this have anything to do with people having a low immune system?[Why tag this textthe tissue also helps you stay healthy by fighting foreign cells that may enter your body [Why tag this textI never knew that connective tissue did this.[Why tag this textIt seems so strange to me that connective tissue would have any business at all to do with the immune system. Perhaps its just that all cells have something to do with keeping invaders at bay on the microscopic level. I'm interested in finding out.[Why tag this texti find this interesting because although connective tissue itself cannot fight off foreign invaders it can work together with immune cells to fight invaders.Since the mucous membranes are able to reject and block out foreign substances.[Why tag this textKenyetta
holly kluge
Alexis Blaser
Stephanie Collins
Hayley Smith
The skin is marked by many lines, creases, ridges, and patches of accentuated pigmentation. Friction ridges are the markings on the fingertips that leave distinctive oily fingerprints on surfaces we touch. They are charac
teristic of most primates, though their function has long been obscure. They enhance one's sensitivity to texture by vibrating and stimulating sense organs called lamellar corpuscles deeper in the skin when the fingertips stroke an uneven surface. They are also thought to improve one's grasp and aid in the manipulation of small and rough-surfaced objects. Friction ridges form during fetal development and remain essentially unchanged for life. Everyone has a unique pattern of friction ridges; not even identical twins have identical fingerprints
Yellowing of the eyes [Why tag this text]You look at the whites of the eyes. If it is jauntaus they will be yellow. If it is from excess carotene - it will only be present in the thick areas of the skin.[Why tag this textI had to get finger printed the other day for a job. Finger prints are collected electronically now. It was interesting to see each finger blown up to large scale on a big screen. All were different and very distinct. [Why tag this textFriction Ridges: Fingertips, enhance sensitivity to teture and use lammelar corpuscles to do so. Felxion lines: Creases in digits, palms, wrists and elbows. [Why tag this textThis is very interesting because I never connected in my mind how it was so easy to get a fingerprint by just touch something. But now I understand its the oil from our body that allows for our finger tips to leave prints.[Why tag this textJelena Ristic
Claire Silkaitis
Danielle Henckel
Michea Jones
FIGURE 5.35Tissue Engineering.Scientists have grown external ears from human tissue on the backs of immunodeficient mice. The ear can be removed without killing the mouse. In the future, such artificial organs might be used to improve the facial appearance of patients with missing parts.
It's very interesting to know what we can do these days for our body.[Why tag this text]I've actually remember seeing this in one of my bio classes in high school. And it amazes me that scientits are able to find a to grow an ear at the back of the mouse. And it's also shocking that when removing the ear, the mouse is still able to live after.[Why tag this textI found this incredible and hope that this kind of engineering will be used soon. Although, I don't have a definite stand on animal testing, I wonder if such things as a arm or leg growing on a monkey. These limbs could be used with soldiers who have lost theirs in battle.[Why tag this texti think that this process is very interesting that they can grow external ears on animals. if they can do this for humans that wouldbe a great advancement with the problem of birth defects.[Why tag this textThis is so crazy and interestingly weird. I didnt really know what to think about the image nor the science behind it.[Why tag this textWhy would I want a ear on me grown on the back of a mouse? I might want to start running under stoves or become afraid of cats.[Why tag this textmainkao
David
lindsay krueger
shelby
Justin Morgan
ntrinsic Muscles of the Hand
The intrinsic muscles of the hand assist the flexors and extensors in the forearm and make finger movements more precise.
The intrinsic muscles of the hand assist the flexors and extensors in the forearm and make finger movements more precise. They are divided into three groups: the thenar group at the base of the thumb, the hypothenar group at the base of the little finger, and the midpalmar group between these (fig. 10.31).
intrinsic muscles of the hand include the lumbrical, abductor digiti minimal and the flexor digiti minimi brevis. the extrnisic muscles include flexor digitorum profundus and the palarmis longus. [Why Tag This]does writing on the small keyboards such as the blackberry have a negative affect on the intrinsic muscles of the hand?[Why Tag ThisThis is important because these control the thumbs and are much stronger than the others. Can babies be born with defects on the intrinsic muscles?[Why Tag Thisyour intrinsic muscles help nthe flexor and extensors in your forearm and help make your finger movements more precise[Why Tag ThisThese muscles are very important in order to make all the movements of our fingers and our grip[General_Do Not UseIntrinsic Muscles of the Hand: Assist the flexors and extensors of the forearm and help with fine motor movements.[Why Tag Thislujain
Elvia Rivas
lindsay krueger
Brandon Brandemuehl
Danielle Henckel
Oxidation-An exergonic reaction in which electrons are removed from a reactant. Electrons may be removed one or two at a time and may be removed in the form of hydrogen atoms (H or H2). The product is then said to be oxidized.Reduction- An endergonic reaction in which electrons are donated to a reactant. The product is then said to be reduced[Why tag this text]Oxidation means that something is being oxidized, in other words electrons are being taken away from a reactant. This is an exergonic reaction. Reduction means something is being reduced, or and electron is being given to the reactants. This is an endergonic reaction,[General-Do not usean exergonic reaction in which electrons are removed from a reaction.[Why tag this textOxidation is where electrons are being removed from a reactant, while as reduction electrons are being donated to the electron in which the product is reduced as electrons are negative.[Why tag this textoxidation-oxygen being added to a moleculereduction-molecule gains electrons and energry both are endergonic[Why tag this textOxidation is the exergonic reaction where electrons are removed one or two at a time from the reactant to result in an oxidized product. Reduction is the endergonic reaction where electrons are given or added onto the reactant to result in reduced product.[Why tag this textErin Griph
Lauren Anthe
Richard Cook
Jonathan Lowe
Hauser Joseph Alan
Which of the ABCD rules can you identify in part (c)?
Squamous cell carcinoma arises from keratinocytes of the stratum spinosum. Lesions usually appear on the scalp, ears, lower lip, or back of the hand.
Squamous cell carcinoma arises from keratinocytes of the stratum spinosum. Lesions usually appear on the scalp, ears, lower lip, or back of the hand. They have a raised, reddened, scaly appearance, later forming a concave ulcer with raised edges (fig. 6.12b). The chance of recovery is good with early detection and surgical removal, but if it goes unnoticed or is neglected, this cancer tends to metastasize to the lymph nodes and can be lethal.
Is dangerous to cut out the signs of melanoma? Will it still spread even if it is cut out?[Why tag this](A)symmetry, (B)order irregularity, and (C)olor variation[Why tag thisSince these arise from stratum spinosum and those are located in the middle of the epidermis how do you they appear on the outside of the skin? Do they travel up the epidermis to the stratum corneum?[Why tag thiskeratinocytes of the stratum spinosum. appear on scalp, ears, and lower lip[Why tag thisdescription of squamous cell carcinoma[Why tag thisMetastisis to the lymph nodes is stage 4 cancer. Best treated then left alone.[Why tag thisjennifer lassiter
Ashley McBain
Justin Putterman
Alyssa Harmes
Jelena Ristic
Opposable thumbs and forward facing eyes, or stereoscopic vision (in color). The opposable thumbs would have helped primate immensley in their abiity to move with greater ease from tree to tree, by grasping the branches and swinging. Along with ease of movement, they would have been more able to evade predators, as well and find a good sources of food and more ideal mates.The stereoscopic and color vision would have allowed the depth perception to hone, making it, again, easier to move between trees, jumping and swinging. In addition, they are more able to select ideal foods, those that are perfectly ripe and, more importantly, not poisonous.[Why I tagged this]Thumbs: Made it easier for primates to climb up to the tree tops and to pick and grab the food that was on the tree top level. Forward-facing eyes: Made it easier for primates to catch their prey and to judge distance. [Why I tagged thistwo characteristics that were said to originate from the primates in the arboreal habitat were the shoulder and the thumbs. Allowing them to swing more freely in the trees, the shoulders were developed along with the thumbs which made it easier to grasp onto objects and escape from potential predators. Never took into thought how important our thumbs are until after reading this article ![Why I tagged thisThe thumbs are surely the most constructive and beneficial characteristic the primate became equipped with. With the thumbs they could now grasp tree limbs like no other mammal, they could attain a better grip on their prey, and allowed them to handle weapons to defend themselves like no other mammal could do. Another characteristic that has adapted with the primates is probably the process of language for communication. The primates weren't fluently spoken like languages are now but the way they developed a sense of communication to determine how one was feeling or where food, shelter, or predators were was rather beneficial in the survival of the primates.[Why I tagged thisTwo characteristics is the shoulder and the fingers. The shoulder is more up and the fingers (thumb) has enough space to grip things. For example humans can grab almost anything to their liking and same with apes/primates.[Why I tagged thisopposable thumbs to grab on to branches. The ablility to differntiate between shades of oranges and red to tell the difference between ripe and non-ripe[Why I tagged thisJourdan Richardson
jess Tegelman
Hauser Joseph Alan
Sandy C. Yang
Matthew Robert Schmidt
Receptors are usually specific for one particular messenger, much like an enzyme that is specific for one substrate.
Receptors are usually specific for one particular messenger, much like an enzyme that is specific for one substrate. Plasma membranes also have receptor proteins that bind chemicals and transport them into the cell
Receptors are usually specific for one particular messenger, much like an enzyme that is specific for one substrate. Plasma membranes also have receptor proteins that bind chemicals and transport them into the cell, as discussed later in this chapter.
Receptors are usually specific for one particular messenger, much like an enzyme that is specific for one substrate. Plasma membranes also have receptor proteins that bind chemicals and transport them into the cell, as discussed later in this chapter.
This is how chemicals enter the cells[Why tag this text]So, I am curious. So to say that we didn't have receptors or something biological occurred in the body. What would happen?[Why tag this textIf we have receptors that are specific for just one substrate, how do antigens bind to cells to make you sick? Do they mimic the substrate or do they modify the receptor?[Why tag this textexplains how receptors are like little messengers to each other in the cell. such as sending and transporting chemicals into other cells[Why tag this textThis is important because the cell is able to [Why tag this textSince every organism is created unique in their own way does that mean every ones receptor porteins on their plasma membranes of their cells differe from person to person, or are they basically all uniform in shape and function?[Why tag this textSandy C. Yang
aubrey
Lauren Anthe
Brendan Semph
Justin Rosinski
The classification of a lever changes as it makes different actions. We use the forearm as a third-class lever when we flex the elbow, as in weight lifting, but we use it as a first-class lever when we extend it, as in hammering nails.
The classification of a lever changes as it makes different actions. We use the forearm as a third-class lever when we flex the elbow, as in weight lifting, but we use it as a first-class lever when we extend it, as in hammering nails. The mandible is a second-class lever when we open the mouth and a third-class lever when we close it to bite off a piece of food.
still dont understand the importance of this classification. [Why tag this]I never new that our body can do different lever by usingg the same body part such as the forearm. so when I am pushing and pulling someone am useing different levers? [Why tag thisI think this is a tough concept. I studied this when taking my NSCA personal training certification and thought it was confusing then. Dr. Petto, can you explain this in a more fundamental way?[Why tag thisCan these all be cahnged by athletices? as well as diet as well as food intake? [Why tag thisThat is interesting because it can be two different classes just depends on how you are using it.[Why tag thischanel
Catherine Andersen
Lauren Anthe
Kelly Stahl
The osmotic concentration of body fluids has such a great effect on cellular function that it is important to understand the units in which it is measured. One osmole is 1 mole of dissolved particles. If a solute does not ionize in water, then 1 mole of the solute yields 1 osmole (osm) of dissolved particles. A solution of 1-molar (1 M) glucose, for example, is also 1 osm/L. If a solute does ionize, it yields two or more dissolved particles in solution. A 1 M solution of NaCl, for example, contains 1 mole of sodium ions and 1 mole of chloride ions per liter. Both ions affect osmosis and must be separately counted in a measure of osmotic concentration. Thus, 1 M NaCl = 2 osm/L. Calcium chloride (CaCl2) would yield three ions if it dissociated completely (one Ca2+ and two Cl-), so 1 M CaCl2 = 3 osm/L.Osmolality is the number of osmoles of solute per kilogram of water, and osmolarity is the number of osmoles per liter of solution. Most clinical calculations are based on osmolarity, since it is easier to measure the volume of a solution than the weight of water it contains. At the concentrations of human body fluids, there is less than 1% difference between osmolality and osmolarity, and the two terms are nearly interchangeable. All body fluids and many clinical solutions are mixtures of many chemicals. The osmolarity of such a solution is the total osmotic concentration of all of its dissolved particles.A concentration of 1 osm/L is substantially higher than we find in most body fluids, so physiological concentrations are usually expressed in terms of milliosmoles per liter (mOsm/L) (1mOsm/L = 10-3 osm/L). Blood plasma, tissue fluid, and intracellular fluid measure about 300 mOsm/L.Tonicity is the ability of a solution to affect the fluid volume and pressure in a cell. If a solute cannot pass through a plasma membrane but remains more concentrated on one side of the membrane than on the other, it causes osmosis. A hypotonic16 solution has a lower concentration of nonpermeating solutes than the intracellular fluid (ICF). Cells in a hypotonic solution absorb water, swell, and may burst (lyse) (fig. 3.16a). Distilled water is the extreme example; a sufficient quantity given to a person intravenously would lyse the blood cells, with dire consequences. A hypertonic17 solution is one with a higher concentration of nonpermeating solutes than the ICF. It causes cells to lose water and shrivel (crenate) (fig. 3.16c). Such cells may die of torn membranes and cytoplasmic loss. In isotonic18 solutions, the total concentration of nonpermeating solutes is the same as in the ICF?hence, isotonic solutions cause no change in cell volume or shape (fig. 3.16b).
The concept of [Why tag this text]Osmolarity and Tonicity:One osmole is 1 mole of dissolved particles. Osmolarity is the number os osmoles of solute per kg of water. Tonicity is the ability of a solution to affect fluid volume and pressure in a cell. Hypotonic Solution: Lower concentration of solutes to water [and thus absorb water]Hypertonic: Higher concentration of solutes to water, loses water. [Why tag this textI can remember osmosis very well as if I just learned it yesterday, because in middle school, I was asked what it was and could not answer, so i found the answer and have not forgotten what it was since. [Why tag this textexplains the osmotic concentration, i feel like it should go in a little more detail or give an example cause this seems a little hard for me to understand[Why tag this textSo how is tonicity and osmosis related or how does it affect osmosis?[Why tag this textThis is a very difficult and abstract concept, of which a review in lecture would be extremely helpful. [Why tag this textDanielle Henckel
Senny Xiong
Lauren Anthe
PangJeb Vang
jennifer lassiter
That is a big responsibilty and scary to think if i misspelled somthing i can cause a life, i wouldnt be able to live wiht myself[Why I tagged this]This shows how important it is to learn the medical terminology.[Why I tagged thisImportant to know terminology, tells you that you should be careful in what words you use to avoid miscommunication.[Why I tagged thisreally makes me think twice about going into nursing, i always stumble on my words i have no idea these terms were so close to each other! :o a lot of studying ahead of me![Why I tagged thisIt is unfortunate to think that this is a possibility, however this serves to exemplify the utmost importance of clear communication regarding anatomical terminology and the tragedies that could become the result of incoherence. [Why I tagged thisthis is a scary thought. for such a small error, or what initially looks to be a small error ends up rather serious.[Why I tagged thisLauren Thiel
Xenyen
jess Tegelman
Alina Gur
Flees Robert John
283986
282349
298312
303070
304176
A hypothesis is an educated guess to a scientific answer. A hypothesis is not an obscure or wild claim, and it must be falsifiable (Saladin, 8).A fact is information that can be authenticated by a knowledgeable person (Saladin, 9). The book provides the example of iron deficiency. The fact that iron deficiency leads to anemia can be verified by someone trained in hematology.A law is a general statement about how things act in nature based on repeated observations (Saladin, 9).A theory is created based on [ laws]At the most simple level such movements and responses seem to suggest such cells are coded for this work. Even if the word [ the movementsThe name [ since it is a fluid that lacks protein fibers. Although movement and binding are both functions of connective tissueI found this information to be very important because it explains how the skeleton is dividided into two regions, the axial skeleton and the appendicular region.[ auditory ossiclesFor as vulnerable the facial muscles and nerves are, it kind of surprises me how [ such as face liftsJustin Morgan
David Orr
dsstokes
Amanda Bartosik
Megan Perna
Skin color also varies with exposure to the UV rays of sunlight, which stimulate melanin synthesis and darken the skin. A suntan fades as melanin is degraded in older keratinocytes and as the keratinocytes migrate to the surface and exfoliate.
Skin color also varies with exposure to the UV rays of sunlight, which stimulate melanin synthesis and darken the skin. A suntan fades as melanin is degraded in older keratinocytes and as the keratinocytes migrate to the surface and exfoliate.
The amount of melanin also varies substantially from place to place on the body. It is relatively concentrated in freckles and moles
This would explain why, over time, African Americans (for example) have darker skin: because they lived in a climate with lots of sun their skin produces more melanin to protect their skin from the sun. Someone who lives in a less sunny climate would not need to produce as much melanin becuase they don't need as much protection from the sun.[Why tag this text]Interesting how this works explains how and why we loose a tan when we get one.[Why tag this textIs there reason the body is limited in melanin synthesis when exposed to UV rays of sunlight? Rather, if a lighter skinned person was exposed continually UV rays of sunlight from an early age, would their skin color hit a limit of how dark brown it would turn before the cells were producing as much melanin as possible?[Why tag this textnever knew why a tan would fad after a certain about of time but its because of the degrade in melanin[Why tag this textwonder why I lose my tan? Tan skin cells fall off and new untanned ones take its place.[Why tag this textwhy dont freckles and moles disappear then when new keratinocytes rise to the surface[Why tag this textErin Griph
David Faber
Brittany Nycz
Jelena Ristic
jess Tegelman
Posterior (Flexor) Compartment of the Leg, Superficial Group. The posterior compartment has superficial and deep muscle groups. The three muscles of the superficial group are plantar flexors: the gastrocnemius, soleus, and plantaris (fig. 10.39). The first two of these, collectively known as the triceps surae,86 insert on the calcaneus by way of the calcaneal (Achilles) tendon. This is the strongest tendon of the body but is nevertheless a common site of sports injuries resulting from sudden stress. The plantaris, a weak synergist of the triceps surae, is a relatively unimportant muscle and is absent from many people; it is not tabulated here. Surgeons often use the plantaris tendon for tendon grafts needed in other parts of the body.
It is the tibialis anterior.[Why Tag This]Interesting to know that the calcaneal tendon is the strongest tendon of the body but it is commonly injured from sudden stress.[Why Tag Thissuperficial group of the compartment of the leg; posterior view[Why Tag ThisThis is a great thing to know[Why Tag ThisThe calf muscles interest me because I had injuries in my calf in my last volleyball season, so I like to learn about it.[Why Tag ThisWhat reason is that the calcaneal tendon is the strongest tendon of the body?[Why Tag ThisAnisa Janko
Alyssa Harmes
Lauren Anthe
Samantha Herron
xuntao
This condition, called carpal tunnel syndrome, is common among keyboard operators, pianists, meat cutters, and others who spend long hours making repetitive wrist motions.
This condition, called carpal tunnel syndrome, is common among keyboard operators, pianists, meat cutters, and others who spend long hours making repetitive wrist motions.
This condition, called carpal tunnel syndrome, is common among keyboard operators, pianists, meat cutters, and others who spend long hours making repetitive wrist motions. Carpal tunnel syndrome is treated with aspirin and other anti-inflammatory drugs, immobilization of the wrist, and sometimes surgical removal of part or all of the flexor retinaculum to relieve pressure on the nerve.
are there any specific sports that has a lot of athletes with this?[Why Tag This]Is it possible to have a mild form of carpal tunnel, and/or can it come and go? I feel as though many students go through pains similar to this condition due to note taking, typing, test taking, etc.[Why Tag ThisIs the pattern of the hand use the only factor that contributes to carpal tunnel syndrome? Could health problems also contribute to this?[Why Tag ThisOh, I just said this..[Why Tag Thiscan you get carpal tunnel syndrome from writing too much? So when I am writing for a long time and i get that like grove on the side of my fingue what is that. [Why Tag ThisMy mom has carpal tunnel syndrome because of all the years that she worked at a computer as an accountant and as a CFO. she would spend a lot of time typing on the computer.[Why Tag ThisCassie Marsh
Elvia Rivas
Kelly Stahl
chanel
Riley Spitzig
Compact BoneThe histological study of compact bone usually uses slices that have been dried, cut with a saw, and ground to translucent thinness. This procedure destroys the cells but reveals fine details of the matrix (fig. 7.4). Such sections show onionlike concentric lamellae?layers of matrix concentrically arranged around a central (haversian16 or osteonic) canal and connected with each other by canaliculi. A central canal and its lamellae constitute an osteon (haversian system)?the basic structural unit of compact bone. In longitudinal views and three-dimensional reconstructions, we can see that an osteon is actually a cylinder of tissue surrounding a central canal. Along their length, central canals are joined by transverse or diagonal passages called perforating (Volkmann17) canals. The central and perforating canals are lined with endosteum.
The histological study of compact bone usually uses slices that have been dried, cut with a saw, and ground to translucent thinness. This procedure destroys the cells but reveals fine details of the matrix (fig. 7.4). Such sections show onionlike concentric lamellae?layers of matrix concentrically arranged around a central (haversian16 or osteonic) canal and connected with each other by canaliculi. A central canal and its lamellae constitute an osteon (haversian system)?the basic structural unit of compact bone. In longitudinal views and three-dimensional reconstructions, we can see that an osteon is actually a cylinder of tissue surrounding a central canal. Along their length, central canals are joined by transverse or diagonal passages called perforating (Volkmann17) canals. The central and perforating canals are lined with endosteum.
I find this really interesting because working in the health and fitness field, I come across several health fads in client diets and exercise regiments that are questionable in nature. This is a prime example of a fad that was endorsed heavily, but obviously required much further study. I also think it is important to realize, for anyone, that not all health fads are [Why I tagged this]Compact bone has a central canal through the middle and are joined by diagonal passages that line the endosteum.[Why I tagged thisis it easier to break the part of the bone where spongy bone is present?[Why I tagged thisCompact Bone: Has lamellae [layers of matrix organized around a central canal and connected by canaliculi]A central canal and its lamellae make up an osteon, or haversian system, which is the basic structural unit of compact bone. Canals are lined with endosteum. Collagen fibers enhance the strength of the bone by organizing into helices. Blood vessels and nerves enter the bone tissue through nutrient foramina on the surface of the bone. They open into perforating canals. [Why I tagged thisThis shows how we would examine and describe the histology of the bone tissue sample. Even though all cells are destroyed in the process[General_Do Not UseIf it needs to be cut with a saw, can people break through the compact bone on their own?[Why I tagged thisMichael Acker
Holland
Danielle Henckel
Brandon Brandemuehl
Sami
A few cell types are multinucleate, having 2 to 50 nuclei. Examples include skeletal muscle cells, some liver cells, and certain bone-dissolving and platelet-producing cells.
How do the these nuclei work together? Is there one that is more in charge than the others? Or is each nuclei responsible for its own task?[Question ]What would the purpose of having multiple nuclei be?[Why tag this textI find this interesting because I was completely unaware that some cells could have up to 50 nuclei. Does this mean that each one shares the same genetic information? And if so, what is the point to having more than one if they are all the same?[Why tag this textAre these (only) located in the nuclues?[Why tag this textIs this what allows for liver regeneration? The fact that they can have up to 50 nuclei?[Why tag this textI never knew that cytoskeleton is composed of microfilamenst, and microtubles.[Why tag this textKristin Basche
Megan Page
Senny Xiong
Claire Silkaitis
Steven Bertschy
converting them into free radicals and triggering chain reactions that destroy still more molecules. Among the damages caused by free radicals are some forms of cancer and myocardial infarction, the death of heart tissue. One theory of aging is that it results in part from lifelong cellular damage by free radicals.
This is fascinating. I never knew that free radicals were destructive on a chemical level because they destroyed other molecules. By changing the composition of molecules which perform specific functions within the body you disrupt its ability to operate normally.[Why tag this text]Cosemetic companies often advertise that their skin cream helps protect against free radicals causing damage to your skin. Is that even possible? I mean, if we could really protect against them in skin, would we know how to stop free radicals contributing to cancer? I also wonder how much damage they really do to skin.[Why tag this textI had no idea that free radicals could cause this type of damage to the body! Since free radicals are formed by chemicals, among other things, it would make sense that cancer is on the rise because there are so many chemicals and preservatives in our food that may be forming free radicals and initiating cancer in our bodies.[Why tag this textWhat is a free-radical and why does it do so much damage to our body in time?[Why tag this textIntersting theory of why we age the way we do![General-Do not useDoes this literally mean damage to cells or damage do the DNA?[Why tag this textAmie Emrys
Christina Colarossi
Abigail
Erin Griph
Joe Nimm
Without collagen, a jogger's bones would shatter under the impact of running. But normally, when a bone bends slightly toward one side, the tensile strength of the collagen fibers on the opposite side holds the bone together and prevents it from snapping like a stick of chalk. Collagen molecules have sacrificial bonds that break under stress, protecting a bone from fracture by dissipating some of the shock. The bonds re-form when the collagen is relieved of stress.
Is there any sort of deformity/disease where a person can be lacking collagen, and if so, how can this be treated?[Why I tagged this]Where are collagen fibers located in the bone?[Why I tagged thisIs this found in all bone or just weight bearing bones of our lower extremities?[Why I tagged thisSo the collagen actually breaks understress? When you work out too much or too hard does this create too much of a breakage in the collagen?[Why I tagged thisHow much force are we talking about here? Does this cause a [Why I tagged thisAre these bonds continually breaking and rebuilding quickly with any form of stress or does it need to be a fairly significant amount of stress to break these bonds? It would seem that if they break under stress from say, jogging, the repair time would need to be extremely quick.[Why I tagged thisEthan Kelly
Kasey Kallien
mary furner
Sophie
David Faber
Why would infants and children have more need for brown fat than adults do? (Hint: Smaller bodies have a higher ratio of surface area to volume than larger bodies do.)
Is this example simialr to why babies and some young children are heavier? Their bodies are storing up fats for the growth of new cells like bone and muscles?[Why tag this text]Infants and children have a larger need for brown fat than adults because they have a larger surface area in comparison to there bodies. This high concentration of brown fat help to maintain heat.[Why tag this textInfants have more need for brown fat because their bodies are so small and they need to generate heat to survive. Brown fat is a heat generating tissue. Also since they are so small they need the brown fat to protect their tiny organs and bones, brown fat is helpful in this because it forms in multiple globules rather than one large one. [Why tag this textI think the higher ratio of surface area allows for more heat loss, thus generating a need for brown fat to generate heat for the body.[Why tag this textThe way that they are unproportionally developed at young age their body surface is actually greater than their proportionate body. and with their lesser developed homeostasis, they need the heat more accessible that we as grown human do. [Why tag this textSarah Ertl
Elizabeth
Kristin Basche
Hauser Joseph Alan
The synovial cavity of the TMJ is divided into superior and inferior chambers by an articular disc, which permits lateral and medial excursion of the mandible. Two ligaments support the joint.
The synovial cavity of the TMJ is divided into superior and inferior chambers by an articular disc, which permits lateral and medial excursion of the mandible. Two ligaments support the joint. The lateral ligament prevents posterior displacement of the mandible. If the jaw receives a hard blow, this ligament normally prevents the condylar process from being driven upward and fracturing the base of the skull. The sphenomandibular ligament on the medial side of the joint extends from the sphenoid bone to the ramus of the mandible. A stylomandibular ligament extends from the styloid process to the angle of the mandible but is not part of the TMJ proper.
My brother had this and they had to break his jaw, cut his teeth out, file down part of the bone, and then reattach his teeth. His teach are now held in place by little metal plates in his gums.[Why tag this]It seems strange and unusual, almost impossible, that TMJ can be treated with psychological management. How can it even be?[Why tag thiscan the articular disc ever get worn down and loose its function or creat a problem with its function?[Why tag thisWhat does TMJ actually effect within the Jaw? [Why tag thispermids lateral and medial excursion of the mandable with two ligaments supporting the joint.[Why tag thisWhat happens if the ligament is torn? does the protectin completey stop or just cause more pain when taking a blow?[Why tag thisCassi Malko
Brandon Brandemuehl
Lauren Anthe
Rachel Feivor
lenarch2
Some of these shapes refer to the way a cell looks in typical tissue sections, not to the complete three-dimensional shape of the cell.
Some of these shapes refer to the way a cell looks in typical tissue sections, not to the complete three-dimensional shape of the cell. A cell that looks squamous, cuboidal, or columnar in a tissue section, for example, usually looks polygonal if viewed from its upper surface.
long and slender, as in skeletal muscles and axons.[Why tag this text]I think this is important because the name makes it easier to remember what the cells looks like sometimes. Cuboidal: cube-shaped[Why tag this textThe different shapes of cells is interesting. Why are there different shapes, and do they do different things?[Why tag this texti think this is good info to always keep in mind[Why tag this textWhen looking at a slide, if you can ask yourself questions like how dense are these cells? What shape and size are they? Is there a single line on the cell basement membrane? Is there a free space? All these things will help you determine what type of tissue you are looking at.[Why tag this textAll of these shapes and sections of cells, although they appear different, all appear the same and polygonal when they are viewed from above.[Why tag this textStephanie
Kayla Orta
Roberto C. Bermejo
Jenna Nehls
Michael Acker
Natural forces that promote the reproductive success of some individuals more than others are called selection pressures. They include such things as climate, predators, disease, competition, and the availability of food.
Natural forces that promote the reproductive success of some individuals more than others are called selection pressures. They include such things as climate, predators, disease, competition, and the availability of food.
Natural forces that promote the reproductive success of some individuals more than others are called selection pressures. They include such things as climate, predators, disease, competition, and the availability of food. Adaptations are features of an organism's anatomy, physiology, and behavior that have evolved in response to these selection pressures and enable the organism to cope with the challenges of its environment.
Indicates what pushes along natural selection and those forces are slection pressures[Why I tagged this]A natural force would be something such as a change in weather. It is a natural force that impacts an organisms ability to endure the challenges of the area in which they live. [Why I tagged thisIt is interesting to me that natural forces such as availability of food can influence an organisms reproductive success. [Why I tagged thisNatural things that may effect the rate of reproduction, the success of offspring, and the survival of the animals.[Why I tagged thisQuestion 1: Understanding selection pressures and adaptions are important because they can help to explain how a species has changed and evolved over time. Knowing why anatomy has changed can be a key insight to linking it to the most accurate function or physiology.[Why I tagged thisI've done a lot of studying on Darwin, but I've never heard of this before. It failed to cross my mind on how climate could change our evolution, eventhough it makes perfect sense to me now. [Why I tagged thisEmily
Jonathan Rooney
Jelena Ristic
Sarah Ertl
Janis McNamara
Cell adhesion. Proteins bind cells to each other, which enables sperm to fertilize eggs, enables immune cells to bind to enemy cancer cells, and keeps tissues from falling apart
Enzymes
I have never thought of proteins as importatnt until I read that it has more diverse functions then other macromolecules. I never imagined that portiens had such an impact on our bodies. [Why tag this text]The role of proteins in the body.[General-Do not useThese are functions of proteins and definitions[General-Do not useEnzymes:Enzymes are proteins that function as biological catalysts which enable/increase biochemical reactions.How Enzymes work: Enzymes bind to the substrate, forming an enzyme-substrate complex. Lock and Key. The substrate changes the enzyme to make it a better fit, this is called enzyme-substrate specificity. Enzymes are not consumed in reactions. Enzymes can be changed by temperature and PH and can be rendered useless. Cofactors and Enzymes: Cofactors are nonprotein partners hich bind to the enzyme and folds it into a shape that activates its active site. [Why tag this textCody Andrews
lenarch2
Danielle Henckel
iven the uncertainty, it is best not to assume that merely because sunscreens protect you from sunburn, they also protect against skin cancer. Above all, one should not assume that using sunscreen makes it safe (with respect to cancer) to spend longer hours on the beach or tanning by the pool.Melanoma is a skin cancer that arises from the melanocytes. It accounts for no more than 5% of skin cancers, but it is an extremely aggressive and drug-resistant type. It can be treated surgically if it is caught early, but if it metastasizes?which it does quickly?it is unresponsive to chemotherapy and is usually fatal. The average person with metastatic melanoma lives only 6 months from diagnosis, and only 5% to 14% of patients survive with it for 5 years. The greatest risk factor for melanoma is a family history of the disease. It has a relatively high incidence in men, in redheads, and in people who experienced severe sunburns in childhood.
Is it better to use sunscreen than not any at all? What is more harmful, being in the sun with sunscreen or not having any at all, and does the color of skin make a difference?[Why tag this]Is tanning also considered a cause for other types of cancer? Or just specifically skin cancer?[Why tag thisThis is valuable information because many people believe that sunscreen will protect you from cancer but it mostly just protects against sunburn. It is never a good idea to stay out in the sun all day because it can really damage your skin and put you at risk for developing skin cancer.[Why tag thisI think this is really important to know. I always just assumed that using sunscreen was enough to protect against skin cancer. I think more people need to be aware of this, since I'm sure more people make similar assumptions.[Why tag thisSunscreen gives people a false sense of security when it comes to exposure to the sun. Research is still being conducted on the effectiveness of sunscreen and researchers believe it protects against sunburn but it does not protect against most cancers of the skin. People should not assume they can spend more time in the sun because they are wearing sunscreen because they are likely being damaged as if they were not wearing it.[Why tag thisI think that there should be more campaigns and PSAs to wear sunscreen and stop tanning. Too many people are getting skin cancer for beauty.[Why tag thisFord Elizabeth Emily
Keira
Kristin Basche
Michael Franzini
Mackenzie DeClark
Evolution
Evolution.
Evolution. All living species exhibit genetic change from generation to generation and therefore evolve.
Evolution. All living species exhibit genetic change from generation to generation and therefore evolve.
definition- nonliving things cannot reproduce[Why I tagged this]changing and adapting to environments.[Why I tagged thisProperty to define life[Why I tagged thisis a property of living things in their ability to change and mutate over time as a population[Why I tagged thisI think that this may be the most important of the 8 characteristics of life. Without evolution we would not be advanced as we are today. We would still be very naive as to what really goes on inside our bodies and how we work as a species. We would also not be as aware as we are today. Through evolution we learn and change, and without it we wouldnt be the way we are today.[Why I tagged thisHaving this happen is crustial for our exsitstence because since everything changes on a day to day basis and over time we need to evolve to something better adapt. [Why I tagged thisJelena Ristic
Melissa
Danny Duong
Kimberly Loney
Justin Rosinski
Most cells have only a scanty smooth ER, but it is relatively abundant in cells that engage extensively in detoxification, such as liver and kidney cells. Long-term abuse of alcohol, barbiturates, and other drugs leads to tolerance partly because the smooth ER proliferates and detoxifies the drugs more quickly. Smooth ER is also abundant in cells of the testes and ovaries that synthesize steroid hormones. Skeletal and cardiac muscle contain extensive networks of smooth ER that store calcium and release it to trigger muscle contraction.
When I was in high school my mom's salon had a detoxifier. You stuck your feet into a tub with salts there was a filter on the side. This machine pulled out the toxis through your feet. Whatever color the water turned was what it had pulled out of your body. For smokers the water turns a dark brown. I always thought that was pretty cool.[Why tag this text]You always here of people having a high tolerance for somethine, or talking about building up a tolerance to something like a painkiller. I never knew that one of the parts of building that tolerance was a change in the acutally cell parts that detoxify the body.[Why tag this textNever knew cells were involved directly in detoxifying alcohol. For some reason, I only thought of that as an organ's job such as the kidneys.[Why tag this textWhy is it that scanty smooth ER is relatively abundant in cells that engage extensively in detoxification? as well as in the testes and ovaries?[Why tag this textso long term abuse affects the livers and kidney cells also?[Why tag this textThis is interesting to me because in health class I always learned what tolerance was but not why our body became tolerant[Why tag this textAmie Emrys
Justin Morgan
Alma Tovar
Lauren Anthe
Brianna Brugger
List the five layers of epidermis from deep to superficial. What are the distinctive features of each layer? Which layer is often absent?
Stratum corneum, Stratum corneum,Stratum lucidum, Stratum grannulosum, Stratum spinosum ,Stratum basale [Why tag this text]stratum corneum-dead, keratinized cells of skin surfacestratum lucidum-clear, non-featured, thin zone only visible in thick skinstratum granulosum-2-5 layers of cells with dark staining granules, scanty in thin skinstratum spinosum-spiny look, abundant dendritic cellsstratum basale-single layer of cuboidal cells, melanin potentially present in this layerlayer that is not often present is the stratum lucidum[Why tag this textStratum basale is located at the base. It is a single layer of cells resting on the basement membrane. Next are the stratum spinosum which are several layers of keratinocytes. This is a very thick section sometimes appearing with flat cells. Above that is the stratum granulosum which is two to three layers of flat cells. The thinnest layer of cells is located above that called the stratum lucidum, which are very densely packed. And on the top, forming the surface layer is 30 layers of dead cells. These cells protect the body from anything entering.[Why tag this text1. Stratum basale- consists of a single layer of cuboidal to low columnar stem cells and keratinocytes resting on the basement membrane. Scattered among these are the melanocytes, tactile cells, and stem cells. As the stem cells divide, they give rise to keratinocytes that migrate toward the skin surface and replace lost epidermal cells. 2. Stratum spinosum- consists of several layers of keratinocytes. In most skin, this is the thickest stratum, but in thick skin it is usually exceeded by the stratum corneum. The deepest cells of the stratum spinosum remain capable of mitosis, but as they are pushed farther upward, they cease dividing. 3. Stratum granulosum- consists of three to five layers of flat keratinocytes and is found more in thick skin than thin skin. The keratinocytes of this layer contain coarse, dark staining keratohyalin granules that give the layer its name.4. Stratum lucidum- is a thing zone superficial to the stratum granulosum, seen only in thick skin. Keratinocytes are densely packed with a clear protein names eleidin. Theses cells have no nuclei or other organelles.5. Stratum corneum- consists of up to 30 layers of dead, scaly, keratinized cells that form a durable surface layer. It is especially resistant to abrasion, penetration, and water loss.[Why tag this textstratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratium corneum[Why tag this textJonathan Lowe
Ashley McBain
Kimberly Loney
Lauren Anthe
Calcitriol Calcitriol (CAL-sih-TRY-ol) is a form of vitamin D produced by the sequential action of the skin, liver, and kidneys
Calcitriol Calcitriol (CAL-sih-TRY-ol) is a form of vitamin D produced by the sequential action of the skin, liver, and kidneys (fig. 7.14):
a form of vitamin D produced by the sequential action of the skin, liver, and kidneys[Why I tagged this]I never heard this term before. I thought that Vitamin D could only be obtained via the sun (or pills). ?[Why I tagged thisif this is a form of vitamin d, why is it that we consume vitamin d supplements?[Why I tagged thiswithout one of these organs would anything help out to form vitamin D?[Why I tagged thisso if vitamin D is a hormorne and it makes people happy right? then it must be true that tanning beds are good for seasonal depression?[Why I tagged thisIf different vitamins are formed in the body, how is it that we can buy them over the counter?[Why I tagged thisDakota Francart
Mauly Her
corey
Jungas
Michea Jones
The most important thing about a good microscope is not magnification but resolution?the ability to reveal detail. Any image can be photographed and enlarged as much as we wish, but if enlargement fails to reveal any more useful detail, it is empty magnification.
The most important thing about a good microscope is not magnification but resolution?the ability to reveal detail. Any image can be photographed and enlarged as much as we wish, but if enlargement fails to reveal any more useful detail, it is empty magnification. A big fuzzy image is not nearly as informative as one that is small and sharp.
The most important thing about a good microscope is not magnification but resolution?the ability to reveal detail. Any image can be photographed and enlarged as much as we wish, but if enlargement fails to reveal any more useful detail, it is empty magnification. A big fuzzy image is not nearly as informative as one that is small and sharp.
component of a cell inclueded cytoplasm[Why tag this text]That is very true, after using microscopes in lab I can know understand this better from having experience. [Why tag this textmicroscope is used to view detail and show a picture without than there is no point in a microscope[Why tag this texti completely agree with this statement. No matter how large the image can be, the resolution is what counts the most. Resolution is what helps eveyone to identify small, sharp objects[Why tag this textThis statement is very important for everyone to know that is taking this class. It is especially important for when we are using microscopes in lab in order to get the correct image we are looking for. For example, if we do not see close details in a picture of a certain cell, we might accidentally label it wrong because we do not have a high quality picture of the cell.[Why tag this textmost important thing about a good microscope[Why tag this textRebecca Hoefs
Lauren Anthe
victor
Samantha Herron
Alyssa Harmes
Between an essay and an alphabet are successively simpler levels of organization: paragraphs, sentences, words, and syllables. We can say that language exhibits a hierarchy of complexity, with letters, syllables, words, and so forth being successive levels of the hierarchy. Humans have an analogous hierarchy of complexity, as follows (fig. 1.7): Page 13 The organism is composed of organ systems, * organ systems are composed of organs, * organs are composed of tissues, * tissues are composed of cells, * cells are composed partly of organelles, * organelles are composed of molecules, and * molecules are composed of atoms.
Helpful example to real world situations[Why I tagged this]This is interesting because it shows actually how complex the body can actually be. [Why I tagged thisThis is a good analogy. This will definitely help me remember the levels of the body.[Why I tagged thisI like this comparison between the English language and human anatomy. It is very easy to understand what they mean by the [Why I tagged thisThis is a great metaphor to analyze the structure of the human body. It is interesting to see all of the subdivisions of the body on a molecular level[Why I tagged thisThis to me is why the human body is so interesting. If all organs are reversed, there is no harm because they are all working normal together. But one organ reversed is a serious problem[Why I tagged thisJustin Rosinski
Jelena Ristic
Sophie
Jonathan Rooney
Jungas
FIGURE 9.4Cartilaginous Joints.(a) A synchondrosis, represented by the costal cartilage joining rib 1 to the sternum.
What is the difference between the pubic symphysis and the interpubic disc?
so does it just provide cushion for the bones?[Why Tag This?]two bones that are linked by cartilage [Why Tag This?the two types of cartilaginous joints [Why Tag This?It would make more sense to have solid bone instead of cartilage on the rib cage for better protection of the organs. [Why Tag This?These [Why Tag This?The public symphysis is the entire structure (three structures total) of the joint: right and left sides of the elvic bone in this area, as well as the inclusion of the interpublic disc. Whereas the interpubic disc is simpy the disc that separates, connects, and cushions the right and left side of the pubic bones.[Why Tag This?Brittany Nycz
Anthony Wheeler
Ford Elizabeth Emily
Catherine Andersen
jennifer lassiter
Metabolism is all the chemical reactions that take place in the body. Catabolism is the [General-Do not use]Metabolism- All the chemical reactions in the body are collectivelyCatabolism-The sum of all decomposition reactions in the bodyAnabolism-The sum of all synthesis reactions in the body[Why tag this textMetabolism is the chemical reactions int he body made up of 2 divisions: catabolism and anabolism. Catabolsim consists of energry releasing reactions which break down bonds to produce smaller molecules. Anabolism consists of energry storing sysnthesis reactions, such as the production of protein or fat.[Why tag this textMetabolism is a term that is used to describe all chemical reactions involved in maintaining the living state of the cells and the organism. It can be broken down into two categories: catabolism and anabolism. Catablism it the breakdown of molecules to obtain energy. These reactions break covalent bonds, produce smaller molecules from larger ones, and release energy that can be used for other physiological work. Anabolism on the other hand consists of enery-storing synthesis reactions, such as the production of fat or protein.[Why tag this textMetabolism is defined as all chemical reactions that occur in the human body. Catabolism is all of the decomposition reactions that occur in the body. And Anabolism is every synthesis reaction that happens within the body.[Why tag this textmetabolism-all chemical reactions within body, has two divisions (catabolism & anabolism)catabolism-sum of all decomposition reactions in the bodyanabolism-sum of all synthesis reactions in the body[Why tag this textKenyetta
Lauren Anthe
Kimberly Loney
Hauser Joseph Alan
Jonathan Lowe
Carriers (see figs. 3.18 and 3.19). Carriers are transmembrane proteins that bind to glucose, electrolytes, and other solutes and transfer them to the other side of the membrane. Some carriers, called pumps, consume ATP in the process.
This statement is important because if physiologists figure out the disease of channelopathies, scientists will be able to find ways of curing or slowing down the disease. That will lead to doctors being able to diagnose patients in a correct way.[Why tag this text]What is it that happens during a channelopathic disorder? This sentence says that there are a family of diseases, but what is it exactly that goes wrong?[Why tag this text I'm curious as to how this type of defect is contracted? Is it a genetic anomaly, or does it arise from nutritional (or other) deficiencies? Also, what types of complications would arise from this defect? How would one know they suffer from it? [Why tag this textQuestion 4: Receptors, pumps, cell-adhesion molecule.Receptors are usually designed for one specific messenger or substrate. They are located within the plasma membrane and allow chemical signals to enter into the cell.Pumps are trnasmembrane proteins that bind to solutes and transfer them to the opposite side of the membrane.Cell-adhesion molecules (CAMs) allow cells to adhere to one another.[Why tag this textCARRY glucose elecrolytes & solutes to the inside[Why tag this textwhat carriers are[Why tag this textCassi Malko
Alina Gur
Sarah Ertl
Jelena Ristic
Alyssa Harmes
The eyes of primates moved to a more forward-facing position (fig. 1.6), which allowed for stereoscopic11 vision (depth perception). This adaptation provided better hand?eye coordination in catching and manipulating prey, with the added advantage of making it easier to judge distances accurately in leaping from tree to tree. Color vision, rare among mammals, is also a primate hallmark. Primates eat mainly fruit and leaves. The ability to distinguish subtle shades of orange and red enables them to distinguish ripe, sugary fruits from unripe ones. Distinguishing subtle shades of green helps them to differentiate between tender young leaves and tough, more toxic older foliage
The eyes of primates moved to a more forward-facing position (fig. 1.6), which allowed for stereoscopic11 vision (depth perception). This adaptation provided better hand?eye coordination in catching and manipulating prey, with the added advantage of making it easier to judge distances accurately in leaping from tree to tree. Color vision, rare among mammals, is also a primate hallmark. Primates eat mainly fruit and leaves. The ability to distinguish subtle shades of orange and red enables them to distinguish ripe, sugary fruits from unripe ones. Distinguishing subtle shades of green helps them to differentiate between tender young leaves and tough, more toxic older foliage.
This I thought was important because it explains how the eyes of primates are unique compared to other mammals and what it allows us to do[Why I tagged this]Depth perception is very important in the arboreal environment to navigate throughout the canopy. [Why I tagged thisWhile this adaptation has given us advantages such as the ability to perceive depth, our species is has forgone the ability to see attacks from behind. Therefore every adaptation, while usually for the better, comes at a small cost. [Why I tagged thisAll these things that help monkies was supposedly caused by evolution?[Why I tagged thiseye evolution[Why I tagged thisWhat we got from our tree-dwelling ancestors and why.[Why I tagged thisJonathan Rooney
Alina Gur
Sami
Corianne
Matthew Robert Schmidt
The other 3-UAG, UGA, and UAA-are called stop codons; they signal
how does the body decided with is for amino acids and which ones are stop codons?[Why tag this text]This is imortant to know that some squences code for something different than to produce amino acids.[General-Do not useWhy are there 3 different ways to tell [Why tag this textgives information for the stop codons[Why tag this textStop Codons [UAG, UGA, UAA]: enables codons, segnals end of message. [Why tag this textErin Griph
Jerry S Yang
kay
Danielle Henckel
The stratum spinosum is named for an artificial appearance (artifact) created by the histological fixation of tissue specimens. Keratinocytes are firmly attached to each other by numerous desmosomes, which partly account for the toughness of the epidermis
ixatives shrink the keratinocytes so they pull away from each other, but they remain attached by the desmosomes?like two people holding hands while they step farther apart. The desmosomes thus create bridges from cell to cell, giving each cell a spiny appearance from which we derive the word spinosum.
What makes them so hard to see?[Why tag this text]Are identified but rarely[Why tag this textso is this the first layer that gives off the rough feeling when its dry?[Why tag this textKeratin: A fibrous protein forming the maine structural constituent of hair, feathers, hoofs, claws, horn, nails. [Why tag this textDesmosomes: A structure by which two adjacent cells are attrected, formed from protein plaques in the cell membranes linked by filaments.[Why tag this textThis is why the epidermis is rough in some areas[Why tag this textJelena Ristic
Lauren Anthe
mainkao
A muscle compartment is a group of functionally related muscles enclosed and separated from others by connective tissue fascia (fig. 10.3).
A muscle compartment is a group of functionally related muscles enclosed and separated from others by connective tissue fascia (fig. 10.3). A compartment also contains the nerves and blood vessels that supply the muscle group. Such compartmentalization occurs in the thoracic and abdominal walls, pelvic floor, and limbs. Some of the fascia that separate one compartment from another are particularly thick and are called intermuscular septa.
A muscle compartment is a group of functionally related muscles enclosed and separated from others by connective tissue fascia (fig. 10.3). A compartment also contains the nerves and blood vessels that supply the muscle group. Such compartmentalization occurs in the thoracic and abdominal walls, pelvic floor, and limbs. Some of the fascia that separate one compartment from another are particularly thick and are called intermuscular septa. The tight binding of muscles by these fasciae contributes to a clinical problem described in Deeper Insight 10.1.
I wasn't sure what was the difference between muslces and ligaments?[Why tag this]I tagged this becuase things that are grouped together usually have something in common so a muscle compartment has muscles and structures that are all correlated with eachother.[Why tag thisCan you explain what this is better? I cant picture how it would work or what it is.[Why tag thisMuscles form compartments to help them specialize and maximize their energy output. [Why tag thisIt is interesting to see the smaller muscles underneith because we tend to forget about them. [Why tag thisdo any parts of the muscles compartments have to do with how much or less somebody sweats...?[Why tag thisCaitlin
Erin Griph
Michael Franzini
Joshua Collier
Elizabeth
The Ribs There are 12 pairs of ribs, with no difference in number between the sexes. Each is attached at its posterior (proximal) end to the vertebral column, and most of them are also attached at the anterior (distal) end to the sternum. The anterior attachment is by way of a long strip of hyaline cartilage called the costal cartilage.As a rule, the ribs increase in length from 1 through 7 and become progressively smaller again through rib 12. They are increasingly oblique (slanted) in orientation from 1 through 9, then less so from 10 through 12. They also differ in their individual structure and attachments at different levels of the thoracic cage, so we will examine them in order as we descend the chest, taking note of their universal characteristics as well as their individual variations.
I myself am CPR certified and our instructor once told us that she had never before performed CPR without breaking at least one rib. Thankful that I have never had to use my certification yet, I wonder if there is any way to prevent such injury from resuscitation. Or is the anatomy organized in a way that injury is in fact inevitable?[Why tag this]I was once told that you can break the xiphoid process off and it can float around your body and cause lots of damage. Is this true? How hard is it to break off?[Why tag thismy uncle broke a rib once. very painful[Why tag thisIt is intersting how all the bones do not connect with the anterior side of the body. (the sternum) Would those bones that are not connected be the easiest to break?[Why tag thisInteresting to know that ribs increase in length form 1 through 7 and become smaller through rib 12. Rib are attached to posterior end of the vertebral column and most also attached at the end of the sternum. [Why tag thisHow important are the ribs to the human? My friend had some cartilage from his ribs removed to be put in his windpipe.[Why tag thisHeather Archibald
Ann
Erin Griph
Anisa Janko
Zawicki Sara Anne Marie
Curie crusaded to train women for careers in science, and in World War I, she and her daughter, Irène Joliot-Curie (1897?1956), trained physicians in the use of X-ray machines.
Curie pioneered radiation therapy for breast and uterine cancer.
The reason why I tag this, is that this is history i didn't know about. It's Interesting to find out Marie Curie received a Nobel prize for her work. And also that she was the first female in France to get a PH.D.[Why tag this text]This is interesting to me because not only were womens rights frowned upon but she was the first woman in the world to receive a Nobel Prize[Why tag this textInteresting fact! [General-Do not useto think that her research helped people out who need it with cancer.[Why tag this textIt is interesting that because of her work we were able to develope treatments for cancer. My step dads mother has been battling breast cancer for years and is still alive because of advancements in radiation treatments all started by Curie[Why tag this textI have a particular interest in this area because my mother was thought to have breast cancer an dhad surgery done for it. The tests suprisingly came back negative but ever since I have taken an interest in therapies an dresearch on cancer.[Why tag this textTayelor Neiss
Erin Griph
Lauren Anthe
Brendan Semph
Jessica Ryback
We describe the normal structure of the body based on observations of many bodies.
ises the issue of what is considered proof in science. We can never prove a claim beyond all possible refutation. We can, however, consider a statement as proven beyond reasonable doubt if it was arrived at by reliable methods of observation, tested and confirmed repeatedly, and not falsified by any credible observation. In science, all truth is tentative; there is no room for dogma. We must always be prepared to abandon yesterday's truth if tomorrow's facts disprove it.Page 8
The inductive method[Why I tagged this]Once again, this demonstrates the importance of studying more than just one body (or one cadaver) inorder to come to scientific conclusions. This practice leaves far less margin for error in observations than would simply studying a single body's structure. [Why I tagged thisObserving then test and then compare the similarities and differences in order to find out more about the human bodies.[Why I tagged thisAll bodies look the same from observations. One that does not is considered [Why I tagged thisThis catches my eye due to the fact that I agree with this and why it was said. Science is hard to believe unless evidence is presented to the human eye. It is much easier to learn when something is right in front of you. I'm sure doing research on an actual human body explained a lot more than just a picture or diagram of a human body.[Why I tagged thisI think this is a very important study because it makes numerous observations and see what kinds of things happen to the body. this is the best method i think[Why I tagged thisAlina Gur
Sue Xiong
Jelena Ristic
Cassie Marsh
Maisey Mulvey
Collagen is neither excitable nor contractile, but it is somewhat extensible and elastic. When a muscle lengthens, for example during extension of a joint, its collagenous components resist excessive stretching and protect the muscle from injury. When a muscle relaxes, elastic recoil of the collagen may help to return the muscle to its resting length and keep it from becoming too flaccid. Some authorities contend that recoil of the tendons and other collagenous tissues contributes significantly to the power output and efficiency of a muscle. When you are running, for example, recoil of the calcaneal tendon may help to lift the heel and produce some of the thrust as your toes push off from the ground. (Such recoil contributes significantly to the long, efficient leaps of a kangaroo.) Others feel that the elasticity of these components is negligible in humans and that the recoil is produced entirely by certain intracellular proteins of the muscle
Others feel that the elasticity of these components is negligible in humans and that the recoil is produced entirely by certain intracellular proteins of the muscle fibers themselves.
We all know that collagen looses its elasticity as we age. Is there anything out there today that can help to re-strengthen collagen? Can some stem cells become collagen later in life?[Why I tagged this]Is collagen the build up of what you have after an injury? For instance when you get a sprain ankel and then scar tissue forms. What exactly is that?[Why I tagged thisI never realized that the collagen fibers were what caused the elasticity in muscle. In a pulled muscle, are the collagen fibers stretched too far? What about in a torn muscle?[Why I tagged thisWhat would happen if a muscle became too flaccid because there wasnt enough callogen to prevent it? would a person look mishapen?[Why I tagged thisWhy is this a debate? Can't we measure if the elasticity of the callogen and whether or not the recoil of tendons contributes significantly to increased power output?[Why I tagged thisIs the elasticity of these tissues determined? Others think different things regarding these tissues, but what stands to be true? Is it known?[Why I tagged thisBecky Fleck
Cassi Malko
Riley Spitzig
Emily
Osseous tissue is only one of the tissues that make up a bone.
Osseous tissue is only one of the tissues that make up a bone. A
Osseous tissue is only one of the tissues that make up a bone. Also present are blood, bone marrow, cartilage, adipose tissue, nervous tissue, and fibrous connective tissue.
Osseous tissue is only one of the tissues that make up a bone. Also present are blood, bone marrow, cartilage, adipose tissue, nervous tissue, and fibrous connective tissue.
Information that helped me answer the Repond question. Salon wouldn't let me highlight the whole paragraph[Why I tagged this]How many tissues make up bone? I thought there was just one tissue.[Why I tagged thisrespond question [Why I tagged thisWe have to remember that osseous tissue and bone are two different things. Bone is made up of many different tissues and osseous tissue is just one of those.[Why I tagged thisThis is very important to know as well as all of the tissues made up from osseous. [Why I tagged thisresponse answer[Why I tagged thisAshley McBain
Amanda
Samantha B Johnson
Lauren Anthe
Abbey
5. What is a hydrogen bond? Why do hydrogen bonds depend on the existence of polar covalent bonds?
ionic-it is a weak attraction between cells and easily destroyed in watera covalent bond is the sharing of electrons and is much stronger[Why tag this text]Ionic bonds are just known to be weak and break fairly easily. The covalent bonds are much stronger due to the sharing of electrons. [Why tag this textA hydrogen bond requires a slightly positive hydrogen atom of one molecule to encounter a slightly negative oxygen or nitrogen atom in another. A covalent bond is the acquaintance between electrons of separate molecules and atoms. They become familiar with one another and bond by sharing the electrons making the strongest bond of all chemical bonds.[Why tag this textIonic bond is different from covalent bonds by the way they're formed. Ionic bonds usually breaks apart and aren't very strong. Unlike covalent bonds, they come in pairs and/or more than pairs AND they don't break apart but rather stick together.[GeneralA hydrogen bond is weak attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom in one molecule and slightly negative oxygen or nitrogen atom in another. The polar covalent bonds of water molecules enables each oxygen to form a hydrogen bond with a hydrogen of a neighboring molecule.[Why tag this textA hydrogen bond is when a + and - bond are attracted to each other but they dont last very long together. Since hydrogen bonds arent very strong on its own, they need the help of polar covalent bonds to keep them together. [Why tag this textHauser Joseph Alan
Sandy C. Yang
Kenyetta
anambeg
Good to know for when answering questions on the quiz[Why tag this]I always thought joints were junctions that allow movement between bones. Now i can change my definition to a movable or immovable connection between bones. [Why tag thisIt is important to know what holds our skull together.[Why tag thisI didn't know there were so many different sections of the skull.[Why tag thisAre we born with these sutures, or do they develop as we age?[Why tag thisI like how this represents A & P's strong ties to structure and function; more often than not 'markings' on structures serve some organizational or other purpose in the body.[Why tag thisCaitlin
Abbey
Sarah
Janis McNamara
Thomas Hensler
The blood cells in our blood plasma exemplify a suspension.
The blood cells in our blood plasma exemplify a suspension. Suspensions are defined by the following properties: The suspended particles exceed 100 nm in size. Such large particles render suspensions cloudy or opaque. The particles are too large to penetrate selectively permeable membranes.
The blood cells in our blood plasma exemplify a suspension. Suspensions are defined by the following properties: The suspended particles exceed 100 nm in size. Such large particles render suspensions cloudy or opaque. The particles are too large to penetrate selectively permeable membranes. The particles are too heavy to remain permanently suspended, so suspensions separate on standing. If allowed to stand, blood cells settle to the bottom of a tube, for example (fig. 2.10c, d).
This chart is an easy way to identify types of solutions, and even gives examples. [Why tag this text]example of suspension [Why tag this textQuestion 6: Solutions cannot be visually distinguished into there parts and are very small and they do not seperate on their own. An example is glucose in blood. Colloids are moderate in size larger than solutions but smaller in particle size that a suspension. They are a mixture of a protein and water. They have some difficultly passing through selective membranes, and an example is intracellular fluid. Suspension are largest in particle size exceeding 100nm. They can seperate when left to sit and an example is blood cells.[Why tag this textDefines a suspension and gives blood as an example to help define the physical properties.[General-Do not useSUSPENSIONS and properties[Why tag this textRules of being a suspension: particles exceed 100nm, cloudy/opaque, cant penetrate permeable membranes, seperate when standing[Why tag this textChad Mudd
Sarah Ertl
Brandon Brandemuehl
Alexandra Schmit
Stephanie
When one is standing in anatomical position, each joint is said to be in its zero position. Joint movements can be described as deviating from the zero position or returning to it.
Flexion and Extension
Flexion and Extension Flexion (fig. 9.12) is a movement that decreases a joint angle, usually in the sagittal plane. This is particularly common at hinge joints?for example, bending of the elbow or knee?but it occurs in other types of joints as well. For example, if you hold out your hands with the palms up, flexion of the wrist tips your palms toward you. The meaning of flexion is perhaps least obvious in the ball-and-socket joints of the shoulder and hip. At the shoulder, it means to raise your arm as if pointing at something directly in front of you or to continue in that arc and point toward the sky. At the hip, it means to raise the thigh, for example to place your foot on the next higher step when ascending a flight of stairs.
I find the pictures that follow that describe each of these movements very helpful. They help me understand the movements and relate them to my own body. I am able to see how these terms affect the body and can move my own body to practice the terms and better understand this. [Why tag this]I broke my right ankle last semester and while in physical therapy, my main goal was to get all of the movement back in my ankle while rebuilding muscle. I got my left ankle (the good one) measured in each of the movements and worked towards those measurements. I wasn't let go from physical therapy until I was with in 5 degrees of that. I still am recovering and have to measure my own movements now.[Why tag thisSo are the joints described in angle degrees when they are not in zero position?[Why tag thismovement, allows to decrease a joint angle[Why tag thisFlexion is a movement that decreases a joint angle while extension is a movement that increases a joint angle. Both are usually in the sagittal plane. [Why tag thisSo is it more common to have flexiblity in joints in the bones orhave extension? [Why tag thisBrianna Franske
Erin Griph
Brittany Nycz
Michael Franzini
Lauren Anthe
posterior popliteal
I found this information interesting because I did not know that we had two seperate menisci within the knee joint. It is also important to know that the meniscus is very important in absorbing body weight and movement.[Why tag this]This is interesting to know because my mom just had a medial meniscis tare that she needed to get fixed. This is good to know because now I know why its so important for us to have it in our knee joint because it helps absorbe the shocks of walking normally during the day. When she was getting surgery i was thinking why does she need it fixed and why did it hurt so much now i understand why. [Why tag thisapplied to question below, the shock of the weight on the knees keeps the femur from sliding on the tibia[Why tag thisthis just sounds painful[Why tag thisThe menisci play a very important role in the knee for shock absorption, but can be worn down through years and years of wear and tear. Many competitive tennis players barely have any meniscus left on their knees by their mid-30's because of the constant running and pounding on the cement surface of the tennis court.[Why tag thisthis region of the knee is supported by a complex array of extracapsular ligaments external to the joint capsule and two intracapsular ligaments within it. [Why tag thisJustin Rosinski
jess Tegelman
Lauren Anthe
Christina Colarossi
Rachel Feivor
An antioxidant is a chemical that neutralizes free radicals. The body produces an enzyme called superoxide dismutase (SOD), for example, that converts superoxide into oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. Selenium, vitamin E (a-tocopherol), vitamin C (ascorbic acid), and carotenoids (such as ß-carotene) are some antioxidants obtained from the diet. Dietary deficiencies of antioxidants have been associated with increased incidence of heart attacks, sterility, muscular dystrophy, and other disorders.
Are there any negative effects to having a surplus of antioxidants, whether it's through over-production of natural antioxidants by the body or by a diet rich in antioxidants?[Why tag this text]Interesting fact about how to neutralize the free radicals, i did not know this before
Are there risks in taking in too much antioxidants from everyday products that are rich in antioxidants? What would the result be?[Why tag this textWe actually just discussed dietary deficiencies and their association with physiological disorders and disease in my Introduction to Nutrition class. I would find it interesting to study specifically which free radicals are responsible for physilogical disease and then which antioxidants, when in sufficient amounts in a diet, would combat those diseases and why. [Why tag this textErin Griph
Rebecca Brekke
Kirsten Majstorovic
Gee Seng Thao
Alina Gur
There are three kinds of fibrous joints: sutures, gomphoses, and syndesmoses. In sutures and gomphoses, the fibers are very short and allow for little or no movement. In syndesmoses, the fibers are longer and the attached bones are more movable.
So sutures are bony and fibrous joints? Can it be both?[Why Tag This?]Of the three which one does the human body have the most of?[Why Tag This?3 kinds of fibrous bones. Only in the syndesmoses are the attached bones more movable[Why Tag This?three fibrous types, each fibrous joint made of collagen fibers. in the sutures and gomphoses= short fibers, little to no movement. syndesmoses=long fibers, moveable. [Why Tag This?The three kinds of fibrous joints[Why Tag This?Brandon Brandemuehl
Noelle
jess Tegelman
Anthony Wheeler
Kaela Tjugum
positive feedback is a harmful or even life-threatening process.
ositive feedback is a harmful or even life-threatening process. This is because its self-amplifying nature can quickly change the internal state of the body to something far from its homeostatic set point.
it may create a dangerous positive feedback loop. This high temperature raises the metabolic rate, which makes the body produce heat faster than it can get rid of it. Thus, temperature rises still further, increasing the metabolic rate and heat production still more. This ?vicious circle? becomes fatal at approximately 45° C (113° F).
Positive feedback is harmful and even life-threatening, again with the name sounding good is very bad to the body. this means that homestastic is off and above the set point couse over heating in the body. [Why I tagged this]positive feedback such as childbirth is very dangerous and life thretening.[Why I tagged thispositive feedback is something that arouses something to happen past the point of homeostasis[Why I tagged thisShows that with out the negative feedback loop the posative loop could potentialy kill us. [Why I tagged thisHow is it possible to end this positive feedback loop and save the life of someone undergoing an intense fever?[Why I tagged thisHow does the loop work?[Why I tagged thislindsay krueger
Jelena Ristic
Justin Rosinski
Jonathan Rooney
Sami
Termination. When the ribosome reaches a stop codon, its A site binds a protein called a release factor instead of a tRNA. The release factor causes the finished protein to break away from the ribosome and go off into the cytosol. The ribosome then dissociates into its two subunits, but since these are now so close to the mRNA's leader sequence, they often reassemble on the same mRNA and repeat the process, making another copy of the same protein.
Termination: Ribosome reaches a stop codon and binds to a release factor, hich stops everything and makes the finished protein break away from the ribosome. [Why tag this text]what termination is[Why tag this textTermination is the second to last step of protein synthesis. Involves ribosomes dividing into 2 subunits.[Why tag this textOne I have trouble making the difference between is the mRNA and tRNA. I dont quite understand the difference between the two, and why there are two seperate RNA's. This whole concept just confuses me. [Why tag this textWhat happens when the finished proteins break off and go off into the cytosol? What are the functions of the cytosol and what do they do with the proteins?[Why tag this textso does that mean they make a copy of themselves?[Why tag this textAlyssa Harmes
Stephanie
Callie McCarthy
Paula
Lauren Anthe
ouble helix unwinds from the histones. Like a zipper, an enzyme called DNA helicase opens up one short segment of the helix at a time, exposing its nitrogenous bases. The point where the DNA is opened up, like the two halves of a zipper separating, is called the replication fork.
what is histones?[Why tag this text]replication fork, unwinding of the the double helix[Why tag this textInteresting name for the separating of the DNA helix.[General-Do not useI like how a zipper is used to describe how DNA replication works. It is easy to imagine how DNA replicates.[Why tag this textIs important to understand that DNA is sepereated like a zipper. [Why tag this textcomparing to a zipper is a great way to create a visual and help me understand how a DNA helicase opens.[Why tag this textAlyssa Harmes
Erin Griph
Mai Youa Chang
Ethan Kelly
Ashley Parker
This is the opposite of what I would think because if they were cold I thought they would be moving around more rapidly trying to get warmer. [Why tag this text]a different way of looking at it. when its cold like days like today people are often slow moving and on nice sunny days people are happy to be out and about MORE INTERACTION[Why tag this textseems like in science temperature is always important no matter what field of science it is. Temperature greatly effects chemical reactions and is one of the main reasons they happen.[Why tag this textWhat happens when the reaction temperature increases[Why tag this textTEmpureture is a major component in chemical reactions, beacuse if you are unable to control the tempure and keep it a a stable degree, the reactions will be affected which will cause problems with the overall experiment.[Why tag this textThis isnt true for all reactions. In cases where the reaction is exothermic, gives off energy, the increase in temperature will cause the reaction to slow down or reverse direction.[Why tag this textMacKenzie
Patrick O'Connell
Lauren Anthe
kaulor
Stephen Minakian
Seven bones are closely associated with the skull but not considered part of it. These are the three auditory ossicles in each middle-ear cavity and the hyoid bone beneath the chin. The auditory ossicles27?named the malleus (hammer), incus (anvil), and stapes (STAY-peez) (stirrup)?are discussed in connection with hearing in chapter 16. The hyoid28 bone is a slender U-shaped bone between the chin and larynx (fig. 8.16). It is one of the few bones that does not articulate with any other. It is suspended from the styloid processes of the skull, somewhat like a hammock, by the small stylohyoid muscles and stylohyoid ligaments. The median body of the hyoid is flanked on either side by hornlike projections called the greater and lesser horns (cornua). The hyoid bone serves for attachment of several muscles that control the mandible, tongue, and larynx. Forensic pathologists look for a fractured hyoid as evidence of strangulation.
I will need to know this. That seven bones are associated with the skull[Why tag this]I did not know there was an actual bone over the larynx, and that the bone (hyoid) is supspended. Also interesting that the tongue muscle is attached so inferior to the mouth. [Why tag thisThis is important to know because these bones are associated with the skull but yet are not connected to the skull. The hyoid bone is found in the throat and the auditory ossicles are found within the inner ear. They are associated with the skull because they located extremely close together.[Why tag thisThis tells us that just because it isnt apart of the direct skull, it is still associated with the cranial bones.[General_Do Not UseWhy aren't the ossicles considred part of the skull? Are they associated with another group of bones or are they their own group entirely?[Why tag thisBones associated with skull:Auditory Ossicles: Malleus [hammer], incus [anvil], and stapes [stirrup], help hear. Hyoid Bone: serves as attachment for several muscles. [Why tag thisJoshua Collier
Kayla Cowan
Brandon Brandemuehl
aubrey
Danielle Henckel
When the rough ER is finished with a protein, it pinches off bubblelike transport vesicles coated with a protein called clathrin. Clathrin apparently helps to select the proteins to be transported in the vesicles, and as a basketlike cage, it helps to mold the forming vesicles. Soon after the vesicles detach from the ER, they fuse into irregularly shaped clusters that carry their cargo to the nearest cisterna of the Golgi complex. Upon contact with the Golgi complex, the cluster fuses with it and unloads its protein cargo into the Golgi cisterna. The Golgi complex further modifies the protein, often by adding carbohydrate chains. This is where the glycoproteins mentioned in chapter 2 are assembled. There is still some disagreement about how the Golgi cisternae behave. Some say the maturing protein is passed by transport vesicles from one cisterna to the next, as shown in the figure. Others say the whole cisterna migrates from one side of the complex to the other and then breaks up into vesicles. The final Golgi cisterna, farthest from the ER, either buds off new coated Golgi vesicles containing the finished protein, or may simply break up into vesicles, to be replaced by a younger cisterna behind it. Some of the Golgi vesicles become lysosomes, while others become secretory vesicles that migrate to the plasma membrane and fuse with it, releasing the cell product by exocytosis. This is how a cell of a salivary gland, for example, secretes mucus and digestive enzymes.
protein packaging[General-Do not use]I find it really interesting how much of an assemblyline process this is. Even in biology the same efficiencies we've come to recognize in the 'macro' physical world are utilized.[Why tag this textAll of this is important.[Why tag this textsteps for membrane and release by the cell product by exocytosis[Why tag this texti didn't realize how much rought ER has on proteins[Why tag this textAre cisterna the same vesicles that transport the protein through its processing? Do all organelles in the cell have cisterna, or just those involved in protein synthesis?[Why tag this textDaniel Althaus
Danielle Henckel
Alyssa Harmes
Lauren Anthe
Shannon Stinson
Infection is controlled by keeping the patient in an aseptic (germ-free) environment and administering antibiotics. The eschar is sterile for the first 24 hours, but then it quickly becomes infected and may have toxic effects on the digestive, respiratory, and other systems. Its removal, called debridement41 (deh-BREED-ment), is essential to infection control.
Infection is important to prevent.[Why tag this]I knew that third degree burn patients were kept in burn rooms to protect from infections, but I did not know it was because of the eschar becoming infected so fast. Reading this makes it even more surprising that people would court serious damage to the skin with sunburn, even though you won't likely get third degree burns from it. Even second degree burns seem bad enough.[Why tag thishow to control infection[Why tag thisIt is probably really easy to to get an infection when the skin is exposed. Otherof the major functions of the integument is to protect the body from infection. Since you take that away the body is then exposed and not protected. [Why tag thisAntibiotic resistant infections are widespread and easily contracted in patients with immunodeficiency. I wonder how well MRSA and others are prevented in burn victims. How do healthcare personnel ensure a sterile environment? The overuse of antibiotics also leads to clostridium difficile in patients. How often do patients with third degree burns contract c-diff? i am very interested in the epidemiology. [Why tag thiswell that makes sense since you don't want any infection to occure[Why tag thisAmie Emrys
Alyssa Harmes
mary furner
Amanda Baxter
Lauren Anthe
Common Cell Shapes.
APR Module 3: Histology: Blood: LM Medium Magnification: ErythrocyteAPR Module 3: Histology APR Module 3: Histology: Blood: LM Medium Magnification: Neutrophil APR Module 3: Histology: Nervous Tissue: LM High Magnification: Neuron APR Module 3: Histology: Simple Columnar Epithelium (Ciliated): LM Medium Magnification: Simple Columnar Epithelium (Ciliated) APR Module 3: Histology: Simple Squamous Epithelium: LM Medium Magnification: Simple Squamous Epithelium APR Module 3: Histology: Skeletal muscle: LM High Magnification: Nucleus of skeletal muscle fiber APR Module 3: Histology: Smooth muscle: LM High Magnification: Smooth muscle fiber
Shapes of Cells:Squamos: thin, flat. Line the esophagus and epidermis.Cuboidal: Cubes, Liver cellsColumnar; columns! Lining of stomach and intestinesPolygonal: Irregularly angular shapes of 4+ sidesStellate: has pointed processes projecting from cell, looks like a star. Nerve cellsSpherical or ovoid: Round or oval, like egg cells and white blood cellsDiscoid: Disc shaped like red blood cellsFusiform: Spindle shaped. Thick middle and tapered ends like in smooth muscle cells.Fibrous: Threadlike, skeletal muscle cells. [Why tag this text]think of a cube when thinking about this tissue[Why tag this textWhat is the best way to identifiy the APR??[Why tag this textSome characteristics that Simple Columnar Edpithelium has is; single layer, elongated narrow cells, and some cili.The role of this particular type of tissue's functions are; protects, secretion, and absorption, and is found in the linings of the unterus, stomach, gallbladder, and intestines. [Why tag this textOne difference that the Simple Squamous Epithelium has, compared to the Simple Columnar Epithelium is that Simple Squamous only has one layer, and Simple Columnar contains many layers. [Why tag this textI wanted to further my studies on the simple squanamous epithelium is that it has multiple layers and top cells flattened there are also keratinized surface cells of epidermis. [Why tag this textLauren Anthe
soha
Andrea Benson
Paula
Bones of the skull have especially conspicuous foramina?singular, foramen (fo-RAY-men)?holes that allow passage for nerves and blood vessels. The major foramina are summarized in table 8.3. The details of this reference table will mean more to you after you study cranial nerves and blood vessels
Bones of the skull have especially conspicuous foramina?singular, foramen (fo-RAY-men)?holes that allow passage for nerves and blood vessels. The major foramina are summarized in table 8.3. The details of this reference table will mean more to you after you study cranial nerves and blood vessels in later chapters.
Bones of the skull have especially conspicuous foramina?singular, foramen (fo-RAY-men)?holes that allow passage for nerves and blood vessels. The major foramina are summarized in table 8.3. The details of this reference table will mean more to you after you study cranial nerves and blood vessels in later chapters.
this shows why skull bones are different from the rest, skull bones have holes in them which allow them to have eye, ear, nasal and mouth holes[Why tag this]Can you explain this some more this is kind of confusing[Why tag thisDo these help with cranial pressure also?[General_Do Not UseHow do the bone and blood vessels and nerves integrate? In simpler terms how are they able to work off of eachother because they all have different stuctures and I dont see how they are able to work with each other?[Why tag thisSo are there just random holes throught out our skull to be able to let nerves and blood vessels go through?[Why tag thisThe location of the human foramen magnum allows for bipedal locomotion.[Why tag thisLauren Anthe
Brandon Brandemuehl
shelby
Nicole Korstanje
Aaron Hersh
Starch is the corresponding energy-storage polysaccharide of plants.
Cellulose is a structural polysaccharide that gives strength to the cell walls of plants
Cellulose is a structural polysaccharide that gives strength to the cell walls of plants. It is the principal component of wood, cotton, and paper.
Cellulose is a structural polysaccharide that gives strength to the cell walls of plants. It is the principal component of wood, cotton, and paper. It consists of a few thousand glucose monomers joined together, with every other monomer ?upside down? relative to the next.
Cellulose is a structural polysaccharide that gives strength to the cell walls of plants. It is the principal component of wood, cotton, and paper. It consists of a few thousand glucose monomers joined together, with every other monomer ?upside down? relative to the next. (The CH2OH groups all face in the same direction in glycogen and starch, but alternate between facing up and down in cellulose.) Cellulose is the most abundant organic compound on earth and it is a common component of the diets of humans and other animals?yet we have no enzymes to digest it and thus derive no energy or nutrition from it. Nevertheless, it is important as dietary ?fiber,? ?bulk,? or ?roughage.? It swells with water in the digestive tract and helps move other materials through the intestine.
I didn't know this at all. I think that is interesting because I always wondered how they body of a woman can handle pushing a baby out with all the energy lost from carrying a baby around.[Why tag this text]Used by plant to get energy when photosynthesis is not possible[Why tag this textCellulose is a structural polysaccharide[Why tag this textThis is importante because we need to know what cellulose is and how it has to do with our bodies. It gives strenghth to cell walls so they can harbor important material that makes up our body. [Why tag this textCellulose is one of those interesting divurgent evolution things. For whatever reason plants evolved cellulose in their cell walls and we did not but it also happens to be one of the only things that we cannot digest on our own. I have always found that interesting.[Why tag this textI would like to explore this more in class. What exact food sources is cellulose found in when looking into animal and human diets? Why havent we as a human species been able to produce an enzyme through evolution to break down cellulose and turn it into a useful dietary component? It would make sense to find cellulose in vegetables since the text claims that is strengthens plant walls. [Why tag this textStephanie
Sophia Wood
Stephanie Collins
Jonathan Rooney
An uncomplicated fracture heals in about 8 to 12 weeks, but complex fractures take longer and all fractures heal more slowly in older people.
An uncomplicated fracture heals in about 8 to 12 weeks, but complex fractures take longer and all fractures heal more slowly in older people.
are certain bones at more risk to have fractures?[Why I tagged this]Is there any way to avoid the slower process of healing in older humans? I know older people are at a higher risk to break their bones, or fracture them more easily because of natural bone aging, but are there special supplements for adults over 60 years of age?[Why I tagged thisHealing of Fractures: formation of hematoma and granulation tissue, formation of a soft callus, conversion to hard callus and remodeling[Why I tagged thisHealing of fractures. The older you are the slower fractures heal. If the fracture is uncomplicated it usually only takes about 8-12 weeks where as complex fractures take much longer. [Why I tagged thisAfter about 20 years old, we all have the same amount of bone to cartilage ratio. Why is it that older people take less time to heal?[Why I tagged thisDoes the location of the break/fracture also determine how long it takes for the bone to heal? if it is a bone that is in a place that is used more often does that mean it would heal faster or slower?[Why I tagged thisCassie Marsh
Brittany Nycz
Noelle
Ashley McBain
Adrian Kange
Most muscles of the anterior compartment are wrist and finger flexors that arise from a common tendon on the humerus
Most muscles of the anterior compartment are wrist and finger flexors that arise from a common tendon on the humerus (
Most muscles of the anterior compartment are wrist and finger flexors that arise from a common tendon on the humerus (fig. 10.28). At the distal end, the tendon of the palmaris longus passes over the flexor retinaculum, whereas the other tendons pass beneath it, through the carpal tunnel. The two prominent tendons you can palpate at the wrist belong to the palmaris longus on the medial side and the flexor carpi radialis on the lateral side (see fig. B.19a, p. 395). The latter is an important landmark for finding the radial artery, where the pulse is usually taken. The palmaris longus is absent on one or both sides (most commonly the left) in about 14% of people. To see if you have one, flex your wrist and touch the tips of your thumb and little finger together. If present, the palmaris longus tendon will stand up prominently on the wrist.
consist of the wrist and finger flexors that arise from a common tenden [Why Tag This]interesting information.[Why Tag Thisit is interesting that most of the flexor muscle have a common origin on the humerus[Why Tag ThisPalmaris longus is absent on mostly the left in about 14% of people. Why do some people have the palmaris longus and some don't?[Why Tag ThisThat is really cool I never know that touching your thumb to your pinky finger was a way to tell. I will keep this in mind when I am taking a pulse in the nursing home I work at. [Why Tag Thistwo prominent tendons you can palpate at the wrist[Why Tag ThisAdam Alshehab
eric voelker
Anisa Janko
Kelly Stahl
Alyssa Harmes
Drugs are introduced into the hypodermis by injection because the subcutaneous tissue is highly vascular and absorbs them quickly.Page 187
Subcutaneous fat is hypodermis composed predominantly of adipose tissue. It serves as an energy reservoir and thermal insulation.
not uniformly distributed
it is virtually absent from the scalp but relatively abundant in the breasts, abdomen, hips, and thighs.
It is interesting that injections that we get go into that deep layer because it absorbs it faster being vascular.[Why tag this text]vaccines[Why tag this textit's function[Why tag this textinsulation - whales and some mammals living in the cold have this layer. BLUBBER. to kep warm and surviving in the cold[Why tag this textNot evenly distributed among the body. [Why tag this textthats why we have hair[Why tag this textJelena Ristic
Alyssa Harmes
These fibers, made of collagen, are tough and flexible and resist stretching. Collagen is the body's most abundant protein, constituting about 25% of the total
hese fibers, made of collagen, are tough and flexible and resist stretching. Collagen is the body's most abundant protein, constituting about 25% of the total. It is the base of such animal products as gelatin, leather, and glue.13 In fresh tissue, collagenous fibers have a glistening white appearance, as seen in tendons and some cuts of meat
Collagen is the body's most abundant protein, constituting about 25% of the total. It is the base of such animal products as gelatin, leather, and glue.13 In fresh tissue, collagenous fibers have a glistening white appearance, as seen in tendons and some cuts of meat (fig. 5.13); thus, they are often called white fibers. In tissue sections, collagen forms coarse, wavy bundles, often dyed pink, blue, or green by the most common histo logical stains. Tendons, ligaments, and the deep layer of the skin (the dermis) are made mainly of collagen. Less visibly, collagen pervades the matrix of cartilage and bone.
Protein based fibers that are flexible. Make tendoms, ligaments and skin. [Why tag this text]These must be important fibers for our body then![Why tag this textI find it rather amazing that the same material that makes up my jacket also makes up glue and jello. That and its the same material that allows me to write this response by pulling on the bones in my hands[Why tag this texti wasn't aware that collagen is the bodys most abundant protein that concists of about 25% of the total protein that is in the body[Why tag this textCollegen being one of the most abundant also seems to be the type of fiber that is most diverse. It has many locations and functions. [Why tag this textI find this interesting because it is weird to think about when you look at a piece of meat, you can pick out the differnet tissues. You never think about the lines seperating muscle fibers or the different muscles in a piece of chicken. Even more in depth is seeing and recognizing the connective tissue in a piece of meat. [Why tag this textKaitlynn
Samuel Nichols
victor
shelby bourdo
Kirsten Majstorovic
Synthesis reactions are just the opposite?two or more small molecules combine to form a larger one; symbolically, A + B --> AB (fig. 2.13b)
Synthesis reactions are just the opposite?two or more small molecules combine to form a larger one; symbolically, A + B --> AB (fig. 2.13b). When the body synthesizes proteins, for example, it combines several hundred amino acids into one protein molecule.
Synthesis reactions are just the opposite?two or more small molecules combine to form a larger one; symbolically, A + B --> AB (fig. 2.13b). When the body synthesizes proteins, for example, it combines several hundred amino acids into one protein molecule.In exchange reactions, two molecules exchange atoms or groups of atoms; AB + CD --> AC + BD (fig. 2.13c). For example, when stomach acid (HCl) enters the small intestine, the pancreas secretes sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) to neutralize it. The reaction between the two is NaHCO3 + HCl ? NaCl + H2CO3. We could say the sodium atom has exchanged its bicarbonate group (?HCO3) for a chlorine atom.Page 57Reversible reactions can go in either direction under different circumstances and are represented with paired arrows. For example, carbon dioxide combines with water to produce carbonic acid, which in turn decomposes into bicarbonate ions and hydrogen ions:
Synthesis reactions are just the opposite?two or more small molecules combine to form a larger one; symbolically, A + B --> AB (fig. 2.13b). When the body synthesizes proteins, for example, it combines several hundred amino acids into one protein molecule.In exchange reactions, two molecules exchange atoms or groups of atoms; AB + CD --> AC + BD (fig. 2.13c). For example, when stomach acid (HCl) enters the small intestine, the pancreas secretes sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) to neutralize it. The reaction between the two is NaHCO3 + HCl ? NaCl + H2CO3. We could say the sodium atom has exchanged its bicarbonate group (?HCO3) for a chlorine atom.Page 57Reversible reactions can go in either direction under different circumstances and are represented with paired arrows. For example, carbon dioxide combines with water to produce carbonic acid, which in turn decomposes into bicarbonate ions and hydrogen ions:This reaction appears in this book more often than any other, especially as we discuss respiratory, urinary, and digestive physiology.The direction in which a reversible reaction goes is determined by the relative abundance of substances on each side of the equation. If there is a surplus of CO2, this reaction proceeds to the right and produces bicarbonate and hydrogen ions. If bicarbonate and hydrogen ions are present in excess, the reaction proceeds to the left and generates CO2 and H2O. Reversible reactions follow the law of mass action: They proceed from the side with the greater quantity of reactants to the side with the lesser quantity. This law will help to explain processes discussed in later chapters, such as why hemoglobin binds oxygen in the lungs yet releases it to muscle tissue.
Digestion is a chemical reaction. Food is broken down from larger molecules into smaller ones to be absorped into the cells of the body.[Why tag this text]Synthesis reactions are when smaller particles come together[Why tag this textthe opposite of exchange reactions, this synthesis reactions are small molecules that combine to make a larger one[Why tag this textfurther into detail on synthesis reactions [Why tag this textThis explains the different types of reactions[General-Do not useThis defines and gives examples of different reactions[Why tag this textStephanie
Lauren Anthe
Anthony Wheeler
lenarch2
Brandon Brandemuehl
Exocytosis (fig. 3.24) is the process of discharging material from a cell.
Exocytosis (fig. 3.24) is the process of discharging material from a cell. It occurs, for example, when endothelial cells release insulin to the tissue fluid
Exocytosis (fig. 3.24) is the process of discharging material from a cell. It occurs, for example, when endothelial cells release insulin to the tissue fluid, mammary gland cells secrete milk, other gland cells release hormones, and sperm cells release enzymes for penetrating an egg. I
Exocytosis (fig. 3.24) is the process of discharging material from a cell. It occurs, for example, when endothelial cells release insulin to the tissue fluid, mammary gland cells secrete milk, other gland cells release hormones, and sperm cells release enzymes for penetrating an egg. It bears a superficial resemblance to endocytosis in reverse. A secretory vesicle in the cell migrates to the surface and ?docks? on peripheral proteins of the plasma membrane. These proteins pull the membrane inward and create a dimple that eventually fuses with the vesicle and allows it to release its contents.
why do some help and benefit our bodys but some others harm us?[Why tag this text]Like a boat waiting for a bridge to go up, so it can get through[Why tag this textWondered if this had any affect on diabetes, as I think about diabetes when I hear the word insulin.[Why tag this textso when a body fluid is released or other cells this is the process that happens?[Why tag this textQuestion 11: ExocytosisExocytosis is the process of releasing or discharging material from a cell. This happens by a secretory vesicle moving to the surface of the plama membrane. The proteins pull the membrane inwards and creates a dimple to release its contents. A purpose of exocytosis is to replace plasma membrane that has been removed by endocytosis.[Why tag this textThis is important in order for the secreation of milk, hormone release and sperm cell release. [Why tag this textBrianna Brugger
David
Sarah Ertl
Rebecca Hoefs
Which of them is endergonic and which is exergonic?
When sodium chloride forms, which element?sodium or chlorine?is oxidized? Which one is reduced
When sodium chloride forms, which element?sodium or chlorine?is oxidized? Which one is reduced?
When sodium chloride forms, which element-sodium or chlorine-is oxidized? Which one is reduced?
an endergonic reaction in which electrons are donated to a reaction, then in that case it is said to be reduced.[Why tag this text]Oxidation is exergonic and reduction is endergonic[Why tag this textchlorine is oxidized, sodium is reduced[Why tag this textQuestion 4: Sodium is oxidized and chlorine is reduced[Why tag this textSodium is oxidized and Chloride is reduced.[Why tag this textSodium becomes oxidized and chlorine is then reduced.[Why tag this textJonathan Lowe
Sarah Ertl
Kenyetta
Hauser Joseph Alan
Glucose is the ?blood sugar? that provides energy to most of our cells.
image #3]
Does people with diabetes have higher glucose?[Why tag this text]ik this may sound stupid but in what ways is glucose associated with diabetes...this is something i would like to know more about[Why tag this textI have heard of [Why tag this textWhen you get faint and your blood sugar drops (especially for diabetics) is it because the glucose level in your system dropped?[Why tag this text I still dont get what is the diffrence in the funtions of Glucose and Galactose.[Why tag this textBesides structure they dont have much difference, however galactose does have more of an energy burst than glucose, making it more useful to the brain whereas glucose is mainly for the bloodstream. I could very very possibly be wrong though.[Why tag this textMARIAH
Flees Robert John
Cassi Malko
Gabriela
andrew baker
The epiphyseal plate persists through childhood and adolescence and serves as a growth zone for bone elongation. This growth process is described in the next section.
By the late teens to early twenties, all remaining cartilage in the epiphyseal plate is generally consumed and the gap between the epiphysis and diaphysis closes. The primary and secondary marrow cavities then unite into a single cavity, and the bone can no longer grow in length.
When the epiphyseal plates don't form in children and provide an area for spongy bone to form, could this be a possible cause of dwarfism?[Why I tagged this]Is this what people call the growth plate?[Why I tagged thishow then is it that bones continue to fuse until the age of 50?[Why I tagged thisIff the primary and secondary cavities do not fuse corectly do sesamoid bones form?[Why I tagged thisThe joints of an infant are weaker because they are still cartilage at birth. The gaps do not close between epiphysis and diaphysis until the twenties. The epiphyseal plate is just a line at the end of the long bone, not yet attached. The tiny bones are not capable of withstanding the same stresses because they are not as strong or reinforced.In adults, the cartilage is depleted and filled with bone, resulting in growth and stronger joints. The bones also thicken in diameter, allowing more suface area for attachment of ligaments and tendons.[Why I tagged thisI annotated this because i found it interesting that the gap between epiphysis and diaphysis closes by the late teens to early twenties. [Why I tagged thisQuinn
John
Nadin
Amanda Baxter
Anisa Janko
I expected the book to mention here that a catalyst speeds up a reaction by reducing the activation energy. It did explain everything, I just wanted to see the term here.[Why tag this text]I remember vitamins helping with chemical reactions in my nutrition class, and after further research i find that vitamins are the precurser to the catalysts connecting to enzymes to make them more reactant.[Why tag this textdiscusses the catalyst and how it can change a molecular collison by giving an example.[Why tag this textMost people have seen a catalyst at work in their highschool chemistry class. we worked with these alot in highschool and I thought it was cool just how much it can speed up a reaction.[Why tag this textEven when you don't think your body is doing anything, your body is working. There is always something constantly happening. It's crazy how you don't even notice HALF the changes your body is going through. [Why tag this textIn biology I learned about catalysts and that enzymes are essential to digestion. I learned about protease and amylases. Different enzymes break down different foods. [Why tag this textlucas hubanks
Lauren Anthe
krista
Samantha
morgan johnson
Gray and white hair result from a scarcity or absence of melanins in the cortex and the presence of air in the medulla.
The Basis of Hair Color and Texture.Straight hair (a and b) is round in cross section, whereas curly hair (c and
curly hair (c and d) is flatter.
Why does melanin in the hair disappear as we age? Also, when we chemically color our hair, what is the color [Why tag this]
Over time do you lose melanins in the cortex causing hair to turn white or gray?[Why tag thisWhat causes air in the medulla to exist? Do certain activities increase air in the medulla (alcohol, chemical exposure, etc)?[Why tag thisSo does that mean as we age our melanin levels get lower since elderly peoples hair is white or gray? [Why tag thisI find this really interesting how different types of hair are cellularly composed differently, I guess I never really thought about it, just thought all hair cells were the same.[Why tag thisNow I know my hair shape.[Why tag thisChloe Anderson
Jacob Balkum
Zoe Hitzemann
Sarah Cherkinian
Melissa
A typical outcome of a statistical test might be expressed, ?We can be 99.5% sure that the difference between group A and group B was due to the experimental treatment and not to random variation.? Science is grounded not in statements of absolute truth, but in statements of probability.
When a scientist applies for funds to support a research project or submits results for publication, the application or manuscript is submitted to peer review?a critical evaluation by other experts in that field.
When a scientist applies for funds to support a research project or submits results for publication, the application or manuscript is submitted to peer review?a critical evaluation by other experts in that field. Even after a report is published, if the results are important or unconventional, other scientists may attempt to reproduce them to see if the author was correct. At every stage from planning to postpublication, scientists are therefore subject to intense scrutiny by their colleagues. Peer review is one mechanism for ensuring honesty, objectivity, and quality in science.
This is a great question because I feel like so many studies or experiments are done without this question asked. To really get true results you can not have random variation.[Why I tagged this]What is an example of basing the conclusion of an experiment on truth and not on statistical findings?[Why I tagged thisIf someone had ankle hurt we could assume they sprained it because we know what a sprained ankle is, but it could be something that was never discovered before. We can't always be 100% sure of the reasons for things happening to our bodies[Why I tagged thismany people think that, because a study proved it, it must be an absolute truth. But we can never really be 100% sure[Why I tagged thisThis is one reason why the early scientists were so flawed, because they refused to question each other's results so they went for years using information that was not correct until someone came along who would question those results. [Why I tagged thisThis is a good resort to help provide farther evidence to prove one own self information and get what is needed to be improve.[Why I tagged thisJonathan Rooney
Sami
Mia Breidenbach
Sophie
Sue Xiong
As the stem cells divide, they give rise to keratinocytes that migrate toward the skin surface and replace lost epidermal cells.
The stratum spinosum
The stratum spinosum (spy-NO-sum) consists of several layers of keratinocytes. In most skin, this is the thickest stratum, but in thick skin it is usually exceeded by the stratum corneum
how long does it take for them to migrate?[Why tag this text]replacement[Why tag this textthickest stratum of the epidermis[Why tag this textthickest stratum in the epidermis layers[Why tag this textso it is the thickest layer of waterproof cells?[Why tag this textthickest stratum in most areas of the skin.[Why tag this textJelena Ristic
Justin Putterman
Lauren Anthe
Although commonly called the backbone, it consists not of a single bone but a chain of 33 vertebrae with intervertebral discs of fibrocartilage between most of them. The adult vertebral column averages about 71 cm (28 in.) long, with the intervertebral discs accounting for about one-quarter of the lengt
ommonly called the backbone, it consists not of a single bone but a chain of 33 vertebrae with intervertebral discs of fibrocartilage between most of them. The adult vertebral column averages about 71 cm (28 in.) long, with the intervertebral discs accounting for about one-quarter of the length.
Why does it consits of a chain of 33 vertebrea and not just one bone?[Why tag this]I never realized that there weren't actually any bones in the [Why tag thisany way we can learn about ligaments and how posture of the spine effects them?[Why tag thisI found this interesting. When i previously considered the spinal cord I imagined it to be much larger in my body than just 28 in, i thought it was at least 3 feet, so i found this interesting. I also found this annotation significatn because it lays the groundwork for the spinal bone. [Why tag thisSo does this mean that it is like 33 different little vertebrae bones on the spine?Ok I just answered my question by scrolling down.[Why tag thisWhat happens if your spinal cord is not the average length?[Why tag thismorgan johnson
Elizabeth Stein
TRAVIS
Michea Jones
Paula
FIGURE 5.1[image #4]
[image #4] Three-Dimensional Interpretation of Two-Dimensional Images.(a) A boiled egg. Note that grazing sections (top left and right) would miss the yolk, just as a tissue section may miss a nucleus or other structure. (b) Elbow macaroni, which resembles many curved ducts and tubules. A section far from the bend would give the impression of two separate tubules; a section near the bend would show two interconnected lumina (cavities); and a section still farther down could miss the lumen completely. (c) A coiled gland in three dimensions and as it would look in a vertical tissue section of a tissue such as the lining of the uterus.
I am really confused on how this is linking to the images[Why tag this text]This image shows the importance of visualizing the whole specimen on the slide because the same thing can look different depending on how it was cut and prepared.[Why tag this textI have to do something to learn it, I cant just accept it after i read it. I actually did this to help me determine how to actually view it in my head.[Why tag this textThe way in which image #4 shows slicing of objects is like the anatomical directions/positions. The egg is sliced sagitally.The noodle sliced transversely.[Why tag this?I tagged this paragraph because I believe that it is important. It is explaining the processing of cells in humans while humans are developing. I also thought it was interesting to know how fertilized eggs developes.[Why tag this textI found this very helpful, I'm a visual learner so if I can picture an association in my mind I'm way better off [Why tag this textClaire Silkaitis
Elizabeth
GiaLee
Ann
s and other quadrupedal (four-legged) mammals, the abdominal viscera are supported by the muscular abdominal wall. In humans, the viscera bear down on the floor of the pelvic cavity, and a bowl-shaped pelvis is necessary to support their weight. This has resulted in a narrower pelvic outlet?a condition that creates pain and difficulty in giving birth to such large-brained infants. The pain of childbirth seems unique to humans and, one might say, is a price we must pay for having both a large brain and a bipedal stance.The largest muscle of the buttock, the gluteus maximus, serves in apes primarily as an abductor of the thigh?that is, it moves the leg laterally. In humans, however, the ilium has expanded posteriorly, so the gluteus maximus originates behind the hip joint. This changes the function of the muscle?instead of abducting the thigh, it pulls the thigh back in the second half of a stride (pulling back on your right thigh, for example, when your left foot is off the ground and swinging forward). Two other buttock muscles, the gluteus medius and gluteus minimus, extend laterally in humans from the surface of the ilium to the greater trochanter of the femur (fig. 8.43c). In walking, when one foot is lifted from the ground, these muscles shift the body weight over the other foot so we do not fall over. The actions of all three gluteal muscles, and the corresponding evolutionary remodeling of the pelvis, account for the smooth, efficient stride of a human as compared with the awkward, shuffling gait of a chimpanzee or gorilla when it is walking upright. The posterior growth of the ilium (fig. 8.43d) is the reason the greater sciatic notch is so deeply concave.The lumbar curvature of the human spine allows for efficient bipedalism by shifting the body's center of gravity to the rear, above and slightly behind the hip joint (fig. 8.43e). Because of their C-shaped spines, chimpanzees cannot stand as easily. Their center of gravity is anterior to the hip joint when they stand; they must exert a continual muscular effort to keep from falling forward, and fatigue sets in relatively quickly. Humans, by contrast, require little muscular effort to keep their balance. Our australopithecine ancestors probably could travel all day with relatively little fatigue.The human head is balanced on the vertebral column with the gaze directed forward. The cervical curvature of the spine and remodeling of the skull have made this possible. The foramen magnum has moved to a more inferior and anterior location, and the face is much flatter than an ape's face (fig. 8.43f), so there is less weight anterior to the occipital condyles. Being balanced on the spine, the head does not require strong muscular attachments to hold it erect.The forelimbs of apes are longer than the hindlimbs; indeed, some species such as the orangutan and gibbons hold their long forelimbs over their heads when they walk on their hind legs. By contrast, our forelimbs are shorter than our hindlimbs and far less muscular than the forelimbs of apes. No longer needed for locomotion, our forelimbs have become better adapted for carrying objects, holding things closer to the eyes, and manipulating them more precisely.
I don't think this segment really helps to explain why, or how, it's more painful for humans to birth compared to other mammels (aside from human infants having larger heads). [Why tag this]this is another example of how form and function are intertwined on so many different levels. in a group of animals that we are supposed to share many characteristics with, the great apes, it becomes quickly apparent that they differences in anatomy and equate to differences in physiology. for instance, our feet, abdominal makeup, and large buttocks allow us to stand and balance freely, even on one foot![Why tag thisThis is interesting. I just assumed that birth was just as painful for all species. I suppose it's a fair trade off for our congnitive ability to let us choose whether or not we have offspring.[Why tag thisWhat happens if somehow our brains continue to grow and we can no longer give birth the natural way? Would this ever be an issue? I am not sure anyone has thought of this or if and how this would affect us.[Why tag thisCurious in general about why humans are meant to walk as opposed to run and what is it that makes for a [Why tag thisOne of the residents I work with at the nursing home has a birth defect that causes them to have a shuffling gait. They can walk around fine with a cane, but you can tell that their muscles are not developed in their hip and butt in the same way as they are in other people. [Why tag thisThomas Hensler
Sophie
Kelly Stahl
Shannon Stinson
Exocrine30 (EC-so-crin) glands usually maintain their contact with the surface by way of a duct, an epithelial tube that conveys their secretion to the surface.
The secretion may be released to the body surface, as in the case of sweat, mammary, and tear glands.
he secretion may be released to the body surface, as in the case of sweat, mammary, and tear glands. More often, however, it is released into the cavity (lumen) of another organ such as the mouth or intestine; this is the case with salivary glands, the liver, and the pancreas.
he secretion may be released to the body surface, as in the case of sweat, mammary, and tear glands. More often, however, it is released into the cavity (lumen) of another organ such as the mouth or intestine; this is the case with salivary glands, the liver, and the pancreas.
FIGURE 5.29Development of Exocrine and Endocrine Glands.(a) An exocrine gland begins with epithelial cells proliferating into the connective tissue below. Apoptosis of the cells in the core hollows out a duct. The gland remains connected to the surface for life by way of this duct and releases its secretions onto the epithelial surface. (b) An endocrine gland begins similarly, but the cells connecting it to the surface degenerate while the secretory tissue becomes infiltrated with blood capillaries. The secretory cells will secrete their products (hormones) into the blood.
Shows waht the gland does and how it functions, compared to endocrine glands. These glands maintain contact with the surface and then provide their secretion[General-Do not use]An exocrine gland would be that in which humans secrete sweat and tears. When I was a baby I had something wrong with my tear ducts where my eyes were continuoulsy secreting tears. This was probably due to my exocrine glands. Or possibly my ducts were not fully grown and were not very hollow, causing me to secrete more often.[why tag this text?During high school football, I always wondered how two similar built athletes could have such a difference in sweat production.[Why tag this textDoes this mean that some secretions stay within the body? are they ever expeled? do all secretions need to come out of the body?[Why tag this textsecretion and where it's released[Why tag this textimportant to i understaned the Development of the Exocrine ans Enocrine.[Why tag this textElizabeth
David
Alma Tovar
Alyssa Harmes
soha
a neuron is like an arm. the dendrites are the fingers, the nucleus, cell body is the palm of hand and the axon is the arm[Why tag this text]It is almost like a telephone switchboard. You recieve multiple signals from many places, but then it is all put out to a single source[Why tag this textThis is really neat becasue it tells you how your body sends messages back and forth from one part to the other, without being concious of it, within a matter of seconds. [Why tag this textIn my mind, I think of the axons as long telephone wires between cities and the dendrites as the electrical wires throughout a house to a telephone. That's astonishing that there are axons that long in the body.[Why tag this textThis is interesting to me because it is weird to think that all nervous tissues transmit signals throughout the body in seconds, recieving and processing signals, and sending them to other cells again. [Why tag this textI learned about this in psychology class. We learned how the electrical impulses carried neurological messages across the dendrites and axons and into the synapses.[Why tag this textBrandon Neldner
Michelle
Sophie
Sarah
Nicole Latzig
We now know, however, that all elements have varieties called isotopes,2 which differ from one another only in number of neutrons and therefore in atomic mass. Hydrogen atoms, for example, have only one proton. In the most common isotope, symbolized 1H, that is all there is to the nucleus. Hydrogen has two other isotopes, however: deuterium (2H) with one proton and one neutron, and tritium (3H) with one proton and two neutrons (fig. 2.2). Over 99% of carbon atoms have an atomic mass of 12 (6p+, 6n0) and are called carbon-12 (12C), but a small percentage of carbon atoms are 13C, with seven neutrons, and 14C, with eight. All isotopes of a given element behave the same chemically. Deuterium (2H), for example, reacts with oxygen the same way 1H does to produce water.The atomic weight (relative atomic mass) of an element accounts for the fact that an element is a mixture of isotopes. If all carbon were 12C, the atomic weight of carbon would be the same as its atomic mass, 12.000. But since a sample of carbon also contains small amounts of the heavier isotopes 13C and 14C, the atomic weight is slightly higher, 12.011.Although different isotopes of an element exhibit identical chemical behavior, they differ in physical behavior. Many of them are unstable and decay (break down) to more stable isotopes by giving off radiation. Unstable isotopes are therefore called radioisotopes, and the process of decay is called radioactivity (see Deeper Insight 2.1). Every element has at least one radioisotope. Oxygen, for example, has three stable isotopes and five radioisotopes. All of us contain radioisotopes such as 14C and 40K?that is, we are all mildly radioactive!
Istopes are very interesting to me. I remeber learning about them in chemestry and now reading about them. Its so amazing to see how just a simple change of neutrons can change the properties of that element so much. It could make it less reactive, more reactive or even radio active. This is a very unquie and fun topic to think about. [Why tag this text]This defines what makes an isotope along with give examples of what an isotope may be.[General-Do not useI always found this interesting because it seems like the concept of an isotope defies the concept of similar atoms and standard chemical reactions. [Why tag this textIsotopes[Why tag this textI tagged this text because I am wondering why there are isotopes when they behave the same way as the normal element[Why tag this textIsotopes are important due to the fact that they change the weight of an element. [Why tag this textBrandon Brandemuehl
Blake Marrari
Melissa Gile
Tony Sustachek
Leah Daul
Although different isotopes of an element exhibit identical chemical behavior, they differ in physical behavior. Many of them are unstable and decay (break down) to more stable isotopes by giving off radiation
Although different isotopes of an element exhibit identical chemical behavior, they differ in physical behavior. Many of them are unstable and decay (break down) to more stable isotopes by giving off radiation. Unstable isotopes are therefore called radioisotopes, and the process of decay is called radioactivity (see Deeper Insight 2.1). Every element has at least one radioisotope
Although different isotopes of an element exhibit identical chemical behavior, they differ in physical behavior. Many of them are unstable and decay (break down) to more stable isotopes by giving off radiation. Unstable isotopes are therefore called radioisotopes, and the process of decay is called radioactivity (see Deeper Insight 2.1). Every element has at least one radioisotope. Oxygen, for example, has three stable isotopes and five radioisotopes.
Although different isotopes of an element exhibit identical chemical behavior, they differ in physical behavior. Many of them are unstable and decay (break down) to more stable isotopes by giving off radiation. Unstable isotopes are therefore called radioisotopes, and the process of decay is called radioactivity (see Deeper Insight 2.1). Every element has at least one radioisotope. Oxygen, for example, has three stable isotopes and five radioisotopes. All of us contain radioisotopes such as 14C and 40K?that is, we are all mildly radioactive!
This is interesting to me because I always get confused on what atomic number is the same as the other. It is easy to get confused as to what the atomic number is but now i know it is the atomic mass and the atomic weight are the same [Why tag this text]why do the isotopes tend to break down while the original element seems more stable? when they only differ in the the weight and not the charge of the element[Why tag this textIsotopes differ in physical behavior. Unstable isotopes are called radioisotopes[Why tag this textMany Isotopes get broken down by giving off radiation and these are called radioisotopes.[General-Do not useMany isotopes are unstable and decay, meaning that they break down and eventually form stable isotopes by giving off radiation. Know all we know about how bad radiation is for you, weird to learn that we are all slightly radioactive.[Why tag this textI find this interesting because we think of radioactive elements as uranium or plutonium, and not oxygen. [Why tag this textshelby bourdo
Stephanie
lenarch2
Nicholas Bruno
Amanda Baxter
Elongation.
Elongation. The next tRNA arrives, carrying another amino acid; it binds to the A site of the ribosome and its anticodon pairs with the second codon of the mRNA?GGU, for example. A tRNA with the anticodon CCA would bind here, and according to the genetic code, it would carry glycine (Gly). An enzyme in the ribosome transfers the Met of the initiator tRNA to the Gly delivered by the second tRNA and creates a peptide bond between them, giving us a dipeptide, Met?Gly. The ribosome then slides down to read the next codon. This shifts the initiator tRNA (now carrying no amino acid) into the E site, where it now leaves the ribosome. The second tRNA (now carrying Met?Gly) shifts into the P site. The now-vacant A site binds a third tRNA. Suppose the next codon is ACG. A tRNA with anticodon UGC would bind here, and would carry threonine (Thr). (This is the state shown in the figure.) The ribosome transfers the Met?Gly to the Thr, creates another peptide bond, and we now have a tripeptide, Met?Gly?Thr. By repetition of this process, a larger and larger protein is produced. As the protein elongates, it folds into its three-dimensional shape.
the binding of the A site of a robosome and pairs with the second codon of the mRNA[General-Do not use]Elongation: The next tRNA comes and carries an amino acid, it binds to the ribosome and the anticodon pairs with another codon. [Why tag this textThe process in which a protein is elongated (made longer)[Why tag this textStep after initiation is elongation. Next step in translation.[Why tag this textthe process of elongation[Why tag this texti feel like this is something i would like to learn more about, how did this step come about?[Why tag this textDanielle Henckel
Anthony Wheeler
Stephanie
Alyssa Harmes
Lauren Anthe
Reversible reactions can go in either direction under different circumstances and are represented with paired arrows. For example, carbon dioxide combines with water to produce carbonic acid, which in turn decomposes into bicarbonate ions and hydrogen ions:
Reversible reactions can go in either direction under different circumstances and are represented with paired arrows. For example, carbon dioxide combines with water to produce carbonic acid, which in turn decomposes into bicarbonate ions and hydrogen ions:This reaction appears in this book more often than any other, especially as we discuss respiratory, urinary, and digestive physiology
I thought this is important because without the ability to release a base to neutralize the acid from our stomachs. The acid could potentially eat through our intestinal walls and our digestive system could destroy itself, but due to our bodies seeking homeostasis and protecting us it releases the sodium bicharbonate to neutralize the hydrochloric acid[Why tag this text]This is important because reversible reactions need to be in a state of equilibrium. Equilibrium occurs in a chemical reaction when both opposing forces are the same. If an ion is lost, or gained, or in some way altering the composition of the reactants or products, the arrow will change to the right or left side depending on which ions are present. [Why tag this textWhat is an example of a reversable reaction in a chemical equation?[Why tag this textHow reversible can reactions be? Can they keep happening over and over again and wouldnt that cause instability??[Why tag this textReversible reactions are very confusing to me. After learning about exchange reactions, where molecules echange atoms or groups of atoms, I found reversible reactions difficult to understand. This is because reversible reactions can go in either direction, which is what I thought exchange reactions were doing. [Why tag this textNot sure I quite understand the function of a reversible reaction. It says it [Why tag this textPetra Stevanovic
Ethan Kelly
andrew baker
Laura Siecinski
shelby
Black women also lose bone density after menopause, but having denser bones to begin with, they usually do not lose enough to suffer osteoporosis.
About 20% of osteoporosis patients are men. For most, the testes and adrenal glands secrete enough estrogen even in old age to maintain adequate bone density. Other than age, race, and sex, some other risk factors for osteoporosis include smoking, diabetes mellitus, poor diet, and inadequate weight-bearing exercise. Osteoporosis is surprisingly common among young female runners, dancers,
For what evolutionary reason do black women tend to have denser bones than white women?[Why I tagged this]This is crazy...how does this happen? Your skin color shouldn't depend on your bone density??[Why I tagged thisRacial generalizations have no place in medicine. Generalizations of this type must be based on ancestral groups to which a patient belongs. Race is a cultural, not biological.[Why I tagged thisvery odd that we are all human but different ethnicities can have different outcomes of the same disease such as osteoporosis. How come African American women have denser bones than white women?Why that is very strange that young female runners dancer and gymnasts are mostly common to get osteoporosis. when you hear that world the first thing comes to mind ar elderly people. [Why I tagged thisWhat is it about estrogen that promotes adequate bone density?[Why I tagged thisYet another example of how our lifestyles play a major role in the onset or decay and how we have much more control over that processes than we realize.[Why I tagged thisKaitlynn
Aaron Hersh
chanel
Kristofer Schroeckenthaler
Catherine Andersen
As shown in figure 8.18, the vertebrae are divided into five groups, usually numbering 7 cervical (SUR-vih-cul) vertebrae in the neck, 12 thoracic vertebrae in the chest, 5 lumbar vertebrae in the lower back, 5 sacral vertebrae at the base of the spine, and 4 tiny coccygeal (coc-SIDJ-ee-ul) vertebrae. To help remember the numbers of cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae?7, 12, and 5? you might think of a typical work day: go to work at 7, have lunch at 12, and go home at 5. All mammals have 7 cervical vertebrae, even in the famously long necks of giraffes.
Can this cause wearing on the discs due to a lack of fluid; if so, could this be a source of back pain?[Why tag this]oh wow this is cool, the body does so many things i never knew[Why tag thisIs it true? I annotation this because from an infant to an adult, I grew taller until now, so since ever night we lose about 1% shorter, do we gain back during the day after the daily activities and the foods?[Why tag thisI had no idea that our height fluctuated mildy on a daily basis, and this extremely crucial knowledge.[Why tag thisThat is awesome!!![Why tag thisI swim because of this: it takes the weight off my spine and my back usually feels a little bit better afterwards. [Why tag thisI knew there was a difference but I didn't know it was 1%. That's quite a bit.[Why tag thisI never knew this realy good information to know.[Why tag thisdoes amount of hours you slept affect that?[Why tag thisThis is so interesting to me. I almost cant believe it. I would love to learn more about this. [Why tag thisI always thought that this was a myth, but it is interesting to know that we shrink a little at night.[Why tag thisThis is very interesting, I never knew this. Do people who are overweight, or especially people who are obese, go to bed more than 1% shorter? And if they are so heavy, is it harder for the discs to reabsorb water and bring them back to their natural height?[Why tag thisThis is really surprised me, Inever heard about it.[Why tag thisI wonder if 90% of humans know this fact because I didn't. We actually get shorter as we are sleeping?[Why tag thisInteresting fact that I didnt know.[Why tag thisThis is very interesting to know.[Why tag thisThis makes sense and is interesting. I wonder if stretching also release the water tension.[Why tag thisI find this very interesting because I never knew this and it is something that noone notices everyday of there lives even though it happens everyday that you wake up and go to bed. 1% isn't much and deffinatly not enough for our bodies to feel a change in but it's preety interesting of the things we don't know that happen with our bodies everyday!![Why tag thisI tagged this simply because I find it really interesting. I never would have thought that but the way the text explains it makes it very logical. [Why tag thisWow!! I never knew this, this is so intresting. But I do wonder what is important? What does this serve for our bodies? [Why tag thisThis is really cool, I had no idead that this happened. But honestly 1% isn't that much of a difference, however I never thought about that. So taking someones weight and height is more accurate in the morning rather than the night.[Why tag thisInteresting fun fact I can tell at a party. Also knowing this little bit of info is a good way to remember that there is fibrocartilage between the vertebrae.[Why tag thisI tagged this text because I think its very interesting that your body actually compresses enough during the night due to the intervertebral discs being squeezed that people are actually 1% shorter.[Why tag thisdidn't think weight off of the spine at night would affect our height at all[Why tag thisIs this a mechanism to act as a cushion on the vertebrae?[Why tag thisit's Interesting to know that the body get shorter during the sleeping[Why tag thisI recently learned this from a physical therapist at work, he said this is why it is so important to be hydrated to support our spinal column and why sleeping on the back is also not recommended as it compresses the vertebral column.[Why tag thisIt is interesting to know what the human body is capable of, and what changes can occur without us having any knowledge of it occuring. Height in particular is something noticed over time, but the fact that our height is reduced throughout the course of a day is fascinating.[Why tag thisI never knew that each day you shrunk. That's pretty awesome.[Why tag thisI have heard this before but always thought it was an urban myth. Now it makes sense understand the science behind why this happens.[Why tag thisI find this really funny because my mom tells me all the time when I wake up in the morning that she thinks I got taller. I never knew that I actually may be slightly taller in the morning.[Why tag thisThis is very interesting! I had no idea. Is the rest of the spine necessary for our bodies? What would happen if the discs didn't get to reabsorb water and swell?[Why tag thisWhat if your someone who doesn't sleep much or sleep less than other people will you gradually stay shorter?[Why tag thisThis is very interesting and something I had no idea. It makes sense. During the day because of gravity it pushes down. When you can sleep it give you body a chance to relax and not feel that weight.[Why tag thisI don't necessarily think this has to do with a wow of just because. I believe that people shrink during the day because of bad posture and lack of attention to the general carriage of themselves. In our modern society we are so consumed in a closed position of the body, due in part to technology, that by the end of the day we are used to this posture of a cruved spine (thoracic) that we shirnk. Also the bad posture puts pressure on everything below it. I may be way off base but thats how I feel about this statement.[Why tag thisI tagged this small paragraph of the text; because I came across something I never knew and actually find it pretty interesting. It may not seem like much to most, but it is unbelievable to think that even when our body is [Why tag thisI found this very ineteresting that about 1% of people are shorter when they go to bed at night than when they rise in the morning. I did not know that. [Why tag thisThis is super cool! obviously it would be noticable, but it's still cool. I'm assuming that is why I slouch a lot, because my weight is compressing the discs and squeezing the water out. [Why tag thisIt is weird how when you get up in the morning you are taller than when you go to sleep at night.[Why tag thisThis is interesting because someone can fluctuate in height, which I believe can be important when trying to measure someone. Although it isn't a huge difference, it could be something to keep in mind.[Why tag thisReally cool and interesting fact. To find out that a person is actually about 1% shorter when going to bed then they are when they wake up. That this is because of all the time throughout the day that the body is compressing the intervertebral discs squeezing out water making it shorter. Then while your sleeping you are re absorbing water causing the slight growth.[Why tag thisYou're actually shorter when you go to bed because water gets compressed from your intervertebral discs![Why tag thisThis is really intresting and cool how the body's lenght differ at night from the morning!! my grandma one day advised me to sleep at night if i want to be tell!! I laughed and of coours i didnt belive her. when i read this i really was shocked how did they know these facts back then.[Why tag thisThat is really cool, so if i rest for a really long time i'll be like a few inches taller?[Why tag thisThis is very interesting, I knew that when astronauts came back to earth they are taller because gravity is not affecting the spine but I did not know that this happens to regular people on a daily basis. [Why tag thisDoes this mean we are more dehydrated in the morning? One would think that our bodies would be the most dehydrated at night because they have been working and moving all day and expended out water. [Why tag thisThis is really interesting. Obviously 1 inch is pretty hard to notice, but now I'm always going to think about it before I go to sleep. It's interesting to learn about the changes our body goes through in a day to accomodate itself. [Why tag thisThis reminds me of a chiropractor that I used to go to. The first thing we would always do was align my spine, and then make my arms and my legs [ShrinkingThis is an interesting fact i didnt know the back bones compressed while laying down and that it affects height. [Why tag thisWhere does the squeezed water go?[Why tag thisThis to me is just amazing! I didn't know this was possible or even that it happened. [Why tag thisit is very interesting to note that people shrink apporimately 1% of their height during the day because gravity pushes the water out of the intervertebral discs. While laying down sleeping the pressure is off the discs so they refill with water and a a result your height is returned to normal by morning.[Why tag thisI've always been told 1 inch shorter. [Why tag thisThe tip that they give you of how to remember the number ratio is helpful to remember however it seems weird to me that the cervical vertebrae are nearest the neck because when i think of cervical i think of the cervix which is in the pelvic region. For that reason, this is still hard to remember for me.[Why tag thisConsidering there are 33 bones making up the entire vertebral column, and after just briefly learning how the number of bones in one's body cary often vary frmo each individual, I am a little surprised to find out that giraffes have the same make up as humans. I understand we are both mammals, but the physical features of our necks compared to theirs are very drastic in length. Makes me think that there would be more in between![Why tag thisI would like to just comment on how the way this text help students to remember different parts of the human anatomy. I find it really helpful and it is a really great way on how students can pass their A&P course. [Why tag thisseveral kinds ov vertebrea[Why tag thisThe vertebrae has 5 different groups in numerical order. order 7,12,5.[Why tag thisThis part of the text helped me remember how many vertebraes are in each. How I remember the numbers is from 7 days in a week (cervical) , 12 - lunch (thoracic) and 5 kids in my family (lumbar). I think that this will help me in the future.[Why tag thisthe vertebrae are divided into give groups[Why tag thisJungas
Dee Lor
Michael Acker
lenarch2
Sarah Kallas
Jonathan Baures
Steven Bertschy
Anthony Wheeler
Nicole Coppins
Mai Youa Chang
Jourdan Richardson
bayan
Duan Phan
Ashley Parker
PangJeb Vang
Brandon Brandemuehl
Kaitlynn
Caitlin
Sophia Wood
Kelly Stahl
Jacob
Paige Schlieve
Brittany Nycz
Kristin Basche
Salman Almohsin
Rebecca Brekke
Petra Stevanovic
Anna Christenbury
Emily Orange
Zachary Garrity
Ashley McBain
Jessica Hrdina
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Epithelial cells closest to the connective tissue typically exhibit a high rate of mitosis.
Epithelial cells closest to the connective tissue typically exhibit a high rate of mitosis. This allows epithelia to repair themselves quickly?an ability of special importance in protective epithelia that are highly vulnerable to such injuries as skin abrasions and erosion by digestive enzymes and acid.
Between an epithelium and the underlying connective tissue is a layer called the basement membrane. It contains collagen, glycoproteins, and other protein? carbohydrate complexes, and blends into other proteins in the underlying connective tissue
Between an epithelium and the underlying connective tissue is a layer called the basement membrane. It contains collagen, glycoproteins, and other protein? carbohydrate complexes, and blends into other proteins in the underlying connective tissue. The basement membrane serves to anchor an epithelium to the connective tissue below it; it regulates the exchange of materials between the epithelium and the underlying tissues; and it binds growth factors from below that regulate epithelial development.
Between an epithelium and the underlying connective tissue is a layer called the basement membrane. It contains collagen, glycoproteins, and other protein? carbohydrate complexes, and blends into other proteins in the underlying connective tissue. The basement membrane serves to anchor an epithelium to the connective tissue below it; it regulates the exchange of materials between the epithelium and the underlying tissues; and it binds growth factors from below that regulate epithelial development. The surface of an epithelial cell that faces the basement membrane is its basal surface, and the one that faces away from the basement membrane toward the internal cavity (lumen) of an organ is the apical surface.
I am just curious how the nutrients and waste material are transfered. [Why tag this text]Anthough all the epithelial tissues have essentially the same function , the location of the cells determine what role they become specialized in. [Why tag this textIs this strictly due to the close proximity of various nutrients stemming from the connective tissue, or are there other factors for why these cells exhibit a higher rate of mitosis?[Why tag this textThe closer the cell is to the connective tissue, the quicker it can repair itself. For example, in skin, the bottommost layer is where cells are born because of the components in the connective tissue that fuel cell repair and production.[Why tag this textFind it interesting and important . It is useful to me for my other classes and outside life with my health.[Why tag this textThis statement interests me because I wonder if this process is related to the disease hemophilia?[Why tag this textthe fact that epithelia in areas that are more likely to suffer abrasion, have a high rate of mitosis in order to repair themselves quickly is interesting. This shows me that the body is a highly evolved organism. It knows that these areas need constant replacement of epithelia, and so in these specific spots mitosis is expedited.[Why tag this textMitosis is very important for the epithelia because it helps the epithelia to repair faster to have better protection from injuries in the skin[Why tag this textI found this interesting, that when you break your skin you are tearing the epithelia tissue and how fast it repairs itself. I'm guessing that your dead skin is just new epithelia tissue forming. I also wonder how your scab is formed when you cut yourself and what tissues are involved.[Why tag this textThis is pretty cool, wiith the high rate of mitosis, the epithelia repairs quick! [Why tag this textIt makes a lot of sense that epithelial cells would have evolved to undergo mitosis more often since they are at the front lines providing protection for the body. Those that undergo mitosis more slowly surely are quickly in a lot of trouble. [Why tag this textI find this interesting to know that when I have a skin abrasion or wound the reason it heals is because of the epithelial cells undergoing quicker mitosis. [Why tag this textbecause epithelial functions with a high rate of mitosis it is able to repair itself very quickly, which is key for epithelial that is highly vulnerable to other injuries.[Why tag this textThis interests me becuase it explains the functions of epithelial cells and begins to cover how the repair themselves.[Why tag this textI find this interesting because I didn't know how wounds repaired themselves when formed. [Why tag this textWhile this high rate of mitosis does help the body heal faster from certain injuries, doesnt it also make the body more sucseptible to cancer growths in those same areas?[Why tag this textThis explains why we are able to heal from wounds. Protective epithelia is the closest to the connective tissue, therefore connective tissue has a way of helping produce epithelial cells.[General-Do not useThis is interesting because we don't often think of the process our skin has to go through to heal so quickly. [Why tag this textI forgot what mitosis means...[Why tag this textone cell divides into two that are genetically identical. This allows for healing. important to actually look up terms when I can't recall their meaning and avoid the temptation to skip over them because it is easier![Why tag this textEven though epithelia are very thin it is interesting that they are strong enough to protect against skin abrasions and acid from the digestive system.[Why tag this textThis makes sense to me on how injuries such as cuts on our skin can heal so quickly.[Why tag this textI found this interesting, that when you break your skin you are tearing the epithelia tissue and how fast it repairs itself. I'm guessing that your dead skin is just new epithelia tissue forming. I also wonder how your scab is formed when you cut yourself and what tissues are involved?[Why tag this textI wonder if these cells are more likely to get cancer. If in general they are the cells that divide the most and are also the most vulnerable to injury, shouldn't they also be most susceptable to undergoing cancinogenic mutations?[Why tag this textWhat would make them not repair as quickly as they should?[Why tag this textVulnerable as in it is harder to repair themselve or how?[Why tag this textThe basement membrane is important since it keeps the connective and epitheial tissue together. It is like the a glue that sticks them together, connecting them to be able to function together. It makes me think of the types of tissue like a superhero team. This is because they all work together to function properly and save the human body.[Why tag this textThis shows how important the basement membrane is to the epithelial tissue. It anchors it to the connective tissue below and without it the epithelial tissue would not work together with the connective tissue.[Why tag this textI tag this sentence because throughout my whole years of learning science, I have never heard of the basement membrane and it was interseting to learn it especailly when it is part of the growth of the epithelium too.[Why tag this textI am still confused on what the basement membrane is?[Why tag this textbasement membranes is the layers of tissue between the epithelium and connective tissue.[Why tag this textThis is important to know so that you understand the foundation of the epithelium and what surrounds it or apart of it. [Why tag this textDefinition of basement membrane and its function[Why tag this textI find it really relaxing and nice that we are going over all this again. I learned it in high school but I never really took it seriously or thought I would need to know it. Now I look back and laugh at myself because now I'm in a four-credit anatomy course in college using the same material I used in high school. It makes an excellent review![Why tag this textI tagged this paragraph because it makes me wonder what would happen if we didn't have a basement membrane. How would the epithelium and connective tissue interact.[Why tag this textDescribes what a basement membrane is, what it contains, and what its functions are. [Why tag this textI am currently an aesthetician and we are always educating patients about the laters of the skin, its healing properties, and shedding process. In aesthetic school we learned about the basal layer and the layer below the dermis/epidermis. It is interesting to see it in my anatomy textbook, and explained in MUCH more detail. It also even lets me know EXACTLY where the all imporatant collagen lives![Why tag this textBasement membrane help provide materials such as proteins, glycoproteins to the epithelium tissue and also epithelia is category into two types simple and stratfified.[Why tag this textduring lecture and lab will be helpful for the location and the make up of the tissue.[Why tag this textIt explains what the basement membrane is and what its purpose is.[Why tag this textconnective tussue between the epithelium and underlying, hasprotein [Why tag this texta layer between the epithelium and connective tissue. [Why tag this textThere is a sandwich. From bottom up it goes connective tissue, basement membrane, and then epithelial cells. The connective tissue gives the epithelial cells nutrients and takes away waste, which helps the epithelial cells repair quickly. The basement membrane is the glue that keeps the epithelial and connective cells together and helps regulate the exchange of materials between the two tissues. [Why tag this textthe basement membrane consists of collagen, glycoproteins, carbohydrates, which blends with other proteins of underlying connective tissue[Why tag this textExplains what the basement membrane consists of.[Why tag this textI found it interesting to see that the basement membrane contained collagen, glycoprotein, and other protein but I was not sure what collagen and glycoprotein was. So I look up what collagen was and its a protein made up of amino acids. Glycoprotein is a protein covalently linked to one or more carbohydrate group.[Why tag this textIs it possible for the epithelium tissue to disconnect to the basement membrane? If yes, what happens?[Why tag this textI had taken biology and other classes before but I never learned about a basement membrane. I find it dissapointing I never learned it until now because of how improtant it is to the epithelial tissue.[Why tag this textThis explains the purpose of the [Why tag this textThe basement membrane's purpose - It's important because it regulates material exchange since epithelium is avascular.[Why tag this textThis relates to me because when I was in track I was the anchor for the 4x4 and my task was a little similar to the basment membranes tasks.[Why tag this textImportant to know the functions of the basement membrane[Why tag this textThis is good to know because it allows me to understand exactly what i am looking at when I get to see actual bodies in a cadaver lab or in surgery. [Why tag this textIt amazes me how much a [Why tag this textThis explains that the basement membrane play a big role in repair of the epithelial cells and tissues by binding them together and providing growth[General-Do not useExplains what the role of the basement membrane is and what it does.[Why tag this textThe basement membrane is the bottom part that the cell attatches to. The basal is the bottom (both Bs) that touches the basement membrane. The top part is a free surface which is called the apical surface.[Why tag this textbasement membranes help to keep the epithelium and underlying tissues.[Why tag this textthe function of the basement membrane is to anchor the connective tissue below the epithelium, regulate material exchange between the two and also bind growth factors.[Why tag this textshelby bourdo
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Anatomy is the study of structure,
Anatomy is the study of structure, and physiology is the study
Anatomy is the study of structure, and physiology is the study of function
Anatomy is the study of structure, and physiology is the study of function.
Anatomy is the study of structure, and physiology is the study of function.
Anatomy is the study of structure, and physiology is the study of function. T
Anatomy is the study of structure, and physiology is the study of function. These approaches are complementary and never entirely separable.
Anatomy is the study of structure, and physiology is the study of function. These approaches are complementary and never entirely separable. Together, they form the bedrock of the health sciences.
Anatomy is the study of structure, and physiology is the study of function. These approaches are complementary and never entirely separable. Together, they form the bedrock of the health sciences. When we study a structure, we want to know, What does it do? Physiology thus lends meaning to anatomy; and, conversely, anatomy is what makes physiology possible.
Anatomy is the study of structure, and physiology is the study of function. These approaches are complementary and never entirely separable. Together, they form the bedrock of the health sciences. When we study a structure, we want to know, What does it do? Physiology thus lends meaning to anatomy; and, conversely, anatomy is what makes physiology possible.
Anatomy is the study of structure, and physiology is the study of function. These approaches are complementary and never entirely separable. Together, they form the bedrock of the health sciences. When we study a structure, we want to know, What does it do? Physiology thus lends meaning to anatomy; and, conversely, anatomy is what makes physiology possible. This unity of form and function is an important point to bear in mind as you study the body.
Anatomy is the study of structure, and physiology is the study of function. These approaches are complementary and never entirely separable. Together, they form the bedrock of the health sciences. When we study a structure, we want to know, What does it do? Physiology thus lends meaning to anatomy; and, conversely, anatomy is what makes physiology possible. This unity of form and function is an important point to bear in mind as you study the body. Many examples of it will be apparent throughout the book?some of them pointed out for you, and others you will notice for yourself.
definition of anatomy [Why I tagged this]I tagged this because it gives a simple definition of anatomy which is one of the first things listed that I should learn from this section[Why I tagged thisI tagged this because it is the basic subject we are studying. Knowing the distinctions and definitions of anatomy and physiology is very important to the studying of the two because it defereniates the two and can easily be linked to one another.[Why I tagged thisI tagged this because it is important to know the difference between the two.[Why I tagged thisThis is the most basic explanation of the two. It is important to keep in mind that you can't have one without the other. Anatomy is structure, a house, physiology is function. What is the point of a house if nobody lives in it?[Why I tagged thisimportant course def; class in a nutshell[Why I tagged thisThis is similar to how I learned it in high school. Anatomy is the form and different parts of the human body, while physiology is what those parts do and how they do it.[Why I tagged thisanatomy is the explanations of the structures found in the human body and physiolgy is the explanation of the functions found in the human body.[Why I tagged this
This is the point of our whole class. This will later show us how form and function go together.[Why I tagged thisthis is the basic definition of what anatomy and physiology mean. In my understanding structure means part/s of the human body which could be a muscle, bone, arteries ligaments etc. And as in function, it describes and explains their purpose that it takes for the human to [Why I tagged thisThe definitions of A&P[Why I tagged thisthe importance and studies of anatomy[Why I tagged thisIts very importent to know what anatomy and physiology are because that is the class that we are in and its good to know what it means and how it is connnected together,[Why I tagged thisThis is the simplist definition of anatomy and physiology.[Why I tagged thisI tagged this because it is important to know what we are studying and this statement provides us with the most basic of definitions for anatomy and physiology.[Why I tagged thisThese are the differences between Anatomy and Physiology[Why I tagged thisExplains how anatomy studies on structure and physiology studies on function. Physiology is possible because of anatomy. The biggest way that human anatomy is studied is by dissecting animals due to the common ancestry. Also, the subdiscipines of physiology is neurophysiology, endocrinology, and pathophysiology.[Why I tagged thisit is important to know the difference between anatomy and physiology. anatomy is the study of structure and physiology is the study of how those structures function. it is significant because at uwm AP202 deals with alot of anatomy and AP203 deals with alot of the physiology. It takes a whole year to cover the basics of anatomy and physiology, yet our bodies' structure and function are so complex that it would take much longer to understand in detail. [Why I tagged thisThis is the defintion of anatomy and physiology which is one of the expected learning outcomes of this chapter to know[Why I tagged thisI tagged this because it is important to know the difference between them and also how they work together. This is a clear short definition. [Why I tagged thisanatomy does not contain a 's' so it goes with structure, physiology does conain an 's' so it goes with function. Think opposite[Why I tagged thisIt's important to know the difference between the two.[Why I tagged thisThere is a clear explanation of what Anatomy and Physiology are, right off the bat. [Why I tagged thisIt is describing what antomy actually is. [Why I tagged thisbasic definitions[Why I tagged thisExplains the difference between anatomy and physiology.[Why I tagged thisExplains the whole purpose and definition of this course[Why I tagged thisThis is the definition of anatomy and physiology and the way to differentiate between the two.[Why I tagged thisbasic definition for the course.[Why I tagged thisThis is a key fact in anatomy that we wo;; NEED to know to be succesful in the course. Not knowing the difference between the two could be very jeapordizing to your grade. [Why I tagged thisThis is the main topic of this class and with out the structure our bodys wont be able to function (physiology)[Why I tagged thisThis is important because this defines anatomy saying that it is the study of structure and it also defines physiology is the study of the function. With this information I know the difference between the two. [Why I tagged thisGood, straight way to explain the main subjects being studied. [Why I tagged thisQuestion 1: Anatomy is the study of structure, and physiology is the study of function. They support each other by helping explain what the others purpose is. You can not just name every organ in the body and call it a day (anatomy). Each individual organ has its own purpose and function (physiology). And without physiology I personally feel that anatomy would not be as useful.[Why I tagged thisImportant to know the difference between anatomy and physiology; in order to understand the function (physiology) you need to know the basic structure (anatomy)[Why I tagged thisit shows the definition of Anatomy and Physiology[Why I tagged thisPersonally, I believe that understanding these two terms and their definitions are going to be very important as we do more and more in this class. It is facinating how one does so much for the other in terms of research and full understanding of the human body.[Why I tagged thisSimple clear description of how anatomy and physiology differ. [Why I tagged thisI tagged this because it tells me what the entire course is going to be based around. We will be learning about all the different parts of the body and the movements and jobs that go along with them. [Why I tagged thisThis is a good standard start to the definition of what we expect to do this semester. It's very broad, but leaves many open-ended questions and opens windows for discoveries.[Why I tagged thisIt is important to distinguish the difference between anatomy and physiology in order to understand how both work together to allow our body to function the way it does.[Why I tagged thisSimple statement of what we are learning.[Why I tagged this
I can agree with you Emily when you say it is important to distinguish and understand the difference between both. In order to understand the Physiology aspect of it you must first understand Anatomy because the body function together; if one part isn't working chances are it's going to affect other surrounding parts.[Why I tagged thisBecause these are the key components of science and are very important concepts to fully understand. [Why I tagged thisThe definition of anatomy and physiology and the different between them.[Why I tagged thisStick definition of both terms.[Why I tagged thisDefinition of anatomy[Why I tagged thisI tagged this information because right away it clearly states the difference between Anatomy and Physiology. It specifically tells you that Anatomy is the study of STRUCTURE and physiology is the study of FUNCTION. [Why I tagged thisShows what the class is about[Why I tagged thisIt's not only important to understand the structure of something you also have to understand how it functions or why it does. [Anatomy and PhysiologyEven though Anatomy and Physiology are the study of two different things, they go hand in hand when it comes understanding concepts in the health sciences.[Why I tagged thisQuestion 1 Anatomy and Physiology support each other because anatomy studies function is leads to the physiology and the study of the functionality of these structures.[Why I tagged thisI tagged this because it is the basic understanding of this whole chapter and I never knew they formed the bedrock of the health sciences[Why I tagged thisDefines the key terms: Anatomy and Physiology. Tells you how the two connects to one another. Both have importances to eachother, just like what it says in the passage, [Why I tagged thisDefines anatomy and physiology and describes how they are related.[Why I tagged this Anatomy and physiology are related to each other. [Why I tagged thisIt is important to note what these two words mean and how they are related. There is a reason why we study these two topics together rather than two separate classes because they are so closely related[Why I tagged thisAnatomy is the study of structure and physiology is the study of function. It is important to know that these two are constantly working hand in hand. You need to apply both to have a good understanding of the human body. [Why I tagged thisThis forms the foundation of the course to which we can build off of. It is important to note since these simple statements comprise the importance and connection that we will be exploring throughout the duration of the course. Furthermore, these concepts may be asked in review of the chapter.[Why I tagged thisAnswers question 1Anatamy is the study of structure, and physiology is the study of function. they are the fundemntal principles to health sciences. anatamy makes physiology possible and physiology helps us understand anatamy.[Why I tagged thisI tagged this because this basically summarizes what this course is about. Also it has good information on why Anatomy and Physiology work together and how they are different but similar at the same time. [Why I tagged thisChanel Anastas
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It has many subdisciplines such as neurophysiology (physiology of the nervous system), endocrinology (physiology of hormones), and pathophysiology (mechanisms of disease).
It has many subdisciplines such as neurophysiology (physiology of the nervous system), endocrinology (physiology of hormones), and pathophysiology (mechanisms of disease).
subdisciplines such as neurophysiology (physiology of the nervous system), endocrinology (physiology of hormones), and pathophysiology (mechanisms of disease). Partly because of limitations on experimentation with humans, much of what we know about bodily function has been gained through comparative physiology, the study of how different species have solved problems of life such as water balance, respiration, and reproduction.
subdisciplines such as neurophysiology (physiology of the nervous system), endocrinology (physiology of hormones), and pathophysiology (mechanisms of disease). Partly because of limitations on experimentation with humans, much of what we know about bodily function has been gained through comparative physiology, the study of how different species have solved problems of life such as water balance, respiration, and reproduction. Comparative physiology is also the basis for the development of new drugs and medical procedures.
Partly because of limitations on experimentation with humans, much of what we know about bodily function has been gained through comparative physiology, the study of how different species have solved problems of life such as water balance, respiration, and reproduction. Comparative physiology is also the basis for the development of new drugs and medical procedures.
Partly because of limitations on experimentation with humans, much of what we know about bodily function has been gained through comparative physiology, the study of how different species have solved problems of life such as water balance, respiration, and reproduction. Comparative physiology is also the basis for the development of new drugs and medical procedures. For example, a cardiac surgeon may have to learn animal surgery before practicing on humans, and a vaccine cannot be used on human subjects until it has been demonstrated through animal research that it confers significant benefits without unacceptable risks.
basic terms to know for anyone in the medical field. MDs specialize in these various fields...[Why I tagged this]Subdisciplines of physiology.[Why I tagged thisI tagged this to understand other disciplines besides just physiology. [Why I tagged thisExplains how anatomy studies on structure and physiology studies on function. Physiology is possible because of anatomy. The biggest way that human anatomy is studied is by dissecting animals due to the common ancestry. Also, the subdiscipines of physiology is neurophysiology, endocrinology, and pathophysiology.[Why I tagged thisSubdisciplines: neurophysiology, endcrinology, pathophysiology, etc. [Why I tagged thisthe subdisciplines of physiology[Why I tagged thisI tagged this because it gives many different examples of physiology, some of which I wouldn't have even thought of myself. [Why I tagged thisIt is interesting how there are many different branches of physiology, which leads to the thought that if you are looking for a profession in physiology you would more than likely need to specialize in a subdiscipline of study (such as the ones highlighted). [Why I tagged thisneurophysiology=physiology of the body's nervous system.endocrinology =physiology of the body's hormonespathophysiology=is the mechanisms of diseases found in the human body.[Why I tagged thisI think it is interesting how we solved many life problems simply by observing other species. I am very familiar with the different subdisciplines because I had many health issues for the first 8 years of my life. This is why I am fascinated with medicine and the human body, and the reason I'm a premed student.[Why I tagged thisThis passage answers the question to the names of the few subdiscplines of human physiology. Not only does it give the names of the different subdisciplines, but it also mentions what it means in words that are easier to understand.[Why I tagged thisThis will be easier to remember because the word neurophysiology and nervous (system) are similar. [Why I tagged thisthese would be the methods used. I also believe that Histology, Histopathology and cytology are methods to finding the solution[Why I tagged thisDifferent ways of examining anatomy and physiology.[Why I tagged thisNeurophysiology-how the nervous system works etc.endocrinology - how hormones work, are produced, etc. pathophysiology - how diseases form, work, grow.[Why I tagged thisThese are subdiciplines of physiology.[Why I tagged thisi took a class in high school that looked at prefixes and suffixes of works, so I know that patho means disease[Why I tagged thisI find it interesting that while experimenting on and researching humans directly would seem to be the simplest way to learn about their function, we are able to learn a great deal through bits and pieces of research on other nonhuman organisms.[Why I tagged thisI tagged this because this statement is definitely true. You definitely see a lot of studies/experiments being conducted on animals.[Why I tagged thisUseful information[Why I tagged thisI have grown up owning dogs for my entire life, and because of this I've developed an interest in the relationships and similarities between humans and other animals (ie: dogs). This section says that we learn a lot about ourselves from studying other species. However, I've often wondered what we can learn about other animals based on our knowledge of ourselves. We will never be able to experience life as another being, so I think that we have to use the knowledge and experiences we've had to help us understand other creatures in this world.[Why I tagged thisAn example of comparative physiology is experimenting on an animal such as a pig or rat to gain a better understanding of a procedure in order to insure the success of the procedure on a human.[Why I tagged thisComparative physiology is very popular for choosing different animals for testing different drugs on because some animals have an anotomy of a spefic organ that relates more closely to the human than others. However, I didn't recognize that comparative physiology played such a large role in study of evolutionary advantages. [Why I tagged thisIn animal research, certain animals are used to test specific drugs on because there anatomy and physiology relate closer to humans for the drug being tested than other animals. I believe pigs are used because our skin is similar to there's. However, I did not recognize that comparative physiology also played a role in researching evolutionary advantages.[Why I tagged thisThis makes sense since we cannot use humans to study everything so scientists need to perform experiments on similar species to see how they evolved in order to compare those results to humans.[Why I tagged thisThis is an interesting way to look at how things are connected. Comparing can show us what is similar and what is different and why.[tagThis is about comparative physiology and what it can all entail[Why I tagged thisAnd this is why physiology is important to us, because it explains things about the body and how it works[Why I tagged thisThe idea of comparative physiology is important and much like comparative anatomy because it is how we have come to understand how species have adapted over the course of time.[Why I tagged thisTagged this because it is very interesting to know that most of what we know about ourselves is by studying other animals...[Why I tagged thisits interesting to see that everything we know about human functions and problems have been solved from different species. and that se stil lus this study to try and solve more problems that we face with the human body.[Why I tagged thisI always knew we were similar to other animals, but not close enough to have a large portion of our knowledge of the human body to be based upon. I thought it made more sense for knowledge of human a&p to be based on human dissections and other studies.[Why I tagged thisDeffinition[Why I tagged this compare is part of the word comparative. many people compare their problems to other peoples problems so they can figure out what to do. [Why I tagged thisComparing humans to related animals to see how this works because we cannot use humans. Is this what animal testing is done for? and how effecive is it?[Why I tagged thisEvolution - how we differ from the human years ago and why. (how our bodies have evolved)[Why I tagged thiscompartive physiology [Why I tagged thisdefinition[Why I tagged thisThis was interesting to me because I like how they actually put the definition of physiology in here because I knew what anatomy was but not exactly what physiology. I didn't know that it has solved problems in life though. This helps me understand the definition more when they use an example such as the water balance. [definition explained How accurate is this?[General_Do Not UseI tagged this because; I think it is interesting how we can compare our anatomy to other animals. I know that some people are strongly against animal testing and things. So I think it would be cool if we could think of another way to test things out. Maybe if more people donated their bodies to science after death we could use this?[Kelly StahlI personally never knew that comparative physiology was the basis for new drugs and medical procedures. It is so incredible to think that they are able to test vaccines on animals to see if they work and what the effects are. [Why I tagged thisthis is in chapter review... comparitive physiology has been used to develop new medicines... anyone in pharmocology will need to understand these basic definitions[Why I tagged thiscomparative physiology is where the development of new drugs and medical procedures start when being created.[Why I tagged thisIn what ways does compartive physiology assist in the develpment of new medicines and medical procedures? (An example that further explains this is found in the sentences just after this annotation.)[Why I tagged thisComparative physiology is extremely important and is the basis of people being able to come up with developments of new drugs and medical procedures. [Why I tagged thisI thought this was interesting because the social constructions involving animal welfare today are very much against the use of animals as test subjects. However, the information we (as a society) gain from these studies have made important contributions to medicine. Seems like a catch 22. Ethics VS Science.[Why I tagged thisSomehow comparative physiology is the single best approach to learn and explore human biology but it is an approach that has it dark side. Testing on similar species because the risk is unacceptable for humans but it is fine for them just doesn't sit well with me. I'm glad technological advancements have made it this far today such as the radiology area of science.[Why I tagged thisI tagged this because it explains comparative physiology and its importance in the medical field in regards to regulations that doctors and vaccines alike need to go through before they are allowed for humans. [Why I tagged thisI tagged this because i find it important to know how our bodys are similure to other animale bodies[Why I tagged thisWay of developing new things by function, since physiology is the study of function[Why I tagged thisExplains how comparitive physiology is useful in the health field[Why I tagged thisPracticing on animals puts less harm on actual humans[Why I tagged thisThe reason I choose this was because this is such a common practice in today's society. There are also many arguements about the practice of using medicines and surgeries first on animals. There are people that think it is wrong to use animals as guienea pigs, but using humans would be unjustified. I just think this piece of factual evidence is something that many people have different opions if the actions are justified. [Why I tagged thisDoes comparitive physiology use unethical treatment with its animal subjects? Is there standards established for the treatment of the animals?[Why I tagged thisSince we are so similar to animals I didnt realize how much we use them/ rely on them. Testing animals for drug tests and surgery ends up being very helpful. I tagged this because I think this is a good example of comparative physiology. [Why I tagged thisi agree, and i think we dont realize how much we rely on other animals to base our tests from.[Why I tagged thisWhy I tagged this because it is important how the animal body functioning compare to our human body. Since we human always tested on animals before to be sure to test on our human body.[Why I tagged thisAnswered my previous question...animal study.[Why I tagged thisI was aware that animals were generally tested on before certain products were approved from human consumption and use.[General_Do Not UseMakes it safer for humans.[Why I tagged thisDakota Francart
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In sutures and gomphoses, the fibers are very short and allow for little or no movement.
FIGURE 9.2Fibrous Joints.(a) A suture between the parietal bones. (b) A gomphosis between a tooth and the jaw. (c) A syndesmosis between the tibia and fibula.
Which of these is not a joint between two bones? Why?
SuturesSutures Sutures are immobile or only slightly movable fibrous joints that closely bind the bones of the skull to each other; they occur nowhere else. In chapter 8 we did not take much notice of the differences between one suture and another, but some differences may have caught your attention as you studied the diagrams in that chapter or examined laboratory specimens. Sutures can be classified as serrate, lap, and plane sutures. Readers with some knowledge of woodworking may recognize that the structures and functional properties of these sutures have something in common with basic types of carpentry joints (fig. 9.3).
SuturesSutures Sutures are immobile or only slightly movable fibrous joints that closely bind the bones of the skull to each other; they occur nowhere else. In chapter 8 we did not take much notice of the differences between one suture and another, but some differences may have caught your attention as you studied the diagrams in that chapter or examined laboratory specimens. Sutures can be classified as serrate, lap, and plane sutures. Readers with some knowledge of woodworking may recognize that the structures and functional properties of these sutures have something in common with basic types of carpentry joints (fig. 9.3).
I didn't know that there were actually any fibers in these joints.[Why Tag This?]i thought all joints allow movements?[Why Tag This?the sutures on the skull of the brain move a little bit?? I thought they were more like permanent cracks that cannot move at all?[Why Tag This?Sutures are fibrous, rigid joints of the skull. Serrate sutures interlock; Lap sutures overlap edges, like a diagonal cut; Plane joints don't overlap, but merely touch. [General---Do Not UseMore sub classifation of joints.[Why Tag This?The three different types of fibrous joints[Why Tag This?These sections of text are important because the information below these headings describe the types of joints in our body. These joints are responsible for allow us to move as well as protect certain areas of our bodies.[Why Tag This?Gomphosis is not a joint between two bones because teeth are not bones. They are calcifeid and made of tissue but they are not both. Hmmm[Why Tag This?The gomphosis is not a joint between two bones because teeth are not bones.[Why Tag This?letter B due to the fact that teeth aren't considered bones.[Why Tag This?The gomphosis because the teeth are not true bones.[Why Tag This?why there are diffrent type of joints ?[Why Tag This?My firend recently had a baby and it is inreresting how these start as open spaces and eventually fuse together.[Why Tag This?3 different types of sutures: lap, plane, and serrate[Why Tag This?Do sutures heal at the same rate as other bones in our bodies or more slowly?[Why Tag This?sutures are where bones are binded together in the skull[Why Tag This?Suters play an important role with closely binding the bones of the skull to each other. There are three different types of sutures: Serrate, lap, and plane sutures. Serrate are wavy lines that join bones tightly to each other by the serrated margins.[Why Tag This?Kinda cool. and makes it easier to remember.[Why Tag This?Wy are sutures only found in the skull?[Why Tag This?easy way to member this one.[Why Tag This?I found this it interesting that sutures are only found in the skull. I also did not know that sutures were considered joints and I thought that they were bones fused together and the seem where they met was the suture. For there to actually connective fibers between the bones of the skull was a bit of a surprise that I found interesting.[Why Tag This?Why are sutures considered joint? Every other type of joint seem to be movable in some way, and of course, sutures are not. What makes them a joint? What would the consequences be if our skull was one solid bone and was not attached by sutures?[Why Tag This?remember suture : where you wear a suit its hard to move. [Why Tag This?How strong are the connections between the sutures?[Why Tag This?I think the different types of sutures are important to to remember because they only occur in the skull, which makes them pretty special. [Why Tag This?Sutural Bones are not classified to be one of the numbered bones in a average person's body.[Why Tag This?After reading this passage I was more aware of the role that suture plays. Before this passage, I never knew that the skull was made up of the frontal bone, parietal bone, occipital bone, and the temporal bone. [Why Tag This?important information about sutures.[Why Tag This?Sutures are generally immobile fibrous joints the closely binds the segments of the skull together.[Why Tag This?Do the sutures corespond to the same ones you have when you a baby or do they grow into something else?[Why Tag This?In FIGURE 9.2, it shows that the the parietalbones in the skull are not actually touching, but held closely together by fibers. Is this right? I always thought the bones grew and attached to eachother so there was no space inbetween.[Why Tag This?I like the explination of how the sutures look from a cross section view because I have always just asumed them to go straight down instead of how they really look underneith.[Why Tag This?Similarly to how a suture closes a wound, a suture between bone fuses the two pieces together.[Why Tag This?If the point of sutures is to form a hardened barrier to protect thebrain why some still movable? That would seem to weaken the skull as a whole.[Why Tag This?definition of sutures [Why Tag This?I have always thought of a joint as something that can move, not something that is immobile. Also, I didn't know until reading this that sutures are considered joints. [Why Tag This?immoveable ex: skill suturesserrate, lap, and plane are the different types. [Why Tag This?How can a suture be a joint if it doesn't allow movement?[Why Tag This?In response to Brianna Franske's comment: How can a suture be a joint if it doesn't allow movement?--A joint is where two or more bones meet/make contact. While all joints except sutures allow movement, movement is not the definition of a joint.[Why Tag This?I always thought that the bones of the skull were fully fused (calsified together) once mature. [Why Tag This?would there be any difference if there wernt any sutures and the skill was just one big bone excluding the mandible?[Why Tag This?Why don't the bones completely fuse together in the skull? Is there a need for any mobilty at all?[Why Tag This?I find this really interesting. Before taking this class, I thought the skull was just one big bone, not several fused together. I also did not realize that there were joints that do not move at all.[Why Tag This?This is important because the skull is what protects our brain and sutrues bind our bones together tightly keeping our head protected.[Why Tag This?It doesn't seem right that sutures are considered joints. Firstly, they occur exclusively in the skull which has no movement in and of itself apart from the mandible and what is given to it by the vertebrae in the neck. Also, they are not imparting any movement themselves they really only exist because thats how they grew together. I just don't see much functionality in a suture so it doesn't seem right that the be considered in the group of joints which seems all about movement.[Why Tag This?I found this really interesting and didnt know this before reading this section. [Why Tag This?I was very curious to why these where on the skull. To tell you the truth I thought the skull was one larger bone. However, i think it is intresting so that the brain can be protected. [Why Tag This?Joints are often the cause of arthritis. Is it possible for joints like suture joints which are immobile to also produce arthritis, or is arthritis produced from only movement?[Why Tag This?Interesting to know that the sutures only occur in the skull, when there were so mant childhood bones that had to [Why Tag This?I highlighted this because I have always been curious about what the sutures in the skull are for. I never knew that they were an immovable joint.[Why Tag This?What a suture is [Why Tag This?Why do sutures only occur in the skeletal bones? From my understanding sutures are in place to hold the bones together and prevent any movement from occuring. I could think of other bones in the body such as the radius that would benefit from this interlocking structure. Also are these sutures needed because of the growth that occurs throughout the maturation proess? [Why Tag This?When do the sutures of a baby completely form? [Why Tag This?description of a suture[Why Tag This?how exactly does sutures move?[Why Tag This?I will rememeber sutures because it reminds me of when people get sutures for cuts or surgery, and the whole point of them is to hold the skin in place, which is exactly what sutures of the skull do, only it holds the cranial bones together. [Why Tag This?How are sutures able to move at all?[Why Tag This?Sutures=cranium[Why Tag This?I am very fascinated by the sutures of the skull. Serrate, lap, and plane sutures all play the same role in binding the skull bones, however the shape of the bones make them bind in different ways. To me, the bones of the skull are like puzzle pieces, for they all fit together in different ways.[Why Tag This?Is this why babies have [Why Tag This?I thought it was interesting that there are joints that hold our skulls together. I assumed that it was one big piece (accept for the mandible). I also never thought that joints could be [Why Tag This?Lauren Anthe
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Prolactin binds to its receptor, a pair of proteins in the plasma membrane of the mammary cell. The receptor triggers the activation of a regulatory protein (transcription activator) in the cytoplasm. regulatory protein moves into the nucleus and binds to the DNA near the casein gene. This binding enables RNA polymerase to bind to the gene and transcribe it, producing the mRNA for casein. The casein mRNA moves into the cytoplasm and is translated by ribosomes on the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Golgi complex packages casein into secretory vesicles. The secretory vesicles release the casein by exocytosis, and it becomes part of the milk.
Others modify the coiling of DNA in a nucleosome in a way that makes specific genes more accessible to RNA polymerase. To turn off a gene, a regulatory protein can coil the chromatin in a different way that makes the gene less accessible, thus preventing transcription. There are several additional ways, beyond the scope of this book, for inducing or halting the production of a gene product, but the casein example shows how a certain gene may lie dormant in a person until, only a few times in one's life (and only if one bears children), it is activated by a stimulus such as a hormonal signal.
Synthesizing Compounds Other Than Proteins
Cells, of course, make more than proteins?they also synthesize glycogen, fat, steroids, phospholipids, pigments, and many other compounds.
Cells, of course, make more than proteins?they also synthesize glycogen, fat, steroids, phospholipids, pigments, and many other compounds. There are no genes for these cell products, yet their synthesis is under indirect genetic control.
Cells, of course, make more than proteins?they also synthesize glycogen, fat, steroids, phospholipids, pigments, and many other compounds. There are no genes for these cell products, yet their synthesis is under indirect genetic control. How? They are produced by enzymatic reactions, and enzymes are proteins encoded by genes
Cells, of course, make more than proteins?they also synthesize glycogen, fat, steroids, phospholipids, pigments, and many other compounds. There are no genes for these cell products, yet their synthesis is under indirect genetic control. How? They are produced by enzymatic reactions, and enzymes are proteins encoded by genes.
Cells, of course, make more than proteins?they also synthesize glycogen, fat, steroids, phospholipids, pigments, and many other compounds. There are no genes for these cell products, yet their synthesis is under indirect genetic control. How? They are produced by enzymatic reactions, and enzymes are proteins encoded by genes.Consider the production of testosterone, for example (fig. 4.13). This is a steroid; there is no gene for testosterone. But to make it, a cell of the testis takes in cholesterol and enzymatically converts it to testosterone. This can occur only if the genes for the enzymes are active. Yet a further implication of this is that genes may greatly affect such complex outcomes as behavior, since testosterone strongly influences such behaviors as aggression and sex drive. In short, DNA codes only for RNA and protein synthesis, yet it indirectly controls the synthesis of a much wider range of substances concerned with all aspects of anatomy, physiology, and behavior.
The Sodium-Potassium pump
Define gene, genetic code, codon, and anticodon
Define gene, genetic code, codon, and anticodon.
Describe the roles of RNA polymerase, ribosomes, and tRNA in producing a protein.
What is the difference between genetic transcription and translation
What is the difference between genetic transcription and translation?
Summarize the processing of a protein from the time a ribosome finishes its work to the time a protein is secreted from the cell. What roles do the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complex play in this?
Describe a way that a gene can be turned on or off at different times in a person's life
Describe a way that a gene can be turned on or off at different times in a person's life.
Considering that genes can code only for RNA or proteins, how can the synthesis of nonprotein substances such as carbohydrates or steroids be under genetic control?
The hormone regulation of genes is in important and under represented field of research. The wide spread use of birthcontrol has been dumping an ever increasing amount of estrogen into the fresh water system. This has had ongoing detrimental effects on male fish populations and populations on the whole. How does this effect humans?!?![Why tag this text]Is this the exact process every time a gene is turned on or off?[Why tag this textive never thought of this concept before. i think it is interesting that genes know when and how to turn themselves on and off from synthesizing[Why tag this textprotein packaging[General-Do not uselists how a a gene can be turned back on.[Why tag this textIts importatnt to know that many differenet organelles play a part in trasnslation and that it isn't solely the job of the ribosomes even though they do do alot[Why tag this textsteps in gene regulation[Why tag this textprotein synthesis[Why tag this textfinal step of gene regulation[Why tag this texta gene can be turned off? what does that mean exactly?[Why tag this textSynthesizing other compounds: Cells also synthesize glycogen, fat, steroids, phospholipids, pigments and other compounds. There aren't genes for this but their synthesis is under indirect genetic control.[Why tag this textit's amazing how much work cells do for the body[Why tag this textThe many functions of cells amazes me. They have so many different, yet essential roles.[Why tag this textIts amazing how much cells do for our body. Reading that they synthesize fat kind of cought my attention because I would never have thought that. [Why tag this textAdditional functions of cells (other than making proteins)[Why tag this textEverything in the cell then comes down to proteins. The protein is the reason the cell works from the synthesis of lipids, to mitosis.[Why tag this textour body is so depended on the cells and what they made and their function[Why tag this textQuestion 6: The synthesis of carbohydrates or steroids is indirectly under genetic control because it is controlled by enzymes and enzymatic reactions.[Why tag this textbut isn't testosterone a hormone from the endorcrine system?[Why tag this textI am aware that low testosterone is a condition that a certain percentage of men suffer from usually later in their adult lives. What is the treatment for Low T? Are they given steroids to raise these levels since it is classified as a steroid?[Why tag this textSo if the enzymes for the other substances are not activated then do these substance not get converted? Would our bodies stop producing them? This process is still a little confusing to me still. [Why tag this textI find this really interesting. I plan to further study genetics in the future and while I feel I already know a lot about genetics, I never learned that DNA indirectly contributes to the synthesis of hormones like testosterone.[Why tag this textThis is an interesting concept and one I think people forget about. The fact that it only has two main functions in our bodies but yields such things as the ability to pass on our genetic code from generation to generation, it is the structure of all living things, is an instrumental piece of cloning research and has been used for a long time in court cases as evidence. [Why tag this textFrom what I have learned, this is one of the most important ion channels in all nervous tissue. It is responsible for returning cells back to their normal polarization. around -70[Why tag this textThe process of moving sodium and potassium ions across the cell membrane or covering is an active transport process involving hydrolysis(chemical separation; a compound is split into other compounds reacting with water.) providing the right energy. It includes an enzyme called Na/K -ATPase. This aids with holding up a huge excess of Na outside of the cell and the huge excess of the K inside the cell.[Why tag this textgene: the make up of DNAgenetic code: the use of DNAcodon:nucleotide from which translation startsanticodon:unit made up of three nucleotides that correspond to the three bases of the codon on the mRNA[Human Genomegene-instructions for synthesis of proteinsgenetic code-specific set of information that the genes are made ofcodon-a 3 base sequence in mRNAanticodon-3 complentary bases to a codon[Why tag this textgene is a term discovered through Mendels pea experiment. what he found was a gene is a triat of herdiity that gets passed down from parents to their offspring. its a segment of DNA that carries the code for a certain protein.a genetic code describes how information in encoded with the genetic material. DNA has a certain sequence it has to follow (A,T,C,G) where A always has to pair with T and C always has to pair with G. a codon is a code for an amino acid, a three base in mRNA, where as an anticodon is a three base pair of tRNA, matching with the pairs in mRNA. for example, if the mRNA codon was GCU, GCC , the anticodon would be CGA, CGG. [Why tag this textgene:the genetic chromosomes given by both parents. Genetic Code: the code of RNA and DNA [Why tag this textA gene is an abstract unity of heresity by which a trait passes from parent to offspring. A genetic Code is a system that enables these 4 nucleotides to code for the amino acid sequences of all proteins.Codon-Anticodon pairing is less precise than just depicted, it tolerates some mismatches, espicially at the third base of the codon. And Anticodon means-three nucleotides located on one end of the transfer RNA. [Why tag this textgene - an information containing segment of dna that codes for production of a molecule of rna. genetic code is it allows the nucleotides to code for the aminp acid sequences. and anticodon is a series of 3 nucleotides complentary to a specific co of mrna[Why tag this textGene-unit of heredity the trait is passed from parent to offspringGenetic Coding-system that enables these 4 nucleoties to code for the amino acid sequences of all proteinsCodon-how genetic coding is expressed (Stop Codon, AUG codon, Start Codon)Anticondon-A series of three nucleotides complementary to a specific codon on mRNA[Why tag this textGene- information containing segment of DNA that codes for the production of a molecule of RNA and then it usually goes on to synthesize more proteins.Genetic Code- system that enables the 4 nucleotides to code for the amino acid sequence of all proteins.Codon- the genetic code is expressed in terms of codons; initial nucleotide in which translation starts.Anticodon- 3 nucleotides that respond to 3 bases of the codon.[Why tag this textThe role in RNA polymerase opens up DNA helix if about 17 base pairs at a time. It basically reads the different bases from different strands of the DNA and makes corresponding RNA. It adds the G on to the RNA from the C on the DNA and so forth.tRNA-the job is of a small RNA to bind free amino acids in the cytosol and to deliver them to the ribosomes so they can be added to the growing protein chain. (Always has the anticodon UAC and always carries the amino acid methionine.Ribosomes- Has three pockets that serve as binding sites for tRNA such as, accepts new amino acids, carries the growing protein and has an exit [Why tag this textRNA polymerase-reads the strands from DNA and makes a corresponding RNAribosomes-builds the proteins on the rough ER and nuclear envelopetRNA-binds free amino acids in cytosol and deliver it to the ribosomes[Why tag this textthey all have the function of producing protein in the cells to help support the body[Why tag this textRNA polymerase- enzyme that produces RNARibosomes- primary site of protein synthesistRNA- links nucleotides to the amino acid sequence of proteins[Why tag this textRNA: one strand of DNA as a template or model which guides the synthesis of a new strand of nucleic acidribosomes:cell organelles that consist of RNA and proteins. They are responsible for assembling the proteins of the cell.tRNA: small molecule in cells that carries amino acids to organelles[Human Genometranscription:is the first step of gene expression, in which a particular segment of DNA is copied into RNA by the enzyme RNA polymerasetranslation: can be determined solely from the nucleic acid sequence with the aid of a translation table[Human Genomegenetic transcription-copys the information from the DNAgenetic translation-converts the language of nucleotides into amino acids[Why tag this textTranscription is the process of copying genetic instructions from DNA to RNA. Transcription usually occurs in the nucleus, where the DNA is. Translation converts the language of nucleotides to the language of amino acids. Translation mainly occurs in the cytoplasm.[Why tag this textgenetic transcription makes a copy of the genetic information from the DNA to the RNa. Translation converts the genetic language into the language of amino acids[Why tag this texttranscription it is the process in which the message of protein synthesis is stored within the mRNA by the DNA of the cell. Translation it is the process in which the rRNA reads the message of protein synthesis stored in mRNA and makes the desired protein chain with the help of certain enzymes and energy[Why tag this textTranscription occurs in the nucleus, where as translation occurs in the cytoplasm[Why tag this textIntranscription the DNA will make a small mRNA copy that will migrate into the cytoplasm. Translation converts nucleotides into the language of amino acids.[Why tag this textDNA transcription is the copying of genetic instructions from DNA to RNA. DNA translation is the conversion of nucleotides to amino acids.[Why tag this textThe ribosome reaches a stop codon, it reaches a bind that has a release factor instead of the tRNA. This release factor then causes the finished proteins to break away from the ribosomes and they go into the cytosol. The ribosomes then ,goes into its subunits and starts the process over. The ER modifies proteins and packages them into transport vesicles. The Golgi secretes the protein [Why tag this textprotein from ribosome to finishRibosomes bind the mRNA to the appropriate place to start the protein synthesis. Translation then begins at the base of the codon (genetic code). Then the tRNA forms base pairs to go with the initial codons. The next phase is elongation and once that process is done then comes termination. The protein is then taken from the tRNA and the protein begins to fold itself. Then comes the final stage; protein modification. This process is just making sure the proteins haven't been changed though out the process.[Why tag this textThe endoplasmic reticulum is where protein sythesis occurs actively. The golgi complex packages the proteins within a cell before they are sent to their destination. [Why tag this textif a person is ill, for example[General-Do not useGenes can be turned on when a woman gives birth horomones stimulate glands and milk is produced in the breasts enabling the mother to breast feed.[Why tag this textan example of a gene that gets turned off is when a woman who just gave birth, and the stimulation of the cells controlling breast milk are turned on at about that time[Why tag this textA primary example of how a gene can be turned on or off at different times throughout a persons life would be the process of childbirth/breastfeeding. If a woman has just given birth for the first time, during the ensuing days, the hormore prolactin stimulates cells of her mammary glands to begin synthesizing the various components of breast milk. This includes the protein casein, something that her body has never synthesized before.[Why tag this texta gene can be turned off for an example after a women gives birth[Why tag this textThe example that comes to my mind that shows genes can be turned on or off is the creation of breast milk during pregnancy and afterwards. [Why tag this textGene regulation means cells express some of their genes but not others. It makes different cells function in different ways. Gene regulation is effected by external and internal stimuli; and can help us adapt to changes in the environment. [Why tag this textA gene can be turned on or off during lactation.[Why tag this textThey are produced by enzymatic reactions, and enzymes are proteins encoded by genes[Why tag this textThere may not be a gene or code for certain nonprotein elements, but a cell can take an enzyme and turn into a something else by engaging in enzymatic reactions.[Generaltestosterone for example, is originally cholesterol and converted into testosterone[Why tag this textThey are under genetic code because they are prodced by enzymatic reactions and enzymes are proteins encoded by genes.[Why tag this textKenyetta
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Protection. Epithelia protect deeper tissues from invasion and injury. The epidermis, for example, is a barrier to infection, and the inner lining of
Protection. Epithelia protect deeper tissues from invasion and injury. The epidermis, for example, is a barrier to infection, and the inner lining of the stomach protects its deeper tissues from stomach acid and enzymes.
Protection. Epithelia protect deeper tissues from invasion and injury. The epidermis, for example, is a barrier to infection, and the inner lining of the stomach protects its deeper tissues from stomach acid and enzymes.Secretion. Epithelia produce mucus, sweat, enzymes, hormones, and most of the body's other secretions; glands are composed largely of epithelial tissue.Excretion. Epithelia void wastes from the tissues, such as CO2 across the pulmonary epithelium and bile from the epithelium of the liver.Absorption. Epithelia absorb chemicals from the adjacent medium; nearly all nutrients, for example, are absorbed through the epithelium of the small intestine.Filtration. All substances leaving the blood are selectively filtered through the epithelium that lines the blood vessels; all urinary waste is filtered through epithelia of the kidneys.Sensation. Epithelia are provided with nerve endings that sense stimulation ranging from a touch on the skin to irritation of the stomach.
This is very important becuase Epithelial does many things to help protect our bodies. Epithelial covers the whole body surface, it produces mocus, sweat, enzymes, hormones, and most of the body's secretions which are very important. [Why tag this text]Function #2: secretion[Why tag this textProtection is so important because if our skin was not there nothing would be protected and we would get internal infections as well as germs. Germs would get in our system easier and would make us sick even faster than normal.[Why tag this textit is important to know the functions of epithelial tissue [Why tag this textit is important to know the functions of Epithelial tissue [Why tag this textThese are the functions of Epithelial Tissue.[Why tag this textThere are many tissues in our bodies, so therefore I belive that the function of each tissue is one of the most important things to remember, so we can differentate each type of tissue based on what their functions are. Although some functions might be the same for some tissues (that I am not sure of yet), it might lead to tissues overlapping or working together in some way. [Why tag this textThis chapter may be a struggle for me because I am better at conceptualizing a the body as a whole and muscles/bones, rather than the cells; however, detailed explanations such as these make it easier to learn and comprehend.[Why tag this texti tagged this text because its important to know the functions of epithelial tissue and thought it was interesting how much they actually do.[Why tag this textfirst function of epithelial tissue[Why tag this textprotects deeper tissues from invaters that may coughs harm to the tissue.[Why tag this textFunction #1 of epithelia[Why tag this textSo Epithelial stops infection right? What is the limitations of they're protective system.[Steven N BertschyIf the deeper tissues were to be invaded or injured, would the epithelial tissue be able to protect itself after the incident, or is that the job of something else in the body?[Why tag this textI believe that the epithelia is so imporatnt when it comes to protection. Keeping the body from infection is very imporatnt. [Why tag this textIf we didn't have epithelial tissues we wouldn't be able to survive! I think that the epidermis does wonderful things and is the most protective thing we have! [Comment I never knew how imporatant epitheila tissues were until now. They are important because they do alot to protect our bodies.[Why tag this textthe main roles of epethelial tissue is important to understand the functions of the tissue. having a better understanding will make processes more clear.[Why tag this textI will remember this by, F-Peass. I think it will help me remember what this tissue does. [Why tag this textthe role of the epithelial tissue is important to understand especially the specific functions and why its important to us. remembering this will help moving forward in the course.[Why tag this textEvery part of the the body has numerous functions. This is why the human body is so interesting- there is a never-ending list of capabilities for something so simple. [Why tag this textThese are all very important and connect the epithelial tissue with everything else. It does the same job to protect the inner body parts[Why tag this textThe defintions are important to know what the function of each part of epithilal tissue are, but the primary focus is to know what each of the functions are as words. The rest of the information can be studied; however it is needed to have the primary functions written down first to decipher it from other tissue layers and their functions.[Why tag this textI highlighted this because I am curious how a single cell for the skin is found all over in the insides of the hunman body.They have many variations in the different part of the body organs and have presented well evolution to keep the body healthy.[Why tag this textFunctions of Epithelial tissue: secretion, excretion, absorption, filtration, sensation[Why tag this textthe functions of the epithelial tissue[Why tag this textTells you the functions of epithelial tissue[Why tag this textThese are important terms to know when talking about Epithelia.[Why tag this textI tagged this because I think it's important to know the functionsof epithelial tissues. It was a good review to help me to remember what the functions where. [Why tag this textThese are the main functions of epithelial tissues and where these functions take place.[General-Do not usei think that this is important because it shows all of the different things that the epithelia does: protection, secretion, excretion, absorption, filtation., sensation[Why tag this textUnderstanding the basic functions of the epithelial tissue will help to understand the function of the tissues as a whole.[Why tag this textIt is important to understand the roles that each type of tissue plays in ones body. That goes for every type of tissue. The goal for the epithelium is to be able to reconize what part of the body is being seen.[Why tag this textI highlighted this because I am curious how a single cell for the skin is found all over in the insides of the hunman body. It must have many variations for it to survive in the different part of the body organs.[Why tag this textIt explains the main function of the epithelial tissue and the main characterisitics of what it does[Why tag this textEasy to remember, it's just the functions of skin[Why tag this textI found this part of the text interesting. I have heard of epithelia tissue before but I never really knew why this tissue is important and what functions it serves in the body. [Why tag this textThese are all the different functions for the Epithelia tissue.[Why tag this textit's important to understand the functions of the epithelial tissue which is what I highlighted. The functions include protection, secretion, excretion, absorption, filtration, and sensation. [Why tag this textThe six functions of Epithelial tissue [Why tag this textI like knowing these functions of the epithelia tissue because there are in my body and its nice to know exactly what this type of tissue is responsible for since not many know exactly how our body works on a complete baises[Why tag this textI am generally really bad with vocab but these words are pretty self explanatory so I feel that it will be easier to remember what these are. [Why tag this textThe functions of the epithelial tissues are important because it specifically describes 6 functions and what they are for. [Why tag this textthese are the functions of epithelial tissues and are very important[Why tag this textEpithelial tissue is such an important part of our body and how it functions. Especially our epidermis (skin), which is the largest organ in our body, is often taken for granted but it protects everything inside of us from harm.[Why tag this textThese are the six main functions or roles of epithelial tissue. Each job has a description.[Why tag this textImportant in that this is the epithelial tissue and it is one of the major categories of tissue that doesnt seem obvious to me, the final one that isnt clear to me yet being the connective tissue because it isnt obvious. Question to think about, what would happen if one of the functions of the epithelial tissue quit?[Why tag this textIt seems that the epithelial tissue has a lot of responsibility. Every task it has, has to do with keeping the body safe it seems. Protection, obviously, then secretion and exretion; getting rid of the bad, absorbing the nutrients, filtering, and sensation - warning the body by sense. [Why tag this textThis is very helpful to me, giving examples of what an epithelial does and not just naming the functions is very useful to me and I am sure others as well.[Why tag this textEpithelia have different type of jobs and each job provide different need to the tissues of the body and mainly focusing on many other organs.[Why tag this textIt is important to note the uses of the epithelia.[Why tag this textone tissue that controls all this for the body is amazing. Its good to know the specifics as well.[Why tag this textI find it cool that epithelial tissue serves so many functions for the body surface, cavaties, and even linings of organs. I guess I had assumed that they were simply sheets of cells that simply had nerves that we never even felt. I was very wrong though. I wonder though, how this tissue serves so many purposes that can barely be seen and how that is possible. [Why tag this textIt is really interesting to me how important the Epithelia is to the body;without it producing mucous or excreting waste like C02 or absorbing nutrients that are vital to us we would not be able to live. Without havingepithelium tissue, you really wouldn't be able to live at all- there would be no protection and that is really interesting to me.[Why tag this textthe meaning of Protection [Why tag this textEpithelia protects deep tissues, which is only one of the many functions it provides our bodies. Without protection from epithelia it would cause damage to health issues.[Why tag this textThe protection aspect of epithelial tissue is extremely important when it comes to damage to the cells. Epithelial tissue has an extremely high rate of mitosis (or cell division) because it is next to the nutrient rich connective tissue. The high rate of cell turnover allows the epithelial tissue to repair itself quickly, which is extremely important for containing gastric juices (acid).[Why tag this textnot only protect the top layer of your skin from infections and invasion but it also protects the inner parts of the body such as your stomach and other organs[Why tag this textI hightlighted this because I think that this is really important. Many people don't realize how important the epidermis is. The epidermis is what protects our organs and keep everything inside of us.[Why tag this textI tagged this beecause we often forget that our skin is one of the most important organs of our body. Our skin helps mold the structure of our body and it helps keep infections away. Without our skin, our inner organs will be exposed to infections or other deadly things which could harm the functioning ability of our organs. [Why tag this textWhen we do get infections, what is wrong with the epidermis? Did the epithelial tissue tear? [Why tag this textWhat happens to the Epidermis when an infection appears? [Why tag this textsince the Epithelial tissue protects the stomac from the enzyms and other acids, I wondered what would happen if something wrong occur to the Epithelial tissue ? would it cause peptic ulcer to the stomach ? or it has nothing to do with it ?[Why tag this textStephanie
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discuss the distinction between breasts and mammary glands, and explain
discuss the distinction between breasts and mammary glands, and explain their respective functions.
The skin has five types of glands: merocrine sweat glands, apocrine sweat glands, sebaceous glands, ceruminous glands, and mammary glands.
The skin has five types of glands: merocrine sweat glands, apocrine sweat glands, sebaceous glands, ceruminous glands, and mammary glands.Sweat GlandsSweat glands, or sudoriferous32 (soo-dor-IF-er-us) glands, are of two kinds, described in chapter 5: apocrine and merocrine. Apocrine sweat glands (fig. 6.11a) occur in the groin, anal region, axilla, and areola, and in mature males, in the beard area. They are absent from the axillary region of Koreans and sparse in the Japanese. Their ducts lead into nearby hair follicles rather than directly to the skin surface. Both apocrine and merocrine glands produce their secretion by exocytosis. The secretory part of an apocrine gland, however, has a much larger lumen than that of a merocrine gland, so these glands continue to be called apocrine glands to distinguish them functionally and histologically from the merocrine type. Apocrine sweat is thicker and more milky than merocrine sweat because it has more fatty acids in it.[image #2]
Some people have been expertly rated as being able to read microexpressions on peoples faces and body. Reading different body language interactions to be able to tell if someone is telling the truth or not. Within this subject are expert microexpression readers also into the physiological side of the microexpression, where and why they are sweating depending how the body is interacting with the lie/truth they are telling?[Why tag this]So dose skin creams affects the sebaceous glands in a negtaive way?[Why tag thisMammory glands are only present in woman and are [Why tag thisbreast are lined with mammory glands that become active once a woman is pregnant. Not found in men's breast[Why tag thisWhich gland do humans use the most? The Least?[Why tag thisI did not know that the human body has five types of glands. It was interesting learning about all of the different types of glands and where they are located. [Why tag thismerocrine sweat gland, apocrine sweat gland, sebaceious gland, ceruminous gland, and mammary glands[Why tag thisWhy do glands swell up?[Why tag thisI did not know our skin had 5 different types of glands. I also did not know that we had two different types of sweat glands.[GeneralAll of these glands are all very different and have different functions but can be linked together somehow. Like the mammory gland and apocrine gland are both not activated until after puberty.[Why tag thisI tagged this because I found it interesting how the skin has five types of glands and how they are all different in structure and function. [Why tag thisI found this information to be important because I didnt realize the body had two distinctive types of sweat glands. Apocrine and merocrine. Aprocrine sweat glands excrete in areas around the groin, anal region, axilla and arela. Both of these sweat glads produce their secretion through a process called exocytosis. [Why tag thisSkin has five types of glands:Merocrine sweat glands, apocrine sweat glands, sebacious glands, ceruminous glands and mammary glands.[Why tag thisWhy do we have to have five different types and not just one with multiple functions?[Why tag thisSweat glands [sudoriferous]: 2 kinds, apocrine and merocrine. Apocrine glands are in the groin, anal region, axilla and aereolar. Absent in the axillary region of koreans and sparse in japanese [why!?]. Both types use exocytosis. Apocrine are sweat glands that respond to stress and sexual stimulation. Merocrine glands are all over the body but there are lots in the palms, soles, and forehead. Primary function is to cool the body. [Why tag thisThere are two kinds of sweat glands - apocrine and merocrine. Apocrine sweat glands happen in the groin, anal region, axilla, and areola, and the beard area. [Why tag thismilk for babies[Why tag thisWould sweat glands be the main point of access for specific pathogens?[Why tag thisIs there a way to prevent sweat glands? I experience sweat glands on my forehead all the time.[why tag this textWhat happened to the Japanese people to change their cuts to let their sweat ducts into nearby hair follicles rathan to the skin surface?[Why tag thisReleasing sweat is a key function of our skin in that it releases waste from our bodies.[Why tag thisThis passage is intersting. From reading this passage I was able to learn about the two different type of sweat gland. Throughout my life, I have known that people sweat but never knew that there were two types of sweat.[Why tag thisAre sweat glands part of our senses too?[Why tag thisIf they're absent in Koreans and sparse in Japanese, what about other asians?[Why tag thisThere are two types of sear glands. Apocrine and merocrine. Apocrine is in thr groin area, anal area, axilla and areloa and then in older mature males it is also found in the beard area. [Why tag thisSweat glands are also known as sudoriferous glands and they come in two types. Apocrine and merocrine glands are disfferent because of the locations they are found and the consistency of the sweat they produce.Apocrine sweat is thicker because it contains more fatty acids.[Why tag thisthe two kinds of sweat glands on the human body[Why tag thistwo types of sweat glands ^^^ relating to first point on top. [Why tag thistwo kinds of sweat glands described in this chapter: apocrine and merocrine[Why tag thiswhy is it that one sweat gland will produce more odor than others?[Why tag thisWhy does the apocrine sweat gland only occur in mature male beards?[Why tag thisThis is an interesting fact i wonder why?[Why tag thisThat's really interesting....any reason why?[Why tag thisIs there a specific reason for this? [Why tag thisWhat differences in the body make Koreans and Japanese have no or little hair as opposed to other ethnic groups?[Why tag thisDoes this mean that Koreans and certain Japanese people don't produce sweat at all or does it mean that they don't produce only that kind of sweat?[Why tag thisWhy is this?[Why tag thisWhat kind of environmental pressures would have caused people of this decent to evolve without these glands?[Why tag thisDo we have theories as to why?[Why tag thisDoes this mean that Korean and Japanese people don't release the sweat that makes the pits smell?[Why tag thisWhy is it these 2 specific Asian cultures? Why is it not a larger population?[Why tag thisis there any other reason as to why this is true besides their ducts lead into nearby hair follicles?[Why tag thisThis is interesting because hyperhidrosis (excessive sweating which can be located in the axillary region) is more common in the Asian population. Being of mixed Korean descent, I have found that lacking apocrine sweat glands in the axillary region is not universal over all Korean people. [Why tag thisWhy are apocrine sweat glands absent in the axillary region of Koreans? [Why tag thisI tagged this because I find it interesting the differences of the human body that can occur in cultures. I would like to learn more about this and why it happens[Why tag thiswhy arent they present in koreans or japanese people? Whaat is the explanation behind this?[Why tag thisWhy do they not have them?[Why tag thisWhy would they have evolved to lack these glands? [Why tag thisThat is crazy, I had no idea the cells could differentiate that much to be absent across an entire culture, how cool![Why tag thisWhy would aprocrine sweat glands be absent from the Koreans and Japanese. That is very strange to me that this only happens to two types of people. How can this happen? [Why tag thisI am curious to know what the reasoning is for this modification? Is it due to a cultural adaptation because of a different diet? [Why tag thisis there a specific reason that this is differet for Koreans?[Why tag thisDoes this have any significance? What dies this even mean?[Why tag thisI had no idea that Koreans and and some Japanese do not have apocrine sweat glands in their axillary region. I wonder what influences it has when performing activities. Whether sweat is easier to be released through the ducts of hair follicles or apocrine glands.[Why tag thisHow come?[Why tag thisWhy do Koreans and Japanese not have sweat glands in the axillary regions?[Why tag thisThis is why you sweat in places you have more hair because the sweat glands go out through hair follicles rather than the skin. [Why tag thisI always thought that all sweat glands came from deep within the skin. I never know that there were different kinds of sweat and it could come from a hair follicle.[Why tag thisIntersting information on the two different types of sweat glands. Apocrine sweat is thick sweat, merocrine sweat is the thinner sweat.[Why tag thisif you have a perspiration problem? what are the steps to use and what area of the glands would you target?[Why tag thisEven though it's not explained here, the word structure can give an idea of what exocytosis is. 'Cyt' tells you it has something to do with the cell and 'exo' means outside of. The process of using secretory vesicles to push material outside of the cell is the full definition of exocytosis.[Why tag thisGood to help tell the difference[General_Do Not UseHow does this larger lumen affect function?[Why tag thislujain
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The functions of connective tissue include the following:
The functions of connective tissue include the following: Binding of organs. Tendons bind muscle to bone, ligaments bind one bone to another, fat holds the kidneys and eyes in place, and fibrous tissue binds the skin to underlying muscle. Support. Bones support the body; cartilage supports the ears, nose, trachea, and bronchi; fibrous tissues form the structural framework of organs such as the liver and spleen. Physical protection. The cranium, ribs, and sternum protect delicate organs such as the brain, lungs, and heart; fatty cushions around the kidneys and eyes protect these organs. Immune protection. Connective tissue cells attack foreign invaders, and connective tissue fiber forms a ?battlefield? under the skin and mucous membranes where immune cells can be quickly mobilized against disease agents. Movement. Bones provide the lever system for body movement, cartilages are involved in movement of the vocal cords, and cartilages on bone surfaces ease joint movements. Storage. Fat is the body's major energy reserve; bone is a reservoir of calcium and phosphorus that can be drawn upon when needed. Heat production. Metabolism of brown fat generates heat in infants and children. Transport. Blood transports gases, nutrients, wastes, hormones, and blood cells.
The functions of connective tissue include the following: Binding of organs. Tendons bind muscle to bone, ligaments bind one bone to another, fat holds the kidneys and eyes in place, and fibrous tissue binds the skin to underlying muscle. Support. Bones support the body; cartilage supports the ears, nose, trachea, and bronchi; fibrous tissues form the structural framework of organs such as the liver and spleen. Physical protection. The cranium, ribs, and sternum protect delicate organs such as the brain, lungs, and heart; fatty cushions around the kidneys and eyes protect these organs. Immune protection. Connective tissue cells attack foreign invaders, and connective tissue fiber forms a ?battlefield? under the skin and mucous membranes where immune cells can be quickly mobilized against disease agents. Movement. Bones provide the lever system for body movement, cartilages are involved in movement of the vocal cords, and cartilages on bone surfaces ease joint movements. Storage. Fat is the body's major energy reserve; bone is a reservoir of calcium and phosphorus that can be drawn upon when needed. Heat production. Metabolism of brown fat generates heat in infants and children. Transport. Blood transports gases, nutrients, wastes, hormones, and blood cells.The mesenchyme described earlier in this chapter is a form of embryonic connective tissue. The connective tissues present after birth fall into four broad categories: fibrous connective tissue, adipose tissue, supportive connective tissues (cartilage and bone), and one fluid connective tissue (blood).
Why do tendons not have blood vessels in them?[Why tag this text]now i can see how it is the most important tissue[Why tag this textI did not know each funtcion a connective tissue can do, this is so interesting![Why tag this textIt's pretty amazing how much Connective tissue does. With it's support system and how it binds organs to tendons on the muscle to the bone. And the way it protects your ribs and the heart. It does a lot for are bodies[Steven N Bertschyit's interesting to know that the connective tissues have a lot of functions.[Why tag this textI tagged this because it's important to know the connective tissues but also their functions. I learned that connective tissue functions as immune protection, and transport. [Why tag this textI tagged this because it gives all the different fucntions of connective tissues.[Why tag this textFunctions of connective tissue: binding of organs, support, physical protection, immune protection, movement, storage, heat production, transport[Why tag this textall of these function make me think of barriers or blokage of some sort[Why tag this textImportant to know the functions of the different types of connective tissues[Why tag this textThis, including the following text that explains the different types of tissue bindings, is important to understand and part of one of the goals stated at the beginning of 5.3. Understanding the functions of connective tissue is comprehensive for understanding the rest of the body and how different systems work together, even though they function seperately. [Why tag this textThe functions of connective tissues are important to know because that is how you classify each type of tissue is by it's function. I think it's interesting how many functions connective tissues have, if it wasn't for them the human body would not function. I think a lot of people take connective tissues for granted and think that they are not that important but really without our tendons/bones/cartilage we can't survive. [Why tag this textfunction of connective tissue [Why tag this textconnective tissues have many functions. there functions are:binding of organs, support, physical protection, immune protection, movement, storage, heat production and transport.[Why tag this textAfter reading these functions I feel as though connective tissue is a very importnant typ of tissue within our bodies. It holds stuff together, protects fragile organs, generates heat, transports things, ect. All very important stuff![Why tag this textfunctions are always important to know[Why tag this textI think that learning about connective tissue is very important. There are many different functions that connective tissue has which is important for the function of our body.[Why tag this textconnective tissue varies so much in types and functions. It kind of suprises me that they are still all considered to be under the category of connective tissue in spite of the variety.[Why tag this textThis is how connective tissue work and protect our body structure such as the bone and our blood systems.[Why tag this textTissues in our body are important in all that we do and understanding their functions at a small level will help us in understanding the tissues as a whole, ultimately leading to an understanding of more organs.[Why tag this textImportant to know the functions of connective tissue[Why tag this textThe functions and types of connective tissue vary greatly. Anywhere from blood to bones. This is a very broad tissue; you would think that [Why tag this textI find this important because it is helpful to know the functions of tissue or cells, in this case it is the functions of connective tissue. It is important to know the functions because then you can see how the tissue or the cells works and by knowing how it works you are then able to see what it does through out your whole body. [Why tag this textThey are the most abundant so they have so many functions![Why tag this textI feel it is important to understand connective tissue as it plays a very vital role in holding everything together, also was surprised to see that it plays a role in storage.[Why tag this textThis is important because not a lot of people are educated about what supports the human body and protects the human body, including myself. Many people take for granted about what connective tissues does to the human body. [Why tag this textThis is very interesting to me because its bringing a better and more complete understanding of my body. This is kind of like the micrscope and the slice of tissues that you have to bring it to a 3d model in your own mind. This one part of connective tissue is the 2d model and i have to take this knowledge and put it into a 3d model in understanding my body. [Why tag this textThis made me realize how important histology really is. It's the basis of support, physical protection, immunte protection, and bindiing of organs. Tissue is an essential part of the physical being and ultimately is very important to know and understand. [Why tag this textThese are extremely important functions of connective tissues in the body.[Why tag this textFunctions of connective tissue [Why tag this textFunctions of connective tissue: binding of organs, support, physical protection, immune protection, movement, storage, heat production, and transportation[Why tag this textI highlighted the functions of connective tissue because it never occurred to me how much connective tissue is used throughout the body and the different functions that require it. The uses of it vary widely and somewhat have nothing to do with each other. I find this interesting because other tissues seem to have more common functions.[Why tag this textI annotated this setion because it is very important to know the function of connective tissues. [Why tag this textI tagged this part of the text because knowing and understanding the function of this type of tissue can make it easier to learn and recognize where this type of tissue may be found and what parts of the body it impacts.[Why tag this textI never realized how much connective tissue actually does on our body. I thought that it just had a very small role and wasn't as important as it actually is.[Why tag this textThese are the main functions that connective tissue brings to the body and where they are providing these functions.[Why tag this textAll the different descriptions of what the functions of the connective tissue are. Important for understanding why we need the tissue and goes with my kineiseology.[Why tag this textThe functions of any primary tissue are important to provide a basic outline of functions that can be later explored in the section. [Why tag this textI found it very interesting learning about all the different functions of connective tissues.[Why tag this textThis helps clarify for me what exactly the connective tissues are. It gives me more of a visual of what these tisssues are and where they are located and what they do.[Why tag this textNew concept to learn that connective tissue has so many vast functions. I only ever thought of it as having a binding role.[Why tag this textall functions of connective tissues[Why tag this textOur bodies are so well crafted to support every part and organ. Im wondering if these functions differ between species depending on the body structure and type/size of organs a species has? and if they do vary how so? How is cell structure differnt in differnt species?[Why tag this textConnective tissues serve as glue, in essence. They bind muscle/ligaments to bones, skin to muscle, etc. They also make up cartilage [support], physical protection, immune protection, movement [bones move/joints], storage, heat production and transport[Why tag this textLigaments are then made of connective tissue? What exactly happens then when the ligamnets tear? [Why tag this textIt is amazing how our body is put together in order to function the way we do. Walk, run, sit, balance, etc... [Why tag this textthis is interesting to me because i like learning how the muscles move and how they connect to bones and such[Why tag this textbinding organs- connective tissue helps to bind parts of the body to others[Why tag this textI highlighted this because I thought about how important connective tissues is for our bodies. Without tendons that bind muscle to bone we would have no movement. When I was at a cadaver lab, I was able to pull on the tendons and see how it helps us move.[Why tag this textI tageed this because I found it interesting and it shows how everything connects and links together. I did not know that most connective tissue bind organs to each other. [Why tag this textThis text is important to me because i just got a high ankle sprain on monday when i was running and the trainers told me the part i injured was where the boned in the shin connect to eachother[Why tag this textConnective tissue literally holds the body together! This made me think of when I tore a ligament and my bones disconnected. My connective tissue was torn![Why tag this textThe functions of connective tissues are important because it givens a brief description and as I read, I understood completely what was being explained.[Why tag this textthese are the main functions of connective tissues[Why tag this textIt explains and defines all of the functions of connective tissue[Why tag this textAll different connective tissues and the functions of each one[Why tag this textOhhhh ok, I get it now i think, very imteresting![Why tag this textI find this segment to be very interesting because I am an athlete. I was running with my friend one time and all of a sudden she was in excruciating pain. This was due to the fact that she tore a tendon. The only way that this was going to heal was if she had surgery. Like the document says when a tendon tears the muscle becomes disconnected from the bone. A tendon is usually torn when there is a repititive motion occuring. For example, repititive ankle motions can lead to a tear in the tendon. [Why tag this textSeveral of my friends have had torn ACL's or MCL's from football and basketball in high school. Connective tissues are those associated with these injuries.[Why tag this textI always remember that ligaments connect bone to bone because our A&P skeleton in the biology lab in high school was named, [Why tag this textthe support from the connective tissue helps give support to the body[Why tag this textThe fatty cushion described for kidneys also works as support to hold the kidneys in place. (Being retro-peretanial) A friend of a friend of mine is a marathon running. He was having pain and slight prutusion from his abdomen while running. After extensive testing, they concluded that he was so lean, that his [Why tag this textIt seems strange to me that bones are considered connective tissue. I think that will be hard for me to remember because [Why tag this text The spin also is padded with disks made of cartilage to support our back, and enable us to sit/stand upright. [Why tag this textLauren Anthe
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Expected Learning Outcomes
like placing a small square of tissue paper or a tuft of lint on a sheet of glass.
Before You Go OnAnswer the following questions to test your understanding of the preceding section: Classify each of the following into one of the four primary tissue classes: the skin surface, fat, the spinal cord, most heart tissue, bone, tendons, blood, and the inner lining of the stomach. What are tissues composed of in addition to cells? What embryonic germ layer gives rise to nervous tissue? To the liver? To muscle? What is the term for a thin, stained slice of tissue mounted on a microscope slide?
I find it interesting that we are learning about tissues before we learn about cells and molecules and the smaller components that go into making tissues. However, I like learning about tissues so I'm a.o.k. with it! [Why tag this text]
I agree. I used to starting small with the cells and stuff, but now we are going straight into it. It may be because of the fact that this is anatomy and not chemistry.[Why tag this textTo answer the question at the bottom of the page. The egg in the picture is sliced in the longitudinal section.Tissues are composed of cells.[EggIt is amazing how there are many different types of tissue that makes up the human body. This will be the first time I have ever heard of the epithelial tissue. The only ones that remember learning would be the connective, nervous and the muscular tissue. Even the embryonic tissue is new to me. [tissuesI think it is super important that the section competencies are reviewed prior to each section. I know for me it helps keep my mind focused on the important concepts so I don't get bogged down with the [Why tag this textReally weird comparison...[Why tag this text1. Skin surface and fat is epithelial, spinal cord nervous tissue,bone and tendon and blood connective tissue,and the inner lining epithelial.2. Matrix3. The ectoderm deals with the nervous system. The mesoderm deals with the liver. And mesenchyme deals with the muscle.4. Histological sections[Why tag this textSkin Surface: EpitheliaFat: MusclarSpinal Cord: NervousMost heart tissue: MusclarBone: ConnectiveTendons: ConnectiveBlood: NervousInner linning of stomach: Epithelia[Why tag this textEpithelial- skin surface, fat, inner stomach liningConnective-spinal cord, boneNervous-blood, heart tissueMuscular-tendons[AnswerInner stomach lining and the skin surface are both epithelial tissure. Bone, tendons, blood, and fat are all connective tissue. The spinal cord is nervous tissue. Most heart tissue is muscular tissue.[Why tag this textThe skin surface-epithelialFat-epithelialThe Spinal Cord-nervousHeart Tissue-muscularBone-connectiveTendons-connectiveBlood- nervousInner lining of Stomach- Epithelial[Why tag this textskin surface- epithelialfat-epithelialspinal cord-nervousmost heart tissue-muscularbone-connectivetendons-connectiveblood-nervousinner lining of stomach-epithelial[Why tag this textEpithelial Tissue: skin surface, fat, & inner lining of the stomach.Nervous Tissue: spinal cord & bloodConnective Tissue: tendons & bonesMuscular Tissue: heart tissue[Why tag this textEpithelial: skin, stomach liningConnective Tissue: tendons, fat, bonesNervous: spinal cord, bloodMuscular: heart tissue[Why tag this textSkin Surface: EpithelialFat: ConnectiveSpinal Cord: NervousMost Heart Tissue: MuscularBone: EpithelialTendons: ConnectiveBlood: ConnectiveInner Living of the Stomach: Epithelial[Why tag this textepithelial:Skin Surface, fat, inner lining of stomach.connective:bone, spinal cord, tendonsnervous:bloodmuscular: Heart tissue, [Why tag this textEpitheal:The skin surface, inner lining of the stomachConnective: Blood, Fat, Bone, tendonsNervous:Spinal cord, Muscular:Most heart tissue, [Why tag this textSkin surface: Epithelial Fat: Im not sure but I think it's Epithelial Spinal Cord: NervousMost heart tissue: MuscularBone: ConnectiveTendons:ConnectiveBlood:ConnectiveInner lining of stomach: Epithelial[Why tag this textThe epithelial tissues includes the skin surface, fat, and the inner lining of the stomach. The nervous tissue includes the spinal cord and blood. The connective tissue includes tendons and bone.The muscular tissue includes the heart tissue.[Why tag this textCorrection: Blood is connective not nervous.[AnswerWith regards to which tissue class fat belongs to, I'm not sure I know. I don't think it's nervous, connective or muscular. From looking around at pictures of fat cells, it looks to me like it would be epithelial because the cells appear to be so close together. [Why tag this textFirst of all, fat is considered a loose connective tissue if i had to categorize it between the four, but as I learned in biology a fat tissue is titles adipose tissue. Then the bones and tendons are the connective tissues, the spinal cord and blood is considered nervous tissue, the heart tissue is the only muscular tissue in the list given. Leaving skin surface and the inner lining of the stomach as epithelial tissue. [Why tag this textEPITHELIAL: skin surface and inner lining NERVOUS: spinal cord and bloodCONNECTIVE: bone and tendonsMUSCULAR: heart tissue and fat[AnswerThe listed tissues are classified under the following: Skin Surface, Fat, Inner Lining of Stomach -Epithelial, Tendons, Blood, Bone - Connective, Spinal Cord - Nervous, Heart Tissue - Muscular[Tissue Classesskin surface and inner lining is EPITHELIALspinal cord and blood is NERVOUSbone and tendons is CONNECTIVEheart tissue and fat are MUSCULAR[Why tag this textMuscular. [Why tag this textThey are composed of matrix's in addition to cells. Which include the fibers inside the matrix's.[Answertissues are also composed of matrix's. matrix's are composed of fibers and ground substances[Why tag this textMatrix's[Why tag this textTissues are composed of groups of cells that have similiar functions in the body.[Why tag this textIn addition to cells, tissues are composed of a matrix.[Why tag this textIn addition to cells tissues are composed of extracellular matrix.[Why tag this textthe matrix which contains: ground substance and fluids (tissue, extracellular or interstitial)[Why tag this textTissues are composed of cells and matrix[Why tag this textA tissue is composed if cells and matrix, and the matrix is composed of fibers and ground sunstances.[Why tag this textIn addition to cells, tissues are made up of the matrix which consists of ground substance, tissue fluid and extracellular fluid[Why tag this textMatrix!![answerTissue's are also composed of ground substances such as fibers also know as matrices. [Why tag this textthe ectoderm gives rise to nervous tissues, the endoderm gives rise to the liver, and the mesoderm gives rise to muscle[Why tag this textEctoderm (outerlayer) gives rise to nervous. The mesenchyme (created by mesoderm) gives rise to muscle. I am not sure about the liver but in the text it says endoderm gives rise to digestive tracts, if the liver is involved in the breakdown of fluids like alcohol than id say it is a digestive tract, and endoderm is the germ layer that gives rise to the liver.[answerthe outter most germ layer, the ectoderm, gives rise to the nervous tissue as well as the epidermis. The middle germ layer, the mesoderm, gives rise to muscle, bone, and blood. The inner most layer is called the endoderm. This layer gives rise to the liver, digestive glands, and respiratory tracts.[Why tag this textI'm not quite sure what this question is asking. Gives rise?[Why tag this textNervous tissue: EctodermLiver: EndodermMuscle: Mesoderm[Why tag this textnervous tissue-ectoderm liver-endodermmuscle-mesoderm[Why tag this textEctoderm is the outer layer that gives rise to the nervous tissue. Endoderm is the inner most layer that gives rise to the liver. Mesoderm which is the layer in between giver rise to the muscle.[Why tag this textI find it interesting that throug these three layers the entire body is developed.The ectoderm gives rise to the nervouse system. The endoderm gives rise to the liver, and the mesoderm gives rise to muscle.[Why tag this text The ectoderm is the layer that gives rise to the nervous tissue, the mesoderm layer gives rise to muscles, and the endoderm layer gives rise to the liver.[Why tag this textNervous tissue: ectodermLiver:endodermMuscle: mesoderm[Why tag this textThe Ectoderm: This gives rise to the nervous tissue.The Mesoderm: This gives rise to muscle.The Endoderm: This gives rise to the digestive syste, which includes the liver.[AnswerThe ectoderm gives rise to the nervous tissue/system.The mesoderm gives rise to muscles.The endoderm gives rise to the digestive tract which includes the liver.[Why tag this textThe ectoderm is the outer most layer that gives rise to the epidermis and nervous system. The mesoderm is the middle layer that gives rise to the more loosely organized cells. Then the inner most layer which gives rise to the mucous membranes of the digestive and respiratory tracts. [Why tag this textectoderm=nervousmesoderm=muscleendoderm=liver[Why tag this textsectioning[Why tag this textA thin, stained slice of tissue mounted on a microscope slide is called a smear.[Why tag this texthistological sections[Why tag this textHistological Sectioning[Why tag this textSectioning a tissue[Why tag this textA tuft of lint? Ahha, I am quite unsure.[Why tag this textTissue is composed of cells and matrix. Matrix is composed of fibers and ground substances.[Why tag this textThe term is named [AnswerA spread[Why tag this textThey are called histtological sections.[Why tag this textHistological Sectioning is the term for a slice of tissue being observed on a microscope.[Why tag this textLor Shoua
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deeper understanding of the body depends on dissection (dis-SEC-shun)-the careful cutting and separation of tissues to reveal their relationships.
eeper understanding of the body depends on dissection (dis-SEC-shun)?the careful cutting and separation of tissues to reveal their relationships.
understanding of the body depends on dissection (dis-SEC-shun)?the careful cutting and separation of tissues to reveal their relationships. The very words anatomy3 and dissection4 both mean ?cutting apart?; until the nineteenth century, dissection was called ?anatomizing.? In many schools of health science, one of the first steps in the training of students is dissection of the cadaver,5 a dead human body
In many schools of health science, one of the first steps in the training of students is dissection of the cadaver,5 a dead human body (fig. 1.1). Many insights into human structure are obtained from comparative anatomy?the study of more than one species in order to examine structural similarities and differences and analyze evolutionary trends. Anatomy students often begin by dissecting other animals with which we share a common ancestry and many structural similarities. Many of the reasons for human structure become apparent only when we look at the structure of other animals.
Many insights into human structure are obtained from comparative anatomy-the study of more than one species in order to examine structural similarities and differences and analyze evolutionary trends.
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this is another way to study human anatomy. In this case by making dissection, it is considered to be a deeper understanding. why? dissection helps to analyse and study the inner parts of the body. Such as organs.[Why I tagged this]This is new to me about dissection the body and it's important to know.[Why I tagged thisFurther examination of the body is important, since anatomy is studied not only externally but internally.[Why I tagged thisI have tagged this section of the reading because I can actually relate to dissecting a dead human being. I went on a field trip in high school and we got to cut open a cadaver. There was two individuals that we could look at and engage in. One male and one female. It was the best experience of my life. It was creepy at first, but super interesting after actual dissection. It taught me a lot about the human body in general after hands on experience.[Why I tagged thisCutting apart to view the insides[Why I tagged thisMost informative way to discover the body but also invasive. Provides info on how the internal parts of the body work as well as how they function together. [Why I tagged thisThis is an important definition that should be memorized[Why I tagged thisanother form of inspecting the body[Why I tagged thisdef.[Why I tagged thisHelps us answer questions as to maybe why someone died. [Why I tagged thisdissection is a big part of anatomy. This is where you cut and seperate of tissues which help people see how everything functions together. Anatomy and dissection both have the same meaning which means to cut apart something.[Why I tagged thisDissection - a way to examine the body physically - cuts into the body and examines the inside of the body, rather than the outside.[Why I tagged thisTissues works in great conjunction with extremely fabricated networks.[Why I tagged thisI tagged this because I found it very interesting learning that both anatomy and dissection mean the same thing. I always knew that anatomy meant the study of the body's structure but, did not know it also meant [Why I tagged thisI didn't know anatomy also meant cutting apart.[Why I tagged thisThis is the meaning of the word anatomy.[Why I tagged thisI tagged this because not only did I find it interesting that the words anatomy and dissection both mean cutting apart but also because sometimes being aware of different words meaning the same thing can be helpful in learning and understanding things better.[Why I tagged thisthe chapter seems to focus heavily on analyzing medical terminology. knowing the root of words will help in the future[Why I tagged thisConnects the word anatomy to something that will make it easier to remember the meaning by. [Why I tagged thisBrief history in a definition.[Why I tagged thisIt is important to see where the word anatomy and dissection gather their origins from. [Why I tagged thisThis statement was very interesting to me because I never anatomy and disection mean cutting apart. In High school I disected a cat and it is just iteresting how they fit so well together. I learned so much about anatomy by disection so it makes a lot more sense now. [Why I tagged thisI remember learning this little part in highschool[Why I tagged thisWhere are there schools that do studies on actual human bodies? How do they get access to them? What kind of studies?[Why I tagged thisThe importance of dissection and how the dissection of other animals can benefit understanding of human structures[Why I tagged thisDissection gives us the opportunity to give us firsthand experience of seeing what we have learned all along in the books. I remember when I dissected a cat in high school, it made everything that I learned more real and even better for us visual learners. Being able to dissect helps us figure out causes and preventions of diseases and death. I wish we got the opportunity to look at a human. Looking at species helps us understand the form and function of the human body. We can test different experiences of species before trying them on humans. [Why I tagged thisI am so interested in the human body and can not wait to do this! i was so entrigued by the cat and learned so much from it. Actucally disecting a human body will be the best part of anatomy and we will get to learn every bone of the body and see how everything works. [Why I tagged thisObviously important to learning about the body (since it's one of the first steps in becoming a health science student.[Why I tagged thisimportant to dissection in health sciences for student. A great way to observe the body of a human outside the books but not to a point of injuring a living person.[Why I tagged thisDefinition of comparitive anatomy. It's a way in which we can look at the anatomy of different species in order to see how species have evolved over time. [Why I tagged thisConfused on if this is where they came up with like most diseases...[General_Do Not UseComparative anatomy[Why I tagged thisExplains a different way of studying that allowed generations before us to study and uncover new discoveries, relations, and overlapment in different body types and species. [Why I tagged thisThis tells me that the reason we dissect animals is because they often have similar qualities to those of humans. That allows us to see the things that go on inside our bodies.[Why I tagged thisI never thought dissection can also serve as the source of evolutionary trends. I thought that evolution characteriscts were only different in the outside, not in the inside.[Why I tagged thisin order to understand anatomy you need to dissect multiple examples see what things are similar and what things are different within species.[Why I tagged thisI didn't realize that it was so common for anatomists to dissect other species to find out the similarities between that particular species and human beings. It would be interesting to see the predictions made about the evolutionary trends. [Why I tagged thisAs humans we tend to think we are a extremely different bread of species, when in fact we find out through comparative anatomy that we are very similiar to many other organizsms. [Andrea OsgoodThis section does not really take this into account, but I feel as though the ethical benefits of using non-human organisms are many. Firstly, animal subjects are more accessible and plentiful. Much of the medical research that is conducted on animals would not be considered ethical to conduct on human beings. Also, by doing things such as conducting research for new drugs on animals, health care researchers are able to lessen the chance of unforeseen side effects or hazards occurring when they are finally introduced into human subjects.[Why I tagged thisI find it extremely interesting how differnt species of animals are related and how they evolve over time. Its crazy how one species in one climate/ biome can be related to a species in a comletely differnt one and yet they both have such similar qualities and functions. The reason I highlighted this however is because I am curious how two differnt species of animals that are part of the same ancestry can be in two differnt areas of the world that have almost the same climate and habitat and have be differnt structurally? Does this happen? Also what else effects how a species evolved over time besides the climate and its predators? [Why I tagged thisBy dissecting animals students gain a better understanding of the human anatomy as well as physiology.[Why I tagged thisgives more depth to the study of anatomy and the human body [Why I tagged thisGives a good explanation of the definition of comparative anatomy[Why I tagged thisComparative Anatomy: Vocab Word. To look at two different animals and determine the evolution in their anotomical structures.[Why I tagged thisGives insight into human structure by examining similar species.[Why I tagged thisIf we want to try and find a cure to something in humans, we could start by doing it with animals that are more similar to humans.[Why I tagged thisImportant branch of anatomy because it differs with using animals to analyze trends in evolution.[Why I tagged thisI can relate this to from when we dissected cats in high school human anatomy and compared the cat's anatomy to other animals and humans. It is interesting that other animals are so different than humans when it comes to the means of how we live and yet we can have so many similarities in anatomies. [Why I tagged thisHelpful because it allows reasearchers to apply knowledge already obtained about the human body to info about the structure and anatomy of other species and compare and contrast their different features as well as find out the functions of different organs that may have previously been unknown. [Why I tagged thisComparitive Anatomy - compares differences between humans and other species. Helps us in knowing the similarities and differences we share. Also, helps us understand why perhaps the human body functions a different way than other species.[Why I tagged thisI always wonder how teachers decided to come up with the best way to teach students is to look at the anatomy of an animal. I find it incredible how many years ago they were able to distinguish the similarities between an animal and a human. [Why I tagged thisBy dissecting other animals we can begin to piece together the evidence for mammalian evolution and we can determine both where humans originated from and how, through the process of evolution, physiological structures have advanced. [Why I tagged thisI find it interesting how although we are viewed as very different that animals, specific parts of our anatomy are very similar to those of an animal.[Why I tagged thisThis is interesting because of the relatability despite being of different genus and species. It is incredible that we can come to such realizations and a bit liberating - differing organisms can be very similar in many different ways than one would expect. [Why I tagged thisI tagged this because it shows that we as humans have a lot in common with animals. Its interesting to think our bodies are similar to an animal. It relates to our history as humans. [Why I tagged thisYou have to analyze animals first because it allows you to have a greater understanding of the human structure. [Anatomy and PhysiologyExplains how anatomy studies on structure and physiology studies on function. Physiology is possible because of anatomy. The biggest way that human anatomy is studied is by dissecting animals due to the common ancestry. Also, the subdiscipines of physiology is neurophysiology, endocrinology, and pathophysiology.[Why I tagged thisDissecting other animals helps us lead to find similarities between humans and animals. However, people need to be careful because Humans and Animals are somewhat different and may cause confusion when looking at parts. [dissecting animalsWe will dissect pigs next semester![Why I tagged thisI found this piece of information interesting because I had known previous anatomy students had dissected pigs in their labs: what I did not understand was why. From reading the techniques on how to examine the human body, I had learned that pigs are anatomically very similar structural wise to that of humans. Comparative anatomy can visually show students similarities and differences between us and other species, all the while giving us a better understanding of the human body.[Why I tagged thisIt was interesting that we had to turn to animals when the dissection of a cadaver was illegal due to the power of the church. In what ways is our anatomy similar to that of a animals?[Why I tagged thisThis information is very intestering and I feel that it is also very important to know that a lot of reasons why people understand the human structure and body is because they are able to look at similarities and structures of animals. [Why I tagged thisWe are a like in many ways with certain animals; for a certain time, testing was necessary. [Why I tagged thisExplains one of the ways to study the structures of the body. I like the detail it gives to explain each action of examination. Examining by listening interests me![Why I tagged thisSue Xiong
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Some Facial Muscles of the Cadaver.Boldface labels indicate muscles employed in facial expression
Muscles of Facial Expression
Humans have much more expressive faces than other mammals because of a complex array of muscles that insert in the dermis and subcutaneous tissues (figs. 10.6 and 10.7). These muscles tense the skin and produce such expressions as a pleasant smile, a threatening scowl, a puzzled frown, or a flirtatious wink. They add subtle shades of meaning to our spoken words. Facial muscles also contribute directly to speech, chewing, and other oral functions. All but one of these muscles are innervated by the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII). This nerve is especially vulnerable to injury from lacerations and skull fractures, which can paralyze the muscles and cause parts of the face to sag. The only muscle in this table not innervated by the facial nerve is the levator palpebrae superioris, innervated by the oculomotor nerve (CN III).
this image was hopeful because how they used a human instead of an animated picture.[Why Tag This]This picture is important because it shows where the facial muscles are . Also it provides an easier way to tell where each muscle is on the face and how the muscles on your face looks like. [Why Tag Thisworking in the dental office, we have to block the parotid salivary gland with special instruments that literally soak up and bloack salivation while were working in their mouth.[Why Tag Thisthis image is kind of gross but it shows the different sections of the face very well[Why Tag Thisfacial expressions, chewing and swallowing, move head as a whole.[Why Tag ThisPictures of an actual person is extremely helpful in identifying the muscles and knowing exactly what they look like.[Why Tag ThisAhhh! Something that I hate studying about the human anatomy. We have to see these images that really exploits how we actually look like under all these skin. It terrifies me. Sometimes I even have nightmares about cadavers. [Why Tag ThisIsnt it true that smiling uses more muscles then frowning?[Why Tag ThisIs it true that it takes more muscles to frown than it does to smile?[Why Tag Thisdose chewing gum affects the mouth muscle [Why Tag ThisThis is interesting because it seems that, due to human's use of language, they would have less of a need for such expressive faces. It seems that other mammals communicate in many more non-verbal ways than humans do. How has evolution influenced Homo sapiens' development of such expressive faces but not done so in other mammals?[Why Tag ThisThe only diference that gives us facial fetures is tissue? [Why Tag ThisAnimals in general? What about monkeys, do have the same amount of muscles we do or close?[Why Tag ThisIs there any reason why humans have more facial muscles than other mammals? Are facial expressions the only purpose they have?[Why Tag ThisFor people who have bigger smiles and expressions, do they have stronger facial muscles?[Why Tag ThisIt is incredible how such a small area of our bodies can have so many different muscles with so many different functions that are somehow able to reflect how we feel emotionally (and so on), allowing us to express ourselves and make us unique from other humans around the world.[Why Tag ThisThis is very important to talk about. This is saying that humans are the most expressive and that this serves a purpose in communication to others. Not only can people tell us what is the matter but we can also communicate through expression. Which i believe is important to use everyday. [Why Tag Thisthat's new information [Why Tag ThisIt is interesting to note that we have evolved to have more muscles in our faces and to have more expressions than any other mammal. Is it because so much of our communication is made up of these nonverbal facial cues? Do apes have the secondmost number of facial expressions, or is there another mammal that is more expressive? [Why Tag ThisWhy don't animals have this like chimpanzees have any of these muscles, you always see them smiling at the zoo. [Why Tag ThisIs it possible for everyone to do the same facial expression if we all have the same muscles?[Why Tag ThisAre our faces that much different than monkeys or chimps?[Why tag thisI find it interesting that humans have more expressive facial features. It makes sense though, humans make facial features for every emotion that they are feeling. I just never really took the time to pay attention to it.[Why Tag ThisIs this due to the evolutionary tradeoff that allowed higher brain functions while lessening the power of the other senses?[Why Tag ThisDoes this mean that all other mammals do not share the same facial muscles as we do? Do apes have similar muscles in the face to show some kind of expression? This is interesting to me because facial expressions are a main way for human interaction so what do other mammals use as their interaction to show each other how they feel if they do not have facial muscles to do this?[Why Tag ThisCan everyone make the same facial expressions since we have the same facial muscles?[Why Tag ThisI tagged this because I thought it was interesting to learn that ONLY mamals have such complex array of muscles. It is also surprising that the majority of our facial muscles are controled by one nerve. [Why Tag ThisI find it interesting how we are able to make so many different facial expressions because of our complex array of muscles in the face. [Why Tag ThisIt is interesting to see how exact we are with facial muscles. At what point did mammals start evolving more complex facial muscles?[Why Tag ThisI am an organoic chemist with a very lil background in biology and taking his course has made me appreciate nature and realize how beautiful and perfect it actually, I cant believe just our muscles can be divided into such small peices and have their own purposes[Why Tag ThisVery informative about all the muscles in the face. [Why Tag ThisWe don't excercise our facial muscles like others in the body, so why is it we are able to make different facial expressions than others when we have the same muscles?[Why Tag ThisIf you were to get a piece of glass in your face just below your eye whould then affect your facial expressions? The reason i ask this question is that when i was 3 years old i pulled a lamp down on my face, getting a peice of glass right under my eye. Now after so many years, people have told me that when i smile the side that was injured does not go up as high as the side that was not affected by the injury. I want to know if that was coused my my injury.[Why Tag ThisIf humans have more facial expressions than other mammals that means we have evolved that way to better comunicate and work together.[Why Tag ThisIt is said that if someone makes a strange facial expression for a long time his or her face will stay in that position. To what extent is that true and how does that happen?[Why Tag ThisDue to the muscles in our faces, I didn't know that humans have many more expressive faces than other mammals because of the msucles that insert in the dermis and subcuataneous tissues. I also found this information very important because I hadn't realized that facial muscles also play a role in speech, chewing, and other oral functions. [Why Tag ThisIt has been said that if one makes a strange facial expression for a very long time, then he or she will have their face will stay in that expression. To what degree is that true and how does that work?[Why Tag Thisit is interesting that muscles of the face have so many functions[Why Tag ThisI feel like as technology increases, interacting with our faces is used less and less. Maybe in the distant future evolution will cancel out some of our unused facial muscles and give us improved function in our hands for typing and using devices.[Why Tag ThisSuch things as tence facail features cause smiles?[Why Tag ThisSo basically most of the facial muscles are not actually moving bones? Their movements are moving the skin under which they are located? For example: smiling does not MOVE your zygomatic bone, obviously, but it moves the skin over that area.[Why Tag ThisSince all humans have these facial muscles, can we all produce the same expressions? or is there any human variation that cant? or other factors that would prevent someone to produce all of these?[Why Tag ThisWhen stroke can cause half of someones face(left/right) to lose function. It is due to the right half of brain controlling the left side of the body and vice versa. Losing just half of muscle function can make it difficult to read a facial expression. [Why Tag ThisIs there specific muscles for each facial expression, speech or chewing? Or do they all work hand in hand?[Why Tag ThisI thought this was interesting to learn that muscles are what makes us able to do facial expressions. [Why Tag ThisAs important as it is to have the ability to reenforce our verbal communication with such expressive facial muscles, I can only imagine how difficult it would be for someone who has decreased or significantly damaged facial muscle control to NOT be able to use the powerful ability of this type of non verbal communication.[Why Tag ThisBecause our facial expressions and function of the eyes, nose, and mouth, our facial muscles are very specific and complex.[Why Tag ThisDoes the way we treat are skin affect the muscles on our face?[Why tag this text?Do wrinkles have anything to do with the facial muscles or is it just due to the collagen breaking down and the elasticity wearing down in the skin?[Why Tag ThisDoes the way we treat our skin affect the muscles on our face too?[Why tag this text?Wow. This suprised me, it made me think about what happens when someone has a stroke, does all of the nerve get damaged? It also reminded me about what my mom would tell me .... she would tell me not to outside right aways after taking a hot shower or after being in a warm place because the change in weather would make your mouth sag to one side. I never understood this, I don't understand how temperature would affect your facial features.[Why Tag ThisIf the facial nerve is ruptured, can a person still chew and talk?[Why Tag ThisThe facial muscles are most important to me because I need to know them for my major (Speech Pathology) If we all have the same muscles in our faces, why can some people do things others cannot? Such as winking or making certain faces?[Why Tag ThisIs this the same nerve that is damaged when some people's faces droop or become paralyzed after a stroke?[Why Tag ThisWhen someone has a stroke, is it theis facial nerver (cranial nerve VII) that is damaged and can sometimes cause half or all of the face to be unresponsive to facial movements and sag?[Why Tag ThisWhat is the cause of Bell's palsy?[Why Tag ThisInteresting to know that the carnial nerve is vulnerable to injury from laceartons and skill fracture, which can paralyze the muscles and cause parts of the face to sag. [Why Tag ThisThis helps understand why this could happen to some people after a stroke.[Why Tag ThisBrain aneuryisms are usually interconnected with this facial nerve, (cranial nerve VII) causing muscles to paralyze. A stroke is a result of a brain aneuryism, or blockage, that permits the movement of muscles. Strokes can affect 1 or both sides of the body.[Why Tag ThisAre the marks and wrinkles on our face determined by the face that we mostly make?[Why Tag ThisIs there any way to repair these damages or when these injuries happen is it permanent?[Why Tag ThisMy father used to always tell my sisters and me that if we made weird faces, our muscles would freeze up and stay that way forever. With a juvenile intelligence, we always believed him. I am SOO glad that this is not true. There would be some ugly looking people in the world.[Why Tag Thiscan any of the other muscles be paralyzed instead of just the cranial nerve vii[Why Tag ThisCould this possibly be the nerve that is most vulnerable when one goes through a stroke as well?[Why Tag ThisThe nerves in my arm were very sensative after I broke my arm. I always woundered why that happened. [Why Tag ThisIs this like when you get wisdom teeth out and there is the slight posibility of nerve damage to the gums?...[Why Tag ThisThis is very interesting. Can you explain it more? [Why Tag ThisGiaLee
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Spongy bone (fig. 7.4a) consists of a lattice of delicate slivers of bone called spicules18 (rods or spines, as in the photo on p. 206) and trabeculae19 (thin plates). Although calcified and hard, it is named for its spongelike appearance.
Spongy bone (fig. 7.4a) consists of a lattice of delicate slivers of bone called spicules18 (rods or spines, as in the photo on p. 206) and trabeculae19 (thin plates). Although calcified and hard, it is named for its spongelike appearance. It is covered with endosteum and permeated by spaces filled with bone marrow. The matrix is arranged in lamellae like those of compact bone, but there are few osteons. Central canals are not needed here because no osteocyte is very far from the marrow. Spongy bone is well designed to impart strength to a bone while adding a minimum of weight. Its trabeculae are not randomly arranged as they might seem at a glance, but develop along the bone's lines of stress
Spongy bone (fig. 7.4a) consists of a lattice of delicate slivers of bone called spicules18 (rods or spines, as in the photo on p. 206) and trabeculae19 (thin plates). Although calcified and hard, it is named for its spongelike appearance. It is covered with endosteum and permeated by spaces filled with bone marrow. The matrix is arranged in lamellae like those of compact bone, but there are few osteons. Central canals are not needed here because no osteocyte is very far from the marrow. Spongy bone is well designed to impart strength to a bone while adding a minimum of weight. Its trabeculae are not randomly arranged as they might seem at a glance, but develop along the bone's lines of stress (fig. 7.5).
Bone Marrow
Bone MarrowBone marrow is a general term for soft tissue that occupies the marrow cavity of a long bone, the spaces amid the trabeculae of spongy bone, and the larger central canals. There are two kinds of marrow?red and yellow. We can best appreciate their differences by considering how marrow changes over a person's lifetime.
Bone MarrowBone marrow is a general term for soft tissue that occupies the marrow cavity of a long bone, the spaces amid the trabeculae of spongy bone, and the larger central canals. There are two kinds of marrow?red and yellow. We can best appreciate their differences by considering how marrow changes over a person's lifetime.In a child, the marrow cavity of nearly every bone is filled with red bone marrow (myeloid tissue). This is often described as hemopoietic20 (HE-mo-poy-ET-ic) tissue?tissue that produces blood cells?but it is actually composed of multiple tissues in a delicate but intricate arrangement, and is properly considered an organ unto itself. Its structure is described in more detail in chapter 21 (see fig. 21.9, p. 816).In adults, most of the red marrow turns to fatty yellow bone marrow, like the fat at the center of a ham bone. Yellow bone marrow no longer produces blood, although in the event of severe or chronic anemia, it can transform back into red marrow. In adults, red marrow is limited to the skull, vertebrae, ribs, sternum, part of the pelvic (hip) girdle, and the proximal heads of the humerus and femur
Bone MarrowBone marrow is a general term for soft tissue that occupies the marrow cavity of a long bone, the spaces amid the trabeculae of spongy bone, and the larger central canals. There are two kinds of marrow?red and yellow. We can best appreciate their differences by considering how marrow changes over a person's lifetime.In a child, the marrow cavity of nearly every bone is filled with red bone marrow (myeloid tissue). This is often described as hemopoietic20 (HE-mo-poy-ET-ic) tissue?tissue that produces blood cells?but it is actually composed of multiple tissues in a delicate but intricate arrangement, and is properly considered an organ unto itself. Its structure is described in more detail in chapter 21 (see fig. 21.9, p. 816).In adults, most of the red marrow turns to fatty yellow bone marrow, like the fat at the center of a ham bone. Yellow bone marrow no longer produces blood, although in the event of severe or chronic anemia, it can transform back into red marrow. In adults, red marrow is limited to the skull, vertebrae, ribs, sternum, part of the pelvic (hip) girdle, and the proximal heads of the humerus and femur (fig. 7.6).
In a child, the marrow cavity of nearly every bone is filled with red bone marrow (myeloid tissue). This is often described as hemopoietic20 (HE-mo-poy-ET-ic) tissue-tissue that produces blood cells-but it is actually composed of multiple tissues in a delicate but intricate arrangement, and is properly considered an organ unto itself. Its structure is described in more detail in chapter 21 (see fig. 21.9, p. 816).In adults, most of the red marrow turns to fatty yellow bone marrow, like the fat at the center of a ham bone.
What would be the most accessible places to draw red bone marrow from an adult?
Name three organic components of the bone matrix
Name three organic components of the bone matrix.
What are the mineral crystals of bone called, and what are they made of?
What are the two kinds of bone marrow? What does hemopoietic tissue mean? Which type of bone marrow fits this description?
Spongy Bone:Made up of a lattice of delicate slivers of bone caled spicules and trabeculaes. Covered with endosteum and permeated by spaces filled with bone marrow. Trabeculae develop along lines of stress.[Why I tagged this]What spongy bone looks like. Spongy bone is calcified and hard, but consists of trabeculae(thin plates) and spicules(rods/spines)[Why I tagged thisspongy bone description, where it's located; function[Why I tagged thisEven though spongy bone isnt compact it still has a lot of strength and supports the structure of the bone.[General_Do Not UseSpongy bone does not contain complete osteons. Instead spongy bone is a lattice of bone slivers called spicules.[Why I tagged thisWhat is the purpose of having lighter bones? I know that birds have lighter bones so they can fly easier, but for humans, what is the importance of having spongy bone?[Why I tagged thisSo without these, an unbarable amount of stress would be put on the bone?[Why I tagged thisIs this where stress fractures take place (shin splints)? This is a picture of a femur, whereas I experience it in my tibia. [Why I tagged thiswhy is it that child have red bone marrow and adults have yellow?[Why I tagged thisRed marrow is produced by the flat bones while yellow marrow is produced by the long bones. The flat bones include the skull, ribs, hip and breast bone while the long bones include those found on the spinal chord. In humans, the bone marrow makes up approximately 4% of the total body mass and gives rise to red and white blood cells as well as platelets. [Why I tagged thiswhat bone marrow is [Why I tagged thisI understand the function and location of bone marrow but am curious about what it is like. When marrow is extracted for research and donation how is it taken out and what type of substance is it?[Why I tagged thisBone Marrow:Soft tissue that occupies the marrow cavity, spongy bone spaces, and central canals. Hemopoeitic tissue= red bone marrow[Why I tagged thisBecause bone marrow is soft and it is on the inside of our bones, is the inside of our bones soft?[Why I tagged thiswhat bone marrow is; two types[Why I tagged thisI tagged these two sections about bone marrow because I have a friend who is a two time leukemia survivor and I know it has something to do with bone marrow, but not exactly what and are there any other bone marrow diseases? [Why I tagged thisHow would one go about getting a bone marrow transplant? What has to be done? What are the survival rates? Do you have to receive bone marrow from a relative for it to work? [Why I tagged thisSO when we talk about bone marrow is this a site for bone cancer to settle in because one of my highschool teacher just died from stage 4 bone cancer and i was wondering where exactly does it settle it. Is it just one part of the bone, or is it kinda the whole general bone. [Why I tagged thisBone marrow is located in the middle of the long bones. The soft tissues of bone marrows exists in either red or yellow marrow which changes over a period of time in a person's life. At childhood the marrow cavity of many bone consists of red bone marrow or myeloid tissue that is composed of a matrix like tissue organ. As adults, many of the red marrow turns into yellow bone marrow and acts like a fat to protect the bone. It does not produce blood in the bones anymore. [Why I tagged thisI chose this because I think thats absoultely crazy how the bone marrow changed from a child to an adult. Since adults are older there bones turn yellow because of age. Does that mean since they are turning yellow because of age they get weaker? or stronger? The yellow bone marrow contains fat cells but they have a different role. The bones would start changing to yellow bone marrow by the age of 5. These fat cells are the last resort for body's energy, but if there is an excesive amount of blood loss, the yellow bone marrow can change back to red bone marrow within 1-2 hours. Thats whats my high school teacher taught us. [Why I tagged thisWhen people give bone marrow which one is taken. Would they take the red or the yellow? Why would they take a certain type of marrow.[Why I tagged thisI tagged this, because it's fascinating to read about how certain components of our body change over time. Looking specifically at bone marrow, a child's marrow cavity is largely responsible for the production of blood. This cavity is called red marrow. Once we become adults, there is a change from red marrow to yellow marrow. This change being made is going from producing blood to storing fat. In addition the function of the red bone marrow is more restricted. This is so because there's not as much of an abundance of the red bone marrow. Only crucial parts of our body will therefore receive blood because of this, which include the skull, vertebrae, ribs, sternum, part of hipbone, and the heads of both the humerus and femur.[Why I tagged thisI found this part interesting because you often hear about bone marrow transplant. Bone marrow is made up of soft tissue that is found in the marrow cavity of long bones. There are two kinds of marrow red and yellow. The red turns into the fatty yellow bone whereas the yellow no longer produces blood. I would like to read more into the process of how patients donate the marrow. Which bones do they take the marrow from? Do you they only donate red bone marrow since yellow doesn't have blood cells? [Why I tagged thisI never really knew what bone marrow was until now and i have always been intrested in what it was. Since I was little i have heard about people giving bone marrow . It is important that we obtain bone marrow in our bodies. [Why I tagged thisIs the bone marrow actually this color?[Why I tagged thisWhen bone marrow transplants are used to treat children and adults with leukemia, are the different marrows used depending on the age? [Why I tagged thisIf the bone marrow is different between children and adults, how is it have adults can transfered bone marrow to children with cancer?[Why I tagged thisDoes this make bones in children stronger? You always here parents telling their kids to drink milk to have strong bones.[Why I tagged thisThe reason why red bone is more promiment in chidren compared to adults is because children have a much higher metabolism and need to grow. That means that the tissue must keep producing blood cells.What are the effects of a bone marrow deficiency in children?[Why I tagged thiswhy bone marrow start from red to yellow through the liftime ?? just beacuse of the blood cells? [Why I tagged thisWhy is it that child have red bone marrow and adults have yellow bone marrow? How is it possible to transer a bone marrow transplant if they are different?[Why I tagged thisWhy is this? Do adults not need it anymore because our bones are fully grown? Is this why our bones shrink? Our bodies never stop changing. [Why I tagged thisSince adults and children have different types of marrow, if a child or adult had bone marrow cancer, would they be able to have a transfer from child to adult or adult to child? [Why I tagged thisbone marrow difference in a child[Why I tagged thisWhy does red marrow turn into yellow marrow?[Why I tagged thisAt what age does this start to happen, and why?[Why I tagged thisIs this because we have most of the blood we will ever need by the time we are adults?[Why I tagged thisWhy are blood cells made in bone marrow? Is there an evolutionarry advantage to it? Do athletes have a different concentration of red marrow? I would think that athletes, typically needing more oxygen, would need more red blood cells and in turn more red marrow.[Why I tagged thisIt interests me to find out why the red bone marrow turns into yellow bone marrow. Is there a reason that younger children need red bone marrow to produce blood more than adults do?[Why I tagged thiswhy does an adult not need as much red bone marrow? or why does an adult red bone marrow is limited to certain bones and even proximal ends of femur and humerus?[Why I tagged thisWhy does red bone marrow transform into yellow bone marrow? What purpose does yellow bone marrow serve that red marrow does not? Does this mean that children produce more blood and at a faster rate than adults do since their marrow is almost exclusively red?[Why I tagged thisI don't understand the benefit of having more yellow bone marrow. As children, we have almost all red bone marrow then as our bones mature and grow we gain more yellow bone marrow. What is the benefit of that?[Why I tagged thisWhy does the red bone marrow in children turn into yellow bone marrow in adults? I am sure it has to do with a child growing whereas an adult doesn't but this section makes it sound like yellow bone marrow is uesless. Does it transition over to simply save energy?[Why I tagged thisI dont understand why the red marrow turns into yellow bone marrow? Interesting that the yellow bone marrow no longer produces blood, but in the even of chronic anemia it can transfer back to red marrow. [Why I tagged thisso what is the function of yellow bone marrow? [Why I tagged thisWhat is the purpose of yellow bone marrow than, if it no longer produces blood, besides in an emergency turning back into red bone marrow? [Why I tagged thisDoes more red marrow turn into yellow marrow as the adult ages? Or, does the red marrow turn to yellow marrow as the child grows into adulthood and stops after adulthood is reached?[Why I tagged thisbone marrow difference in adults[Why I tagged thisAlthough this gives some information regarding the different types of bone marrow, it leaves me wondering what functions these two types of marrow serve. [Why I tagged thisWhy is that? As adults do we not need as much red marrow? If we kept all out original red marrow? what would happen?[Why I tagged thisWhy does this happen? Do adults not need as many places to produce blood? Could you explain how fatty yellow marrow can change back to [Why I tagged thisIs it possible for us to switch the yellow bone marrow to red bone marrow by chemical or physical means other than the trauma?[Why I tagged thisCan red bone completely disappear? What happens if there is not enough red bone marrow in a child's bone?[Why I tagged thiswhy is this so?[Why I tagged thisWhy is it that red marrow only develops in these areas as adults?[Why I tagged thiswhy is that happening?[Why I tagged thisIn an adult, red bone marrow would be most accessible tp draw from the proximal heads of the humerus, and the femur.[Why I tagged thisI would think the pelvis because it's a broad, thick bone. I wouldn't think they would try to take it from any of the ribs, vertebrae or the skull since the bones there are thinner, and you'd be more likely to accidentally hit something else.[Why I tagged thisthree organic compounds of the bone matrix are synthesized by the osteoblasts and are collagen and various protein-carbohydrate complexes such as glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans, and glycoproteins.[Why I tagged thisthe organic matter in bones are osteoblasts, carbohydrate complexes and glycoproteins[Why I tagged thisOrganic compounds that can be found in the bone matric include collagen and various protein- carbohydrate compleses such as glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans, and gylcoproteins.[Why I tagged thishe composition of bone matrix is 1/3 organic and 2/3 inorganic matter. The organic matter, synthesized by the osteoblasts (bone-forming cells), is collagen and proteins like glycosaminoglycan, proteoglycan, and glycoprotiens. the inorganic matter is mostly crystallized calcium phosphate salts and calcium carbonate, and a few other minerals. bone matrix is a composite which means it has characteristics of of the hard, strong inorganic matter and some flexibility and give from the collagen.[Why I tagged thisThe mineral crystals of bone is hydroxyapatite, a calcium phosphate salt. [Why I tagged thisyellow bone marrow-does not produce blood, in extreme cases turns into yellow bone marrow, mainly fatred bone marrow-found in every bone cavity, marrow that produces blood cellshemopoietic tissue-tissue that produces bloods cells, applies more to red bone marrow[Why I tagged thisNoelle
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In muscle and epithelium, the cells are so close together that the matrix is scarcely visible, but in connective tissues, the matrix usually occupies much more space than the cells do.
[image #3]
[image #3]
The matrix is composed of fibrous proteins and, usually, a clear gel variously known as ground substance, tissue fluid, extracellular fluid (ECF), or interstitial2 fluid.
The matrix is composed of fibrous proteins and, usually, a clear gel variously known as ground substance, tissue fluid, extracellular fluid (ECF), or interstitial2 fluid. In cartilage and bone, it can be rubbery or stony in consistency.
The matrix is composed of fibrous proteins and, usually, a clear gel variously known as ground substance, tissue fluid, extracellular fluid (ECF), or interstitial2 fluid. In cartilage and bone, it can be rubbery or stony in consistency.
The matrix is composed of fibrous proteins and, usually, a clear gel variously known as ground substance, tissue fluid, extracellular fluid (ECF), or interstitial2 fluid. In cartilage and bone, it can be rubbery or stony in consistency. The ground substance contains water, gases, minerals, nutrients, wastes, hormones, and other chemicals. This is the medium from which all cells obtain their oxygen, nutrients, and other needs, and into which cells release metabolic wastes, hormones, and other products.
The matrix is composed of fibrous proteins and, usually, a clear gel variously known as ground substance, tissue fluid, extracellular fluid (ECF), or interstitial2 fluid. In cartilage and bone, it can be rubbery or stony in consistency. The ground substance contains water, gases, minerals, nutrients, wastes, hormones, and other chemicals. This is the medium from which all cells obtain their oxygen, nutrients, and other needs, and into which cells release metabolic wastes, hormones, and other products.In summary, a tissue is composed of cells and matrix, and the matrix is composed of fibers and ground substance.
The Matrix is the fiberous material between the cells in animal cells that provides structural support. when it comes to the cells in the epithelium their job is to create protection for the tissue beneath, so the epithelial cells need to be very close together. As we also know, since these cells are close together it not only creates protection but it also forms glands; the epithelial can also be shown as the epidermis of the skin where you can see the glands and experience the ability to absorb and protect.[Why tag this text]This is how I will later be able to differentiate between the different tissue types underneath a microscope, while the muscle and epithelium cells are packed together, the connective and nervous tissues the cells are more loose.[Why tag this textIt taught me how the matrix differs in the epithelium and connective tissues.[Why tag this textI thought this was really interesting to find out that different types of tissue the matrix (which im assuming is some type of fluid or something of that matter) within it can be very visible or not visible depending on the type of muscle and the function of the muscle.[Why tag this textexplaining matrix in relation to cells in a tissue[Why tag this textI never even have heard of a matrix before. It's interesting how the cells are so close together that you can barley see the matrix in the muscle and epithelium but its odd how in the connective tissues it's the opposite. Where you can see more of the matrix instead of the cells.[Why tag this textAre there the same amount of cells in the connective tissues as there are in the matrix? If so, how come the matrix occupies more space in the connective tissues when the matrix is scarcely visible in the muscle and epithelium?[Why tag this textExtracellular matrix is the non-cellular material that surrounds the cells in a tissue. When cells aren't closely packed but loosely spread out there has to be something occupying the space between them; the matrix.The second highlighted part breaks down what is in the matrix of a cell. It describes the components that make up the matrix, and furthermore describes the properties of the ground substance in the matrix.[Why tag this textI just find this very interesting, because in the muscle and epithelium, the matrix is scarcely visblie, but in the connective tissues, the matrix occupies more space. It just makes you wonder why this happens. [Why tag this textThe differences between the types of tissue[Why tag this texthow they differ.[Why tag this textBeing a runner I find this information to be very interesting. I wonder why are the cells so close together in the muscle cells and the epithelium that the matrix is barely visible. But in the connective tissues the matrix usually occupies much more space than the cells do? [Why tag this textI tagged this because it was interesting to me that the matrix behaves differently depending on the type of cells it is around[Why tag this textI found this important becuase its interesting how there are different kinds of tissues and they all function in different ways. I like learning new things about the functions of the tissues because I havent learned it before. [Why tag this textmain tissues[Why tag this textI tagged this table because it provides great information about the four primary tissues. It provides a definition for what is it, what it does, and where it is located. I find this table to be very helpful for me. [Why tag this textI tagged table 5.1 because it explains and gives examples for each of the four different primary tissues; it will help when studying.[Why tag this textIt's important to study Each primary tissues locations and defintions[Why tag this textTable of basic tissue info[Why tag this textcontains the four primary tissue classes in addition to their representative locations as highlighted in one of the targets of this section and [Why tag this textThis table is very important as it describes the four main tissue types.[Why tag this textQuestion 1: Classes of primary tissuethe skin surface: epithelialfat: connectivethe spinal cord: nervousmost heart tissue: muscilarbone: connectivetendons: connectiveblood: nervousinner lining of the stomach: epithelial[Why tag this textan important, yet to-the-point, chart on the Tissues. Also very relatable for future study sessions[Why I Tagged ThisI tagged this table because it gives a simple, useful outline of where each type of tissue is located, but most important to me, where it is found. This allowed me to make a diagram in my head about where each of the types of tissue is located in the body, and why.[Why tag this textThe table is a good reference for the types of tissue and their composition and location[Why tag this texti found it intersting [Why tag this textsubstances that can be found underground and how they forming oxygen.[Why tag this textI tagged this section because it is helpful when describing the four primary tissue classes. I noticed in lecture that I was I was very unfamilar with the different tissues but looking over it now I have a better understanding[Why tag this textI am very intrigued by this because I never before knew that there were differnt [Why tag this textEctoderm- Outer layer, Mesoderm (middle)-Lays between the other two layers, Endoderm (End)- Innermost layer.[Why tag this textWhat exactly are [Why tag this textAnother important aspect of tissues since a matrix is a component in all types of tissues. Knowing this, gives a depth to the make yp of a type tissue. The ground substance is the way cells function and make tissues able to exist relating to our study of physiology. It gives an example of structural hierachy since a matrix is contained in tissues, and ground substance is contained in a matrix. [Why tag this textBreaks down a tissue into its components.[Why tag this textTo the know what the matrix is made out of so that there is a better understaning of what it is.[Why tag this textThe gel functions as a compression buffer against stress that is put on the matrix. [Why tag this textVery interesting.. never heard of the matrix before.[Why tag this textIf this is the matrix, I wonder if there's also an alternate name for the intracellular fluid, found within the cells.[Why tag this textThis defines what the matrix is compose of and example of where they are found.[General-Do not useTelling you what the matrix is composed of.[Why tag this textThis gives the most common form/appearence of the matrix which will be helpful when identifying it when needed to do so in lab/ careers (if applicable).[Why tag this textIs this protection for the bones?[Why tag this textThe matrix is in between the cells and holds the cells together. I thought that the spaces between the cells were just gaps but now I know that they are important for cells to hold on to each other. It helps protect and maitain a shape for the tissues. The ground substance is also important to release products to throughout the body. [Why tag this textI don't really understand how the matrix, or more specifically the ground substance, can be stony (bone)? While at the same time moving gases, wastes, and hormones through it.[Why tag this textI find it interesting that the ground substance contains cells's basic needs. It brings up questions in my mind as to where the metabolic wastes, hormones, and other products are released from the cells. I aslo find it strange that ground substance in cartilage can be stony or smooth. This makes me wonder what determines the difference and why there is a difference between them. [Why tag this textDescribes what the matrix is made of . The sentence under neath sums up what a tissue is made of.[Why tag this textIt is interesting that cells obtain nutrients and other products from the ground substance. I was reading over a Histology Guide I found online that claimed ground substance is 90% water. http://www.histology.leeds.ac.uk/tissue_types/connective/connective_groundS.php[Why tag this textI have never heard of the matrix so this is a new concept.[Why tag this textLike the cells blood/energy drink: what makes them function.[Why tag this textEvery tissue has a common design- the matrix has a clear gel (known by different names) that gives the cells oxygen and nutrients. Though it presents in different consistencies, the ground substance is in every tissue. The body breaks down everything to form this fluid of water, gases, minerals, nutrients, wastes, hormones, and other chemicals. This is an example of how metabolism is essential for life in its most basic form. Everything we consume is converted within the body with the help of specialized cells to create more cells to perform varying functions. This cellular theory is the reductionist point of view.[Why tag this textThis is a great example of something we learned in chapter 1: that it is important to recognize hierarchies in anatomy of physiology because they simplify the concept by breaking into smaller, understandable parts. [Why tag this textinformation about the matrix, as well as tissue being made up of cells AND matrix which is made up of fibers and ground substance[Why tag this textdefinition of matrix[Why tag this textWhy is this called the Matrix? All I can think about is the movie. I guess that is a way I can remember it.[Why tag this textwhat matris's are made up of, which is fibrous tissue[Why tag this textit is the part of the text that connects most information on the matrix[Why tag this textGround substance consists mainly of water and provides a route for communication and transport between various tissues through the process of diffusion. The fluid nature of ground substance is stabilized by glycosaminoglycans (aka GAGs), proteoglycans, and glycoproteins.[Why tag this textalso what a matix is composed of. along with fibrous protein it also contains gel substances, tissue fluid, extracellular fluid and intertital fluid[Why tag this textInterstitial fluid can also be referred to as intercellular fluid (fluid between the cells of multicellular organsims) and is an important component of extracellular fluid. Extracellular fluid provides a relatively constant environment for cells and allows for material transport between cells. [Why tag this textI find this interesting that slicing is used to help determine various tissues. This will help me out in lab.[Why tag this textImportant to remember that this is where nutrients and oxygen come from, and where cellular waste goes.[Why I tagged thisI thought this was very interesting, I wouldn't think that anything in our bodies would have a stony or rubbery consistency. [Why tag this textwhat the matrix is composed of in bones and cartilage[Why tag this textWhat does stony mean?[Why tag this textDanielle Henckel
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The composition and functions of this membrane can differ significantly from one region of a cell to another, especially among the basal, lateral, and apical (upper) surfaces of cells like the one pictured.
[image #5]
[image #5] Figure 3.5Structure of a Representative Cell.
The material between the plasma membrane and the nucleus is the cytoplasm.8 The cytoplasm is crowded with fibers, tubules, passages, and compartments (see photograph on p. 78 and fig. 3.26). It contains the cytoskeleton, a supportive framework of protein filaments and tubules; an abundance of organelles, diverse structures that perform various metabolic tasks for the cell; and inclusions, which are foreign matter or stored cell products. A cell may have 10 billion protein molecules, including potent enzymes with the potential to destroy the cell if they are not contained and isolated from other cellular components. You can imagine the enormous problem of keeping track of all this material, directing molecules to the correct destinations, and maintaining order against the incessant trend toward disorder. Cells maintain order partly by compartmentalizing their contents in the organelles.
The material between the plasma membrane and the nucleus is the cytoplasm.8 The cytoplasm is crowded with fibers, tubules, passages, and compartments (see photograph on p. 78 and fig. 3.26). It contains the cytoskeleton, a supportive framework of protein filaments and tubules; an abundance of organelles, diverse structures that perform various metabolic tasks for the cell; and inclusions, which are foreign matter or stored cell products. A cell may have 10 billion protein molecules, including potent enzymes with the potential to destroy the cell if they are not contained and isolated from other cellular components. You can imagine the enormous problem of keeping track of all this material, directing molecules to the correct destinations, and maintaining order against the incessant trend toward disorder. Cells maintain order partly by compartmentalizing their contents in the organelles.Page 82
The material between the plasma membrane and the nucleus is the cytoplasm.8 The cytoplasm is crowded with fibers, tubules, passages, and compartments (see photograph on p. 78 and fig. 3.26). It contains the cytoskeleton, a supportive framework of protein filaments and tubules; an abundance of organelles, diverse structures that perform various metabolic tasks for the cell; and inclusions, which are foreign matter or stored cell products. A cell may have 10 billion protein molecules, including potent enzymes with the potential to destroy the cell if they are not contained and isolated from other cellular components. You can imagine the enormous problem of keeping track of all this material, directing molecules to the correct destinations, and maintaining order against the incessant trend toward disorder. Cells maintain order partly by compartmentalizing their contents in the organelles.Page 82The cytoskeleton, organelles, and inclusions are em bedded in a clear gel called the cytosol or intracellular fluid (ICF). All body fluids not contained in the cells are collectively called the extracellular fluid (ECF). The ECF located amid the cells is also called tissue (interstitial) fluid. Some other extracellular fluids include blood plasma, lymph, and cerebrospinal fluid.
The cytoskeleton, organelles, and inclusions are em bedded in a clear gel called the cytosol or intracellular fluid (ICF). All body fluids not contained in the cells are collectively called the extracellular fluid (ECF). The ECF located amid the cells is also called tissue (interstitial) fluid. Some other extracellular fluids include blood plasma, lymph, and cerebrospinal fluid.Before You Go On
What are the basic principles of the cell theory?
What does it mean to say a cell is squamous, stellate, columnar, or fusiform?
Why can cells not grow to unlimited size?
What is the difference between cytoplasm and cytosol?
Define intracellular fluid (ICF) and extracellular fluid (ECF).
what about the atypical cell? For example, prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic? prokaryotic do not have membrane-bound nuclei. What else makes these two different, and are a plasma membrane, ribosomes and cytoplasm the ONLY characteristics that ALL cells have in common?[Why tag this text]It is very interesting to me on how scientists figured out each organelles role for a cell.[Why tag this textMy understanding is that all membranes are made of phospholipids so I am wondering if the proteins that are in the membranes are what control their function. [Why tag this textThis is probably one of the better cell pictures Ive ever seen as far as diagraming.[Why tag this textThis image is a good tool in order to learn the parts of a cell and its organelles. Learning what the organelles do is important, but being able to identify them can help to capture each of the ideas.[Why tag this textCell Image[Why tag this textIs it really possible to see all of these features in a cell? If you look at the photographs earlier from the microscopic view of a general cell, it is hard to pinpoint each little thing, so how can we know for certain that this is what each cells apperance is like?[Why tag this textI tagged this because we went over this in lab today. I found it interesting that the nucleus was not one of the main components. Why not exactly?[Why tag this textThe cytoplasm contains a lot of the organelles to keep the entire cell functioning.[Why tag this textQuestion 4: Cytoplasm vs CytosolCytoplasm is the material located between the plasma membrane and the nuceus, while the cytosol is where the cytoskeleton, organelles, and inclusions are embedded.[Why tag this textthis explains what exactly the cytoplasm is and where it is located. reading this helped me have a better understanding so that i knew where to look[Why tag this textCytoplasm: material between plasma membrane and the nucleus. The cytolplasm is where everything else of the cell such as the fibers, cytoskeleton, tubules, passages, and compartments are kept[Why tag this textI learned that the materials in a cell are all placed in they cytoplasm with fibers and tubules. The cell is held together by many of the fibers and proteins called the cytoskeleton. The cell is able to destroy itself if the body thinks that it is going to be a threat to the organism. [Why tag this textThis gives information on the cytoplasm which is important when identifying tissue. [Why tag this textI like the picture above because it clearly illustrates all of the parts of a cell. This paragraph helps to dicipher the image.[Why tag this textdescription of what's in a cell[Why tag this textCytoplasm: Fluid between nucleus and surface membrane. It has fibers, tubules, passages and compartments and contains the cytoskeleton, which provides the structural framework. [Why tag this textIs the cytoplasm more so like a gap junction or tight junction? Can anything get through it or is it necessary for anything to get through it?[Why tag this textI find this really interesting because up until very recently, I had never honestly heard of a cytoskeleton. I had, however, heard of microtubules and filaments aiding in cell division.[Why tag this textModels commonly drawn to represent the cell illustrate the cytoplasm as being empty- almost like the cell and its major components are like people, and the cytoplasm is the pool which they swim in. However, due to the cytoskeleton, and parts thereof, the cytoplasm is actually a quite 'busy' looking place, with many microtubules, microfilaments, ect.[Why tag this textSo the cytoskeleton of the cell is like in comparison to the framework that holds up a building? thats how this text makes me picture it.[Why tag this textIt interest me that something so small like cytoplasm contains so much[Why tag this textorganelles definition and what they do for the cell[Why tag this textSo this is why protein is so important in our diet since almost all of our structures and cells need portein molecules so that they can either use them or creat and turn them into materials that they can use. So a questions about protein comes to mind, so then do fat cell not need protein since it promotes lean body mass?[Why tag this textIts interesting to think the cell is carrying components dangerous to itself around. Do any disease processes begin or exist because a cell can't combine these?[Why tag this textWhat happens when the protein enzymes are not contained?[Why tag this text10 billion is a seriously big number! Especially for ONE cell alone. And earlier we read there were roughly 200 cells that make up the human body, meaning there are roughly two trillion molecules.. that's a hard concept to try and imagine![Why tag this textTHis is crazy to think about!!!!!! more than 10 billion protein molecules consist in a cell.[Why tag this textThis makes sense when you think of how much is packed into a cell, there must be lots of room for all the vital organelles![Why tag this textThis is similar to the human body, for we keep order by having a brain, or in this case a nucleus, as the main control center for functions, maintaining order and functions[Why tag this textIts cool to think about how everything has its own place and how it is contained within the cell.[Why tag this textThe cytosol is also known as the intracellular fluid and is a clear gel wehere the cyoskeleton, organelles, and inclusions are imbedded. ALso such thing as extracellular fluid.[Why tag this textICF and ECF definitions[Why tag this textI decided to tag this because when I took Anatomy and Physiology in High School, I don't remember anything relating to the cytoskeleton being embedded in a clear gel. I think that's interesting. Does it protect it from damage?[Why tag this textnot only are cells made up to make tissues and help work our body systems but they also help form all of our body fluid. This gave that explaination[Why tag this textCytosol:Clear gel in cell that contains the cytoskeleton, organelles and inclusions [?][Why tag this textThe cytosol is a clear gel that the cytoskeleton, organelles, and inclusions are inside of [Why tag this textAre any hormonal secretions part of the ICF or ECF?[Why tag this textIs this the same as the extra-cellular matrix we've discussed in chapter 5?[Why tag this textQuestion 5: ICF and ECFICF is the cytosol and is where the cytoskeleton, organelles, and inclusions are embedded.ECF is the fluids not located within the cells, also called the interstital fluid.[Why tag this textThe basic principles of the cell theory state that all living things are made up of cells, the cell is the smallest structure of life, the way we function is all because of our cells, all cells come from preexisting cells, and all cells have similar chemical composition. [Why tag this textAll organisms are composed of cells and cell products. The cell is the simplest structural and functional unit of life. There are no smaller subdivisions of a cell or organism that, in themselves, are alive. An enzyme molecule, for example, is not alive, although the life of a cell depends on the activity of numerous enzymes. An organism's structure and all of its functions are ultimately due to the activities of its cells. Cells come only from preexisiting cells, not from nonliving matter. All life, therefore traces its ancestry to the same original cells. Because of this common ancestry, the cells of all species have many fundamental similarities on their chemical composition and metabolic mechanisms.[Why tag this textbasic prinicples of the cell theory are: all organisms are composed of cells, cell is simplest unit of life, organisms are ultimately depended on cells, cells come from preexisting cells[Why tag this textbiologist believed that cells came from nonliving body fluid made up of a membrane and nucleus. that living things arise from nonliving matter[Why tag this textThe basic principles of the cell theory are: Cells are the simplest form of living matter, cells dont form from unliving matter, all organisms are made of cells, cells of different species have many similarities, and all living structure and functions are result of cell activity.[Why tag this textIt means that the cell is shaped a certain way flat, star shaped, rectangular, or spindle shaped. Each shape allows for different functions.[Why tag this textThese are basically describing the shapes of the different shapes of cells. Squamous- is a thin, flat, scaly shape.Columnar-disinctly taller than wide, such as the inner lining cells of the stomach and intestines.Stellate- having multiple pointed processes projecting from the body of a cell, giving it a somewhat starlike shape.Fusiform-spindle-shaped; elongated, with a thick middle and tapered ends, as in smooth muscles cells[Why tag this textIt talks about the different sizes and shapes. Squanmous is a flat shape tissue. Stellate is kinda like a starlike shape.Columnar is a tall column like shape just like the name. Fusiform is a spindle shape[Why tag this textThere is a limit to how large a cell can be, partly due to the relationship between its volume and suface area[Why tag this textdue to proportion between volume and surface areaif the cell was double the size, it would need 8 times the nourishment and waste removal, inable to self-support[Why tag this textcells have a limitation in their growth due to the volume and surface area. as the diameter of a cell increases, the volume will increase at a much faster rate then the surface area. Eventually if it continues to grow it can simply explode from not enough support. [Why tag this textThe biggest reason that cells cannot grow to unlimited size is that they start to have a much harder time eliminating waste products. As cells carryout chemical reactions, for normal function, the leftover products, waste, must be removed from the cell. If the cell is very large, removing the product is very difficult and a buildup can occur which can be toxic for the cell.[Why tag this textCells can only grow so big due to their volume and surface area. The volume would double if the cell got bigger making it have no room and likely to explode or rupture.[Why tag this textcells have to be proportional to the height and diameter[Why tag this textCells cannot grow to unlimited sizes due to the fact that if the become too large the will burst. If they become too large they will also not be able to cross plasma membranes and may even get stuck or lodged somewhere. If a red blood cell kept growing it would most certainly block/clog an artery while would lead to loss of circulation and possibly even amputation.[Why tag this textIf they get to big, out of there area and volume, they are unable to support itself and is in risk of rupturing. [Why tag this textCytoplasm is between the plama membrane and the nucleus it has fibers and passages and compartments. The cytosol is the cytoskeleton and are embedded with a clear gel. Meaning the body fluids.[Why tag this textCytoplasm is the material between the plasma membrane and the nucleus. Cytosol is a clear gel that holds the cytoskeleton, organelles, and inclusions.[Why tag this textCytoplasm is the fluid between the nucleus and surface membrane and the cytosol is the clear gel[Why tag this textThis was at first very confusing to me, and I am not sure if I have this completely correct, but I believe that the cytoplasm is what is inside the plasma membrane, inside the cell, and the cytosol is what is in between the cells? I would like some clarrification on this as well.[Why tag this textThe cytoplasm is the material between the plasma membrane and the nucleus. The cytosol is the clear gel that the organelles, inclusions, and cytoskeleton are em bedded in. [Why tag this textcytoplasm-material between membrane and nucleuscytosol-liquid found inside cells, can be in cytoplasm[Why tag this textICF is a clear gel also called cytosol while ECF is all body fluids not contained in the cells[Why tag this textIntracellular fluid is fluid that is inside the cell and extracellular fluid is fluid that is outside of the cell. [Why tag this textICF-aka cytosol, clear gel, surrounds organelles, cytoskeleton, etcECF-all body fluids not contained in cells[Why tag this textICF is a clear gel called the cytosol which is organelles embedded in a clear gel. ECF is located in the cells tissue called interstitial fluid. which is body not contained in the cells are collectively called extracellular fluid[Why tag this textBrett Sullivan
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The formed elements are of three kinds?erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets.
The formed elements are of three kinds?erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets.
The formed elements are of three kinds?erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets. Erythrocytes23 (eh-RITH-ro-sites), or red blood cells (RBCs), are the most abundant. In stained blood films, they look like pink discs with thin, pale centers and no nuclei. Erythrocytes transport oxygen and carbon dioxide. Leukocytes, or white blood cells (WBCs), serve various roles in defense against infection and other diseases. They travel from one organ to another in the bloodstream and lymph but spend most of their lives in the connective tissues. Leukocytes are somewhat larger than erythrocytes and have conspicuous nuclei that usually appear violet in stained preparations. There are five kinds, distinguished partly by variations in nuclear shape: neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes. Their individual characteristics are considered in detail in chapter 18. Platelets are small cell fragments scattered amid the blood cells. They are involved in clotting and other mechanisms for minimizing blood loss, and in secreting growth factors that promote blood vessel growth and maintenance.
Before You Go OnAnswer the following questions to test your understanding of the preceding section:What features do most or all connective tissues have in common to set this class apart from nervous, muscular, and epithelial tissue?List the cell and fiber types found in fibrous connective tissues and state their functional differences.What substances account for the gelatinous consistency of connective tissue ground substance?What is areolar tissue? How can it be distinguished from any other kind of connective tissue?Discuss the difference between dense regular and dense irregular connective tissue as an example of the relationship between form and function.Describe some similarities, differences, and functional relationships between hyaline cartilage and bone.What are the three basic kinds of formed elements in blood, and what are their respective functions?
The function of blood.[General-Do not use]Question 7: Blood formed elements.Erythrocytes: Also know as red blood cells account for the largest portion of the formed elements. They transport oxygen and carbon dioxide.Leokocytes: Also know as white blood cells. These cells help to fight infection or other pathogens.Platelets: Help in clotting and minimizing blood loss.[Why tag this text3 types of blood cells. 1) Erythrocytes aka red blood cells are most common. Leukocytes aka white blood cells defend against infection and disease. 5 kinds of leukocytes. platelets are small cell fragments scattered amid blood cells that help clot and secret growth factors[Why tag this textDiscusses what elements are found it blood and what they are used for.[General-Do not usegood refresher for me from what i learned in high school[Why tag this textImportance to know about the three elements that blood forms, because each are different. [Why tag this textErythrocytes: Red Blood cells, most abundant, show as pink discs with no nuclei, their job is to transport oxygen and CO2Leukocytes: White blood cells, defense against infection/other disease, travel from one oragan to the next, larger than red blood cells, [Why tag this textIf we use heparin to inhibit blood clots, and platelets to clot, how often are they competing against each other?[Why tag this text1. The functions of connective tissue is to bind,support,protect physical and immune,movement,store,produce heat,and transport.2. Fibroblast produce the fiers and ground substances that form the matrix of tissue. macrophages they engulf and destroy bacteria, and other foregin particles. Leukocytes travel the bloodstream they react and attack bacteria and toxins.Plasma cells synthesize disease fighting proteins called antibodies. rarely seen except in the walls of the intestines and in imflamed tissues. Mast cells are found alongside blood vessels, secrete a chemical called heparin which pervents blood clotting. Adipocytes or fat cells appear in small clusters in some fiberous connective tissue.3. Glycosaminoglycan, proteoglycan, and adhesive glycoprotein4. Areolar tissue is loosely organized fibers, abundant blood vessels, with a lot of empty space. The fibers run in a random directions and are mostly collagenous,and elastic and reticular fibers are present.5. Dense regular fibers run parallel,wavy collagen fibers and dense irregular fibers runs in random directions. Dense regular is located tendons and ligaments. And dense irregular deeper portion of the dermis of the skin, capsules around viscera like the liver, kidney, and spleen. Dense regular fuctions to ligaments tightly bind bones together and resist stress and irregular connective tissue is durable, hard to tear and can withstands stresses applied in and directions6. Hyaline cartilage is the precursor of bone in the fetal skeleton and the growth zones of long bones of children.7. Erythrocytes, luekocytes, and platelets. Erythrocytes transport oxygen and carbon dioxide, luekocytes serve in defense against infections and other diseases, and platelets are involved in clotting, and other mechanisms for minimizing blood loss, and secrete growth that promotes blood vessel growth and maintenance.[Why tag this textConnective tissue is unique compared to other tissues as it has more extra-cellular material. Most of its volume is made up by the extra-cellular material.[Why tag this textusually are not in direct contact with each other[Why tag this textMost connective tissues act as a binding for organs, form a structural framework for an organ, or support and protect organs.[Why tag this textConnective tissues can be so compact that it will be hard as rock or it can be so loose that it is soft as water. [Why tag this textWhat sets it apart is how diverse the tissue can range from. The can be extremely hard like compact bone to almost the opposite as in blood. The variety in forms is what makes connective tissue so diverse from the other tissues which are more similar.[Why tag this textConnective TIssues are the most abundant, widely distributed, and histologically variable of the primary tissues. They include fibrous tissue, adipose tissue, cartilage, bone, and blood and their cells occupy less space than the extracellular matrix.[Why tag this textConnective tissue is support mechanism for organs and creates a structure for organs and tissues. Like all muscles connect to bones or cartilage which is necessary for leverage and motion along with structure. [Why tag this textThe wide variety of their function is what sets them apart. From blood to adipose to cartilage they all have vast uses. Nervous and muscular are specialized cells connective is more broad in its applications. [AnswerBind organs, support organs and bones, protect the body, assist with storage, movement, and heat production[Why tag this textCells and fibers found in connective tissues are Fibroblasts.Chondroblasts: secrete matrix in cartilage. Osteoblasts: secrete matrix in bone. Blood cells: These don't produce matrix. Adipose cells: These cells are WBC's and mast cells and also are present in connective tissue.[Answerplasma cells-help assist immune system and antibodiesmast cells-helps blood clotting happenfat cells-primary energy sourcecollegenous fibers-most common protein in bodyreticular fibers-form framework for spleen, lymph nodes, etcelastic fibers-made from elastin, help stretched organs move back into place[Why tag this textFibroblasts: produce ground substance for matrix and fibersMacrophanges: destroy bacteria/ foreign particels/ dead cells, active anitgens when neededLeukocytes: attack bacteris/toxins/foreign agentsplasma: synthesize anitbodies to fight diseasemast: scerte anit-blood clotting chemical, increases blood flowadipocytes: fat cells, store energy[Why tag this textFibroblasts are cells that produce fibers and ground substance that form the matrix. Macrophages are cells that destroy bacteria and dead cells. Leukocytes are cells that either attack bacteria or react bacteria, toxins, and foreign agents. Plasma cells synthesize disease-fighting proteins or antibodies. Mast cells secrete chemicals called heparin and histamine. Adipocytes or fat cells accumulate to make adipose tissue. Collagenous fibers are made of collagen. These fibers are tough and flexible and are resistant to stretching. Reticular fibers form a spongelike framework for organs like the spleen and lymph nodes. Elastic fibers are fibers that can recoil after it has been stretched. [Why tag this textCells and fibers found in connective tissues are Fibroblasts which are cells in connective tissue that make fibrous proteins and secrete the molecules that form ground substances and collagen. Chondroblasts which secrete matrix in cartilage (to make chondrocytes). Osteoblasts which secrete matrix in bone to help create bone. Blood cells don't produce matrix. In blood, the ECM is plasma. Fat cells which are white blood cells and mast cells may also be present in connective tissue.[Why tag this textFibroblast: produce the fibers and ground substance that form the matrix of the tissue.Macrophages: activate the immune system when they sense matter called antigens.Leukocytes (White Blood Cells): form dense patches in the mucous membrane.Plasma Cells: synthesize disease-fighting proteins called antibodies.Mast Cells: secrete a chemical called heparin that inhibits blood clotting.Adipocytes (Fat Cells): when dominate an area it is called apidose tissue.[Why tag this textPlasma Cells: assists in immune systemFat Cells: primary energy sourceCollegenous Cells: commone proteinReticular Fiber: helps stretch organs move back in place[Why tag this textElastic fibers are made from elastin and recoil organs after they've been stretched. Reticulate fibers form the structure or framework of the spleen and each lymph node. Collagenous fibers are our most common proteins. Plasma cells are the assistants to the immune system in fighting bacteria and antibodies. fat cells is where most of our energy is stored and mast cells help our blood to clot. [Why tag this textGlycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans, and adhesive glycoproteins.[Why tag this textglycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans, & adhesive glycoproteins. [Why tag this textThe substance that accounts for the gelatinoys consistency of connective tissue ground substance is the viscous liquid. This viscous liquid, much like raw egg whites in appearance and consistency, surrounds all the cells in the body, and is a part of the internal ocean.[Why tag this textglycosamingoglycan and proteoglycan[Why tag this textGlycosaminoglycan, proteoglycan, and adhesive glycoproteins account for the gelatinous consistency of connective tissue of ground substances.[Why tag this textGlycosaminoglycans. Proteoglycans. Glycoproteins.[Answerglycosaminoglycan, proteoglycan, adhesive glycoproteins[Why tag this textThe gelatinous consistancy consists of; glycosaminoglycan which is a long polysaccharide composed of amino sugars and uronic acid, proteoglycan which create a strong bond between cells and extracellular macromolecules and help hold tissue together it has a gel consistancy, and adhesive glycoprotiens bind all the components of tissue together and mark pathways that guide migrating embrionic cells.[Why tag this textExhibits loosely organized fibers, abundant blood vessels, and a lot of seemingly empty space.[Why tag this textloosely organized fibers, etc. found almost everywhere, varies vastly in apperance[Why tag this textAreolar tissues are loosley organized fibers with abundant blood vessels and empty space. They are found in almost every part of the body. it is distinguished for its fibers that run in random directions. [Why tag this textAreolar tissue is fibrous connective tissue with the fibers arranged in a mesh or net. The way that you can distinguish them from any other kind of connective tissues is that areolar tissue has no structure like layers or rows of cells and this is how you can tell the difference.[Why tag this textAreolar tissue is found in tissue sectoins from just about everywhere in the body. It surrounds blood vessels and nerves and actually penetrates with them into the muscles, tendons, and other tissues. Needing nutrition, waste removal, and a supply of infection- fighting leukocytes, almost every epithelium rests on a layer of areolar tissue. Its appearance sets it apart from any other type of connective tissue. Areolar tissue consists of loosely organized fibers, plenty of blood vessels, and lots of empty space (which the leukocytes move around in freely).[Why tag this textLoosely, organized fibers and can be found almost everywhere. [Why tag this textTissue found in almost every part of the body: surround blood vessles and nerves, in small spaces in muscles/tendons/other tissue. Somewhat binds epithelilia to deep tissue, allows passage of nerves and blood vessels, and provides an area for immune defense. It can be distingushed by loose arrangement of collagen and elstic fibers numerous in blood vessles.[Why tag this textAreolar tissue is basically everywhere in the body where epithelium rests. Its rich with blood vessels and has an abundance for space-usually fluid filled space where leukocytes thrive on pathogens. [Why tag this textAreolar tissue is comprised of loosely organized fibers with abundant blood vessels in a web like or mesh formation. It can be distinguisehd from other cells in that it has no basic formation. [AnswerA main difference between them is their locations. Dense regular are found in tendons and ligaments while irregular are found in the dermis and sround liver/kidney/spleen. The functions are similar though as they both help to resist stress placed on those areas of the body.[Why tag this textDense regular connetive tissues have fibers that are parallel to each other which shows the adaption that the tendons and ligaments are pulled in predictable directions from musculoskeletal stresses. Irregular connective tissues rin a random directions which allows for resistance of unpredictable stresses.[Why tag this textMain difference is their location and they both resist stress in their part of the body. [Why tag this textDense regular has dark-staining collagen fibers that run parallel to each other. It provides connections between bone-to-bone and muscle-to-bone, and it is strong and can strand great tensile stress. Dense regular can be found in ligaments and tendons. Dense irregular is not dark-staining, and the collagen fibers aren't parallel. The structure of the fibers allows support from many directions. Dense irregular is found in the dermis of the skin.[Why tag this textThe difference between them is their locations that they are found in the body. Dense regular tissue is found in tendons, and ligaments. The irregular connective tissue is found in the dermis of the skin and the outerlining of the liver, spleen, and kidney. Their form and function are relativley the same. The help form the structure for these areas. [AnswerDense regular connective tissue is the predictable muscle/tendon motion or direction. Whereas the irregular connective tissue is unpredictable. [Why tag this textA difference between the two is their apperance as hyaline cartilage is almost invisable whereas bone is one of the most visable organs in the body. A similarity is that they both help shape and support different parts of the body that contain collagen.[Why tag this textHyaline catilage is a clear, glassy matrix that eases joint movements. The bone is hard, calcified connective tissue that composes the skeleton. It provides physical support for the body.[Why tag this textbone is hard tissue, very structurally sound, composes skeletoncartilage holds other tissues like the ear and nose in place to keep them functioning[Why tag this textHyaline is clear matrix that eases joint movements whereas the bone is hard. both provide support for the body. [Why tag this textBones and cartilages are types of connective tissue in the body. The difference between bone and cartilage is that while bones are hard tissue that form the skeletal structure of the human body, cartilages are not as hard and rigid as bones, and present in areas of the body like the ear, nose and joints.[Why tag this textInfants have more need for brown fat because their bodies are so small and they need to generate heat to survive. Brown fat is a heat generating tissue. Also since they are so small they need the brown fat to protect their tiny organs and bones, brown fat is helpful in this because it forms in multiple globules rather than one large one. [Why tag this textHyaline cartilage is named for its clear, glassy microscopic appearance. It is essentially the smooth cartilage covering the the ends of bones at moveable joints. Bone is a hard calcified connective tissue that gives us our structure and our mobility.[Why tag this textHyaline cartilage: This tissue is clear and in a matrix that eases joint movements. Bone: this tissue is hard calcified connective tissue that makes up the skeleton.[AnswerErythrocytes: transport oxygen and carbon dioxideLeukocytes: defend aganist pathogensPlatelets: help with blood clotting, grow blood vessels[Why tag this textErythrocytes(red blood cells), leukocytes(white blood cells), and platelets.[Why tag this textThe three kinds of blood are Erythrocytes, Leukocytes, and Platelets. Erythrocytes, red blood cells, transport oxygen and carbon dioxide. Leukocytes, white blood cells, defend against infection. Platelets, small cell fragments, minimize blood loss, promote blood vessel growth and maintenance.[Why tag this textBloods function is to move cells and matter from A to B. The three types are erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets. Erythrocytes move oxygen and carbon dioxide. Luekocytes are largest and have 5 different types of those. And lastly, platelets are small fragments of cells that are distributed through the blood cells.[Why tag this textThe three basic kinds of formed elements in blood in blood are Red Blood Cell (RBC). Red blood cells have the function of carrying oxygen. White Blood Cell (WBC). White blood cells phagocytes bacteria and Platelets are responsible for blood clotting.[Why tag this textThe three basic formed elements in blood include: erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets. Erythrocytes are also known as red blood cells, which are the most abundant of the three. These erythrocytes are responsible for the transport of oxygen (from the heart) and carbon dioxide (to the heart to be re-oyxgenated). Leukocytes, also known as white blood cells, serve multiple roles in defense against infection and other diseases. Lastly there are platelets. Platelets are small cell fragments that are spread throughout the blood cells. Their function is to help with the clotting of blood and in secretion of growth factors that promote blood vessel growth.[Why tag this textErthrocytes or red blood cells transport oxygen and carbon dioxide. Leukocytes or white blood cells are important for their defense against infection and other diseases. Platelets clott to minize blood loss and secrete grwth factor to promote c=blood vessel growth and maintenance.[Why tag this textErythrocytes: these cells transport oxygen and carbon dioxideLeukocytes: These cells defend aganist pathogens in the bloodPlatelets: These cells help the blood to clot.[AnswerTheir respective function is to transport cells and dissolved matter from place to place throughout the body. Erythrocytes are the most abundant as red blood cells that poses no nuclei. Leukocytes are larger but less in quantity and do have a nuclei. Platelets are just cell fragments again with no nuclei. And only a quarter the size of erythrocytes. [Why tag this texterythrocytes-transport oxygen and CO2leukocytes-aka white blood cells, fight diseaseplatelets-clot/reduce blood loss, very small and scattered[Why tag this textThe three basic kinds of formed elements found in blood are erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets. Erythrocytes are red blood cells and serve a primary transport function, moving oxygen and carbon dioxide throughout the body. Leukocytes or white blood cells perform a variety of functions but most are related to defense from infection. Platelets lastly aggregate to prevent blood loss through clotting and also secrete growth factors which promote vessel growth.[Formed ElementsSarah Ertl
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Ashley McBain
Daniel Althaus
I cannot tell you how much I have learned to loath hearing this word after having completed already so many dissections in other classes, and seeing that I am no where near being done with anatomy courses, I will probably continue to get annoyed with this term (simply because fascia seems to be such a pain in the keester when dissecting animals...) Anyways... as I very much understand the importance of the role fascia plays with the body and muscles, I really think I could live the rest of my life very well if I never had to see fascia ever again :)[Why tag this]connective tissue that seporates naighboring muscles [Why tag thisIs this that shiny white covering on venison meat? It is very tough with no flavor. [Why tag thisdoes it prevent it from muscles rubbing against each other?[Why tag thisYou can see this when making rtibs. It is the white/transparent casing that should be removed (along with the ligaments) before making.[Why tag thisWhen studying various therapeutic massage techniques, I learned the very basics of myofascial release, which is meant to loosen the tension in the connective tissue between muscle groups. Would the Fascia be the connective tissue that myofascial release targets? Or do the other connective tissues benefit from this massage technique as well?[Why tag thisAmanda
Amanda Fitzmaurice
Lauren Anthe
Brendan Semph
Alina Gur
Alyssa Harmes
The primary function of fat is energy storage
The primary function of fat is energy storage, but when concentrated in adipose tissue, it also provides thermal insulation and acts as a shock-absorbing cushion for vital organs
The primary function of fat is energy storage, but when concentrated in adipose tissue, it also provides thermal insulation and acts as a shock-absorbing cushion for vital organs
The primary function of fat is energy storage, but when concentrated in adipose tissue, it also provides thermal insulation and acts as a shock-absorbing cushion for vital organs (see Chapter 5).
This statistic is insane! The study was in progress for 14 years with a huge sample size of a little over 80,000 female nurses so we know that the result is accurate. The fact that a 2% increase in consumed calories from trans fats compared to carbs elevates the risk of coronary heart disease to 93% is absolutely shocking. I wonder if that same 2% raise in consuption of trans fat would affect a male population more or less than the female population.[Why tag this text]Wow, this shocks me, thinking about how bad trans fats are for you[Why tag this textThis means that lipids are also the slowest to convert to energy compared to proteins and carbohydrates. They are stored by the body for later use.[Why tag this textthis is important, but i find it ironic that there comes a point where the fat actually will smoother or put pressure on the organs, and becomes a reversal of its function[Why tag this textSo looking around at american today there are many with big bellies. Since fat is concentrated in adipose tissue and they have big stomaches we must have alot of adipose tissue concentrated in this area. So that when we eat large amounts of fats this migrates to this adipose tissue in our stomach area right?[Why tag this textall fat isn't bad[Why tag this textFat also acting as a shock-absorbing cushion for vital organs is very interesting. This is proof of how important fats are.[Why tag this textSamantha B Johnson
Cody Andrews
Blake Marrari
Justin Rosinski
MacKenzie
Bailey Johnson
This is interesting. Do the ruptured discs ever go back to normal?[Why tag this]I tagged this because I used to play soccer and ended up with two ruptured discs.in my lumbar vertebrae. I am always looking for a way to ease the pain.[Why tag thisA friend of mine has a bulging disk in his back from rowing. I'm not sure if this is similar, but regardless it also causes him a tremendous amount of pain. With these conditions, is an injury to the spinal column more frequent?[Why tag thisafter seeing this illustration, i can understand why the pain with herniated disc is so painful. it is literally constricting the nerve at that point in the spinal column.[Why tag thisMy mom had two slipped disks, and this puts into perspective how painful that actually is. Without the shock absorbent disk, its just vertebrae in direct contact. Bone on bone.[Why tag thiscan this be corrected with surgery?[Why tag thisDoes this ever heal? Can the nucleus cause problems if it gets into the spinal cavity?[Why tag thisKayla Cowan
Sophie
Jerry S Yang
Brendan Semph
Anthony Wheeler
Leah Hennes
Secondary active transport also requires an energy input, but depends only indirectly on ATP.
Secondary active transport also requires an energy input, but depends only indirectly on ATP. For example, certain kidney tubules have proteins called sodium?glucose transporters (SGLTs) that simultaneously bind sodium ions (Na+) and glucose molecules and transport them into the tubule cells, saving glucose from being lost in the urine (fig. 3.19).
Secondary active transport also requires an energy input, but depends only indirectly on ATP. For example, certain kidney tubules have proteins called sodium?glucose transporters (SGLTs) that simultaneously bind sodium ions (Na+) and glucose molecules and transport them into the tubule cells, saving glucose from being lost in the urine (fig. 3.19). An SGLT itself does not use ATP. However, it depends on the fact that the cell actively maintains a low internal Na+ concentration, so Na+ will diffuse down its gradient into the cell. Glucose ?hitches a ride? with the ingoing Na+. But what keeps the intracellular Na+ concentration low is that the basal membrane of the cell has an ATP-driven sodium?potassium (Na+?K+) pump that constantly removes Na+ from the cell. If not for this, the Na+ and glucose inflow via the SGLT would soon cease. Therefore, the SGLT does not use ATP directly, but depends on ATP to drive the Na+?K+ pump; it is therefore a secondary active transport protein. (Secondary active transport is an unfortunate name for this, as the SGLT is actually carrying out facilitated diffusion, but its dependence on a primary active transport pump has led to this name.)
Active transports rely on ATP. What if ATP isn't present or available? Can active transports still occur?[Why tag this text]It's interesting how substances move thoughout a cells from the help of ATP. However, why is that? [GeneralWhat makes secondary active transport unique is that is also requires an energy input but only indirectly on ATP, not directly like previous method. [Why tag this textso the secondary active transport help organs transport proteins[Why tag this textThis occurs because the previous energy ran out? [GeneralHow much ATP drives the Na+ K+ pump?[Why tag this textChristina
Stephanie
Lauren Anthe
Alyssa Harmes
Samiha Fatayer
Ian Borba
Heat production. When the weather turns chilly, we turn up not only the furnace in our home but also the ?furnace? in our body. Thyroid hormone stimulates cells to produce more Na+ ? K+ pumps. As these pumps consume ATP, they release heat, compensating for the body heat we lose to the cold air around us.
I annotated this because I thought it was a good example of explaing heat production[Why tag this text]It's interesting to know exactly how our body reacts to the cold. I knew that it was homestasis, but I never knew that actaully process of how our body heats up.[Why tag this textATP pumps release heat[General-Do not useThis kind of explains why people like me are extra hungry around winter time. If we're cold all the time, our body is using up more energy trying to stay warm and we would need to up our food intake. Packing on the pounds would give us the energy to be active in the winter.[Why tag this textI thought it was clever how they connected the idea of turning up the furnace when it's cold and also turning up the [Why tag this textI think its interesting how our body basically has an automatic heater and cooler built in us. We don't even have to think about turning up our body heats in cold weather because the thyroid hormone stimulates cells to do so for us. [Why tag this textIt's cool how your cells and everything react to the outside world. They pick up on how cold it is and heat up the body to it's normal temp. regulation is the key.[Why tag this textJourdan Richardson
Rachel Feivor
Gonzalo Prado Vazquez
Kristen
Mai Youa Chang
krista
To be functional, it must coil or fold into precise secondary and tertiary structures; in some cases, it associates with other protein chains (quaternary structure) or binds with a nonprotein such as a vitamin or carbohydrate.
older protein called a chaperone. The chaperone guides the new protein in folding into the proper shape and helps to prevent improper associations between different proteins. As in the colloquial sense of the word, a chaperone is an older protein that escorts and regulates the behavior of the ?youngsters.? Some chaperones are also called stress proteins or heat shock proteins because they are produced in response to heat or other stress on a cell and help damaged proteins fold back into their correct functional shapes.
Can the proteins be damage during the folding process?[Why tag this text]When I think about proteins it is usally just as a single strand but thinking that it has to be balled up in a tertiary structure to be functional makes me wonder if all the complexity is necessary. [Why tag this textA chaperone protein helps guide proteins into a functional structure. [Why tag this textan older protein called a chaperone helps guide how the new protein should coil[Why tag this textWHAT WOULD HAPPEN IF PROTEINS FOLDED INTO THE WRONG SHAPES OR ASSOCIATED WITH DIFFERENT PROTEINS?[Why tag this textThe chaperone protein in protein synthesis reminds me of a grade school teacher-- helping to shape the [Why tag this textthis is a really good example, and will help me remember how the new protiens are made and by who they are guided.[Why tag this textStephanie Collins
Kaylee Richards
Alyssa Harmes
Kayla Orta
Alina Gur
Cassandra Shultz
emotional stress cannot make the hair turn white overnight.
Functions of Ha
Functions of Hair Compared with other mammals, the relative hairlessness of humans is so unusual that it raises the question, Why do we have any hair at all? What purpose does it serve?
ompared with other mammals, the relative hairlessness of humans is so unusual that it raises the question, Why do we have any hair at all? What purpose does it serve?
I feel like this isn't true because I have accidentally cut hair in places I didn't mean to, and it definitely appears to be growing faster and thicker than the surrounding hair.[Why tag this]I thought this was interesting because I've always heard stressed people say that their hair is turning gray/white, so it's good to know that this actually isn't true. [Why tag thisFunctions of Hair:Most hair can be considered vestigal, as it has little to no function. Scalp hair can serve to keep us warm, though and protect from sunburn. Pubic/Auxillary hair serve as sign of sexual maturity and help transmit scents. Protective hairs [vibrissae] guard the nostrils and ear canals, similar to eyelashes. Eyebrows likely only enhance facial expressiveness.[Why tag thisFollowing the pattern of our evolution, will the human race eventually become hairless?[Why tag thisHave we been able to track a noticable decrease in human hair in the last few hundred years?[Why tag thisThese questions are raised because our sweat glands that come through the skin keep our skin moisturized. But further study shows that most heat is lost through the scalp of a person so that is why we have our most dense hair there. [Why tag thisI've wondered this myself. [Why tag thisStephanie
Danielle Henckel
Kristofer Schroeckenthaler
Andrea
lucas hubanks
When a molecule accepts electrons, it is said to be reduced; a molecule that donates electrons to another is therefore called a reducing agent (electron donor).
The oxidation of one molecule is always accompanied by the reduction of another, so these electron transfers are known as oxidation?reduction (redox) reactions.
It is not necessary that only electrons be transferred in a redox reaction. Often, the electrons are transferred in the form of hydrogen atoms. The fact that a proton (the hydrogen nucleus) is also transferred is immaterial to whether we consider a reaction oxidation or reduction
It is not necessary that only electrons be transferred in a redox reaction. Often, the electrons are transferred in the form of hydrogen atoms. The fact that a proton (the hydrogen nucleus) is also transferred is immaterial to whether we consider a reaction oxidation or reduction.
the reducing agent gives away electrons to othr molecules causing them to gain energy[Why tag this text]It's easy to get confused as to which is the reducing agent and which is the oxidizing agent! Just remember it's the opposite molecule that is the agent, so the molecule being reduced is also the oxidizing agent. [Why tag this textWas the question on the quiz, where we had to drag and label all parts of a chemical reaction (NAD+ + 2H => NADH + H+), a redox reacton? Would you be able to review this question in lecture?[Why tag this textI had a very hard time understanding the oxidation/reduction section. I think it would have helped had the book showed examples of oxidation reactions with and without oxygen in them. It was difficult to understand what was the oxidation agent and what was the reduction agent, therefore I think examples of each would have been beneficial. [Why tag this textI don't understand why it is necessary to make note of this in this book. I have taken extensive chemistry classes and the majority of the time when looking at redox reactions we just look at transferring electrons. I feel like many people in this class have not taken much chemistry and won't need to take that much chemistry and this seems like it will just confuse people. Redox reactions are very simple when just looked at as a trasnfer of electrons. [Why tag this textThree type of chemical reactions are metabolism, oxidation, and reduction, each reaction is require large amount of energy needed.[Why tag this textI cannot quite grasp the idea of a redox reaction. Would this be a reaction that was not predicted? It says in the above paragraph that reduction reaction, but I still dont understand if the reaction would be reduced or changed, and how it would be changed?[Why tag this textKaylee Richards
Shannon Stinson
Kasey Kallien
aubrey
Sue Xiong
Callie McCarthy
After one ribosome moves away from the leader sequence, another one often binds there and begins the process, following along behind the first?and then another and another, so that a single mRNA is commonly translated by 10 or 20 ribosomes at once. This cluster of ribosomes, all translating the same mRNA, is called a polyribosome.
Not only is each mRNA translated by all these ribosomes at once, but a cell may have 300,000 identical mRNA molecules, each being simultaneously translated by some 20 ribosomes.
With so many ?factory workers? doing the same task, a cell may produce over 100,000 protein molecules per second?a remarkably productive factory! As much as 25% of the dry weight of liver cells, which are highly active in protein synthesis, is composed of ribosomes.
Is this process constantly taking place, or only at certain times? [Why tag this text]ribosomes help each other make proteins[Why tag this textOur bodies are remarkably efficient at producing these molecules as well as translating them.[Why tag this texti just can't believe how much our cells produce[Why tag this textyou could also look at this as the DNA builds the prototype [Why tag this textNo matter how many times you hear these big numbers of things in the body, still so hard to believe and amazing to believe that so much is happening in a cell all at once that it can produce over 100,000 protein molecules per second.[Why tag this textThis shows how not all cells are the same and that they are somewhat specialized depending on where they are in the body. Since the liver needs to make a lot of protein, there are more ribosomes in liver cells than there would be in other cells in the body.[Why tag this textAlyssa Harmes
David Faber
Lauren Anthe
Flees Robert John
Nicholas Bruno
Nicole Latzig
Mineral deposition (mineralization) is a crystallization process in which calcium, phosphate, and other ions are taken from the blood plasma and deposited in bone tissue, mainly as needlelike crystals of hydroxyapatite. Deposition begins in fetal ossification and continues throughout life.
Mineral Deposition and Resorption:Mineral deposition/mineralization is a process in which calcium, phosphate and other ions are taken from teh blood and put into bone tissue. This process is started by osteoblasts with lay down collagen fibers that then harden with minerals and form the matrix. Resorption: Process of dissolving bone. Releases the minerals back intot he blood for other uses. Osteoclasts do this. They have receptors for calcium and respond to falling levels of calcium. Hydochloric acid comes in and dissolves bone minerals, releasin them into the blood. [Why I tagged this]is this included in the production and repair of bone?[Why I tagged thiswhat is the difference between mineralization and calcification of bones?[Why I tagged thisMineralization is very interesting to me. When the ions are taken from the blood plasma do they ever leave the bone?[Why I tagged thisMineral disposition is an important process that ultimately affects the levels of calcium and phosphate deposited within a tissue. Hydroxapatite crystals are responsible for the actual formation of calcium and phophate levels, and ultimately balances the amount of crystals formed. A surplus of hydroxapatite and calcium levels may cause conditions such as hypercalcemia.[Why I tagged thisCould you cover mineral depostition and resorption?[Why I tagged thisThe minerals deposited to form bone are extracted from the blood plasma.[Why I tagged thisHannah Lucas
Samantha B Johnson
Bailey Johnson
Petra Stevanovic
Kayla Cowan
Michael Franzini
RNA is their final product. Several other recent discoveries have complicated our concept of the gene still more?genes overlapping each other, so some segments of DNA belong to two different genes; short genes embedded within longer ones; multiple related proteins encoded by a single gene; and other unexpected arrangements. As molecular biologists have learned more and more about DNA, the definition of the gene has become more and more frayed around the edges.
Why does this happen?[Why tag this text]thats interesting, you would think the gene would contain DNA and that would be their final product.[Why tag this textScience is a field where learning is a daily activity, where nothing is 100% certain and 'facts' are often discarded. [Why tag this textSo then presumably if there's on mistake in the code, and multiple genes could be within that section, is that what causes some diseases or disorders? I can see how that would make the process of understanding an illness that much more complicated.[Why tag this textDNA has always amazed me because of how complex everything is, and how it consists of everything we are made up of. Also no DNA is the same as any other DNA, which is hard to believe as well.[Why tag this textDoes genes overlapping affect our bodies in any way? Or is it a somewhat normal qualitiy for genes to have?[Why tag this textThis is interesting seeing that their are more DNA molecules than there are genes.[Why tag this textLauren Anthe
Kaylee Richards
Sophie
Sarah
Megan Page
Michea Jones
A prefix may be present to modify the core meaning of the word.
Important to remember what gets dropped[Why I tagged this]Important to remember what letters get dropped so you spell them correctly[Why I tagged thisBy adding a vowel you can combine words to add another meaning. [Why I tagged thisOne way of ending a term and it helps understand or remember the meaning due to it's relation to the body part.[Why I tagged thisa prefix changes the main meaning of the word.[Why I tagged thisThis is a concept that we will continue to see in the future. Learning all of the different prefixes and suffixes will definitely make thing easier when studying vocab.[Why I tagged thisa prefix often tells the location of an illness[Why I tagged thisLauren Thiel
Lauren Gwidt
lindsay krueger
Alejandra Contreras
Amanda Baxter
The Ankle and Foot The tarsal bones of the ankle are arranged in proximal and distal groups somewhat like the carpal bones of the wrist (fig. 8.40). Because of the load-bearing role of the ankle, however, their shapes and arrangement are conspicuously different from those of the carpal bones, and they are thoroughly integrated into the structure of the foot. The largest tarsal bone is the calcaneus71 (cal-CAY-nee-us), which forms the heel. Its posterior end is the point of attachment for the calcaneal (Achilles) tendon from the calf muscles. The second-largest tarsal bone, and the most superior, is the talus. It has three articular surfaces: an inferoposterior one that articulates with the calcaneus, a superior trochlear surface that articulates with the tibia, and an anterior surface that articulates with a short, wide tarsal bone called the navicular.72 The talus, calcaneus, and navicular are considered the proximal row of tarsal bones.
Each of these bones interacts with another and the way that they interact is why we can move the way we do. Linking these bones helps to understand the body as a whole more than we would be able to withouth knowing about our bones, what they do, and where they are.[Why tag this]I am in awe how many bones are in the ankle and feet alone. All coordinating, sliding, and glinding past one another to provide stability and sure footing[Why tag thisthe ankle and foot description[Why tag thisMy dad was involved in a bad car crash and shattered all of these bones. Now, metal spikes keep his ankle together. [Why tag thisTHis is a good example again of how the lower extremety mirror the upper. The hand is almost a replica of the feet. Is this because at one point we were thought to walk on our hands and legs? So just by the process of evoltution our hands allowed us to adapt to different tasks. [Why tag thisExplains how they use the terms proximal and distal, like we learned in anatomical positioning. [Why tag thisWhile I was growing up I dot diagnosed with a [Why tag thisRoy Lewis
Alyssa Harmes
Sarah Kallas
Justin Rosinski
Sarah Faust
Kirsten Majstorovic
The Length?Tension Relationship and Muscle Tone
Rigor mortis8 is the hardening of the muscles and stiffening of the body that begins 3 to 4 hours after death. It occurs partly because the deteriorating sarcoplasmic reticulum releases calcium into the cytosol, and the deteriorating sarcolemma admits more calcium from the extracellular fluid. The calcium activates myosin?actin cross-bridging. Once bound to actin, myosin cannot release it without first binding an ATP molecule, and of course no ATP is available in a dead body. Thus, the thick and thin filaments remain rigidly cross-linked until the myofilaments begin to decay. Rigor mortis peaks about 12 hours after death and then diminishes over the next 48 to 60 hours.
If the muscle sarcomeres are less than 60% or more than 175% of their optimal length, they develop no tension at all in response to a stimulus. The central nervous system continually monitors and adjusts the length of the resting muscles, maintaining a state of partial contraction called muscle tone. This maintains optimum length and makes the muscles ideally ready for action. The elastic filaments of the sarcomere also help to maintain enough myofilament overlap to ensure an effective contraction when the muscle is called into action.
I have recently realized the consequences of failing to stretch after working out. I am wondering, though, if you have contacted your muscles, and now are relaxing them, is there a certain way each muscle needs to be stretched?[why I Tagged this]Is this why when you are done running you typically want to stretch out your legs?[why I Tagged thisLength-Tension Relationship and Muscle tone:The amount of tension and force of contraction of a muscle depend on how stretched or contracted it was before it was stimulated. Overly contracted=weak action. Too stretched=weak. [why I Tagged thisThe concept of rigor mortis or the stiffening of the body and muscles after death is very similar to the sodium potassium pump after death. The releasal of large amounts of calcium throws the system off balance and causes the muscles to stiffen. [why I Tagged thisI can relate to this because I am a CNA and I had to wrap up and clean a few dead people and have witnessed this. Sometimes you get people whos arm will randomly come up and some who will shake a little. It is actually scary.[why I Tagged thisIts awesome to think that our nervous system monitors what every single muscle is like in our body at one time. It knows if it is contracted, relaxed, what position it in, and can maintain a state of partial contraction. This is called muscle tone and I was wondering if that is the same muscle tone that we talk about when we work out to develop [why I Tagged thisHow does the central nervous system do this? What processes does it carry out to ensure the sacromeres of the muscles are at a particular resting length? [why I Tagged thisKelly Stahl
Danielle Henckel
Jonathan Rooney
Riley Spitzig
Emily
Unicellular glands are secretory cells found in an epithelium that is predominantly nonsecretory.
Unicellular glands are secretory cells found in an epithelium that is predominantly nonsecretory. They can be endocrine or exocrine. For e
Exocrine Gland Structure Figure 5.30 shows a generalized multicellular exocrine gland?a structural arrangement found in such organs as the mammary gland, pancreas, and salivary glands. Most glands are enclosed in a fibrous capsule. The capsule often gives off extensions called septa, or trabeculae (trah-BEC-you-lee), that divide the interior of the gland into compartments called lobes, which are visible to the naked eye.
Exocrine Gland Structure Figure 5.30 shows a generalized multicellular exocrine gland?a structural arrangement found in such organs as the mammary gland, pancreas, and salivary glands. Most glands are enclosed in a fibrous capsule. The capsule often gives off extensions called septa, or trabeculae (trah-BEC-you-lee), that divide the interior of the gland into compartments called lobes, which are visible to the naked eye. Finer connective tissue septa may further subdivide each lobe into microscopic lobules. Blood vessels, nerves, and the gland's own ducts generally travel through these septa. The connective tissue framework of the gland, called its stroma, supports and organizes the glandular tissue. The cells that perform the tasks of synthesis and secretion are collectively called the parenchyma (pa-REN-kih-muh). This is typically simple cuboidal or simple columnar epithelium.
unicellular glands are found in epithelium that are nonsecretory. but they are secretory cells.[Why tag this text]A gland is a cell or organ that secretes substances for use elsewhere in the body or for elimination as waste. Glands are composed predominantly of epithelial tissues. Endocrine and Exocrine Glands originate as invaginations of a surface epithelium. Endocrine glands lose contact with the surface and have no ducts and unicellular glands are secretory cells found in an epithelium that is predominantly nonsecretory. [Why tag this textThe unicellular gland intrigues me because I have never heard about it before and its function, it's kinda weird that it can be both endocrine and exocrine. How can that be? I would like to be explained a little more on the unicellular gland.[Why tag this textI tagged this because it's very interesting to come to the realization that there is so much structure that makes up the exocrine gland and they are composed of compartments called lobes which we can see with the naked eye. [Why tag this textneed to study and review this a couple times[Why tag this textSo what makes our mouth water when we start thinking or smelling food? [Why tag this textif the are able to be seen by the naked eye they are larger than 0.1 mm[Why tag this textAnisa Janko
shelby
Sarah
lenarch2
Maisey Mulvey
Kayla Doucette
Other factors in skin color are hemoglobin and carotene.
Other factors in skin color are hemoglobin and carotene. Hemoglobin, the red pigment of blood, imparts reddish to pinkish hues as blood vessels show through the skin. Its color is lightened by the white of the dermal collagen. The skin is redder in places such as the lips, where blood capillaries come closer to the surface and the hemoglobin shows through more vividly. Carotene14 is a yellow pigment acquired from egg yolks and yellow and orange vegetables. Depending on the diet, carotene or related compounds can become concentrated to various degrees in the stratum corneum and subcutaneous fat, imparting a yellow color. This is often most conspicuous in skin of the heel and in ?corns? or calluses of the feet, because this is where the stratum corneum is thickest.
wow[Why tag this text]carton kinda like carrots has the orange tint to it[Why tag this textI find it interesting that something as small as hemoglobin can affect pigment color. When I think about this it makes sense though, hemoglobin is in our blood, our blood is in our skin so it makes sense.[Why tag this textI knew about melanin but it is interesting that carotene and hemoglobin cause other colors of the skin to appear depending on there presence.[Why tag this texthemoglobin and carotene - factors in skin color [Why tag this textThis is interesting to me I did not realize that what we ate impacted the color of our skin.[Why tag this textSo how/why does blushing work?[Why tag this textLauren Anthe
Joshua Collier
Erin Griph
Anthony Wheeler
Chloe Anderson
Sophie
Organization. Living things exhibit a far higher level of organization than the nonliving world around them. They expend a great deal of energy to maintain order, and a breakdown in this order is accompanied by disease and often death. Cellular composition. Living matter is always compartmentalized into one or more cells. Metabolism. Living things take in molecules from the environment and chemically change them into molecules that form their own structures, control their physiology, or provide them with energy. Metabolism15 is the sum of all this internal chemical change. It consists of two classes of reactions: anabolism,16 in which relatively complex molecules are synthesized from simpler ones (for example, protein synthesis), and catabolism,17 in which relatively complex molecules are broken down into simpler ones (for example, protein digestion). Metabolism inevitably produces chemical wastes, some of which are toxic if they accumulate. Metabolism therefore requires excretion, the separation of wastes from the tissues and their elimination from the body. There is a constant turnover of molecules in the body; few of the molecules now in your body have been there for more than a year. It is food for thought that although you sense a continuity of personality and experience from your childhood to the present, nearly all of your body has been replaced within the past year.
CHIMHERCellsHomeostasisInterdependenceMetabolismHeredityEvolution Reproduce[Why I tagged this]This is the smallest parts and building blocks of anatomy and the basics behind how physiology functions[Why I tagged this1. Property to define life[Why I tagged thisliving things have life cycle - organized.[Why I tagged thisOrganization is one of the properties of a living thing and without it things will eventually end up nonliving if they can't maintain order[Why I tagged thisHigher levels of organization do not necessarily refer to organization strictly on a cellular leverl, but also may refer to the complexity of how the organisms internal structures and processes. [Why I tagged thisOrganization is a primary component to the human body which i find interesting. It can be pertained to any person's life outside of the human body. Organization is important in succeeding in many ways and it can be compared to organization within us. [Why I tagged thisSophie
Melissa
Jelena Ristic
Danny Duong
Alina Gur
Lauren Gwidt
The adult body contains about 1,100 g of calcium, with 99% of it in the bones. Bone has two calcium reserves: (1) a stable pool of calcium, which is incorporated into hydroxyapatite and is not easily exchanged with the blood; and (2) exchangeable calcium, which is 1% or less of the total but is easily released to the tissue fluid. The adult skeleton exchanges about 18% of its calcium with the blood each year.
he adult body contains about 1,100 g of calcium, with 99% of it in the bones. Bone has two calcium reserves: (1) a stable pool of calcium, which is incorporated into hydroxyapatite and is not easily exchanged with the blood; and (2) exchangeable calcium, which is 1% or less of the total but is easily released to the tissue fluid. The adult skeleton exchanges about 18% of its calcium with the blood each year.The calcium concentration in the blood plasma is normally 9.2 to 10.4 mg/dL. This is a rather narrow margin of safety, as we shall soon see. About 45% of it is in the ionized form (Ca2+), which can diffuse through capillary walls and affect neighboring cells. The rest of it is bound to plasma proteins and other solutes. It is not physiologically active, but it serves as a reserve from which free Ca2+ can be obtained as needed.Even slight changes in blood calcium concentration can have serious consequences. A calcium deficiency is called hypocalcemia30 (HY-po-cal-SEE-me-uh). It causes excessive excitability of the nervous system and leads to muscle tremors, spasms, or tetany?the inability of the muscle to relax. Tetany begins to occur as the plasma Ca2+ concentration falls to 6 mg/dL. One sign of hypocalcemia is strong spasmodic flexion of the wrist and thumb and extension of the other fingers, called the Trousseau31 sign?often induced by the inflation of a blood pressure cuff putting pressure on the brachial nerve. At 4 mg/dL, muscles of the larynx contract tightly, a condition called laryngospasm, which can shut off airflow and cause suffocation.
the bone has two calcium reserves, which is a stable pool of calcium and exchangeable calcium[Why I tagged this]I wasn't aware that 99% of calcium goes directly to bones.[Why I tagged thisI can see now why if you had a porblem with calcium homeostatsis that it is very very bad because it makes each body contains 1,100 grams and 99 percent of the in the bones!! That is pretty much allllll of it! Where does the 1 percent that is left over go?[Why I tagged thisI tagged this, because to actually see how much calcium the human body contains is surprising, but at the same time it makes sense. When I was younger, I was always told to drink lots and lots of milk by my doctor. He told me it would make my bones strong, which would pay off when I was older. Now I can truly understand why this is.[Why I tagged thisSo clearly calcium is very important for the body and the bones, and having a change in calcium can cause serious changes to the body, what exactly happens if the bones have less calcium verses to much calcium? SInce bone is composed of calcium if there is to little can the bone be not as strong?[Why I tagged thisabout 99% of calcium is in bones of an adult body. [Why I tagged thisstable pool of calcium not easily exchanged with bloodexchangable calcium, less than 1% but it easily released[Why I tagged thisDavid
Kaitlynn
Juliana Gottwein
Lauren Anthe
Paola Arce
Justin Putterman
. The extensors are located mainly in the nuchal region (back of the neck; fig. 10.12) and therefore tend to hold the head erect or draw it back. The trapezius is the most superficial of these. It extends from the nuchal region over the shoulders and halfway down the back. It is named for the fact that the right and left trapezii together form a diamond or trapezoidal shape (see fig. 10.5b). The splenius is a deeper, elongated muscle with splenius capitis and splenius cervicis regions in the head and neck, respectively. It is nicknamed the ?bandage muscle? because of the way it wraps around still deeper neck muscles. One of those deeper muscles is the semispinalis, another elongated muscle with head, neck, and thoracic regions. Only the semispinalis capitis and cervicis are tabulated here; the semispinalis thoracis does not act on the neck, but is included in table 10.6.
If i crack my neck, what's cracking? Along with my fingers and back.[Why Tag This]trapeziussplenius capitissemispinalis capitis[Why Tag ThisI find thid section very helpful and It should be useed more [Why Tag ThisThe neck is crucial for the movement of the head. Muscles located in the back of the neck (nuchal region) extend to hold the head erect or they relax to lower the head.[Why Tag ThisIs this the muscle group that is injuried during an ancident when some one sufers from whip lash, or are the flexors the muscle group that does?[Why Tag Thismuscles located in the neck[Why Tag ThisI have chosen this section because we directly looked at these muscles of the neck when working on the human cadaver. This was very interesting. I never knew how big the sternocleidomastoid was in the back of the neck. Also the trapezius was the coolest and biggest muscle to look at in the back. In the human cadaver it really did look like a diamond like it says. [Why Tag ThisAmanda
Lauren Anthe
Michael Franzini
Justin Rosinski
Alyssa Harmes
Jenna
The hip bones have three distinctive features that will serve as landmarks for further description.
The hip bones have three distinctive features that will serve as landmarks for further description. These are the iliac63 crest (
The hip bones have three distinctive features that will serve as landmarks for further description. These are the iliac63 crest (superior crest of the hip); acetabulum64 (ASS-eh-TAB-you-lum) (the hip socket?named for its resemblance to vinegar cups used on ancient Roman dining tables); and obturator65 foramen
The hip bones have three distinctive features that will serve as landmarks for further description. These are the iliac63 crest (superior crest of the hip); acetabulum64 (ASS-eh-TAB-you-lum) (the hip socket?named for its resemblance to vinegar cups used on ancient Roman dining tables); and obturator65 foramen (a large round-to-triangular hole below the acetabulum, closed by a ligament called the obturator membrane in life).
This is interesting that this is the space an infant goes through during birth. Does this change size then for childbirth? How does that work?[Why tag this]The hip bones divide into three features[Why tag this1/4 of people 50 and over who have a hip facture die within the same year, and the percentage only increases with age. What makes the hip bone so difficult for the body to heal?[Why tag thisThese are similar toanatomic features, what we learned about it the 8.1 reading. These features are important for helping identify body parts or bones. [Why tag thisthree distinctive features of the hip bones[Why tag thisI tagged this because those three feautres will help me distinguish between other bones of the body.[Why tag thisbecause of the ways each of our upper and lower limbs are shapes we are able to walk unike any other animl for long periods of time stably.[Why tag thisSalman Almohsin
Sarah Cherkinian
morgan johnson
Anthony Wheeler
Caitlin
Amanda
Most hair of the human trunk and limbs is probably best interpreted as vestigial, with little present function. Body hair undoubtedly served to keep our ancestors warm, but in modern humans it is too scanty for this purpose.
Most hair of the human trunk and limbs is probably best interpreted as vestigial, with little present function. Body hair undoubtedly served to keep our ancestors warm, but in modern humans it is too scanty for this purpose. Stimulation of the hair receptors, however, alerts us to parasites crawling on the skin, such as lice and fleas.
It allows for an awesome Dos Equis commercial.[Why tag this]This actually reminds me of what I was thought earlier in biology about junk DNA saying they are useless but I'm sure they serve a purpose in their own way even in the present day.[Why tag thisI always thought hair in the human body was just useless. Specially for girls, since we are always trying to get rid of it. It is interesting to learn that the hair receptors alert the body of the precense of parasites. [Why tag thisDispite common belief, body hair barely serves a purpose and hardly assists in keeping us warm in this day and age.[Why tag thisso withouth hair would our bodies be colder? cause doesn't skin also feed the purpose to keep the body warm?[Why tag thisEvolutionarily speaking it makes sense for primates to have a thick coating of hair to keep warm. It is interesting that we evolved to have very thin body hair. [Why tag thisEvolutionary factors which show why humans have any hair at all. Important for survival, and over time we only keep what we need[Why tag thisxiong thao
Alma Tovar
Michael Acker
Lauren Anthe
aubrey
Ethan Kelly
The mechanical advantage (MA) of a lever is the ratio of its output force to its input force. If LE is the length of the effort arm and LR is the length of the resistance arm, MA = LE/LR. If MA is greater than 1.0, the lever produces more force, but less speed or distance, than the force exerted on it. If MA is less than 1.0, the lever produces more speed or distance, but less force, than the input.
So this is the strength of the joint? [Why tag this]Why does it seem like there are a lot more [Why tag thisHow does this equation come into effect [Why tag thisMechanical advatage is important to understand because it is the basis in getting our joints to work efficiently. [Why tag thisI think this is a very important concept to grasp, shorter people tend to have the mechanical advantages in sports such as powerlifiting, they don't have long limbs so they can push more weight without much trouble[Why tag thisMechanical advantage [Why tag thisJoseph Skarlupka
Lauren Anthe
Maria Stephans
xiong thao
Kaela Tjugum
A deep yawn or other strenuous depression of the mandible can dislocate the TMJ by making the condyle pop out of the fossa and slip forward. The joint is relocated by pressing down on the molars while pushing the jaw posteriorly.
hehe[Why tag this]I did not know about this.[Why tag thisI tagged this, because it amazed me how a yawn, which we cannot control most of the time can possibly dislocate the TMJ. This is done when the condyle is forced to pop out of the fossa and ultimately move it forward. Interestingly the only way for this action to be reversed is by pushing down on the molars as well as on the jaw posteriorly.[Why tag thisThis Temporomandibular joint syndrome sounds terrible!! I think it actully happened to my friend one time when he was yawning. It was kind of scary and he was in a lot of pain and had to go to the ER[Why tag thisWouldn't you stop your self from yawning that big?[General_Do Not Useits new to me that the yawn may cause dislocate the TMJ[Why tag thisThis is interesting that such a normal thing can cause a dislocation. Does this happen to everyone?[Why tag thisPangJeb Vang
Juliana Gottwein
Kaitlynn
lenarch2
Salman Almohsin
Erin Griph
Phagocytosis, Intracellular Digestion, and Exocytosis.
Pinocytosis29 (PIN-oh-sy-TOE-sis), or ?cell drinking,? is the process of taking in droplets of ECF
Pinocytosis29 (PIN-oh-sy-TOE-sis), or ?cell drinking,? is the process of taking in droplets of ECF containing molecules of some use to the cell. While phagocytosis occurs in only a few specialized cells, pinocytosis occurs in all human cells. The process begins as the plasma membrane becomes dimpled, or caved in, at points. These pits soon separate from the surface membrane and form small membrane-bounded pinocytotic vesicles in the cytoplasm. The vesicles contain droplets of the ECF with whatever molecules happen to be there.
Pinocytosis: Taking in liquidsPhagocytosis: Taking in food {ECF}. Receptor Mediated Endocytosis: Selective form of phago/pinocytosis. This is done by particles in the ECF binding to receptors on the plasma membrane which then create a clathrin,a pit is pinched off creating a vesicle that takes stuff in[Why tag this text]Is this done to eliminate some of the danger of the cell becoming hypotonic or hypertonic?[Why tag this textI just think pinocytosis and phagocytosis are really interesting concepts because it's cool how such little, tiny cells can [Why tag this textso basically drinking the water from the cell?[Why tag this textQuestion 10: Phagocytosis and Pinocytosis.Phagocytosis is the process of engulfing particles into the cell.Pinocytosis is the process of taking in droplets of ECF comtaining molecules.[Why tag this textSamuel Nichols
Stephanie
Lauren Anthe
Sarah Ertl
The surface of an epithelial cell that faces the basement membrane is its basal surface, and the one that faces away from the basement membrane toward the internal cavity (lumen) of an organ is the apical surface.
I do not understand what this means.. That it [Why tag this text]Everyone should know where the basement membrane is placed in the makeup of the epitheial tissue. This is because it is a primary component to keeping the tissue functioning by attaching itself to other tissues. The two types of basement membranes are important because each one has a different area to connect to. This creating similar but different functions for each.[Why tag this textI think that this is going to be important to remember just in case we are ever presented with looking at the basement membrane. We are going to have to know whether or not we are looking at the basalor apical surface.[Why tag this textThis confuses me. If the basal surface is the side facing the basement membrane and the apical surface is the side facing the internal cavity... isn't that the same side? Which side is facing toward the outside of the body?[Why tag this textSurface taht faces basement membrane: basal surface. surface taht faces away from basement membrane toward inner organ: apical surface[Why tag this textIt goes: Basement membrane:basal surface of epithelial cells, epithelial cells, apical surface of epithelial cells.[Why tag this texta membrane that faces the basement membrance. the apical surface faces away from the basement membrane[Why tag this textLauren Gwidt
wagnera2
Mackenzie DeClark
Stephanie
Danielle Henckel
holly kluge
While DNA is synthesized in the nucleus, new histones are synthesized in the cytoplasm.
While DNA is synthesized in the nucleus, new histones are synthesized in the cytoplasm. Millions of histones are transported into the nucleus within a few minutes after DNA replication, and each new DNA helix wraps around them to make new nucleosomes.
Does excess DNA that does not code for any proteins still get synthesized here? Or does DNA polymerase skip over unncessary information and dispose of it?[Why tag this text]if DNA is not being synthesized in the nucleus can new histones be synthesized in the cytoplasm?[Why tag this textNew histones are synthesized in the cytoplasm whent the DNA is synthesized in the nucleus. After DNA replication millions of histones are transported. [Why tag this textDNA is synthesized in the nucleus of the cell[Why tag this textAre histones just a general protein, or are there specific histones that DNA is encoded to wrap around? [Why tag this textso does that mean the new histones depend on the DNA to replicate?[Why tag this textI wonder why our body is able to do this so quickly? why is DNA replicatication (in such a rapid manner) important?[Why tag this textJustin Putterman
Christeen Tuck
lindsay krueger
Kaylee Richards
Lauren Anthe
Andrea
In exchange reactions, two molecules exchange atoms or groups of atoms; AB + CD --> AC + BD (fig. 2.13c). For example, when stomach acid (HCl) enters the small intestine, the pancreas secretes sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) to neutralize it. The reaction between the two is NaHCO3 + HCl ? NaCl + H2CO3. We could say the sodium atom has exchanged its bicarbonate group (?HCO3) for a chlorine atom.
In exchange reactions, two molecules exchange atoms or groups of atoms; AB + CD --> AC + BD (fig. 2.13c). For example, when stomach acid (HCl) enters the small intestine, the pancreas secretes sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) to neutralize it. The reaction between the two is NaHCO3 + HCl ? NaCl + H2CO3. We could say the sodium atom has exchanged its bicarbonate group (?HCO3) for a chlorine atom.Page 57
This makes sense when you're looking at the equation of A + B --> AB...this means, when you combine A and B you end up with the compound AB...just like in the body. When you combine several things, in this case amino acids, you end up with one big molecule, or compound.[General]Great example of how synthesis reactions happen[Why tag this textIn chemistry 101 we call these so called [Why tag this textIn exchange reaction, molecules switch groups/partners.[Why tag this textexplains a little better what exchange reactions is[Why tag this textI find exchange reactions to be the most interesting because of the way both compounds are broken down and combine again separately. This is less [Why tag this textDetails on exchange reactions-an example is given[Why tag this textSamantha B Johnson
Jonathan Rooney
Stephanie
Lauren Anthe
Chelsea Moore
Anthony Wheeler
Muscles with Bellies in the Forearm (Antebrachium).
Muscles with Bellies in the Forearm (Antebrachium). Most forearm muscles act on the wrist and hand, but two of them are synergists in elbow flexion and extension and three of them function in pronation and supination. The brachioradialis is the large fleshy mass of the lateral (radial) side of the forearm just distal to the elbow (see figs. 10.23a and 10.28a). Its origin is on the distal end of the humerus and its insertion on the distal end of the radius. With the insertion so far from the fulcrum of the elbow, it does not generate as much force as the brachialis and biceps; it is effective mainly when those muscles have already partially flexed the elbow. The anconeus is a weak synergist of elbow extension on the posterior side of the elbow (see fig. 10.29). Pronation is achieved by the pronator teres near the elbow and pronator quadratus (the prime mover) near the wrist. Supination is usually achieved by the supinator of the upper forearm, with the biceps brachii aiding when additional speed or power is required (fig. 10.26).
three headed muscle which is why its called [Why Tag This]Muscles with Bellies in the forearm: Forearm muscles act on the wrist and hand, mostly. [Why Tag ThisThis discription and following image #5 helps me visualize how an arm lock works, and why it is so painful/efficient. [Why Tag ThisI think that i need to look into more about what pronation and supination to fully understand what is going on in the body. Fist i should identify these terms. I think that it is intresting to think about how much of one arm consists of. [Why Tag Thismuscles with bellies in the forearm consist of brachioradialis[Why Tag Thiswhy does it not generate that much force?[Why Tag ThisThough these muscles function in pronation and supination of the forearm, I wonder if they are capable of acting as support for the elbow, due to their location around the joint.[Why Tag ThisDanielle Henckel
Ryan Gallagher
Sophia Wood
Alyssa Harmes
Lauren Anthe
Alina Gur
adipose tissue
The most significant factor in skin color is melanin
The most significant factor in skin color is melanin. This is produced by the melanocytes but accumulates in the keratinocytes of the stratum basale and stratum spinosum (fig. 6.6). There are two forms of melanin: a brownish black eumelanin12 and a reddish yellow sulfur-containing pigment, pheomelanin.13 People of different skin colors have essentially the same number of melanocytes, but in dark skin, the melanocytes produce greater quantities of melanin, the melanin granules in the keratinocytes are more spread out than tightly clumped, and the melanin breaks down more slowly. Thus, melanized cells may be seen throughout the epidermis, from stratum basale to stratum corneum. In light skin, the melanin is clumped near the keratinocyte nucleus, so it imparts less color to the cells. It also breaks down more rapidly, so little of it is seen beyond the stratum basale, if even there.
Why do they say previously that this is not one of the skin layers? They list it under the dermis and dont consider it one of the layers, why is that?[Why tag this text]Insulation[Why tag this textproduced by the melanocytes.[Why tag this textThis is really interesting, so if people with darker skin produce greater quantities of melanin and breaks down slower is this the reason my mother says that people with darker skin tend to age less fast than people with lighter skin?[Why tag this textmost significant factor in skin color is melanin[Why tag this textgives you color[Why tag this textGood to know that ..[Why tag this textRachel
Brittany Nycz
maria lira
Alyssa Harmes
Jelena Ristic
bayan
t may allow clinicians to forecast a person's risk of disease and to predict its course; mutations in a single gene can affect the severity of such diseases as hemophilia, muscular dystrophy, and cystic fibrosis. Genomics should also allow for earlier detection of diseases and for earlier, more effective clinical intervention. Drugs that are safe for most people can have serious side effects in others, owing to genetic variations in drug metabolism.
Genomics should also allow for earlier detection of diseases and for earlier, more effective clinical intervention. Drugs that are safe for most people can have serious side effects in others, owing to genetic variations in drug metabolism. Genomics has begun providing a basis for choosing the safest or most effective drugs and for adjusting dosages for different patients on the basis of their genetic makeup.
This is very important because if a certain disease is common in a family, some one could start being treated earlier in their life to lower the chances of them getting that certain disease.[Why tag this text]This could also hurt people with insurance companies...not to sound too preachy[Why tag this textThe Human Genome project has allowed us to forecast peoples risk of diesease and predict its course so we can be prepared with treatment and take precautionary steps to reduce chances of disease actually occruing[Why tag this textsame as above[Why tag this textI know a psychiatrist who uses this type of testing in her practice. She swabs the inside of a patient's cheek and is able to use his or her genetic markers in order to determine which psychotropic drugs the patient will respond to best.[Why tag this textThis could really help people who have a history of disease or cancer in peoples family history. [Why tag this textGenomics allows for earlier detection of diseaes as well as deciding which drugs are the safest or best choice[Why tag this textJanis McNamara
Stephanie
kay
Sarah Hudson
Lauren Anthe
Alyssa Harmes
Absorption.
Absorption. Epithelia absorb chemicals from the adjacent medium
Absorption. Epithelia absorb chemicals from the adjacent medium; nearly all nutrients, for example, are absorbed through the epithelium of the small intestine.
fourth function[Why tag this text]absorb chemicals like nutrients from an adjacent medium[Why tag this textFunction #4: absorption[Why tag this textThis facinates me because the epithelia tissue helps provide all the nutrients to our bodies.Which is a huge part of the human life and how it is able to properly function. Although absorption isn't the only function, I find it interesting the different functions it is able to provide to the human body. What would the human body be without the epithelia tissue? [Why tag this textepithelial tissue has a lot to do with absorbing nutrients for the body through the small intestine[Why tag this textWhen I was in grade school I had a deficiency in an enzyme that caused Casien in dairy products to damage the tissue in my intestine. As a result, I lost a lot of weight and was extremely ill before I was diagnosed. The epithelia in my intestine was so damaged it was unable to absorb any nutrientents. [Why tag this textI tag this sentence because throughout my whole years of learning science, I have never heard of the basement membrane and it was interseting to learn it especailly when it is part of the growth of the epithelium too.[Why tag this textGabriela
Stephanie
shelby
aubrey
Dee Lor
The Healing of Fractures
The Healing of Fractures An uncomplicated fracture heals in about 8 to 12 weeks, but complex fractures take longer and all fractures heal more slowly in older people. The healing process occurs in the following stages (fig. 7.18):
Healing of Fractures:8-12 weeks, or more. 1. Makes a bruise/blood clot. Blood capillaries then grow into the clot and fibroblasts, macrophages, osteoclasts and osteogenic cells come into the tissue2. Makes a soft callus, which is made up of fibrocartilage3. Conversion to Hard callus: Osteoblasts make a bony collar called the hard callus. 4. The hard callus remains for 3-4 months, osteoclasts start dissolving small fragments of the broken bone and osteoblasts start fixing the bone/gaps in the bone. [Why I tagged this]why does it take a long time for older people to heal? is it because their bones are old and starting to deteriorate?[Why I tagged thisIf bones generally repair itslef by new bone cells, would repairing a pathological fracture be repaired the same?[Why I tagged thisI have only broken one bone, freshman year of highschool football. It is interesting now understanding how the bone repairs itself, and wht I missed 8 weeks of ball.[Why I tagged thisA simple fracture takes about 8 to 12 weeks to heal. The more severe the damage the longer the bone will take to heal. [Why I tagged thisThe figure shows us that there are three phases of fracture healing, the reactive, reparative and finally remodeling the bone. What happens when the process of healing fractures goes wrong?[Why I tagged thisIs there technology to speed up the healing of fractures?[Why I tagged thisJasmin James
mainkao
Stephen Minakian
Michael Franzini
Elvia Rivas
andrew baker
Many bones, especially the long bones, act as levers to enhance the speed or power of limb movements. A lever is any elongated, rigid object that rotates around a fixed point called the fulcrum (fig. 9.7). Rotation occurs when an effort applied to one point on the lever overcomes a resistance (load) at some other point. The portion of a lever from the fulcrum to the point of effort is called the effort arm, and the part from the fulcrum to the point of resistance is called the resistance arm. In skeletal anatomy, the fulcrum is a joint; the effort is applied by a muscle; and the resistance can be an object against which the body is working (as in weight lifting), the weight of the limb itself, or the tension in an opposing muscle.
I am having a hard time distinguishing first-, second-, and third-class levers, and how certain situations are a first-class lever but in another it's a second-class lever. If we could expand on this topic more in lecture I would greatly appreciate it. [Why tag this]Was in the quiz. must know. had to read over a couple times[Why tag thisHow is this so? [Why tag thisThe long bones in our arms are used mostly as levers; half to put in the effort to lift, the rest as resistance to such force, connected by a joint to do work. [Why tag thisMany bones act as levers. Especially long bones (in the arms and legs.)[Why tag thisReminds me of physics class with the levers and fulcrum.[Why tag thisare there more of certain types of levers in certain parts of the body?[Why tag thisBrandon Brandemuehl
Lauren Anthe
Kaylee Richards
Paola Arce
Rebecca Teplitz
Hannah Lucas
The epidermis is also a barrier to ultraviolet (UV) rays, blocking much of this cancer-causing radiation from reaching deeper tissue layers;
The epidermis is also a barrier to ultraviolet (UV) rays, blocking much of this cancer-causing radiation from reaching deeper tissue layers; and it is a barrier to many potentially harmful chemicals. It is, however, permeable to several drugs and poisons (see Deeper Insight 6.1).
tanning...[Why tag this text]but if it is a barrier how do we get tan from the UV rays or vitamin D from the sun?[Why tag this textYet it needs help. Wear your sun screen! My best friend's mom got melanoma just from being in the sun too long [Why tag this textHow is it that skin can be exposed to a huge amount of mutinagenic radiation and compounds and have comparitivly low rates of cancer? Skin cancer is certainly a significant cause of sickness and death. However, given its massive amount of surface area and much greater exposer than other organs, it would seem that there is a great [Why tag this textIs this why skin cancer is caused from excess tanning?[Why tag this textHow can the drugs and such get in then?[Why tag this textThis explains why people can get poisioning so easily if the epidermis lets some drugs or poision through.[Why tag this textLauren Anthe
Ann
John
Lauren Thiel
Kelly Stahl
Erin Griph
Sutures can be classified as serrate, lap, and plane sutures.
Sutures can be classified as serrate, lap, and plane sutures. Readers with some knowledge of woodworking may recognize that the structures and functional properties of these sutures have something in common with basic types of carpentry joints
Readers with some knowledge of woodworking may recognize that the structures and functional properties of these sutures have something in common with basic types of carpentry joints (fig. 9.3).
Readers with some knowledge of woodworking may recognize that the structures and functional properties of these sutures have something in common with basic types of carpentry joints (fig. 9.3). FIGURE 9.3Sutures.Serrate, lap, and plane sutures compared to some common wood joints.
Is there a biological difference in the areas that have each of these different types of sutures? Why do we need three different types?[Why Tag This?]What is the function/purpose of having different types of sutures? Is it just beause that is how those types of bones fused?[Why Tag This?Needed to know for quiz[General---Do Not UseMore sub classifation of joints.[Why Tag This?My grandfather was a carpenter and I have previously learned these terms from just helping him with different projects in the garage, this again helped me take anatomy and relate it back to real world experience for me which made it easier for me to understand![Why Tag This?This is a good way to remember the basic sutures in the cranium. [Why Tag This?This is neat! I didn't know that the sutures we have on our skull resemble the ones that carpenters use. They have different names but relatively speaking mean the exact same thing.[Why Tag This?Nicole Latzig
lenarch2
Morgan Peil
Elizabeth
Flees Robert John
maria lira
This is very important because if you think about how we grab things and the way we turn/rotate our arms to catch,grab, handle, ect. if we couldn;t easily rotate our arms things would be a lot more difficult.[Why tag this]Supination of the forearm is a movement that turns the palm to face forward so it is visible from the anterior view. Pronation is the opposite of supination where the palm is moved to face backwards so it is visible when looking at the posterion view.[Why tag thisI never knew that the forearm had specific movements which are known as Supination and Pronation. Supination is the movement where it is turned anatomical position. [Why tag thisdescription of supination and pronation[Why tag thisWHat is the cause of this and how can they be changed?[Why tag thisThe way I learned this is that you are turning your hand over like you are making a bowl for soup.[Why tag thisI think it is interesting that with one movement, one bone can be on the top of the other. [Why tag thisMichael Franzini
Sophia Wood
Alyssa Harmes
Lauren Anthe
Awlareau
Cassi Malko
About two-thirds of cases of melanoma in men result from an oncogene called BRAF
About two-thirds of cases of melanoma in men result from an oncogene called BRAF. In women, BRAF does not appear to trigger melanoma, but it has been linked to some breast and ovarian cancers. BRAF mutations are commonly found in moles. BRAF was recently discovered in the course of the new Cancer Genome Project, a multinational effort to identify cancer genes.
why are redheads and men more likely to get melanoma?[Why tag this]Didn't they just say that sunburns had nothing to do with skin cancer? Or does this just imply that the people were out in the sun long enough to get a burn; thus, they received more radiation from the sun?[Why tag thisWhy childhood? Shouldn't mutations in the DNA code be just as dangerous at anytime of life? Does the immunsystem become better at fighting mutations in adult maturity? Do mutations in childhood have a better chance of be propagated? [Why tag thisNever really think about men getting skin cancer even though you know it can happen. But how many guys do you know that really go fake bake?[Why tag thisI would love to participate in cancer gene research. this si so interesting to me that we may be able to find those at a high risk. If we can identify those with genetic risk as we do in breast cancer now, we can prevent cancer in the later stages with more frequent screening. Too many cancers are caught in stage four with no treatment options.[Why tag thislinked to some breast and ovarian cancers[Why tag thishow does the mutation occur? is this the same idea of when there are mutations in DNA cells?[Why tag thisAwlareau
John
lenarch2
Amanda Baxter
Tayelor Neiss
Holland
After several false starts, they agreed on a list of terms titled the Nomina Anatomica (NA), which rejected all eponyms and gave each structure a unique Latin name to be used worldwide. Even if you were to look at an anatomy atlas in Japanese or Arabic, the illustrations may be labeled with the same Latin terms as in an English-language atlas. The NA served for many decades until recently replaced by the TA, which prescribes both Latin names and accepted English equivalents. The terminology in this book conforms to the TA except where undue confusion would result from abandoning widely used, yet unofficial, terms.
First attempt to standardize med terms[Why I tagged this]Very complex way of forming the medical language[Why I tagged thiseven though the names are tough, they still serve to better understand what we are talking about medically[Why I tagged thisLearning these words would be much easier without having to learn the eponyms. At least with Latin or Greek, there is a pattern to follow vs. needing to know the history of the anatomical part itself and the person it may have been named after.[Why I tagged thisEponym- parts of the body named after acknowledged professors or people.[Why I tagged thisIt seems like, in a way, these terms were like numbers because they meant the same thing in every country.[Why I tagged thisIts interesting to me how all languages use these same words. Its to prevent confusion among scientists anatomists and doctors. this is very important.[Why I tagged thisSami
Flees Robert John
Sophie
Christina Colarossi
Nicole Latzig
Jelena Ristic
So far, we have considered processes that move one or a few ions or molecules at a time through the plasma membrane. Vesicular transport processes, by contrast, move large particles, droplets of fluid, or numerous molecules at once through the membrane, contained in bubblelike vesicles of membrane. Vesicular processes that bring matter into a cell are called endocytosis24 (EN-doe-sy-TOE-sis) and those that release material from a cell are called exocytosis25 (EC-so-sy-TOE-sis). These processes employ motor proteins whose movements are energized by ATP.
So far, we have considered processes that move one or a few ions or molecules at a time through the plasma membrane. Vesicular transport processes, by contrast, move large particles, droplets of fluid, or numerous molecules at once through the membrane, contained in bubblelike vesicles of membrane. Vesicular processes that bring matter into a cell are called endocytosis24 (EN-doe-sy-TOE-sis) and those that release material from a cell are called exocytosis25 (EC-so-sy-TOE-sis). These processes employ motor proteins whose movements are energized by ATP.There are three forms of endocytosis: phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and receptor-mediated endocytosis. Phagocytosis26 (FAG-oh-sy-TOE-sis), or ?cell eating,? is the process of engulfing particles such as bacteria, dust, and cellular debris?particles large enough to be seen with a microscope. For example, neutrophils (a class of white blood cells) protect the body from infection by phagocytizing and killing bacteria. A neutrophil spends most of its life crawling about in the connective tissues by means of blunt footlike extensions called pseudopods27 (SOO-doe-pods). When a neutrophil encounters a bacterium, it surrounds it with pseudopods and traps it in a vesicle called a phagosome28?a vesicle in the cytoplasm surrounded by a unit membrane (fig. 3.21). A lysosome merges with the phagosome, converting it to a phagolysosome, and contributes enzymes that destroy the invader. Several other kinds of phagocytic cells are described in chapter 21. In general, phagocytosis is a way of keeping the tissues free of debris and infectious microbes. Some cells called macrophages (literally, ?big eaters?) phagocytize the equivalent of 25% of their own volume per hour.
Vesicular Transport:Vesicular transport processes move large particles, droplets of fluid or numerous things at once. Endocytosis brings stuff into the cell, exocytosis release stuff from the cells. Neutrophils=a white blood cell that protects the body from infection. [Why tag this text]Vesicular transport is important because it processes numerous molecules through the membrane.[Why tag this textso vesicule transport processes large particles? why only large and not small?[Why tag this textThere is a distinction between vesicular transport processes and that which are done by the plasma membrane. Vesicular transport deals with larger particles. [Why tag this textvesicular transport- moves the largest particles - endocytosis[Why tag this textThese vesicular processes were drilled into my head in high school, but it's good to review the differences between them because after time, my memory had a couple of these switched around. I wish there was a more visual example here though, comparing all the different processes side by side in a table. [Why tag this textMichael Acker
Melissa Gile
Lauren Anthe
Stephanie
Alyssa Harmes
Alina Gur
The simplest carbohydrates are monomers called monosaccharides18 (MON-oh-SAC-uh-rides), or simple sugars. The three of primary importance are glucose, fructose, and galactose, all with the molecular formula C6H12O6; they are isomers of each other (fig. 2.16). We obtain these sugars mainly by the digestion of more complex carbohydrates
The simplest carbohydrates are monomers called monosaccharides18 (MON-oh-SAC-uh-rides), or simple sugars. The three of primary importance are glucose, fructose, and galactose, all with the molecular formula C6H12O6; they are isomers of each other (fig. 2.16). We obtain these sugars mainly by the digestion of more complex carbohydrates. Glucose is the ?blood sugar? that provides energy to most of our cells. Two other monosaccharides, ribose and deoxyribose, are important components of DNA and RNA.
Curious how scientist come up with big words just to say simple sugar; monosaccharides. Weird. [Why tag this text]I always hear glucose mentioned since it partains a lot to diabetes, but I didn't know what gluton actually consisted of. Also I had no idea is was an isomer of fructose and galactose which are all monomers called monosacharides[Why tag this textSimplest form of carbs = simple sugarsThree most important ones = glucose, fructose, galactose Also gives formula [Why tag this textQuestion 3: The chemical name for blood sugar is glucose. Polysaccharide is the carbohydrate that is polymerized to form glycogen and starch.[Why tag this textthese are the three most importance sources of sugar as a carbohydrate.[General-Do not useWhy is it called monosaccharides? Does saccharides mean sugar?[Why tag this textWhich one of these are what they call sugar substitutes? I have heard [Why tag this textStephanie
Anthony Wheeler
Sarah Ertl
lenarch2
Maisey Mulvey
Madeline
Some muscles insert not on bone but on the fascia or tendon of another muscle or on collagen fibers of the dermis.
Some muscles insert not on bone but on the fascia or tendon of another muscle or on collagen fibers of the dermis.
Some muscles insert not on bone but on the fascia or tendon of another muscle or on collagen fibers of the dermis. The distal tendon of the biceps brachii, for example, inserts partly on the fascia of the forearm. Many facial muscles insert in the skin, enabling them to produce expressions such as a smile.
The effect produced by a muscle, whether it is to produce or prevent a movement, is called its action. Skeletal muscles seldom act independently; instead, they function in groups whose combined actions produce the coordinated control of a joint. Muscles can be classified into four categories according to their actions, but it must be stressed that a particular muscle can act in a certain way during one joint action and in a different way during other actions of the same joint. Furthermore, the action of a given muscle depends on what other muscles are doing.
So what descriptions are used in the medical career world? [Why tag this]is this safe for the other muscles?[Why tag thisHow is this so? I dont understand how this can happen?[Why tag thisnot all muscles inset or bone but rather on fascia or tendons of other muscles[Why tag thisIn simplier terms, muscles can have more than one function. They can act one way to complete one action of skeletal movement, and the same muscle can be very easily associated with others. The prime mover exerts the most force during a joint action, and is assisted by synergists. Antagonists oppose the prime mover, and aid to relase tension of the prime mover. (pg. 318).[Why tag thisThis is an example of the correlation between form and function of muscles. The muscles shape and fit with surrounding muscles determines its action (function) in movement. [Why tag thismuscles control joints?[Why tag thisLauren Anthe
shelby
Alyssa Harmes
Petra Stevanovic
Alina Gur
Cells divide by two mechanisms called mitosis and meiosis. Meiosis, however, is restricted to one purpose, the production of eggs and sperm, and is therefore treated in chapter 27 on reproduction. Mitosis serves all the other functions of cell division
Cells divide by two mechanisms called mitosis and meiosis. Meiosis, however, is restricted to one purpose, the production of eggs and sperm, and is therefore treated in chapter 27 on reproduction. Mitosis serves all the other functions of cell division:
Cells divide by two mechanisms called mitosis and meiosis. Meiosis, however, is restricted to one purpose, the production of eggs and sperm, and is therefore treated in chapter 27 on reproduction. Mitosis serves all the other functions of cell division: development of an individual, composed of some 50 trillion cells, from a one-celled fertilized egg; growth of all tissues and organs after birth; replacement of cells that die; and repair of damaged tissues.
Cells divide by two mechanisms called mitosis and meiosis. Meiosis, however, is restricted to one purpose, the production of eggs and sperm, and is therefore treated in chapter 27 on reproduction. Mitosis serves all the other functions of cell division: development of an individual, composed of some 50 trillion cells, from a one-celled fertilized egg; growth of all tissues and organs after birth; replacement of cells that die; and repair of damaged tissues.Four phases of mitosis are recognizable: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase (fig. 4.16).
Important for the cell cycle and development of egg by fertilization.[Why tag this text]This is thebasis of the whole chapter. It is important to know the basis of cell divion and not only cell division but also reproduction. Mitosis and meiosis has a very important role in the reproduction.[Why tag this textCell division is interesting because it doesnt depend on anything else but themselves when making other cells. [Why tag this textI remember this from when I was in a lower science class. My teacher tought it to us by a simple hand gesture for each one and it has stayed in my head ever since then[Why tag this text
this is just a test[Why tag this textIs it possible that one of these can not happen at all? Is this why some kids are born with defects?[Why tag this textThe division of a cell happens in two stages mitosis and meiosis. meisosis has one purpose and it's the production of eggs and sperms. although mitosis has many other purposes and for example the growth of tissues and organs after birth and the replacement of cells that die when gashing your hand. [Why tag this textSophia Wood
Sarah
Nicole Korstanje
just blah
Lindsay Orgas
Paola Arce
Living matter is always compartmentalized into one or more cells.
Metabolism
Metabolism.
Metabolism. Living things take in molecules from the environment and chemically change them into molecules that form their own structures, control their physiology, or provide them with energy.
Definition- nonliving things are not composed of cells.[Why I tagged this]What are the physical charactersitics of nonliving organisms?[Why I tagged thisProperty to define life[Why I tagged thiseating and digestive food or energy to grow or b able to reproduce and survive.[Why I tagged thisAnother property of a living thing metabolism and pertains to either creating or the breaking down of molecules[Why I tagged thisThis helps us see that organisms need out side chemicals to convert into things that they can use to survive. [Why I tagged thisJonathan Rooney
Sami
Melissa
Jelena Ristic
Danny Duong
Justin Rosinski
The transmission electron microscope (TEM), invented in the mid-twentieth century, radically changed this concept. Using a beam of electrons in place of light, the TEM enabled biologists to see a cell's ultrastructure (fig. 3.3), a fine degree of detail extending even to the molecular level
The transmission electron microscope (TEM), invented in the mid-twentieth century, radically changed this concept. Using a beam of electrons in place of light, the TEM enabled biologists to see a cell's ultrastructure (fig. 3.3), a fine degree of detail extending even to the molecular level.
The transmission electron microscope (TEM), invented in the mid-twentieth century, radically changed this concept. Using a beam of electrons in place of light, the TEM enabled biologists to see a cell's ultrastructure (fig. 3.3), a fine degree of detail extending even to the molecular level.
The transmission electron microscope (TEM), invented in the mid-twentieth century, radically changed this concept. Using a beam of electrons in place of light, the TEM enabled biologists to see a cell's ultrastructure (fig. 3.3), a fine degree of detail extending even to the molecular level. The most important thing about a good microscope is not magnification but resolution?the ability to reveal detail. Any image can be photographed and enlarged as much as we wish, but if enlargement fails to reveal any more useful detail, it is empty magnification. A big fuzzy image is not nearly as informative as one that is small and sharp. The TEM reveals far more detail than the light microscope (LM), even at the same magnification (fig. 3.4). A later invention, the scanning electron microscope (SEM), produces dramatic three-dimensional images at high magnification and resolution (see fig. 3.11a), but can view only surface features.
How on earth does this work?! [Why tag this text]The transmission electron microscope (TEM) is important to know as being what helped scientists really view cells for the first time in detail since they not only enlarged the cell but gave good resolution. [Why tag this textgives a little bit of background history regarding the microscope[Why tag this textThinking back when they first invented this, I think it would be so amazing to be able to look through it as one of the first few people discovering all these thingd at the molecular level. I would love to be the first one to discover something new at the molecular level[Why tag this textAmazing that a microscope can see images down to the molecular level. Also brings up an important point that doesnt matter how big or magnified you can make an image if its not clear.[Why tag this textThe microscope was a very big invention that really changed how we look at things and what we know of cells. It is pretty awesome that we can go so deep into cells and see every little organelle.[Why tag this textTEMTransmission electron microscope: enabled us to see a cell's structure. [Why tag this textStephanie
Lauren Anthe
Elizabeth
Nicholas Bruno
Kelly Stahl
Danielle Henckel
Development
Development.
Probably the most important characteristic of living things. Without this, we could not live very long at all, and probably would have been an extinct species long, long ago.[Why I tagged this]definition- nonliving tings do not change to maintain stability of structure. [Why I tagged thisExamples of this include our internal temperature to survive and adjust to exterior temperatures. Other examples include functions such as breathing. [Why I tagged thisThis is important because homeostasis is what always brings our bodies back to normal. [Why I tagged thisis the property of a living thing that talks about how it is able to grow[Why I tagged thisgrowing[Why I tagged thisProperty to define life[Why I tagged thisAmanda Baxter
Jonathan Rooney
Lauren Thiel
Danny Duong
Jelena Ristic
Melissa
. You may not see this sinus on all study skulls. On some, the calvaria is cut too high to show it, and some people simply do not have one.
Along the cut edge of the calvaria, you can also see the diploe (DIP-lo-ee)?the layer of spongy bone in the middle of the cranial bones (see fig. 8.5b).
The Parietal Bones
The Parietal Bones The right and left parietal (pa-RY-eh-tul) bones form most of the cranial roof and part of its walls (see figs. 8.4 and 8.6). Each is bordered by four sutures that join it to the neighboring bones: (1) a sagittal suture between the parietal bones; (2) the coronal7 suture at the anterior margin; (3) the lambdoid8 (LAM-doyd) suture at the posterior margin; and (4) the squamous suture laterally. Small sutural (wormian) bones are often seen along the sagittal and lambdoid sutures, like little islands of bone with the suture lines passing around them. Internally, the parietal and frontal bones have markings that look a bit like aerial photographs of river tributaries (see fig. 8.4b). These represent places where the bone has been molded around blood vessels of the meninges.Externally, the parietal bones have few features. A parietal foramen sometimes occurs near the corner of the lambdoid and sagittal sutures (see fig. 8.6). A pair of slight thickenings, the superior and inferior temporal lines, form an arc across the parietal and frontal bones (see fig. 8.4a). They mark the attachment of the large, fan-shaped temporalis muscle, a chewing muscle that inserts on the mandible.
When I have a cold I can feel pressure especially here.[Why tag this]That is interesting that some people don't have this frontal sinus.[Why tag thisIt's interesting to note that that in the middle of the cranial bones there is spongy bone. I wonder what purpose this serves, and why compact bone doesn't just fill the cranial bones. [Why tag thisEach of these headings is the start to a paragraph that describes the different bones of the skull. Differentiating between these bones helps in identifying the part of the brain that the bone is protecting and can hint towards what that part of the brain does.[Why tag thisthe parietal bone[Why tag thisParietal bones- other bones that form the skull (the top and some of sides)[Why tag thisI was curious why they were called wormian bones, when most of the names come from anatomical/latin terms. Wikipedia claims that they are named for a professor of anatomy at Copenhagen, and that he contributed to the science of embrology, which now I need to look to see what that is.[Why tag thisKelly Stahl
Mia Breidenbach
Maria Stephans
Alyssa Harmes
Anthony Wheeler
Joe Nimm
Axes of Rotation
A moving bone has a relatively stationary axis of rotation that passes through the bone in a direction perpendicular to the plane of movement.
A moving bone has a relatively stationary axis of rotation that passes through the bone in a direction perpendicular to the plane of movement. Think of a door for comparison; it moves horizontally as it opens and closes and it rotates on hinges that are oriented on the vertical axis. Now consider the shoulder joint, where the convex head of the humerus inserts into the concave glenoid cavity of the scapula. If you raise your arm to one side of your body, the head of the humerus rotates on an axis that passes from anterior to posterior; the arm rises in the frontal plane whereas its axis of rotation is in the sagittal plane
A moving bone has a relatively stationary axis of rotation that passes through the bone in a direction perpendicular to the plane of movement. Think of a door for comparison; it moves horizontally as it opens and closes and it rotates on hinges that are oriented on the vertical axis. Now consider the shoulder joint, where the convex head of the humerus inserts into the concave glenoid cavity of the scapula. If you raise your arm to one side of your body, the head of the humerus rotates on an axis that passes from anterior to posterior; the arm rises in the frontal plane whereas its axis of rotation is in the sagittal plane (fig. 9.10a). If you lift your arm to point straight in front of you, it moves through the sagittal plane whereas its axis of rotation is on the frontal plane, passing through the shoulder from lateral to medial (fig. 9.10b). And if you swing your arm in a horizontal arc, for example to fold it across your chest, the humeral head rotates in the transverse plane and its axis of rotation passes vertically through the joint (fig. 9.10c).
moving bone has a relatively stationary axis of rotation that passes through the bone in a direction perpendicular to the plane of movement. Think of a door for comparison; it moves horizontally as it opens and closes and it rotates on hinges that are oriented on the vertical axis. Now consider the shoulder joint, where the convex head of the humerus inserts into the concave glenoid cavity of the scapula. If you raise your arm to one side of your body, the head of the humerus rotates on an axis that passes from anterior to posterior; the arm rises in the frontal plane whereas its axis of rotation is in the sagittal plane (fig. 9.10a). If you lift your arm to point straight in front of you, it moves through the sagittal plane whereas its axis of rotation is on the frontal plane, passing through the shoulder from lateral to medial (fig. 9.10b). And if you swing your arm in a horizontal arc, for example to fold it across your chest, the humeral head rotates in the transverse plane and its axis of rotation passes vertically through the joint (fig. 9.10c).
Can you explain this more?[Why tag this]Axes of Rotation: Three perpindicular axes, the transverse, frontal, and sagittal planes of the body. Raising arm to one side of body, moving from anterior to posterior, arm rises in the frontal plane but the axis of the rotation is the sagittl plane. Lifting arm straight in front of you- moves throught sagittal plane but the axel of rotation is in the frontal planeSwing your arm in horizontal arc- rotates in transverse plane, axis of rotation goes vertically.[Why tag thisWhen I first read this section I was very confused. The planes of the body are very easy to understand, but once you include movement, things can become a little complicated. However, in order to better my understanding, I thought of the plane as a mirror that divides the body. On that mirror, depending on how it divides the body, only certain movements can occur. For example, the frontal plane can only involve movements of side to side, for the plane is separating the body into anterior and posterior portions. Therefore, the only movements that can occur are ones that move on the surface of the mirror. (The mirror being a great way to visualize the plane for myself)[Why tag thisit seems that the shoulder joint has the largest range of motion. In stoke victims or those with shoulder surgeries, range of movment is greatly limited so reaching above the head is no longer possible. In our activities of daily living, we do not realize how much we need this joint to fully function. Getting dressed in the morning requires the ability to lift a shirt over your head, and making a meal might require reaching upon a shelf. Supination is the most powerful movement, which is difficult for patient's with arthritis. Opening a jar or turning a handle become painful. How do the muscles change in response to inflamed joints and less use of the supination movement?[Why tag thisI thought this was very helpful. I was able to picture and visual how the joints move. [Why tag thisCan you show this more and get more indepth [Why tag thiswhat axis of rotation is[Why tag thisDanielle Henckel
Emily
Amanda Baxter
GiaLee
Alyssa Harmes
However, if we block one nostril and breathe through the other one for several days, the epithelium in the unblocked passage changes to stratified squamous. In smokers, the pseudostratified columnar epithelium of the bronchi may transform into a stratified squamous epithelium.
What functions of a ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium could not be served by a stratified squamous epithelium? In light of this, what might be some consequences of bronchial metaplasia in heavy smokers?
This is a perfect example of how cells can grow and cause change in tissue simply by a change in bodily function or changing routine up.[Why tag this text]Do these changes reverse once you open the other nostril or quit smoking? Or once the body has changed the cells to demand the change the stay that way?[Why tag this textHas this been tested?[Why tag this textI feel as though when people smoke, that their tissue dies off but in actuality it is changing into a different shape of cell. Now that the cell shape has changes, has the function change keeping in mind the principle form and function?[Why tag this textI tagged this text because many people in my family used to or still do smoke. I think this is interesting the way the body adapts to the negative effects that smoking cause.[Why tag this textI'd like to go over this in class, if possible.[Why tag this textUnsure of the answer to this[Why tag this textFlees Robert John
Sami
Amanda Fitzmaurice
Tony Sustachek
Rebecca Brekke
Guendel Brandon James
The fluid between the nucleus and
The fluid between the nucleus and surface membrane, called cytoplasm,
The fluid between the nucleus and surface membrane, called cytoplasm, was thought to be little more than a gelatinous mixture of chemicals and vaguely defined particles.
THis is crazy to think about!!!!!! more than 10 billion protein molecules consist in a cell.[Why tag this text]component of a cell inclueded cytoplasm[Why tag this textcytoplasm definition[Why tag this textNo matter what type of cell you have, you will cytoplasm in there to hold the components that exist within a cell.[Why tag this textCytoplasm holds the cells internal structures.[Why I tagged thisFluid between nucleus and surface membrane.[Why tag this textHussain
Zeke Whittier
Wajiha
Brittany
Amanda
There are two forms of osseous tissue: (1) Spongy bone fills the heads of the long bones and forms the middle layer of flat bones such as the sternum and cranial bones. Although it is calcified and hard, its delicate slivers and plates give it a spongy appearance (fig. 7.5a, p. 213). (2) Compact (dense) bone is a denser calcified tissue with no spaces visible to the naked eye. It forms the external surfaces of all bones, so spongy bone, when present, is always covered by a shell of compact bone.
Bones are made of many types of tissue and bones can either be whole organs or just the osseous tissue.[Why tag this text]I have actually seen this. I disected cats in High School, and have observed multiple orthopedic surgeries [Why tag this textKnowing the two types of bones allows me to understand the type of bone I am looking at when I am studying the body and its interesting to know that they have two unquie functions. [Why tag this textDefines the two types of bone or osseous tissues adn what each is used for.[General-Do not useIs there a difference is strength between the two bones? If so how big of a difference is it and what causes certain bones to develop this way?[Why tag this textthe 2 types of bone tissue: spngy and compact. their appearances are different from each other.[Why tag this text2 forms of osseous tissue are spongy bone and compact/ dense bone[Why tag this textBrendan Semph
Justin Rosinski
Brandon Brandemuehl
Joseph Skarlupka
Mia Breidenbach
1. Develop a hypothesis2. Develop and experimental design3. Implement said experiment4. Report5. Retest, most likely multiple times6. Adjust hypothesis7. Repeat steps 2-6[Why I tagged this]The basic process of the Inductive Method is observing something many times, until you are able to confidently draw generalizations and make predictions.[Why I tagged thisThe general process of an Inductive method is similar to the start of a new job. You obviously learn how to do what you're supposed to do everyday throughout the course of the time you work. Well every day you go to work you receptively do the exact same thing until you have the process down and most efficient. Thats when you decide to keep doing it that specific way. Just like inductive methods in science...you proceed to make observations in the field you're working in and while drawing generalizations and making predictions from what you observe you continue to progress the way in which your process concludes until you're confident the method is correct. [Why I tagged thisThe inductive method is making numerous observations without bias. Through these observations, with confidence, draw a conclusion. This method is not often use compared to the deductive method. [Why I tagged thisInductive method can be seen in everyday life i think, especially in relationships. you continue to notice the pattern in a persons behavior, predicting the next thing they will say thinking you will be right. sometimes however your predictions can be wrong, which desciribed in this method can lead to a scientific proof. [Why I tagged thisThe process of the inductive method is basically like a theory. in which you just test out your theories/information given until you know for sure and that you have a gut feeling that you can talk confidently out from it.[Why I tagged thisThe person makes numerous oberservations then he draws a conclusion.[Why I tagged thisJourdan Richardson
Hauser Joseph Alan
Tou Xiong Thao
jess Tegelman
Sandy C. Yang
Matthew Robert Schmidt
Sequencing the human genome has been hailed as a technological accomplishment as momentous as splitting the atom and landing explorers on the moon.
Sequencing the human genome has been hailed as a technological accomplishment as momentous as splitting the atom and landing explorers on the moon. It has opened a new field of biology called genomics, the comprehensive study of the whole genome and how its genes and noncoding DNA interact to affect the structure and function of the whole organism.
I tagges this because it is interesting to me that even though we know so much more information thatn we did years ago there is still things about life that we don't know.[Why tag this text]Our technology keeps improving year after year and this is interesting to me because by the time i'm 80 or older(if i make it there) where will technology be then? How will it be when my kids are that old? It's just facinating to think about![Why tag this texthow did this determination come to be if the technology needed to access these regions does not yet exist?[Why tag this textSequencing the human genome was a huge accomplishment and it was something that needed to be figured out otherwise some information about the sequence we would never know. The sequence goes in a particular way and is not matched up like every other DNA pairs. I think that this is correct that the human genome was momentous as spillting atoms or landing on the moon.[Why tag this texthow much time was inbetween these discoveries? relations between technological advances?[Why tag this textthis is important because sequencing the human genome has led us to genomics[Why tag this textdescribes relationship to health sciences[Why tag this textKaitlynn
Sarah Hudson
Grace
Emily Zuelzke
kay
Chad Mudd
You can see how critical blood calcium level is, but what causes it to deviate from the norm, and how does the body correct such imbalances? Hypercalcemia is rare, but hypocalcemia can result from a wide variety of causes including vitamin D deficiency, diarrhea, thyroid tumors, or underactive parathyroid glands. Pregnancy and lactation put women at risk of hypocalcemia because of the calcium demanded by ossification of the fetal skeleton and synthesis of milk
Hypercalcemia is rare, but hypocalcemia can result from a wide variety of causes including vitamin D deficiency, diarrhea, thyroid tumors, or underactive parathyroid glands. Pregnancy and lactation put women at risk of hypocalcemia because of the calcium demanded by ossification of the fetal skeleton and synthesis of milk. The leading cause of hypocalcemic tetany is accidental removal of the parathyroid glands during thyroid surgery or damage to their blood supply by head and neck surgery. Without hormone replacement therapy, the lack of parathyroid glands can lead to fatal tetany within 4 days.
I have heard of people with thyroid conditions that are underperforming causing issues of fatigue and depression. It now makes sense between the relationship of calcium levels and thyroid activity.[Why I tagged this]It is interesting that this section states this because my mom experienced hypocalcemia during her pregnancy with me. She had to take special vitamins to boost her blood calcium levels and regulate her deficiency. [Why I tagged thisHow fast do these set in? Would hypocalcemia mean that a person has osteoporosis becuase calcium is being taken from bones to be put in the blood stream or does osteoporosis take much longer to occur than these illnesses?[Why I tagged thisWhat are some ways that Hypercalcemia can develop? How much vitamin D enriched milk would you have to drink to cause this?[Why I tagged thisWhat are ways to prevent hypocalcemia? Is there a medication that can be taken to regulate the levels? Is there a test that pregnant women can take that will indicate whether or not they are at risk for this?[Why I tagged thisIf you are lactose intolerant so if I was ever to get pregnent would I be more at risk? Would you have to take more vitamins than other people? Is it also possible to take to many vitamins?[Why I tagged thisIs this the reason why is seems women are more suseptible to osteoperosis?[Why I tagged thisJonathan Rooney
Awlareau
Heather Archibald
Jourdan Richardson
Madeline
Tony Sustachek
In a young adult, scalp follicles typically spend 6 to 8 years in anagen, 2 to 3 weeks in catagen, and 1 to 3 months in telogen. Scalp hairs grow at a rate of about 1 mm per 3 days (10?18 cm/yr) in the anagen phase.
In a young adult, scalp follicles typically spend 6 to 8 years in anagen, 2 to 3 weeks in catagen, and 1 to 3 months in telogen. Scalp hairs grow at a rate of about 1 mm per 3 days (10?18 cm/yr) in the anagen phase.Hair grows fastest from adolescence until the 40s. After that, an increasing percentage of follicles are in the catagen and telogen phases rather than the growing anagen phase. Follicles also shrink and begin producing wispy vellus hairs instead of thicker terminal hairs.
I get the cycle and that we lose and replace hairs. But with us typically losing 50-100 hairs a day, is that number also replaced daily?[Why tag this]I found it interesting to read about the hair cycle. It goes in three phases: anagen, catagen, and telogen. Follicles can spend 6 to 8 years in anagen. The scalp grows hairs about 1 mm per 3 days. I wanted to know about the disease were people can't grow hair called alopecia areata. How does such thing happen were the hair follicles are not able to grow hair? [Why tag thisThis fact is very interesting to me, the rate at which hair grows.[Why tag thisWhy is it then that we do not see an abundance of little / shorter hairson our head at any given time?[Why tag thisThis is interesting because I never knew that hair grew in 3 specific stages (anagen, catagen and telogen). Just like a cell has to endure the cell cycle, hair cells or follicles undergo a similar cycle throughout various stages of life. (pg. 191)[Why tag thisI was completely fascinated by this. I had always thought that hair grew much fast than what it actually does, to me it almost seems like it grows overnight. The fact that it takes almost 6-8 years for 1 piece of hair to develop during the anagen face is very interesting to me, i would have never assumed this [Why tag thisAlyssa Tucker
Erin Griph
jennifer lassiter
Petra Stevanovic
TRAVIS
An organ system is a group of organs with a unique collective function, such as circulation, respiration, or digestion. The human body has 11 organ systems,
An organ system is a group of organs with a unique collective function, such as circulation, respiration, or digestion. The human body has 11 organ systems, illustrated in atlas A immediately following this chapter: the integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, circulatory, lymphatic, respiratory, urinary, digestive, and reproductive systems.
An organ system is a group of organs with a unique collective function, such as circulation, respiration, or digestion. The human body has 11 organ systems, illustrated in atlas A immediately following this chapter: the integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, circulatory, lymphatic, respiratory, urinary, digestive, and reproductive systems. Usually, the organs of one system are physically interconnected, such as the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra, which compose the urinary system
n organ system is a group of organs with a unique collective function, such as circulation, respiration, or digestion. The human body has 11 organ systems, illustrated in atlas A immediately following this chapter: the integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, circulatory, lymphatic, respiratory, urinary, digestive, and reproductive systems. Usually, the organs of one system are physically interconnected, such as the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra, which compose the urinary system. Beginning with chapter 6, this book is organized around the organ systems.
Every organ system has a function[Why I tagged this]organ systems are found throughout the human body. all of the 11 organ systems in the human body all have a collective group of functions.[Why I tagged thisdef. of organ systems[Why I tagged thisIt explains the many systems of the body and the definition of organ system and then lists them all for a basic outline.[Why I tagged thisI thought this is important because it lists the different organ systems and lists the different collective functions they fall under[Why I tagged thisOrgan sysems are important to understand because it play a huge part in the study of anatomy[Why I tagged thisThe organ system[Why I tagged thislindsay krueger
Corianne
Lauren Gwidt
Danny Duong
Caitlin
Melissa
There are 91 naturally occurring elements on earth, 24 of which play normal physiological roles in humans. Table 2.1 groups these 24 according to their abundance in the body. Six of them account for 98.5% of the body's weight: oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, and phosphorus. The next 0.8% consists of another 6 elements: sulfur, potassium, sodium, chlorine, magnesium, and iron. The remaining 12 elements account for 0.7% of body weight, and no one of them accounts for more than 0.02%; thus they are known as trace elements.
There are 91 naturally occurring elements on earth, 24 of which play normal physiological roles in humans. Table 2.1 groups these 24 according to their abundance in the body. Six of them account for 98.5% of the body's weight: oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, and phosphorus. The next 0.8% consists of another 6 elements: sulfur, potassium, sodium, chlorine, magnesium, and iron. The remaining 12 elements account for 0.7% of body weight, and no one of them accounts for more than 0.02%; thus they are known as trace elements. Despite their minute quantities, trace elements play vital roles in physiology. Other elements without natural physiological roles can contaminate the body and severely disrupt its functions, as in heavy-metal poisoning with lead or mercury
This is important to know so that we can understand what the atom is made out of so in the end we can understand the bigger picture. Each element has a symbol so that we can keep track of all the elements and study them for later use. [Why tag this text]This explains atomic number that is given to each element and how the number is broken down. The periodic table is also mentioned so that we know how the elements fit together. Most elements are given shortenings for their names[Why tag this textAtomic Number=number of protons in nucleus. [Why tag this textit helps to remember each element when there symbol is so close to there name[Why tag this textThis is interesting since Carbon are represented as C and chlorine as Cl one would think that potassium would be represented as P but it is a K instead. But, this explains that some elements are represented based on their latin names.[Why tag this textI annotated this because I never knew how the periodic table was classified. I will definitely take this into account when looking at one from now on[Why tag this textI had no idea that our body composition was made up entirely of naturally occuring elements found on earth. It's also amazing to learn that 2/3 of our body weight it made up of oxygen![Why tag this textAlexandra Schmit
Danielle Henckel
Lauren Anthe
Tou Xiong Thao
Lauren Stec
Michael Acker
Collagen fibers ?corkscrew? down the matrix of a given lamella in a helical arrangement like the threads of a screw. The helices coil in one direction in one lamella and in the opposite direction in the next lamella (fig. 7.4b). This enhances the strength of bone on the same principle as plywood, made of thin layers of wood with the grain running in different directions from one layer to the next.
Collagen fibers ?corkscrew? down the matrix of a given lamella in a helical arrangement like the threads of a screw. The helices coil in one direction in one lamella and in the opposite direction in the next lamella (fig. 7.4b). This enhances the strength of bone on the same principle as plywood, made of thin layers of wood with the grain running in different directions from one layer to the next. In areas where the bone must resist tension (bending), the helix is loosely coiled like the threads on a wood screw and the fibers are more stretched out on the longitudinal axis of the bone. In weight-bearing areas, where the bone must resist compression, the helix is more tightly coiled like the closely spaced threads on a bolt, and the fibers are more nearly transverse.
I found deeper insight on the appearance of bone tissue interesting because this is not something I was able to observe in lab. In oder to recognize these features would you have to be using a microscope on the oil immersion level?[Why I tagged this]Would i defect in the helices coil of lamella be one of the causes of osteoporosis?[Why I tagged thisgood way to put it makes it a lot easier to picture in my head[Why I tagged thisI found it interesting how complex the fibers in the matrix are. The fact that they coil in order to make the bone stronger but lossen to allow compression is fascinating. [Why I tagged thisThe versatility and efficiency of the human body never ceases to amaze me[Why I tagged thiscollagen fibers - it's function[Why I tagged thisThis makes me wonder if plywood was constructed to be like bone in this sense, or if bone just happens to follow the same principle.[Why I tagged thisRachael Van Keulen
jess Tegelman
TRAVIS
Kristofer Schroeckenthaler
Alyssa Harmes
Kristin Basche
The reason for the difference between the hand and foot lies in a rotation of the limbs that occurs in the seventh week of embryonic development. Early in the seventh week, the limbs extend anteriorly from the body, the foot is a paddlelike foot plate, and the hand is also more or less paddlelike with the finger buds showing early separation (fig. 8.41a). The future thumb and great toe are both directed superiorly, and the future palms and soles face each other medially. But then each limb rotates about 90° in opposite directions. The upper limb rotates laterally. To visualize this, hold your hands straight out in front of you with the palms facing each other as if you were about to clap. Then rotate your forearms so the thumbs face away from each other (laterally) and the palms face upward. The lower limbs rotate in the opposite direction, medially, so that the soles face downward and the great toes become medial. So even though the thumb and great toe (digit I of the hand and foot) start out facing in the same direction, these opposite rotations result in their being on opposite sides of the hand and foot (fig. 8.41b). This rotation also explains why the elbow flexes posteriorly and the knee flexes anteriorly, and why (as you will see in chapter 10) the muscles that flex the elbow are on the anterior side of the arm, whereas those that flex the knee are on the posterior side of the thigh.
I = MEDIAL[Why tag this]Very interesting to know.[Why tag thisI have never thought about this. It is so interesting that prior to early development rotation does not occur, but at about seven weeks it does. This proves that so much occurs throughout the process of development, actions that we are not necessarily even aware of. [Why tag thisI had not previously read about this rotation, however, it makes a lot of sense to the development of our limbs and their functions.[Why tag thisdifference between upper and lower limbs[Why tag thisdifferences[Why tag thisThis is important because it shows how the body works together and that it is not only important to know the terms but to know how they work together and relate.[Why tag thisPangJeb Vang
Emily
David Faber
Caitlin R.
Nicole Latzig
In Schwann's time, little was known about cells except that they were enclosed in a membrane and contained a nucleus. The fluid between the nucleus and surface membrane, called cytoplasm
In Schwann's time, little was known about cells except that they were enclosed in a membrane and contained a nucleus. The fluid between the nucleus and surface membrane, called cytoplasm, was thought to be little more than a gelatinous mixture of chemicals and vaguely defined particles.
In Schwann's time, little was known about cells except that they were enclosed in a membrane and contained a nucleus. The fluid between the nucleus and surface membrane, called cytoplasm, was thought to be little more than a gelatinous mixture of chemicals and vaguely defined particles.
In Schwann's time, little was known about cells except that they were enclosed in a membrane and contained a nucleus. The fluid between the nucleus and surface membrane, called cytoplasm, was thought to be little more than a gelatinous mixture of chemicals and vaguely defined particles. The transmission electron microscope (TEM), invented in the mid-twentieth century, radically changed this concept. Using a beam of electrons in place of light, the TEM enabled biologists to see a cell's ultrastructure (fig. 3.3), a fine degree of detail extending even to the molecular level. The most important thing about a good microscope is not magnification but resolution?the ability to reveal detail. Any image can be photographed and enlarged as much as we wish, but if enlargement fails to reveal any more useful detail, it is empty magnification. A big fuzzy image is not nearly as informative as one that is small and sharp. The TEM reveals far more detail than the light microscope (LM), even at the same magnification (fig. 3.4). A later invention, the scanning electron microscope (SEM), produces dramatic three-dimensional images at high magnification and resolution (see fig. 3.11a), but can view only surface features.
Im sure that they had many theories on the function of certain cells so to say that little was known seems like a cop-out on the part of the book[Why tag this text]another function for cytoplasm is to protect the cell from damages.[Why tag this textIn the past the cytoplasm was just regarded as a [Why tag this textSome cells don't have a nucleus so is this about eukaryotic cells? There are different parts depending on the kind of cell so I'm confused about what is in every single cell. [Why tag this textI had never heard of how the microscope came to be how it is now. I did not now that they used a beam of electrons instead of a light to see better detail when looking at a cell at a molecular level. I learned only the basic of the microscope within this century. This is so fascinating to me. It is strange to me that photons have less capability since they are light rays. But electron microscopes would have a disadvantage I would think because since electrons are dead they arent able to observe moving objects. But overall they are very beneficial.[Why tag this textDuring his time, not much about cells were known The only thing peopl really knew about a cell was that they were inside a cell membrane and consisted of a nucleous but they hadnt discovred more in depth yet[Why tag this textWhy didn't people in that time observe cells? Did they simply not have the proper tools to do so?[Why tag this textlujain
Amanda Baxter
Bailey Johnson
Jenna
Paola Arce
Ashley McBain
Dissection, of course, is not the method of choice when studying a living person! It was once common to diagnose disorders through exploratory surgery?opening the body and taking a look inside to see what was wrong and what could be done about it. Any breach of the body cavities is risky, however, and most exploratory surgery has now been replaced by medical imaging techniques?methods of viewing the inside of the body without surgery, discussed at the end of this chapter (see Deeper Insight 1.5)
Dissection, of course, is not the method of choice when studying a living person! It was once common to diagnose disorders through exploratory surgery?opening the body and taking a look inside to see what was wrong and what could be done about it. Any breach of the body cavities is risky, however, and most exploratory surgery has now been replaced by medical imaging techniques?methods of viewing the inside of the body without surgery, discussed at the end of this chapter (see Deeper Insight 1.5).
Dissection, of course, is not the method of choice when studying a living person! It was once common to diagnose disorders through exploratory surgery-opening the body and taking a look inside to see what was wrong and what could be done about it. Any breach of the body cavities is risky, however, and most exploratory surgery has now been replaced by medical imaging techniques-methods of viewing the inside of the body without surgery, discussed at the end of this chapter (see Deeper Insight 1.5). The branch of medicine concerned with imaging is called radiology. Structure that can be seen with the naked eye-whether by surface observation, radiology, or dissection-is called gross anatomy.
Dissection, of course, is not the method of choice when studying a living person! It was once common to diagnose disorders through exploratory surgery?opening the body and taking a look inside to see what was wrong and what could be done about it. Any breach of the body cavities is risky, however, and most exploratory surgery has now been replaced by medical imaging techniques?methods of viewing the inside of the body without surgery, discussed at the end of this chapter (see Deeper Insight 1.5). The branch of medicine concerned with imaging is called radiology. Structure that can be seen with the naked eye?whether by surface observation, radiology, or dissection?is called gross anatomy.
This is an explanation of how far we have progressed in the techniques used to understanding the human body[Why I tagged this]Now am informed that dissection is not the method of choice when studying a living person.[Why I tagged thisIt is odd thinking that this was once the way to diagnose disoders because of how modern technology is today and all the advancements in health care. This old method seems very risky and dangerous. [Why I tagged thisI can very much relate to this because my dad had a quadruple bypass surgery.[Why I tagged thisHonestly this blows me away that at one point surgeons would just open a person up to see what was wrong with them. I dont know who would be okay with this. What if there is nothing serious wrong with the person and then something goes during the process of looking for something. Many people could lose their lives and it seems to risky even for the time it took place in.[Why I tagged thisDissection was the only to observe a human before they replaced it with medical imagining. Structure can can be seen is called gross anatomy.[Anatomy and PhysiologyI have tagged this section of the reading because our technology had advanced immensly. Now when people are sick or need help dissection isnt the answer right away unless they know the exact diagnosis. Our world has come a long way. I also think that it is amazing when people donate their body to science for hands on experience.[Why I tagged thisdsstokes
Nicole Coppins
Andrea Benson
Zachary Garrity
Stephanie
Jenna
decomposition, synthesis, or exchange reactions.
In decomposition reactions, a large molecule breaks down into two or more smaller ones (fig. 2.13a); symbolically, AB -> A + B. W
In decomposition reactions, a large molecule breaks down into two or more smaller ones (fig. 2.13a); symbolically, AB -> A + B. When you eat a potato, for example, digestive enzymes decompose its starch into thousands of glucose molecules, and most cells further decompose glucose to water and carbon dioxide.
When you eat a potato, for example, digestive enzymes decompose its starch into thousands of glucose molecules, and most cells further decompose glucose to water and carbon dioxide. Starch, a very large molecule, ultimately yields about 36,000 molecules of H2O and CO2..
Decomposition is the breaking apart of molecules, synthesis is the synthesizing of molecules and exchange is simply a double displacement reaction.[Why tag this text]I thought it was interesting how our body hads the capability of performing all of the types of reactinos we hear about in chemistry. This shows how complex our body is.[Why tag this textOne way for me to remember decomposition is by remembering that dead organisms decompose which means break down. So this equation depicts it by AB being broken down to A and B.[Why tag this textDecomposition reactions must be essential to the digestion process of food. It is the breakdown of larger molecules into smaller ones. The digestion system breaksdown food into small enough particles that can be absorbed for nutriant intake or waste removal. [Why tag this textchemcial reactions or echange reactions are a large molecule that breaks down into smaller ones[Why tag this textI found this fact interesting. This bit of information caught my eye becuase it is talking about what happens when you eat a potato. I love eating potatoes and now I know what happens when I eat one. [Why tag this textI just find this interesting that starch yields that many molecules of H20 and CO2[Why tag this textGuendel Brandon James
Tou Xiong Thao
Kelly Sanderson
Lauren Anthe
Kristen
Ripley
A final word of advice for your study of anatomy and physiology: Be precise in your use of terms. It may seem trivial if you misspell trapezius as trapezium, but in doing so, you would be changing the name of a back muscle to the name of a wrist bone.
A final word of advice for your study of anatomy and physiology: Be precise in your use of terms. It may seem trivial if you misspell trapezius as trapezium, but in doing so, you would be changing the name of a back muscle to the name of a wrist bone. Similarly, changing occipitalis to occipital or zygomaticus to zygomatic changes other muscle names to bone names. Changing malleus to malleolus changes the name of a middle-ear bone to the name of a bony protuberance of the ankle. And there is only a one-letter difference between ileum (the final portion of the small intestine) and ilium (part of the hip bone), and between gustation (the sense of taste) and gestation (pregnancy).
A final word of advice for your study of anatomy and physiology: Be precise in your use of terms. It may seem trivial if you misspell trapezius as trapezium, but in doing so, you would be changing the name of a back muscle to the name of a wrist bone. Similarly, changing occipitalis to occipital or zygomaticus to zygomatic changes other muscle names to bone names. Changing malleus to malleolus changes the name of a middle-ear bone to the name of a bony protuberance of the ankle. And there is only a one-letter difference between ileum (the final portion of the small intestine) and ilium (part of the hip bone), and between gustation (the sense of taste) and gestation (pregnancy).The health professions demand the utmost attention to detail and precision?people's lives may one day be in your hands. The habit of carefulness must extend to your use of language as well. Many patients have died because of written and oral miscommunication in the hospital.
It's interesting to me that while two words may seem incredibly similar, they have significantly different meanings. When learning a new language, generally words that sound or are pronounced similar are frequently associated in some way. The words here are related only in the way that they are both parts of the human body. Attention to detail is a must when dealing with the human body.[Why I tagged this]importance of knowing the right words and spellings[Why I tagged thisThis is something that we definitely have to watch out for.[Why I tagged thisI have to pay attention to how I spell becuase i dont want a word meaning to be changed and get it wrong [Why I tagged thisI thought this was important because it is a very good rule of advice that we must be accurate in the spelling of our terms otherwise the term could be for a completely different part of the anatomy compared to the one that was supposed to be identified[Why I tagged thisimportance of precision in spelling[Why I tagged thisdoctors misuse of unapproved abbreviations or incorrect spelling can result in patient harm. Attention to detail is essential.[Why I tagged thisFlees Robert John
Alejandra Contreras
Gabriela
Danny Duong
Corianne
Amanda Baxter
Solutions are often described in terms of their concentration?how much solute is present in a given volume of solution. Concentration is expressed in different ways for different purposes, some of which are explained here. The table of symbols and measures in appendix D may be helpful as you study this section.Weight per Volume
Solutions are often described in terms of their concentration?how much solute is present in a given volume of solution. Concentration is expressed in different ways for different purposes, some of which are explained here. The table of symbols and measures in appendix D may be helpful as you study this section.Weight per VolumeWeight per Volume A simple way to express concentration is the weight of solute in a given volume of solution. For example, intravenous (I.V.) saline typically contains 8.5 grams of NaCl per liter of solution (8.5 g/L). For many biological purposes, however, we deal with smaller quantities such as milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL; 1 dL = 100 mL). For example, a typical serum cholesterol concentration may be 200 mg/dL, also expressed 200 mg/100 mL or 200 milligram-percent (mg-%).PercentagesPercentages Percentage concentrations are also simple to compute, but it is necessary to specify whether the percentage refers to the weight or to the volume of solute in a given volume of solution. For example, if we begin with 5 g of dextrose (an isomer of glucose) and add enough water to make 100 mL of solution, the resulting concentration will be 5% weight per volume (w/v). A common intravenous fluid is D5W, which stands for 5% w/v dextrose in distilled water. If the solute is a liquid, such as ethanol, percentages refer to volume of solute per volume of solution. Thus, 70 mL of ethanol diluted with water to 100 mL of solution produces 70% volume per volume (70% v/v) ethanol.
Solutions concentrated...-Weight per volume is a simple way to express it-Percentages-Molarity[Why tag this text]Concentration[Why tag this textThere are many different ways to express concentration ratios, including percentages and weight per volume depending on how you are trying to represent your data.[Why tag this textMolarity?[Why tag this textFancy way of saying girls get drunk faster than boys.[Why tag this textFormula to remember![General-Do not useMelissa Gile
Michael Franzini
Joe Nimm
Elizabeth Stein
Erin Griph
Frequently, however, positive feedback is a harmful or even life-threatening process. This is because its self-amplifying nature can quickly change the internal state of the body to something far from its homeostatic set point
Frequently, however, positive feedback is a harmful or even life-threatening process. This is because its self-amplifying nature can quickly change the internal state of the body to something far from its homeostatic set point.
Frequently, however, positive feedback is a harmful or even life-threatening process. This is because its self-amplifying nature can quickly change the internal state of the body to something far from its homeostatic set point. Consider a high fever, for example. A fever triggered by infection is beneficial up to a point, but if the body temperature rises much above 40° C (104° F), it may create a dangerous positive feedback loop. This high temperature raises the metabolic rate, which makes the body produce heat faster than it can get rid of it. Thus, temperature rises still further, increasing the metabolic rate and heat production still more. This ?vicious circle? becomes fatal at approximately 45° C (113° F). Thus, positive feedback loops often create dangerously out-of-control situations that require emergency medical treatment.
shows that even nature has its flaws and it is important to recognize them. [flaws]I never realized how dangerous positive feedback can be to the human body. I guess when my fever drastically broke i never considered the dangers with that.[Why I tagged thisweird to associate something positive that has the potential to kill us. negative feedback seems better for us and easier to return to homeostatis[Why I tagged thisdanger of positive feedback loop[Why I tagged thisThis is important because it explains how positive feedback isn't always a good thing and that if it continues to loop it may cause life threatening issues[Why I tagged thisharmful postive feedback loops is an example of flawed mechanism in the body[Why I tagged thisPositive dangers[Why I tagged thisLauren Gwidt
Flees Robert John
Corianne
Danny Duong
Amanda Baxter
Matthew Robert Schmidt
It would be important because if they have any sort of condition, such as a heart attack, or any other sudden attack, any doctor or any person trying to help them would want to know this so that they could adjust treatment accordingly. [Why I tagged this]In case of an emergency invasive surgery, the surgeon would have to know of this condition in order to avoid making the fatal error of assuming the patient's internal organs are placed in their typical anatomical locations. [Why I tagged thisThis would be critical for their survival in the circumstance that the victim is unconscious and does not have a pulse. The person applying CPR would have to locate the heart and move their hands closer to this organ. This would also be necessary for the physician to know before treatment is administered. [Why I tagged thisWithout that knowledge, proper care and diagnosis may not be given. Simple tasks may change completely, and without that knowledge, the patient could die.[Why I tagged thisSo that if something would happen to them and another person tried to help them, they would see on their braclet not to give them a certain type of medicine. [Why I tagged thisA person may experience a crisis that leaves them unconscious and unable to communicate with their medical providers this condition. Because this is so uncommon, and if time is limited, the medical professional may not be able to perform x-rays in order to identify the condition prior to doing things such as surgeries. One can see why several complications may arise if the surgeon believes they will be operating on one organ, only to find something else once they open up the patient![Why I tagged thisA person with situs inversus should have this condition noted on a MedicAlert bracelet because if they happen to have an accident and need immediate treatment or surgery then the doctors would be alerted to his/her condition and be able to perform the proper procedures without finding out in the middle of the procedure that this person has a special condition.[Why I tagged thisAlina Gur
Jonathan Rooney
Sophie
Lauren Thiel
Sarah Hudson
Christina Colarossi
A blood calcium excess is called hypercalcemia.32 In this condition, excessive amounts of calcium bind to the cell surface, increasing the charge difference across the membrane and making sodium channels less responsive. In addition, calcium ions bind to membrane proteins that serve as sodium channels and inhibit them from opening. Both actions render nerve and muscle cells less excitable than normal. At 12 mg/dL and higher, hypercalcemia causes depression of the nervous system, emotional disturbances, muscle weakness, sluggish reflexes, and sometimes cardiac arrest.
The human body is very stable but unstable at the same time because a little bit too much of one thing or a little bit to less of one thing not only affects that certain thing, but throws off the entire process if something else as well. This could be why humans get sick so easily?[Why I tagged this]While i knew that calcium intake was important for healthy bones, i had no idea why. The fact that your bones can affect the health of one's mind is bizarre, in my opinion. Are people with mild depression treated with calcium absorbers to fix the balance?[Why I tagged thisDid not know that this could cause depression...[Why I tagged thisOnce again, hypercalcemia also has to do with an electrolyte imbalance. [Why I tagged thisI found this interesting because I never knew there was such a thing as too much calcium. [Why I tagged thistoo much calcium can cause the nervous system to become less excitable and can even cause cardiac arrest.[General_Do Not UseI didn't realize calcium was so crucial within the body. kI am curious to know more about what effect outside forces might have on the calcium levels. [Why I tagged thisAnna Christenbury
andrew baker
Elvia Rivas
Caitlin
Brandon Brandemuehl
Bonnie Watson
Anterior (Extensor) Compartment of the Leg. Muscles of the anterior compartment dorsiflex the ankle and prevent the toes from scuffing the ground during walking. From lateral to medial, these muscles are the fibularis tertius, extensor digitorum longus (extensor of toes II?V), extensor hallucis longus (extensor of the great toe), and tibialis anterior. Their tendons are held tightly against the ankle and kept from bowing by two extensor retinacula similar to the one at the wrist (fig. 10.38a).
If we didn't have these muscles the usually simple task of walking would be much more difficult. This section will discuss the muscles that are responsible for dorsiflexion of the ankle and preventing our toes from scuffing the ground.[Why Tag This]It is impressive that the muscles of the feet are relatively small comparred to the size of the body they have to support.[Why Tag Thisvery helpful information. [Why Tag ThisThe muscles in the ankle and toes are used to keep the body standing while upright. These muscles are the fibularis tertius, extensor digitorum longus, extensor hallucis longus, and the tibialis anterior. The tendons are bound tightly to the ankle for strength. [Why Tag Thismuscles of the anterior compartment of the leg[Why Tag Thiswhich muscle causes shin splints?[Why Tag ThisI think that this should be aexplaind a little more because it is a little confusing[Why Tag ThisLeah Daul
Adam Alshehab
Linda Xiong
Alyssa Harmes
Brianna Brugger
Lauren Anthe
An antagonist13 is a muscle that opposes the prime mover. In some cases, it relaxes to give the prime mover almost complete control over an action. More often, however, the antagonist maintains some tension on a joint and thus limits the speed or range of the prime mover, preventing excessive movement, joint injury, or inappropriate actions.
antagonist13 is a muscle that opposes the prime mover. In some cases, it relaxes to give the prime mover almost complete control over an action. More often, however, the antagonist maintains some tension on a joint and thus limits the speed or range of the prime mover, preventing excessive movement, joint injury, or inappropriate actions. If you extend your arm to reach out and pick up a cup of tea, for example, your triceps brachii serves as the prime mover of elbow extension, and your brachialis acts as an antagonist to slow the extension and stop it at the appropriate point. If you extend your arm rapidly to throw a dart, however, the brachialis must be quite relaxed. The brachialis and triceps represent an antagonistic pair of muscles that act on opposite sides of a joint. We need antagonistic pairs at a joint because a muscle can only pull, not push?for example, a single muscle cannot flex and extend the elbow. Which member of the pair acts as the prime mover depends on the motion under consideration. In flexion of the elbow, the brachialis is the prime mover and the triceps is the antagonist; when the elbow is extended, their roles are reversed.
what a synergist is and how it works[Why tag this]So, muscles also affect the joints. But what is the relationship on the bones? What happens when no movement is made?[Why tag thisAn antagonist in a chemical recation also suppress the action taking place.[Why tag thisAnatagonist muscle opposes the prime mover. Does this affect a person who just had ACL surgery?[Why tag thisso does that mean it helps out the synergist?[Why tag thishelps prevent hyperextension of joints[Why tag thiswhat an antagonist is and it's functions[Why tag thisElvia Rivas
Sarah Cherkinian
Noelle
Lauren Anthe
Anthony Wheeler
When a gene is activated, a messenger RNA (mRNA) is made?a mirror image of the gene, more or less. Most mRNA migrates from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, where it serves as a code for assembling amino acids in the right order to make a particular protein. In summary, you can think of the process of protein synthesis as DNA ? mRNA ? protein, with each arrow reading as ?codes for the production of.? The step from DNA to mRNA is called transcription, and the step from mRNA to protein is called translation. Transcription occurs in the nucleus, where the DNA is. Most translation occurs in the cytoplasm, but 10% to 15% of proteins are synthesized in the nucleus, with both steps occurring there.
mRNA is a mirror image of the gene that migrates to the cytoplasm wehere it serves as a code for assembling amino acids in the right order to make a prticular protein.[Why tag this text]so the gene lives in the nucleus containing the DNA and RNA?[Why tag this textInteresting how a protein is made, i didnt know that not all translation occurs in the cytoplasm.[Why tag this textDNA functions as the original copy, and RNA as the template to be copied upon.[Why tag this textIt seems as thought the RNA (genome?) does all the work for the DNA and the Dna get all the credit, unless I understood the RNA's job incorrectly.[Why tag this textHow many amino acids make up a protein?, how does the organelle know when to stop?[Why tag this textstep from DNA to mRNA is transcription; step from mRNA to protein is called translation[Why tag this textLauren Anthe
Erin Griph
Joe Nimm
shelby
Elvia Rivas
Alyssa Harmes
Endomysium3 (EN-doe-MIZ-ee-um). This is a thin sleeve of loose connective tissue that surrounds each muscle fiber. It creates room for blood capillaries and nerve fibers to reach every muscle fiber, ensuring that no muscle cell is without stimulation and nourishment. The endomysium also provides the extracellular chemical environment for the muscle fiber and its associated nerve ending. Excitation of a muscle fiber is based on the exchange of calcium, sodium, and potassium ions between the endomysial tissue fluid and the nerve and muscle fibers. Perimysium.4 This is a thicker connective tissue sheath that wraps muscle fibers together in bundles called fascicles5 (FASS-ih-culs). Fascicles are visible to the naked eye as parallel strands?the ?grain? in a cut of meat; tender roast beef is easily pulled apart along its fascicles. The perimysium carries the larger nerves and blood vessels as well as stretch receptors called muscle spindles (see p. 501).
We need endomysium to get all nutrients to all muscle cells[Why tag this]Endomysium is a thin sleeve of loose connective tissue that surrounds each individual muscle fiber. Perimysium is a thicker connective tissue that wraps the endomysium fibers together into bundles, other wise known as fascicles.[Why tag thisHow visible is this connective tissue in histological slides (because it is so much thinner than peromysium)? Does it appear evident under a certain magnification or does it require any specific staining? Or is it more visible in some muscle tissues than others (smooth vs skeletal for example).[Why tag thisso this is what causes the blood flow to reach to our musles?[Why tag thiswhat endomysium is and what its funtion is[Why tag thisThis is very intresting. I never really knew anything about this. But having this thin sleeve that surrounds the muscle fibers is very important so that the muscle fibers can exchange other nutrients and also have nerve endings to feel other materials and things. [Why tag thisWhat would happen if someone didn't have endomysium? What would happen to there body?[Why tag thisElizabeth
Alina Gur
Lauren Anthe
Alyssa Harmes
Sophia Wood
Kaitlynn
Each element is identified by an atomic number, the number of protons in its nucleus.
Each element is identified by an atomic number, the number of protons in its nucleus. The atomic number of carbon is 6 and that of oxygen is 8, for example.
Each element is identified by an atomic number, the number of protons in its nucleus. The atomic number of carbon is 6 and that of oxygen is 8, for example. The periodic table of the elements (see appendix C) arranges the elements in order by their atomic numbers.
Each element is identified by an atomic number, the number of protons in its nucleus. The atomic number of carbon is 6 and that of oxygen is 8, for example. The periodic table of the elements (see appendix C) arranges the elements in order by their atomic numbers. The elements are represented by one- or two-letter symbols, usually based on their English names: C for carbon, Mg for magnesium, Cl for chlorine, and so forth. A few symbols are based on Latin names, such as K for potassium (kalium), Na for sodium (natrium), and Fe for iron (ferrum).
This is how we identify elements. A great way to be able to identify one element from another is by the Capitilization of the letters. No element has two capitalized letters, only one upper case and one lower case.[Why tag this text]Atomic number: number of protons in nucleus[Why tag this textatomic numbers help you remember what element it is and what kind of element it may be, the different rows determines this.[Why tag this textThis is important to me bcause I never knew what the atomic number stood for in categorzing the elements. I now know that the atomic number is the number of protons the element has in its nucleus. [Why tag this texti always thought it was interesting when learning about the periodic table and where the elements are located[Why tag this textSymbols (Atomic Numbers)[Why tag this textThis whole paragraph is a good review for me. It's been a while since I've taken chemistry and I just found the information in here to be very useful.[Why tag this textStephanie
Brittany Nycz
Lauren Thiel
samantha
Anthony Wheeler
mainkao
The skeleton is about three-quarters compact bone and one-quarter spongy bone by weight.
The skeleton is about three-quarters compact bone and one-quarter spongy bone by weight. Spongy bone is always enclosed by more durable compact bone.
Spongy bone is lighter and less dense than compact bone anyways, so wouldn't comparing the prevalence of both types of bone in the body be better measured in proportions versus weight?[Why I tagged this]Most of the bone is heavy and hard material. The other part of it is the inside -which is porous and spongy[Why I tagged thisI didnt know we had that much spongy bone in our skeleton and that it was covered by compact bone.[General_Do Not UseTwo important notes when considering bone:1. skeleton is ~3/4 compact bone, ~1/4 spongy bone, by weight2. Spongy bone: always enclosed by more durable compact bone.[Why I tagged thisWe learned in lab that the hard part of the bone doesn't extend throughout the whole bone until you reach the age of 20-22. So would spongy bone take us more space within the bone from the time we are born until that age?[GeneralWhat is the purpose of the spongey bone? The compact bone clearly is the strength and protection. [Why I tagged thiswhat does the spongy bone do?[Why I tagged thisJelena Ristic
Brandon Brandemuehl
jennifer lassiter
Christina
Ashley McBain
Anthony Wheeler
Treatment of Congenital Hip Dislocation.This infant is wearing a harness that holds the head of the femur in the acetabulum.
Where else in the body is there a structure similar to the acetabular labrum? What do those two locations have in common?
Ligaments that support the coxal joint include the iliofemoral (ILL-ee-oh-FEM-oh-rul) and pubofemoral (PYU-bo-FEM-or-ul) ligaments on the anterior side and the ischiofemoral (ISS-kee-oh-FEM-or-ul) ligament on the posterior side. The name of each ligament refers to the bones to which it attaches?the femur and the ilium, pubis, or ischium.
Ligaments that support the coxal joint include the iliofemoral (ILL-ee-oh-FEM-oh-rul) and pubofemoral (PYU-bo-FEM-or-ul) ligaments on the anterior side and the ischiofemoral (ISS-kee-oh-FEM-or-ul) ligament on the posterior side. The name of each ligament refers to the bones to which it attaches?the femur and the ilium, pubis, or ischium. When you stand up, these ligaments become twisted and pull the head of the femur tightly into the acetabulum. The head of the femur has a conspicuous pit called the fovea capitis. The round ligament, or ligamentum teres27 (TERR-eez), arises here and attaches to the lower margin of the acetabulum. This is a relatively slack ligament, so it is doubtful that it plays a significant role in holding the femur in its socket. It does, however, contain an artery that supplies blood to the head of the femur. A transverse acetabular ligament bridges a gap in the inferior margin of the acetabular labrum.
Interesting and glad that we have the knowledge and technology to figure out these early problems.[Why tag this]This disease runs in my family. I also suffer from hip necrosis and I wonder if the two have anything to do with each other?[Why tag thisPoor baby!! Atleast he/she is getting that problem fixed eariler instead of later! I love children and that is very sad to me. I am planning on becoming a nurse when I leave here and I am not sure If I want to work with babies because I will see things like this and I am a sensative person. But as I think about it, in the nursing feild this kind of stuff will happen anywhere I go in the nursing feild.[Why tag thisThe only site that is coming to mind immediately is the the should, perhaps the glenoid cavity orf the scapula? It is not exactly the same, as the glenoid cavity is not as deeply set at the acetabular, but there is a structural similarity there. It still holds, or houses, the hemispherical head of the humerus. Both of the structures, the acetabular and the glenoid cavity are the points of the only two multiaxial joints in the body.[Why tag thisit helps to understand the ligaments when the names attach to the bones[Why tag thisShows more importance on really learning the names of all the bones, because just like we learned about the names of joints, the names of ligaments are also based on the bones involved.[Why tag thisyou would think this would hurt[Why tag thisAmanda Fitzmaurice
Kaitlynn
jennifer lassiter
Lauren Anthe
Nicholas Bruno
Define energy. Distinguish potential energy from kinetic energy.
Energy is the capability to do work[Why tag this text]Energy is the ability to do work. Potential is the energry that is stored before doing the actual work while kinetic energy is the energry release of the potential causing the work or movement.[Why tag this textEnergy is the capacity to do work. Potential energy is the energy something potentially has while it is still. Kinetic energy is the energy something has while it is moving.[General-Do not useEnergy is the capacity to do work. Potential energy is energy contained in an object of its position or internal state but that is not doing the work (water behind a dam). Kinetic energy is energy of motion, energy that is doing work (the flow of ions into a cell).[Why tag this textenergy is the capacity to do work.kinetic-energy of movementpotential-energy within an object that is not doing work[Why tag this textEnergy is simply the capacity to do work. The difference between potential and kinetic is its movement. Potential is the energy it retains in a still position, while kinetic is the energy is exerted when in motion. [Why tag this textEnergy is the capacity to do work. Potential energy is energy contained in an object because of its position or internal state but that is not doing work at the same time. Kinetic energy is energy of motion, energy that is doing work.[Why tag this textLauren Anthe
Erin Griph
Kimberly Loney
Jonathan Lowe
Hauser Joseph Alan
Kenyetta
COMMENTS:_____
Medial (Adductor) Compartment of the Thigh. Fasciae divide the thigh into three compartments: the anterior (extensor) compartment, posterior (flexor) compartment, and medial (adductor) compartment.
The lateral rotator is very useluf when it comes to walking. It helps keep us from falling when we lift our foot. If the our weight was all put on one side would we every learn how to walk?[Why Tag This]What if the muscles are not strong enough , what role do abductors play when there is muscle weakness?[Why Tag ThisSo the abductors are the most inportant part of the leg for what reason?[Why Tag ThisIn dance class we have to learn how to shift our weight to one side to balance, now i know that this is because of the abductors of the femur[Why Tag ThisIn the table above, it is mentioned that the obutraror externus and internus are not very well understood. Are there multiple theories on what these may be useful for, or is there just no specific function in our current evolutionary state?[Why Tag ThisWhat is the points of the Compartments ?[Why Tag ThisFasciae divide thigh into three compartments. Anterior=extensor [quad femoris, rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius], posterior=flexor [hamstring muscles], medial=addutor [act on ankle and foot, popliteus].[Why Tag ThisElvia Rivas
Lauren Anthe
Sami
Chelsea Moore
Danielle Henckel
The task of learning medical terminology seems overwhelming at first, but it is a simple skill to become more comfortable with the technical language of medicine. People who find scientific terms confusing and difficult to pronounce, spell, and remember usually feel more confident once they realize the logic of how terms are composed.
The task of learning medical terminology seems overwhelming at first, but it is a simple skill to become more comfortable with the technical language of medicine. People who find scientific terms confusing and difficult to pronounce, spell, and remember usually feel more confident once they realize the logic of how terms are composed. A term such as hyponatremia is less forbidding once we recognize that it is composed of three common word elements: hypo- (below normal), natr- (sodium), and -emia (blood condition). Thus, hyponatremia is a deficiency of sodium in the blood. Those word elements appear over and over in many other medical terms: hypothermia, natriuretic, anemia, and so on. Once you learn the meanings of hypo-, natri-, and -emia, you already have the tools at least to partially understand hundreds of other biomedical terms.
The task of learning medical terminology seems overwhelming at first, but it is a simple skill to become more comfortable with the technical language of medicine. People who find scientific terms confusing and difficult to pronounce, spell, and remember usually feel more confident once they realize the logic of how terms are composed. A term such as hyponatremia is less forbidding once we recognize that it is composed of three common word elements: hypo- (below normal), natr- (sodium), and -emia (blood condition). Thus, hyponatremia is a deficiency of sodium in the blood. Those word elements appear over and over in many other medical terms: hypothermia, natriuretic, anemia, and so on. Once you learn the meanings of hypo-, natri-, and -emia, you already have the tools at least to partially understand hundreds of other biomedical terms. Inside the back cover, you will find a lexicon of the 400 word elements most commonly footnoted in this book.
I can relate to this because this is the actual process how i felt. When I first started learning anatomy terms it was over whelming, but when I find basic root words and locations of most of them it became easier and easier. [Why I tagged this]I am glad they put this in becuase it shows me that I can learn the words just have to work at it[Why I tagged thisThis is a major component of this course that I've been looking forward to. Learning to speak this language finally.[Why I tagged thisThis is very true. When taking previous anatomy and physiology classes in high school, it was easier to memorize vocabulary once you separated the word and knew the roots.[Why I tagged thisVery helpful to know for my future studies. this is also very interesting and great to know because it will make studying a little bit easier! Cause we will need it![Why I tagged thisI feel that i am pretty good with prefix and suffix of terms, but I do agree that many medical terms look a like and literally differ by one letter. i thank my english teachers for teaching me a little about root words and so on.[Why I tagged thisGabriela
Shannon Stinson
Jourdan Richardson
Maisey Mulvey
Riley Spitzig
The organism is a single, complete individual.An organ system is a group of organs with a unique collective function, such as circulation, respiration, or digestion.
an organism is a completely single individual. [Why I tagged this]While we know this to be true, we also know this single, complete organism can be further subdivided into increasingly finite components- see the hierarchy listed above. [Why I tagged thisOrganisms are individual and not replicated[Why I tagged thisAn organism is made up of different levels. Each level makes up the next, completing the individual. Atoms make up molecules, molecules make up organelles, organelles make up cells, cells make up tissues, tissues make up organs and organs make up organ systems. these all come together to make up an organism. Understanding the basic levels of an organism and how they work together is very important to understanding the human body[Why I tagged thisdef. organism[Why I tagged thisi can not fully agree with this statment. Aren't there organisms that need other organisms to survive? A symbiotic relaltionship that is needed for one or the other to thrive. Therefore, is that organism not a complete individual?[Why I tagged thisThis is interesting simply for the fact that we all think of our bodies in one way, and this validates that yes, we are a single organism, but our organ system is made up of so many little parts that help in the functioning of every day life.[Why I tagged thisAlina Gur
Amanda Baxter
Kirsten Majstorovic
Corianne
Jerry S Yang
Cassie Marsh
The most abundant GAG is chondroitin (con-DRO-ih-tin) sulfate. It is abundant in blood vessels and bones and is responsible for the relative stiffness of cartilage.
sulfate. It is abundant in blood vessels and bones and is responsible for the relative stiffness of cartilage.
Some other GAGs that you will read of elsewhere in this book are heparin (an anticoagulant) and hyaluronic (HY-uh-loo-RON-ic) acid. The latter is a gigantic molecule up to 20 µm long, as large as most cells. It is a viscous, slippery substance that forms a very effective lubricant in the joints and constitutes much of the jellylike vitreous body of the eyeball.
A proteoglycan is another gigantic molecule. It is shaped somewhat like a bottle brush, with a central core of protein and bristlelike outgrowths composed of GAGs. The entire proteoglycan may be attached to hyaluronic acid, thus forming an enormous molecular complex. Proteoglycans form thick colloids similar to those of gravy, pudding, gelatin, and glue. This gel slows the spread of pathogenic organisms through the tissues.
A proteoglycan is another gigantic molecule. It is shaped somewhat like a bottle brush, with a central core of protein and bristlelike outgrowths composed of GAGs. The entire proteoglycan may be attached to hyaluronic acid, thus forming an enormous molecular complex. Proteoglycans form thick colloids similar to those of gravy, pudding, gelatin, and glue. This gel slows the spread of pathogenic organisms through the tissues. Some proteoglycans are embedded in the plasma membranes of cells, attached to the cytoskeleton on the inside and to other extracellular molecules on the outside. They create a strong structural bond between cells and extracellular macromolecules and help to hold tissues together.
Polysaccharide found in blood vessles and bones, and also accounts for stiffness of cartilage. Regulates water and electrolyte balance in tissues [negatively charged, it attracts NA/K which results in holding water][Why tag this text]I have taken glucosamine chondrotin in the past to help with stiffness in my knees.[Why tag this textsulfate= largest amount of GAG[Why tag this textThere are so many referenes to my job in this chapter and it is so excited. We use hyaluronic acid in 2 ways in our clinic. 1) In skin care products for its water retention. It can hold 1000x its weight in water, so it makes for a great (and naturally occuring) moisturizer. 2) We also use it in fillers such as juvederm and restylane to plump the lips, and fill out creases and lines in the skin/face. We also have a substance called hyaluronidase which we use to reverse the effects of hyaluronic acid (aka, bad filler injections). I am curious if hyaluronidase would break down your body's hyaluronic acid if injected into it.[Why tag this textwhat a proteoglycan is[Why tag this textA description of a proteoglycan, its functions, and its locations. [Why tag this textIf i were to have a heart murmur would the chance of this happening to me be greater?[Why tag this textNicole Latzig
lenarch2
Heather Archibald
Alyssa Harmes
Anthony Wheeler
Maisey Mulvey
Mechanical stress from manual labor or tight shoes accelerates keratinocyte multiplication and results in calluses or corns, thick accumulations of dead keratinocytes on the hands or feet.
As keratinocytes are shoved upward by the dividing cells below, they flatten and produce more keratin filaments and lipid-filled membrane-coating vesicles (lamellar granules).
As keratinocytes are shoved upward by the dividing cells below, they flatten and produce more keratin filaments and lipid-filled membrane-coating vesicles (lamellar granules). In the stratum granulosum, four important developments occur: (1) The keratohyalin granules release a protein called filaggrin that binds the cytoskeletal keratin filaments together into coarse, tough bundles. (2) The cells produce a very tough layer of envelope proteins just beneath the plasma membrane, resulting in a nearly indestructible protein sac around the keratin bundles. (3) The membrane-coating vesicles release a lipid mixture that spreads out over the cell surface and waterproofs it. (4) Finally, as these barriers cut the keratinocytes off from the supply of nutrients from below, their nuclei and other organelles degenerate and the cells die, leaving just the tough waterproof sac enclosing coarse bundles of keratin. These processes, along with the tight junctions between keratinocytes, result in an epidermal water barrier that is crucial to the retention of body water.
why does injuried skin regenerates faster?[Why tag this text]What is the relation between increased keratinocyte multiplication and the stratum lucidum (which thick skin/callused skin) contains? Because there is an increased multiplication a new layer is formed?[Why tag this textfrom soccer. [Why tag this textIts part of the keratinocytes process I am trying to find the answer to [Why tag this textthis is for more understandings keratinocytes which are cells that are flatten towards the surface of the body. The granulosum is where important developments occur. This is where the granules are able to bind keratin filaments together and the cells develop a layer of protein to surround the filaments to make a bundle. Then it releases lipids to make it waterproof and cut off the supple of nutrients. This makes the cells die and leaves the bundle behind and we end up with an epidermal water barrier which retains the body's water supply. [Why tag this textCould we go over this process more in depth in class? I would also like to briefly review the importance of keratin[Why tag this textI understand that hair and nails are formed by dead keratin cells, but why do woman who take pre-natals have their nails and hair grow so much longer when their pregnant?[Why tag this textHeather Archibald
Jelena Ristic
Tayelor Neiss
Linda Xiong
Brendan Semph
Kayla Theys
Most physiological knowledge was obtained by the hypothetico-deductive method. An investigator begins by asking a question and formulating a hypothesis-an educated speculation or possible answer to the question. A good hypothesis must be (1) consistent with what is already known and (2) capable of being tested and possibly falsified by evidence. Falsifiability means that if we claim something is scientifically true, we must be able to specify what evidence it would take to prove it wrong. If nothing could possibly prove it wrong, then it is not scientific.
Answer to first question.[Why I tagged this]I find this important because before you could ever start an experiment you must first have a question something that you want to prove. With out a hypothesis we would probably not have most of the medication or equipment we have today.[Why I tagged thisHypo-deductive method[Why I tagged thisi agree, without question how things work we would not be where we are today[Why I tagged thisIt is important to know the basis of a good hypothesis. Superstitions have been proved wrong. [Why I tagged thishypothetico-deductive method is forming a hypothesis from the already known and must be falsifiable. if it cant be proven wrong its not scientific. [Anatomy and PhysiologyAll important to the study of physiology. It also relates to the basic concept of experimental study with a hypothesis and giving a format of how the hypothetico-deductive method works.[Why I tagged thissarah
Corianne
Flees Robert John
Amanda Baxter
Stephanie
Lauren Gwidt
Are these stem cells the same cells that scientists are using for research with organs and such? This is confusing to me.[Why tag this text]Stem cells are undifferentiated cells and produce keratinocytes, and are found only in the deepest layer of the epidermis. These can be responsible for the synthesis of many bodily tissues and organs.[Why tag this textdivide the keratinocytes [Why tag this textI didn't know that there were stem cells in the skin. I always assumed that they were only in internal organs.[Why tag this textStem cells are extremely important for our development. Without these we would not have differentiated cells to make us the functional beings that we are.[Why tag this textIs this saying that there are stem cells in the deepest layers of our skin? So instead of harvesting stem cells from fetuses, could we also extract stem cells from this area of the body?[Why tag this textAre these the stem cells that they are doing all the research on? Like the embryonic/stem cells, I thought they were in the uterus?[Why tag this textMichael Acker
Jelena Ristic
Leah Hennes
Dakota Francart
Jacob
shelby
23. Name the muscles that cross both the hip and knee joints and produce actions at both.
24. List the major actions of the muscles of the anterior, medial, and posterior compartments of the thigh.
25. Describe the role of plantar flexion and dorsiflexion in walking. What muscles produce these actions?
fibularis brevis and fibularis longous. The plantar flexion is important in standing on tiptoes and providing lift and forward thrust whenever taking a step.[Why Tag This]The quadracep femoris muscles produce the movements.[Why Tag ThisThe gluteous maximum along with the lateral rotators control this movement. [Why Tag ThisThe sartorius muscle.[Why Tag ThisThe posterior compartment flexes the knee and extend the hip during walking and running. The anterior compartment dorsiflex the ankle and prevent the toes from scuffing the ground during walking. The lateral compartment flexes the planter and everts the foot, as in standing on tiptoes and providing lift and thrust.[Why Tag ThisThe anterior campartment of the thigh, which contains the quadriceps femoris, rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius, and sartorius, all aids in the extension of the knee. The medial compartment of the thigh contains the adductor brevis, adductor longus, adductor magnus, gracilis and the pectineus, which all acts primarily as adductors of the thigh. Themuscles of the posterior compartment of the thigh aid in flexion of the knee. These muscles include the biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and the semimembranosus.[Why Tag ThisThe role of these is to allow stepping without falling. The fibularis tertius, extensor digitorum longus, extensor hallucis longus, tibialis anterior, gastrocnemius, and the soleus.[Why Tag ThisErin Griph
Ford Elizabeth Emily
Kimberly Loney
Good to know [Why tag this text]This is a great dipiction of the impact of fluid in and around the cells of the body. In a simple example; one can see how dehydration can negativly affect the cells of the body and how detrimental that can be to proper functioning of those cells.[Why tag this textIt's cool to think how selective RBC's membranes have to be when permitting incoming and outgoing solutions in order to maintain the most healthy state it can achieve.[Why tag this textI never knew blood cells can be affected in such a way their shapes could be altered like that.[Why tag this textThese images help me understand the effects of tonicity on red blood cells. Without them, I wouldn't exactly know how the cells were changed.[Why tag this textFor me there was confusion with the difference between hypertonic and hypotonic cells.[Why tag this textwhy cant a cell stay one size? or stay isotonic forever? i understand that it changes concentration levels but shouldnt the cell recognize it is need to gain or lose water to become a fully working cell again.[Why tag this textCatherine Andersen
Anna Christenbury
Melissa
David
Kyle Le
corey
Who knew that a scab, a little thing kids pick at, was actually the product of such an intricate process used to heal and protect our bodies[Why tag this text]seccond step[Why tag this textblood clots form in the tissue.[Why tag this textThis stops the bleeding correct?[Why tag this textIt is immediatley springing into action to keep the body safe. Right away every little function has a job and everything works together to get it done. [Why tag this textthis is interesting because it explains how a blood clot is formed, and what happens under the scab.[Why tag this textso there is some good to blood clots (laughing) it could be a life saver. this is interesting to know that a blood clot can be a good thing as well[Why tag this textLauren Anthe
lindsay krueger
Kenyetta
Bonnie Watson
Natalie Chavez
MARIAH
I find these two bones the most interesting bones. The reason i find these to bones interesting is because you never relise just how much you use these bones. My friend was born with her ulna and radius crossed over. Now she cant fip her hand up or swim very well because she gets tiered very easily. When people hand her money they have to take her hand and put the money in it because the way we all take money is we filp our hand over and grab the money she cant do that. After u meet her it was then that i relised just how important the Ulna and Radius was.[Why tag this]Bones found in the palm are called metacarpal bones. They are long and skinny and seem like extensions of the finger bones.[Why tag thisUnderstanding the function of a bone is important when studying the body because knowing their normal function and postition can help if something doesn't seem right at any time. Also, knowing the interaction between the different bones with eachother can help with the understanding of how our body works.[Why tag thisI wonder what causes certain people to have incomplete formed arm bones? i know someone with an incomplete ulna so the styloid process is not formed. Does the interosseous membrane only serve to separate the muscles and bones? What type of tissue composes this membrane? It doesn't make sense that leaning forward on the arm causes more stress on one bone than the other. Is that a way of conserving one bone so both don't get broken with too much stress?[Why tag thisthe expelination of the radius [Why tag thisit is interesting that because the radius and the ulna can twist that allows us to rotate our forearms. I also found it interesting that there is a membrane between these two bones.[Why tag thisWith these two bones interacting this way, why isn't this a site that's more commonly deteriorated?[Why tag thisMichael Franzini
Maria Stephans
Amanda Baxter
Adam Alshehab
Riley Spitzig
Liz Casper
Name the paranasal sinuses and state their locations. Name any four other cavities in the skull.
Explain the difference between a cranial bone and a facial bone. Give four examples of each.
Would individuals with larger heads into adulthood trigger such parental caregiving instincts? If there was an advantage to having a much larger head to promote access to greater resources as a result of triggered caregiving instincts, would this not be more common among a certain population of adults?[Why tag this]darwin[Why tag thisthe paranasal sinuses are connected with the nasal cavity, and act as chambers that add resonance to voicefour other cavities are-maxillary, nasal, oral, ear[Why tag thisThe paranasal sinuses are named for the bones in which they occur. The frontal sinus is located in the frontal bone. The sphenoid sinus is located in the sphenoid bone. The ethmoid sinus is located in the ethmoid bone, and the maxillary sinus is located within the maxilla. All sinuses are connected with the nasal cavities, lined by mucous membranes, and filled with air. They lighten the anterior portion of the skull and act as chambers that add resonance to the voice. The largest of the cavities in the skull would be the cranial cavity, which encloses the brain. Other cavities include the orbits (eye sockets), nasal cavity, oral cavity, and the middle- and inner-ear cavities.[Why tag thisCranial bones are bones that cover the brain. There are two major parts to the cranial bones; the calvaria and the base. There is also a big hole in the cranial bone called teh foramen magnum that allows the spinal cord to meet the brain. Four examples of the cranial bones are the frontal bone, occipital bone, parietal bone, and sphenoid bone. The facial bones on the other hand do not cover the brain but instead are anterier to it. the purpose of the facial bones are for support, shape the face and provide attachment for muscles. Four examples are the maxillae, nasal bones, mandible and vomer. [Why tag thiscranial bone-bones that enclose the brain (skull); ex-occipital, sphenoid, ethmoid, frontalfacial bone-bones that support the orbital, nasal and oral cavities as well as shape the face; ex-nasal, vomer, mandible, palatine[Why tag thisCranial bones are those that enclose the brain; collectively, the compose the cranium. A few examples of cranial bones include the frontal bone, occipital bone, sphenoid bone, ethmoid bone, two parietal bones, and two temporal bones. Facial bones do not enclose the brain, but lie anterior to the cranial cavity. They support the orbital, nasal, and oral cavities, shape the face, and provide attachment for the muscles of facial expression and mastication. There are 14 facial bones in total, which include, two maxillae, two palatine bones, two zygomatic bones, two lacrimal bones, two nasal bones, two inferior nasal conchae, one vomer, and one mandible.[Why tag thisMacKenzie
Jonathan Lowe
Kimberly Loney
payoua
The ER synthesizes steroids and other lipids, detoxifies alcohol and other drugs, and manufactures all membranes of the cell
The ER synthesizes steroids and other lipids, detoxifies alcohol and other drugs, and manufactures all membranes of the cell.
The ER synthesizes steroids and other lipids, detoxifies alcohol and other drugs, and manufactures all membranes of the cell. Rough ER produces the phospholipids and proteins of the plasma membrane and synthesizes proteins that are either packaged in other organelles such as lysosomes or secreted from the cell. Rough ER is most abundant in cells that synthesize large amounts of protein, such as antibody-producing cells and cells of the digestive glands
The ER synthesizes steroids and other lipids, detoxifies alcohol and other drugs, and manufactures all membranes of the cell. Rough ER produces the phospholipids and proteins of the plasma membrane and synthesizes proteins that are either packaged in other organelles such as lysosomes or secreted from the cell. Rough ER is most abundant in cells that synthesize large amounts of protein, such as antibody-producing cells and cells of the digestive glands.
comment in annotation one[Why tag this text]so in other it helps cleans out toxions in the body[Why tag this textHow do anti-oxidents play a role in detoxifying? Does ER synthesis use anti-oxidents in food and combat toxins with them?[Why tag this textThe ER seems essential to our body. Without it, people probably wouldn't be able to live if they used alcohol and drugs. [Why tag this textI find it interesting to know what it actually is that detoxifies alcohol from the body. It's something I've never really thought about before![Why tag this textER must be really important if it detoxifies alcohol and drugs because of the amount of alcohol that people consume. Is this the kind of alcohol that this is reffering to? If so there must be some in the liver.[Why tag this textER FUNCTIONS[Why tag this textLauren Anthe
Andrea
Mai Youa Chang
Cassi Malko
Kelly Stahl
Alyssa Harmes
Mucous membranes have absorptive, secretory, and protective functions.
Mucous membranes have absorptive, secretory, and protective functions. They are often covered with mucus secreted by goblet cells, multicellular mucous glands, or both.
Mucous membranes have absorptive, secretory, and protective functions. They are often covered with mucus secreted by goblet cells, multicellular mucous glands, or both. The mucus traps bacteria and foreign particles, which keeps them from invading the tissues and aids in their removal from the body. The epithelium of a mucous membrane may also include absorptive, ciliated, and other types of cells.
The reason I annotated this is because I like the fact that as we move along into learning about the rest of the body, we see that previous concepts like muscles and tissues come up again. This makes it easier to learn how things interconnect.[Why tag this text]Is it possible to harm these membranes and cause, for example, the lining of the digestive tract lessen or become destroyed completely?[Why tag this textone of the internal membrane types and the properties it has.[Why tag this textReading over this a patter starts to show that anything dealing with mucous and tightly packed cells is for protections like the elpithelial cell lining the inside of our digestive tract or in side our lungs.[Why tag this textInteresting that the mucus that covers mucous membranes traps bacteria and other foreign particles and prevents them from entering the tissues and also helps with the removal of these bacteria particles.[Why tag this textIt says that the mucus traps bacteria to keep in from invading tissues. Im just wondering what qualities it has that traps the tissue? [Why tag this textThis explains why your nose clogs up with mucus when you contract the cold virus. The mucus has to be thicker than serous fluid, so it can trap the foreign virus. It has a different function, so the structure has to be different.[Why tag this textChelsea Moore
Mia Breidenbach
Justin Rosinski
Nicholas Bruno
Zachary Garrity
Caitlin
name the four primary classes into which all adult tissues are classified;
name the four primary classes into which all adult tissues are classified; name the three embryonic germ layers and some adult tissues derived from each; and visualize the three-dimensional shape of a structure from a two-dimensional tissue section.
I tagged this text because it's important to know the primary tissues. The four primary classes are epithelial, connective, nervous, and muscular. [Why tag this text]The four primary tissues are epithelial-covers organ surfaces, connective-supports binds and protects, nervous-transmits information to other cells, and muscular- specialized for contractions. All of these promary tissues contain a Matrix from which the cells get their nutrients and release their waste. Is there a seperation of the waste and the nutrients or do they all stay contained within the matrix?[Why tag this textThe four primary tissues are epithelial, connective, nervous, and muscular. Although they are all very different, they all are necessary and help our bodies with various tasks. The deeper the tissue, the more important they are - in order to protect the organs. Personally, I think that the muscular tissue is the most interesting because it elongates with the muscles and if muscles get bigger, so does the tissue! [Why tag this textGoals after reading text[Why tag this textI think it is super important that the section competencies are reviewed prior to each section. I know for me it helps keep my mind focused on the important concepts so I don't get bogged down with the [Why tag this textthis is important to think about throughout the reading because you should be able to answer these questions and fully understand each aspect of the reading[Why tag this textI highlighted this part because these are the 3 things we should learn and know by the end of the reading and what we should be thinking about as we read.[Why tag this textNadin
Ashley McBain
Rebecca Teplitz
Catherine Andersen
Sarah Faust
lenarch2
Collagenous (col-LADJ-eh-nus) fibers.
Collagenous (col-LADJ-eh-nus) fibers. These fibers, made of collagen, are tough and flexible and resist stretching.
Collagenous (col-LADJ-eh-nus) fibers. These fibers, made of collagen, are tough and flexible and resist stretching. Collagen is the body's most abundant protein, constituting about 25% of the total. It is the base of such animal products as gelatin, leather, and glue.13 In fresh tissue, collagenous fibers have a glistening white appearance, as seen in tendons and some cuts of meat (fig. 5.13); thus, they are often called white fibers. In tissue sections, collagen forms coarse, wavy bundles, often dyed pink, blue, or green by the most common histo logical stains. Tendons, ligaments, and the deep layer of the skin (the dermis) are made mainly of collagen. Less visibly, collagen pervades the matrix of cartilage and bone.
Collagenous (col-LADJ-eh-nus) fibers. These fibers, made of collagen, are tough and flexible and resist stretching. Collagen is the body's most abundant protein, constituting about 25% of the total. It is the base of such animal products as gelatin, leather, and glue.13 In fresh tissue, collagenous fibers have a glistening white appearance, as seen in tendons and some cuts of meat (fig. 5.13); thus, they are often called white fibers. In tissue sections, collagen forms coarse, wavy bundles, often dyed pink, blue, or green by the most common histo logical stains. Tendons, ligaments, and the deep layer of the skin (the dermis) are made mainly of collagen. Less visibly, collagen pervades the matrix of cartilage and bone.
Collagenous (col-LADJ-eh-nus) fibers. These fibers, made of collagen, are tough and flexible and resist stretching. Collagen is the body's most abundant protein, constituting about 25% of the total. It is the base of such animal products as gelatin, leather, and glue.13 In fresh tissue, collagenous fibers have a glistening white appearance, as seen in tendons and some cuts of meat (fig. 5.13); thus, they are often called white fibers. In tissue sections, collagen forms coarse, wavy bundles, often dyed pink, blue, or green by the most common histo logical stains. Tendons, ligaments, and the deep layer of the skin (the dermis) are made mainly of collagen. Less visibly, collagen pervades the matrix of cartilage and bone. Reticular14 fibers. These are thin collagen fibers coated with glycoprotein. They form a spongelike framework for such organs as the spleen and lymph nodes. Elastic fibers. These are thinner than collagenous fibers, and they branch and rejoin each other along their course. They are made of a protein called elastin, whose coiled structure allows it to stretch and recoil like a rubber band. Elastic fibers account for the ability of the skin, lungs, and arteries to spring back after they are stretched. (Elasticity is not the ability to stretch, but the tendency to recoil when tension is released.) Fresh elastic fibers are yellowish and are sometimes called yellow fibers.
Collagen and Elastin are two things that are of interest to me because I have a background in medical esthetics. I have just ended my career in esthetics to attend school, but I specialized in skin rejuvination to enhance beauty. In my track as a PA I hope to learn a lot more about these fibers and how to strengthen them, and eventually specialize in the field of Dermatology.[Why tag this text]25% of total fibers and resist stretching[Why tag this textCollagen in popular culture seems to be frequently associated with injections for different skin treatments. When reading about collagenous tissue, it makes quite a bit of sense that this would be used to restore the [Why tag this textCollagen is used in botox to prevent wrinkles. It makes sense that collagenous fibers are used because the dermis is mostly made of collagen. By injecting this tough, flexible, resistent to stretching (aka wrinkling) fiber into a deep wrinkle in the face you are filling it with a coarse wavy bundle and preventing the wrinkle from coming back.[Why tag this textDiferent ways that collagenous fibers either base on animal or human that no longer live, Collagenous fibers are what left that turning the skin into different color for the corpse.[Why tag this textI tagged this because this is what we had to dissect on the human cadaver. We dissected a woman and a male and this is exactly what I saw in person. I had no idea what they were because our teacher wasnt teaching we just got to do our own thing and cut open and look at what we all had learned. [Why tag this textQuestion 2: Types of cells:Fibroblasts: These cells produce fibers and substances that form the tissue matrix.Macrophages: These cells are a vital part of the immune system. They travel throughout the connective tissues to fight infection or bacteria.Leukocytes: These cells are a type of white blood cells. These cells alsofight bacteria and other invading agents.Plasma Cells: These cells produce different antibodies.Mast Cells: These cells secrete heparin and histamine.Adipocytes (fat cells): Small groupings that make up the majority of adipose tissue.Types of Fibers:Collagenous fibers: These fibers are made of collagen. This fiber resists stretching.Reticular fibers: These fibers form the spongelike framework for some organs including the spleen.Elastic fibers: These fibers allow for stretching and recoiling.[Why tag this textThe three types of protein fibers, where they're most abundant, and what they do.[Why tag this textJustin Putterman
David Faber
Elizabeth
Sue Xiong
Jenna
Sarah Ertl
Anthony Wheeler
With the aid of chapter 8, name at least two specific bones that would have two epiphyseal plates (proximal and distal) at stage 5.
Mesenchyme develops into a body of hyaline cartilage, covered with a fibrous perichondrium, in the location of a future bone. For a time, the perichondrium produces chondrocytes and the cartilage model grows in thickness. Eventually, the perichondrium stops producing chondrocytes and begins producing osteoblasts. These deposit a thin collar of bone around the middle of the cartilage model, encircling it like a napkin ring and providing physical reinforcement. The former perichondrium is now considered to be a periosteum. Meanwhile, chondrocytes in the middle of the model enlarge and the matrix between their lacunae is reduced to thin walls. This region of chondrocyte enlargement is called the primary ossification center. The walls of matrix between the lacunae calcify and block nutrients from reaching the chondrocytes. The cells die and their lacunae merge into a single cavity in the middle of the model. Blood vessels penetrate the bony collar and invade the primary ossification center. As the center of the model is hollowed out and filled with blood and stem cells, it becomes the primary marrow cavity. Various stem cells introduced with the blood give rise to osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Osteoblasts line the cavity, begin depositing osteoid tissue, and calcify it to form a temporary network of bony trabeculae. As the bony collar under the periosteum thickens and elongates, a wave of cartilage death progresses toward the ends of the bone. Osteoclasts in the marrow cavity follow this wave, dissolving calcified cartilage remnants and enlarging the marrow cavity of the diaphysis. The region of transition from cartilage to bone at each end of the primary marrow cavity is called a metaphysis. Soon, chondrocyte enlargement and death occur in the epiphysis of the model as well, creating a secondary ossification center. In the metacarpal bones, as illustrated in Figure 7.9, this occurs in only one epiphysis. In longer bones of the arms, forearms, legs, and thighs, it occurs at both ends.
is this what also happenes when you break a bone the heeling procces of it?[Why I tagged this]Some bones that would have epiphyseal plates at stage 5: femur, humerus, radius, ulna, fibula, and tibia.[Why I tagged thisstages of endochondral ossification[Why I tagged thisbone growth and remodeling[Why I tagged thisAre there any cases / conditions in which chondrocyte production does not change over to osteoblast production?[Why I tagged thisThe bone tissue starts as connective tissue, goes through some physiological changes and then is considered bone tissue. All cells are made of the same chemical components making organelles. What differentiates the two tissue types and what is the point where the change is made.[Why I tagged thisIs there a trigger for this? Age, chemical change...[Why I tagged thisWhat happens if this so called [Why I tagged thisjennifer lassiter
Alyssa Harmes
Amanda
Amanda Fitzmaurice
Andrea
Kelly Stahl
1. What is the difference between anatomy and physiology? How do these two sciences support each other?
anatomy is the structure and physiology is the function of said struction. they pair together because they support ecahother. In order to know how the human body works you must know the components and their functions, hence the importance of A&P.[Why I tagged this]Anatomy is the study of form.Physiology is the study of function. These two sciences support each other because they can't exist without by themself. Why do round things roll? Because round things have fewest edges to create friction to slow down. [Why I tagged thisAnatomy is, essentially, form. While physiology on the other hand is function. These two components support the each other. Without anatomy, the components necessary for certain functions to take place would be missing; therefore, physiology would not be what it is without anatomy, and physiology give anatomy purpose. Without the functions taking place, all of the machinery would serve no purpose.[General_Do Not UseAnatomy is the study of the structure of the body, while physiology is the study of the function of the body. They support each other by giving meaning to each other. Physiology explains anatomy, while anatomy makes physiology possible.[Why I tagged thisAnatomy and Physiology differ in terms of what exactly each is looking into. Anatomy looks into the structure of an organism and the abnormalities of it. They study the Anatomy using different techniques of touch and sight. Physiology studies the function of an organism and the structures within it, and is seperated into different, [Why I tagged thisAnatomy is the study of the body's anatomical structure, and physiology is the study of how it functions. These two components make up the 'unity of form and function'. They are complimentary to each other because it is important to know which strucutres are responsible for specific functions. This is an important because once the 'ideal' function of these structures is identified, malfunctions, or alterations within the human body are more easily identified and treated.[Why I tagged thisAnatomy is the study of form while physiolgoy is the study of function. One cannot have a good understanding of either on its own. Without physiology, anatomy would lack meaning; without anatomy, physiology would not be possible (Saladin, 2).[Why I tagged thisAnatomy is the form of the human body, for example the organs, systems, etc. Physiology is how these bodily forms function and how they work.These two support each other just like any cause and effect action. Without anatomy, there would not be any physical functions going on in our body. Without functions, our organs would fail and die.[Why I tagged thisJerry S Yang
jennifer lassiter
Jourdan Richardson
wagnera2
Petra Stevanovic
Rachel
Jelena Ristic
LipidsA lipid is a hydrophobic organic molecule, usually composed only of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, with a high ratio of hydrogen to oxygen. A fat called tristearin (tri-STEE-uh-rin), for example, has the molecular formula C57H110O6?more than 18 hydrogens for every oxygen. Lipids are less oxidized than carbohydrates, and thus have more calories per gram. Beyond these criteria, it is difficult to generalize about lipids; they are much more variable in structure than the other macromolecules we are considering. We consider here the five primary types of lipids in humans?fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, eicosanoids, and steroids (Table 2.7).
A lipid is a hydrophobic organic molecule, usually composed only of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, with a high ratio of hydrogen to oxygen. A fat called tristearin (tri-STEE-uh-rin), for example, has the molecular formula C57H110O6?more than 18 hydrogens for every oxygen. Lipids are less oxidized than carbohydrates, and thus have more calories per gram. Beyond these criteria, it is difficult to generalize about lipids; they are much more variable in structure than the other macromolecules we are considering. We consider here the five primary types of lipids in humans?fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, eicosanoids, and steroids (Table 2.7).Table 2.7 Lipid Functions
Lipids:Hydrophobic molecule made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. There are five primary types in humans- fatty acids, trigylcerides, phospholipids, eicosanoids, and steroids. Fatty acids=chain with carboxyl group on one end and methyl group on the other. Fatty acids are either saturated [carrying all hydrogen it can] or unsaturated [not having all hydrogen possible].Trigylceride: Molecule ith three fatty acids bound to glycerol. Liquid at room temperature. Trans fats are triglycerides with trans-fatty acids. Fat is used as energy storage and thermal insulation.Phospholipids! SFats with a phosphate group on one end, they have a fatty acid tail which is hydrophobic and a phosphate head which is hydrophilic. This makes the phospholipid bilayer which makes cell membranes.Eicosanoids: Hormone-like chemical signals between cells. Prostaglandins [signla inflammation, clotting, labor, blood vessels] are eicosanoids. Steroid: Four rings, cholesterol is the steroid from which all others are synthesized. Steroids include, cortisol, progesterone, estrogen, testosterone and bile acids.[Why tag this text]I want to know the chemical break down of what makes a good lipid such as olive oil vs. hydrogenated oils that make is better for your body to digest or take in those nutrients. I know the more basic form that hasen't been processed as much is better for you body. [Why tag this textit's more clear to stay the lipids in this table. [Why tag this textbeginning of information about lipids and what they are capable of doing for the body as well as different types of lipids[Why tag this textI tagged this information about lipids, also known as fats, because it is the second organic molecule we are learning about.[Why tag this textI tagged this text because it helps me understand a little bit more why lipis actually do have more calories per gram. They are less oxidized than carbohydrates, and in return have much more hydrogens. [Why tag this textDescription of a lipid.Gives examples [Why tag this textQuestion 4: Lipids and carbohydrates are both formed by carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen molecules. Lipids are fats and carbohydrates are starches.[Why tag this textBecky Fleck
soha
Jonathan Lowe
Lauren Thiel
Paige Schlieve
Anthony Wheeler
Sarah Ertl
Circular muscles (sphincters) form rings around certain body openings. When they contract, they constrict the opening and tend to prevent the passage of material through it. Examples include the orbicularis oculi of the eyelids and the external urethral and anal sphincters. Smooth muscle can also form sphincters?for example, the pyloric valve at the passage from the stomach to the small intestine and sphincters of the urinary tract and anal canal.
why do certain muscles get this?[Why tag this]Does this type of muscle exert the most force?[Why tag thisif the delts are supposed to be muscles that produce a lot of force, how come when lifting weights, you usually use a pretty low weight campared to other muscles?[Why tag thisWhich muscles generate more heat for temperature regulation within the body?[Why tag thissome east asian people don't have folded eye lids. In these people are the orbicularis oculi comprimised in anyway, intrinsically different, or just superficially different?[Why tag thisSo are these one continuous muscle compared to the oral muscles where there are multiple?[Why tag thisThe different shapes of muscles provide different functions. Understanding the different muscle shapes and and the muscles they form helps to comprehend the functions that they perform.[Why tag thissome east asian people don't have eye lids. in these people is the orbicularis oculi comprimised in anyway, different, or just superficially different?[Why tag thisKasey Kallien
Anthony Wheeler
Bonnie Watson
Thomas Hensler
Amanda Fitzmaurice
Maria Stephans
meiosis
Meiosis, however, is restricted to one purpose, the production of eggs and sperm, and is therefore treated in chapter 27 on reproduction. Mitosis serves all the other functions of cell division: development of an individual, composed of some 50 trillion cells, from a one-celled fertilized egg; growth of all tissues and organs after birth; replacement of cells that die; and repair of damaged tissues.Four phases of mitosis are recognizable: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase
cells divide by two mechanisms[Why tag this text]restricted to only produce eggs and sperm[General-Do not useDifference between mitosis and meiosis. Meiosis: profuction of sperms and eggs. Mitosis: everything els.e[Why tag this textMitosis is associated with the production/divison of somatic cells. [Why tag this textSo does meiosis only occur when a female is trying to get pregnant?[Why tag this textMitosis has 4 main functions inclduing all other functions of cell division other than prodcuing sperm and eggs. [Why tag this textDOES MITOSIS OCCURS IN THE BODY UNTIL DEATH OR IS THERE A POINT WHERE MITOSIS CEASES TO OCCUR?[Why tag this textthe functions of mitosis[Why tag this textXai Khang
Alina Gur
Maisey Mulvey
Stephanie
Kayla Orta
Alyssa Harmes
The ability of the skin to absorb chemicals makes it possible to administer several medicines as ointments or lotions,
The ability of the skin to absorb chemicals makes it possible to administer several medicines as ointments or lotions, or by means of adhesive patches that release the medicine steadily through a membrane. For example, inflammation can be treated with a hydrocortisone ointment, nitroglycerine patches are used to relieve heart pain, nicotine patches are used to help overcome tobacco addiction, and other medicated patches are used to control high blood pressure and motion sickness.
The ability of the skin to absorb chemicals makes it possible to administer several medicines as ointments or lotions, or by means of adhesive patches that release the medicine steadily through a membrane. For example, inflammation can be treated with a hydrocortisone ointment, nitroglycerine patches are used to relieve heart pain, nicotine patches are used to help overcome tobacco addiction, and other medicated patches are used to control high blood pressure and motion sickness.Unfortunately, the skin can also be a route for absorption of poisons. These include toxins from poison ivy and other plants; metals such as mercury, arsenic, and lead; and solvents such as carbon tetrachloride (a cleaning solvent), acetone (nail polish remover), paint thinner, and pesticides. Some of these can cause brain damage, liver failure, or kidney failure, which is good reason for using protective gloves when handling such substances.The Epidermis
I would be curious to see how our facial expressions would compare to other animals , or if other animals have facial expression at all , IF they are able to at all because of theyre lack of muscle tissue in the face. [Why tag this text]medicine absorbing[Why tag this textHow do rashes appear on the skin or how the skin absorbs moisture?[Why tag this textIs this how birth control from women works? With the patch? The medicine/hormone being administered from the patch gets released into the skin through the membrane. It's really crazy how our skin can do such a cool thing. [Why tag this textTalks about the great things that are possible because of the skins absortion ability such has giving medicines as lotions or ointments. However then states the negatives such as being poisoned by absorbtion throught the skin.[Why tag this textThe same ability that allows the skin to let in medicines and ointments is the same ability that makes the body vulnerable to some viruses and bacteria. [Why tag this textAble to absorb some [Why tag this textI never knew how those patches worked!! My uncle had one of those smoking patches to try and quick smoking. It's interesting how that works! I never knew that it goes through the membrane![Why tag this textAmanda
Lauren Anthe
Samantha
Nicholas Bruno
Roy Lewis
Jelena Ristic
Kaitlynn
Be precise in your use of terms. It may seem trivial if you misspell trapezius as trapezium, but in doing so, you would be changing the name of a back muscle to the name of a wrist bone.
Be precise in your use of terms. It may seem trivial if you misspell trapezius as trapezium, but in doing so, you would be changing the name of a back muscle to the name of a wrist bone. Similarly, changing occipitalis to occipital or zygomaticus to zygomatic changes other muscle names to bone names. Changing malleus to malleolus changes the name of a middle-ear bone to the name of a bony protuberance of the ankle. And there is only a one-letter difference between ileum (the final portion of the small intestine) and ilium (part of the hip bone), and between gustation (the sense of taste) and gestation (pregnancy).
The health professions demand the utmost attention to detail and precision?people's lives may one day be in your hands. The habit of carefulness must extend to your use of language as well. Many patients have died because of written and oral miscommunication in the hospital.
Precision[Why I tagged this]Misspelling a word can mean a totally different thing, and could even hurt a life if a doctor or health professional makes the mistake. [Why I tagged thisPrecision is a critical component of any career in the medical field. Patients depend on the doctors to properly name and assess the conditions.[Why I tagged thisAs trivial as it may seem, correct spelling of anatomical vocabulary is absolutely vital in order to avoid any miscommunications or errors, especially in a medical practice. [Why I tagged thisi believe learning the terminolgy to its fullest will be a good advantage in th emedical field. As it states its in our hands to learn the most possible to help others. With more practice, the better we can learn the terminology[Why I tagged thisLearning the correct spelling and pronounciation the first time is important[Why I tagged thisLearning medical terms to name parts of the body is very important and requires specific attention to detail because in making one mistake, it could change the meaning of the word, which eventually could effect a patient's outcome.[Why I tagged thisThis is good to be pounded in our head because carefullness and accuracy is crusial for us future health care providers. I just feel its a really good point that this book is making to drive home. [Why I tagged thisMia Breidenbach
Jonathan Rooney
Alina Gur
victor
Sami
Christina Colarossi
Justin Rosinski
Myoglobinuria, the presence of myoglobin in the urine, gives the urine a dark color and is one of the key signs of compartment syndrome and some other degenerative muscle disorders
Myoglobinuria, the presence of myoglobin in the urine, gives the urine a dark color and is one of the key signs of compartment syndrome and some other degenerative muscle disorders.
In an indirect attachment, the muscle ends conspicuously short of its bony destination, and the gap is bridged by a fibrous band or sheet called a tendon.
In an indirect attachment, the muscle ends conspicuously short of its bony destination, and the gap is bridged by a fibrous band or sheet called a tendon.
How is the pressure releaved? [Why tag this]This means most of the cells cannot be replaced. In that case gain muscle by exercising, how can it be irreversible?[Why tag thisI'm surprised this isn't more common, as I feel like this sort of thing would happen when the person is sleeping and doesn't even know it. I've woken up with my arm completely numb before, and if your nerves are dead I imagine you wouldn't feel your muscle tissue die.[Why tag thiswouldn't it be a sign of dehydragation also?[Why tag thisis a sign of compartment syndrome, a sing of this is when your pee is dark[Why tag thisI never knew about myoglobinuria, I always thought the only way our urine could change color by not drinking a lot of water. Now I know it can chnage by a muscle disorder. [Why tag thisso its a short tendon if it is just below the bone head?[Why tag thisIs there a difference in function of indirect vs. direct attachments? Do they move the bone differently? Is one usually a flexor and one usually an extensor?[Why tag thisFord Elizabeth Emily
Caitlin
Lauren Anthe
Brittany Nycz
chanel
Heather Archibald
Since carbon can form long chains, some organic molecules are gigantic macromolecules with molecular weights that range from the thousands (as in starch and proteins) to the millions (as in DNA).
Since carbon can form long chains, some organic molecules are gigantic macromolecules with molecular weights that range from the thousands (as in starch and proteins) to the millions (as in DNA). Most macromolecules are polymers15 ?molecules made of a repetitive series of identical or similar subunits called monomers (MON-oh-murs). Starch, for example, is a polymer of about 3,000 glucose monomers. In starch, the monomers are identical, whereas in other polymers they have a basic structural similarity but differ in detail. DNA, for example, is made of 4 different kinds of monomers (nucleotides), and proteins are made of 20 kinds (amino acids).
Since carbon can form long chains, some organic molecules are gigantic macromolecules with molecular weights that range from the thousands (as in starch and proteins) to the millions (as in DNA). Most macromolecules are polymers15 ?molecules made of a repetitive series of identical or similar subunits called monomers (MON-oh-murs). Starch, for example, is a polymer of about 3,000 glucose monomers. In starch, the monomers are identical, whereas in other polymers they have a basic structural similarity but differ in detail. DNA, for example, is made of 4 different kinds of monomers (nucleotides), and proteins are made of 20 kinds (amino acids).The joining of monomers to form a polymer is called polymerization. Living cells achieve this by means of a reaction called dehydration synthesis (condensation) (fig. 2.15a). A hydroxyl (?OH) group is removed from one monomer and a hydrogen (?H) from another, producing water as a by-product. The two monomers become joined by a covalent bond, forming a dimer. This is repeated for each monomer added to the chain, potentially leading to a chain long enough to be considered a polymer.
polymers15 -molecules made of a repetitive series of identical or similar subunits called monomers (MON-oh-murs).
Carbon can form long chains, meaning it creates gigantic macromolecules. Macromolecules are made of polymers, which are made of monomers. Monomers are molecules made of identical/similar subunits. When monomers join to create a polymer it is called polymerization. Polymerization is done by dehydration synthesis [or condensation], which produces water as a byproduct. Hydrolysis is the opposite of dehydration synthesis and this results in a loss of a water molecule. This is digestion. [Why tag this text]Crazy that starches and proteins, and DNA are all such small things however the difference between them is still so huge. From a molecular weight in the thousands for starches and proteins and the millions for DNA[Why tag this textInteresting facts of how monomers are what create DNA and DNA are make up of 4 different kinds of monomers, which also make DNA a polymer: joining of many monomers.[Why tag this textThis is confusing because a monomer is not made of one specific type of molecule or atom chain. There are many types of monomers, only defined as [Why tag this textDoes every person have the same [Why tag this textPolymerization: joining of monomers to form a polymer. Acheived through dehydration synthesis[Why tag this textPolymers are important because when looking at molecules that are reptitive, we would need to know that repetitive molecules are polymers.[Why tag this textIs this similar to monomials and polynomials? Like how several monomials [Why I tagged this Nicholas Bruno
Sue Xiong
Amanda Baxter
Chelsea Moore
Stephanie
Leonard Wilkerson
Gina Erato
As we saw in chapter 5, there are three kinds of muscular tissue in the human body?skeletal, cardiac, and smooth. All types, however, are specialized for one fundamental purpose: to convert the chemical energy of ATP into the mechanical energy of motion. Muscle cells exert a useful force on other tissues and organs, either to produce desirable movements or to prevent undesirable ones.
As we saw in chapter 5, there are three kinds of muscular tissue in the human body?skeletal, cardiac, and smooth. All types, however, are specialized for one fundamental purpose: to convert the chemical energy of ATP into the mechanical energy of motion. Muscle cells exert a useful force on other tissues and organs, either to produce desirable movements or to prevent undesirable ones.Although we examine all three muscle types in this chapter, most of our attention will be on the muscular system, composed of the skeletal muscles only. There are about 600 muscles in the human muscular system, but we survey fewer than one-third of them in this chapter, and most introductory courses cover even fewer. The study of this system is called myology.1 The word muscle2 means ?little mouse,? apparently referring to the appearance of muscles rippling under the skin
An intrinsic muscle is contained within a region, origin and insertion happen there. Extrinsic muscles act upon a designated region BUT the origin happens elsewhere[Why tag this]Intrinsic muscles are a group of muscles that are located deeper in the body, where as extrinsic muscles are located superficially. Intrisnic muscles originate at the wrist and hand structures and extrinsic muscles can be found on the dorsal and ventral aspect of the arm.[Why tag thisAn extrinsic muscle has its origin somewhere else (finger=extrinsic has some mucles who tendons go all the way up to the phalanges and others who stay in the metacarpal bones)[Why tag thisThe three types of muscular tissue are skeletal, cardiac, and smooth. Allmuscles are specialized to convert the chemical energy of ATP intothe mechanical energy of motion. [Why tag thisthere are three types of muscular tissue which are cardiac, skeletal and smooth[Why tag thisI thought this was important to know that muscles convert chemical energy into mechanical energy in order for us to move. [Why tag thisI find it interesting that there are about 600 muscles in the human muscular system. I did not know that we have that many muscles in our bodies. I also find it interesting that the word muscle means [Why tag thisObviously skeletal and smooth muscles are the 2 most abundant in the body because cardiac muscles only appear in the heart. Are smooth muscles located mostly in/ around organs? Do smooth muscle and skeletal muscle work together in any areas of the body?[Why tag thisAshley
MacKenzie
Michael Franzini
lindsay krueger
GiaLee
Kristen
Samantha B Johnson
They are modified apocrine sweat glands that produce a richer secretion and channel it through ducts to a nipple for more efficient conveyance to the offspring. The anatomy and physiology of the mammary gland are discussed in more detail in chapter 28.
In most mammals, two rows of mammary glands form along lines called the mammary ridges, or milk lines. Primates have dispensed with all but two of these glands. A few people of both sexes, however, develop additional nipples or mammae along the milk line inferior to the primary mammae. In the Middle Ages and colonial America, this condition, called polythelia,38 was used to incriminate women as supposed witches.
Why, on the Connect Plus quiz, was this not part of the correct answer when talking about mammary glands? [Why tag this]It is interesting that the glads that are responsible for milk are just modified sweat glads. [Why tag thisIf mails have mammary glands then why do only women for the most part are the only ones that lactate? this is a weird question i know but it popped into me head while reading this.[Why tag thisit is interesting that it is possinle to have more than two nipples[Why tag thisWhat is the difference between the two? [Why tag thisThe fact that an abnormal, uncontrollable growth was used to condemn people is just ridiculous and interesting.[Why tag thisIs this a byproduct of humans and primates evolving to only have one offspring at a time?[Why tag thistwo rows of mammary glands form along lines, mammary ridges[Why tag thisshelby bourdo
Riley Spitzig
eric voelker
Lauren Anthe
Anna Christenbury
Joe Nimm
Tayelor Neiss
The muscular system as a whole receives about 1.24 L of blood per minute at rest?which is about one-quarter of the blood pumped by the heart. During heavy exercise, total cardiac output rises and the muscular system's share is more than three-quarters, or 11.6 L/min.
The muscular system as a whole receives about 1.24 L of blood per minute at rest?which is about one-quarter of the blood pumped by the heart. During heavy exercise, total cardiac output rises and the muscular system's share is more than three-quarters, or 11.6 L/min.
The muscular system as a whole receives about 1.24 L of blood per minute at rest?which is about one-quarter of the blood pumped by the heart. During heavy exercise, total cardiac output rises and the muscular system's share is more than three-quarters, or 11.6 L/min. Working muscles have a great demand for glucose, fatty acids, and oxygen.
The muscular system as a whole receives about 1.24 L of blood per minute at rest?which is about one-quarter of the blood pumped by the heart. During heavy exercise, total cardiac output rises and the muscular system's share is more than three-quarters, or 11.6 L/min. Working muscles have a great demand for glucose, fatty acids, and oxygen. Blood capillaries branch extensively through the endomysium to reach every muscle fiber, sometimes so intimately associated with the muscle fibers that the fibers have surface indentations to accommodate them. The capillaries of skeletal muscle undulate or coil when the muscle is contracted, allowing them enough slack to stretch out straight, without breaking, when the muscle lengthens. Chapter 20 describes some special physiological properties of muscle circulation and names the major arteries that supply the skeletal muscle groups.
if they start at the base of the brain and comes through the skull out to the skin, then how come we don't have feeling in the brain from that?[Why tag this]This is a huge difference! What are the factors that determine the amount of total cardiac output? Intestity of the exercise and the length at which the exercise is being done?[Why tag thisI thought that it was interesting how the muscles got almost 1/4th of the blood at rest, even though there are so many other organs that could use it. It was also surprising how it got over 3/4ths of the blood during exercise because it seems like it would be hard for the body to function properly.[Why tag thisThis gives the skeletal muscles there red color and also what makes them swell up when lifting weights. It hardens muscles as they become fuller with blood.[Why tag thisIt makes sense that the blood flow in the muscles increases during heavy exercise and cardio because the muscles are working hard and need more circulation throughout them in order to perfom the exercises.[Why tag thisI found that the amount of blood our muscles use during heavy exercise to be very fascinating. Its hard to believe that we use 11.6 L of blood per minute in our muscles during exercise. I work out a lot and its interesting to think about how much blood is actually pumping through our bodies.[Why tag thisI tagged this section of 10.1 on The Structural and Functional Organization of Muscles, because I learned something that I never knew prior to this class. This new information I came across in the reading was very interesting for numerous reasons. One of those being that I had no idea the muscular system received 1.24 L of blood per minute at rest. This adds up to be about one-quarter of the blood pumped by the heart. I can only image a significant increase in this amount while being active. It is astounding to think that even at rest our body is doing work that is ultimately essential to our existence.[Why tag thisblood supply[Why tag thisSamantha B Johnson
Guendel Brandon James
lucas hubanks
Christina Colarossi
Riley Spitzig
Juliana Gottwein
Alyssa Harmes
image #4]
FIGURE 4.4 Chromatin Structure.(a) Nuclear contents of a germ cell from an 8-week-old human embryo (colorized SEM). The center mass is the nucleolus. It is surrounded by granular fibers of chromatin. Each granule represents one nucleosome. (b) The coiling of chromatin and its relationship to the nucleosomes.
But even at this degree of compaction, a single chromosome would cross the entire nucleus hundreds of times. There are higher orders of structure that make the chromosome still more compact. First, the nucleosomes are arranged in a zigzag pattern, folding the chromatin like an accordion. This produces a strand 30 nm wide, but still 100 times as long as the nuclear diameter. Then, the 30 nm strand is thrown into complex, irregular loops and coils that make the chromosome 300 nm thick and 1,000 times shorter than the DNA molecule. Finally, each chromosome is packed into its own spheroidal region of the nucleus, called a chromosome territory. A chromosome territory is permeated with channels that allow regulatory chemicals to have access to the genes.
how does it become thicker and shorter and why?[Why tag this text]I had no idea that DNA had so many forms. I thought that it only had two: it was either in a double helix or in sister chromatids going through cell division. It's interesting to see that DNA, along with everything else in the cell, is in a state of constant flux.[Why tag this textNever realized how long DNA really is![Why tag this textThe structure of a DNA is a latter that twisted. To relate to its function, the DNA performs proteins to allow the structure to grow and function and replicates. [Why tag this textVisually seeing the DNA chart gradually transforming into a chromosome helps me remember and learn the parts of a chromosome. [Why tag this textarrangement of chromosomes in DNA[Why tag this textChromosomes are incredibly compact due to their structure.[Why tag this textordeers of structure[Why tag this textStephanie Collins
Melissa
may yang
Joshua Collier
Alexandra Schmit
Michael Franzini
Amanda
Weight-bearing exercise builds bone mass and strengthens the muscles that stabilize many of the joints, thus reducing the risk of joint dislocations. Excessive joint stress, however, can hasten the progression of osteoarthritis by damaging the articular cartilage (
Weight-bearing exercise builds bone mass and strengthens the muscles that stabilize many of the joints, thus reducing the risk of joint dislocations. Excessive joint stress, however, can hasten the progression of osteoarthritis by damaging the articular cartilage (see Deeper Insight 9.5, p. 307). Swimming is a good way of exercising the joints with minimal damage.
This is interesting because if an individual exercises too much they may develop joint problems. [Why tag this]So you without exercise you bones can decrease due to lake of nutrition and such? [Why tag thisI had always heard that doing things like running on a treadmil was bad for your joints. The information provided here shows that excersize is actually good for your joints?[Why tag thisSo everything needed is in training and staying phyiscally active? [Why tag thisIs this the reason why they say swimming is one of the better types of exercises compared to running?[Why tag thisI have double jointed thumbs, why are some people born like this? Is it because I did not have a strong thumb? Will I have a higher chance of arthiritis? This scares me. [Why tag thisThis makes sense as to why they say excess running is not good for people due to the amount of stress on the joints[Why tag thisI did water aerobics for over a year and really enjoyed it because I was able to get an excellent cardio workout in, but get strength training at the same time from the resistance of the water, and it was much easier on my joints than running on a hard treadmill.[Why tag thisLauren Anthe
morgan johnson
Danny Duong
Kelly Stahl
Erin Griph
Heather Archibald
The epiphyseal plate is a region of transition from cartilage to bone, and functions as a growth zone where the bones elongate. Growth here is responsible for a person's increase in height.
[image #5] FIGURE 7.11
FIGURE 7.11X-Ray of a Child's Hand.The cartilaginous epiphyseal plates are evident at the ends of the long bones. By adulthood, these will disappear and the epiphyses will fuse with the diaphyses. Long bones of the hand and fingers develop only one epiphyseal plate.
Why does it appear translucent compared to the rest of the bones around it if it is a plate that helps bone development[Why I tagged this]If the epiphyseal plates are responsible for for bone elongation, if these plates get broken do our bones stop growing?[Why I tagged thisHow does this relate to people who have stunted growth due to pituitary problems? Do the pituitary hormones have anything to do with the bone growth process? Do they signal the chondrocytes to multiply?[Why I tagged thisHow can damage to the epiphyseal plate affect the growth of the bone? In sixth grade i had and arm fracture that was near this plate, and I was told by the doctor to make an appointment if my arm was not growing properly which would indicate that the [Why I tagged thisSo I wonder if there is something wrong with some individuals epiphyseal plate? because of their height. Obviously there are and can be many other factors of why someone is short and why someone is tall but is the epiphyseal plate one of those factors?[Why I tagged thisIs there really space between the different bones? Or is this just to show you the different segments in the picture?[Why I tagged thisThis is very helpful because then we can get a clear view what to look for when looking for the epiphyscal place or epiphysis.[Why I tagged thisEpiphyseal plates are very clear in a childhood x-ray. If the plates eventually fuse and become compact bone, how do you distinguish between the epiphysis and diaphysis in an adult x-ray?[Why I tagged thisZoe Hitzemann
Heather Archibald
Matthew Robert Schmidt
Kaitlynn
Sami
Melissa
Shannon Stinson
Although this is good stuff to know, I am wondering why are we talking about topics that deal with chemistry and not A & P? I might be wrong and thats why I am asking.[Why tag this text]To me, this is review from the Chemistry classes I have taken. However, I still think it is interesting that most elements from the Periodic Table can have an isotope. But from learning about isotopes in Chemistry, I know that all of the elements are quite different, especially when producing chemical compounds. [GeneralAll elements have varities called isotopes, meaning that they differ only in number of neutrons and therefore atomic mass.[Why tag this textmany elements vary in neutrons which cause them to be isoptopes. isotopes differ in atomic mass[Why tag this textare we going to be studying much of atoms? is it used in the lab?[Why tag this textHow often are atoms going to be used in this course and for what? In lab we have only covered things on a cellular level, are we getting to atomic level in lab?[Why tag this textisotopes have many different varieties. the elements all have different amounts and kinds of isotopes which make the element act the way they do[Why tag this textIsotopes defined and explained[Why tag this textChristina
Stephanie
Justin Putterman
Elizabeth Stein
Patrick O'Connell
Alexandra Schmit
The House Dust Mite, Dermatophagoides.Dermatophagoides thrives abundantly in pillows, mattresses, and upholstery?warm, humid places that are liberally sprinkled with edible flakes of keratin. No home is without these mites, and it is impossible to entirely exterminate them. What was once regarded as ?house dust allergy? has been identified as an allergy to the inhaled feces of these mites.
I didnt know that these were actually real it makes sense noe that they feed on dead skin.[Why tag this text]Wow, fascinating and absolutely discussing.[Why tag this textDust mites - Learned about this in Health and Disease class last semester[Why tag this textHow big is a typical dermatophagoide? [Why tag this textWithout dust mites, would the places they live be more dusty, given that there would be more keratin around?[Why tag this textDuring an allergy panel my skin was reactive to the dust mite allergen- the most likely reason why I experience congestion and itchy, watery eyes. My allergist has suggested use of allergy resistant bedding and removal of carpeting for the sensitivity. Most everyone sneezes when they are in dusty places, but not everyone has a strong allergic reaction.[Why tag this textDust mites are attracted to flakes or keratin from the skin[Why tag this textSo they help to keep our homes clean? They eat the dead skin. So if these little guys didn;t exist does that mean that we would be able to see the dead keratin skin flakes from the years of them just sitting around? Really they are more important to our survival then we think.[Why tag this textAmanda Fitzmaurice
Jelena Ristic
Zoe Hitzemann
Chelsea Moore
Amanda Baxter
Anthony Wheeler
Nadin
Tells how advanced our technology and knowledge has come[Why I tagged this]shows that today we have advanced so much from the middle ages to know. we can help people much faster than ever before.[Why I tagged thisMedicine is very much different today. Each generation continues to improve the science of medicine and the understanding of physiology. People can live longer due to the building blocks of key figures in science.[Why I tagged thisWe continue to make advances even today with the amount of knowledge and information there is still so much to be learned and improved upon.[Why I tagged thisIt is interesting to know how far we have come in our understanding of anatomy and physiology. Thanks to the people who were willing to explore and push the boundaries accepted by normal people we now have a greater understanding of the human body[Why I tagged thisWithout all the troubles of scientists many years ago, we wouldn't have all the amazing medical tools that keep us alive today.[Why I tagged thisGenetic breakthrough[Why I tagged thisHow frequently is gene therapy used in today's world of medicine? [Why I tagged thisGabriela
Amanda Baxter
Bonnie Watson
Danny Duong
Lauren Thiel
Amanda Bartosik
Jonathan Rooney
I tagged this section of the reading because I found the part of a labratory science being used for ships to be very interesting! When comparing the two, blood vessels and ships, it is a perfect example. Osmosis was always a hard concept for me to grasp, however, this reading was able to put a real life example in my head. I will find this helpful when remembering of how osmosis takes place.[Why tag this text]so in other words reverse osmosis can be stronger than osmotic pressure to override what it wants to do?[Why tag this textI've heard of osmosis before but never before reverse osmosis so this was a totally new concept to me. Defition to remember: process in which a mechanical pressure applied to one side of system can override osmotic presssure and drive water through a membrane aginst its concentration gradient. Creates highly purified water. [Why tag this textThis statement is very interesting to me because I did not know that reverse osmosis was the way to create purified water. [Why tag this textSo this is how they purify drinking water, thats awesome. So they pull the water molecules back against the grade where the water molecules are then just water and do not have other molecules with it.[Why tag this textThis is interesting because I never would have known that we get purifed water from reverse osmosis.[Why tag this textso its used when making freshwater for drinking[Why tag this textThe heart can work as a mechanical pressure needed to preform reverse osmosis. Are articifical means of mechanical pressure used in the body to achieve reverse osmosis if organs or structures are not functioning as they should? If so, what kind of articifal mechanical pressures are usually put into place? Would a pacemaker be an example of this?[Why tag this textLauren Anthe
Stephanie
Samantha Herron
Flees Robert John
Natalie Chavez
Sarah Hudson
Explain why one of these claims is falsifiable (and thus scientific), whereas the other claim is not.
The purpose of a hypothesis is to suggest a method for answering a question.
The purpose of a hypothesis is to suggest a method for answering a question. From the hypothesis, a researcher makes a deduction, typically in the form of an ?if?then? prediction
The purpose of a hypothesis is to suggest a method for answering a question. From the hypothesis, a researcher makes a deduction, typically in the form of an ?if?then? prediction:
The purpose of a hypothesis is to suggest a method for answering a question. From the hypothesis, a researcher makes a deduction, typically in the form of an ?if?then? prediction: If my hypothesis on epilepsy is correct and I record the brain waves of patients during seizures, then I should observe abnormal bursts of activity.
The purpose of a hypothesis is to suggest a method for answering a question. From the hypothesis, a researcher makes a deduction, typically in the form of an ?if?then? prediction: If my hypothesis on epilepsy is correct and I record the brain waves of patients during seizures, then I should observe abnormal bursts of activity. A properly conducted experiment yields observations that either support a hypothesis or require the scientist to modify or abandon it, formulate a better hypothesis, and test that one. Hypothesis testing operates in cycles of conjecture and disproof until one is found that is supported by the evidence.
falsifiable[Why I tagged this]There is no way of proving that Gods or demons caused this in people. Studying the brain for epileptic seizures could be falsified because it is possible there is another medical explanation for this syndrome.[Why I tagged thisWhy a hypothesis is necessary[Why I tagged thispurpose of hypothesis[Why I tagged thisThis is true. But it never dawned on me that hypotheses are deductive statements. I had always regarded the whole process of science as only inductive. [Why I tagged thisa hypothese is when you are making a prediction on what will occur in your experiment[Why I tagged thisThis states what a hypothesis can offer to some one and what components a propely conducted experiment intails. [Why I tagged thisThis is exactly what i learned in middle school, im wondering over the years if there will be a knew appropriate and easier method to test[Why I tagged thisJelena Ristic
Emily
Corianne
Justin Morgan
lindsay krueger
Justin Rosinski
Jungas
The fundamental mechanism that keeps a variable close to its set point is negative feedback?a process in which the body senses a change and activates mechanisms that negate or reverse it. By maintaining stability, negative feedback is the key mechanism for maintaining health.
dynamic equillibrium[Why I tagged this]Question 2: Dynamic equilibrium describes the internal state of the body where there is a certain level or average that is only slight varied around. Homeostasis does not prevent internal changes because it is the tendency to maintain internal stability it is not a way to actually prevent internal changes.[Why I tagged thisDef. negative feedback[Why I tagged thisThis is a very important mechanism to have since we need it to stay at our homeostasis and ultimatly stay alive and healthy. [Why I tagged thisI think this is a very important concept because of the fact that it has to do with a person's health.[Why I tagged thisnegative feedbacl[Why I tagged thisWhen we get too hot or cold, we sweat or shiver as negative feedback[Why I tagged thisQuestion 3: Negative feedback is the bodies ability to sense changes and initiate mechanisms to correct the change. Thus negative feedback can also be considered stabilizing mechanisms, as it will correct any changes within the system or body.[Why I tagged thisSarah Ertl
Justin Rosinski
Alejandra Contreras
Matthew Robert Schmidt
Amanda Baxter
All three of these sections tell information about free radicals, beginning with how they form/how they are defined. Then it states what free radicals do.[Why tag this text]Free radicals are harmful to the body and can cause numerous health problems. Antioxidants help dispose of these free radicals. [Why tag this textFree radicals cause harm to the body, for example cause the death of heart tissue, yet our body produces free radicals[Why tag this textIs there a difference in terms of destructability between these different types and origins of free radicals? Is there any one free radical that is more destructive to the body than others, and if so what creates this distinction?[Why tag this textFree radicals are normal stable molecules that then have an additional electron added. They are produced by some normal metabolic reactions, radiation, and by chemicals. They are short lived and combine quickly with molecules.[Why tag this textI had heard of real radicals, but I never knew what they were. Sort of the opposite of the above paragraph where something small builds and builds to equillibrium in the body, but here it builds up in your system tearing you apart. [Why tag this textFree radicals and how they are produced... also the damages that free radicals cause[Why tag this textFree radicals come from single electrons on an atom. Free radicals are harmful because they trigger chain reactions that can destroy molecules. The body produces enzymes and antioxidants that neutralize these free radicals.[Why tag this textJonathan Baures
Brianna Brugger
Alina Gur
Stephanie
Sophie
Anthony Wheeler
Sarah Ertl
It is affected by inventors because they have improved and changed how we see parts of the human body, and they have helped us to better understand how they work with their inventions.[Why I tagged this]Our concept of human form and function today have been affected by inventors such as Hooke and Zeiss for without them, we really would not have an actual understanding of cells, microorganisms that affect us every day. Without them we still would attributing ailments and other health disparities to unseen supernatural forces instead of little bacteria or viruses.[Why I tagged thisThe functions of the human body are affected by the inventors from Hooke and Zeiss because without their improvements on the compound microscope, we wouldn't have the in depth understanding of the cells, tissues, and microorganisms that are in our functioning body.[Why I tagged thisWe understand that microsopic parts make the form and fuction of the body.[Why I tagged thisHooke and Zeiss provided us with the equiptment to be able to see what the naked eye cannot. This then led to Schwinn's discovery that all organisms are made up of cells. This is the key to discovering more about physiology.[Why I tagged thisThe concept of human form and function today is affected by inventors such as Hooke and Zeiss because of the things they created first and foremost. The came up with microscopes that can view and look at tissues and whatnot at a closer glance. Also, their books played a big role in science as of today.[Why I tagged thisInventors from Hooke to Zeiss helped to develop our current understanding of human anatomy and physiology because of their contributions to the creation and further development of microscopic visability. They allowed researchers to view smaller and smaller components of the human body which ultimately led to the development of cell theory, that is that all living organisms are composed of cells and all regular function of said organisms is a result cellular function and activity.[Why I tagged thisThe concept of human form and function today are affected by inventors such as Hooke and Zeiss because we know that smaller component makes up the structure and enzymes affect the function of those structures. This helps explains different functions of the body in a step by step detailed process.[Why I tagged thisKyle Le
Hauser Joseph Alan
Matthew Robert Schmidt
Ashley Wiedmeyer
Sandy C. Yang
jennifer lassiter
Tou Xiong Thao
An emulsion is a suspension of one liquid in another, such as oil-and-vinegar salad dressing. The fat in breast milk is an emulsion, as are medications such as Kaopectate and milk of magnesia.
This is the reason why the tube that collects your blood sample at the doctors is shaken up right after it is taken from you.[Why tag this text]I never knew that there was a word for this. Emulsion. So that is like when they bring the bread and oil and vineger but they put the vinegar on top of the oil and it doesnt mix together completely. [Why tag this textThis chart is an easy way to identify types of solutions, and even gives examples. [Why tag this textI got a clear understanding what emulsion is. When two liquids are put together and sit for a little bit, they divide and you can see them separate.[Why tag this textEmulsion: suspension of one liquid in another[Why tag this textemulsion: liquids don't mix, they are suspended in each other.[Why tag this textI am interested to know how the process of emulsification allows two things that would normally not miz to do so. Is this because it turns the two components into a supension rather than a solution or colloid?[Why tag this textThis helped me understand a little better by giving an example of emulsion[Why tag this textKelly Stahl
Kaylee Richards
kayla
Stephanie
Alexandra Schmit
Sarah Hudson
Lauren Anthe
The skeletal muscles absorb, store, and use a large share of one's glucose and play a highly significant role in stabilizing its blood concentration.
The skeletal muscles absorb, store, and use a large share of one's glucose and play a highly significant role in stabilizing its blood concentration. In old age, in obesity, and when muscles become deconditioned and weakened, people suffer an increased risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus because of the decline in this glucose-buffering function.
t also contains connective tissue, nerves, and blood vessels
The connective tissue components, from the smallest to largest and from deep to superficial, are as follows (fig. 10.1): Endomysium3 (EN-doe-MIZ-ee-um). This is a thin sleeve of loose connective tissue that surrounds each muscle fiber. It creates room for blood capillaries and nerve fibers to reach every muscle fiber, ensuring that no muscle cell is without stimulation and nourishment. The endomysium also provides the extracellular chemical environment for the muscle fiber and its associated nerve ending. Excitation of a muscle fiber is based on the exchange of calcium, sodium, and potassium ions between the endomysial tissue fluid and the nerve and muscle fibers. Perimysium.4 This is a thicker connective tissue sheath that wraps muscle fibers together in bundles called fascicles5 (FASS-ih-culs). Fascicles are visible to the naked eye as parallel strands?the ?grain? in a cut of meat; tender roast beef is easily pulled apart along its fascicles. The perimysium carries the larger nerves and blood vessels as well as stretch receptors called muscle spindles (see p. 501). Connective Tissues of a Muscle.(a) The muscle?bone attachment. (b) A cross section of the thigh showing the relationship of neighboring muscles to fasciae and bone. (c) Muscle fascicles in the tongue. Vertical fascicles passing between the superior and inferior surfaces of the tongue are seen alternating with cross-sectioned horizontal fascicles that pass from the tip to the rear of the tongue. A fibrous perimysium can be seen between the fascicles, and endomysium can be seen between the muscle fibers within each fascicle (c.s. = cross section; l.s. = longitudinal section). Epimysium.6 This is a fibrous sheath that surrounds the entire muscle. On its outer surface, the epimysium grades into the fascia, and its inner surface issues projections between the fascicles to form the perimysium. Fascia7 (FASH-ee-uh). This is a sheet of connective tissue that separates neighboring muscles or muscle groups from each other and from the subcutaneous tissue. Muscles are grouped in compartments separated from each other by fascia.
Is it important to consume glucose following a vigorous workout? Why? [Why tag this]I did not know that blood glucose was regulated by the skeletal muscles. I thought that blood glucose was regulated within the blood by hormones. I did however know that muscles use a lot of energy and that glucose is a form of energy[Why tag thisso i think what they are trying to say is that it has a high signifiance of stablilizing our blood sugar levels?[Why tag thisSkeletal muscles are key in stabilizing blood concentration. People can suffer from type 2 diabetes if there is a decline in this function. [Why tag thisWould someone who had a sudden decrease in physical activity, after being very active, be at greater risk for developing diebetes? [Why tag thiscontains connective tissue, nerves, and blood vessels[Why tag thisbut doesn't all tissue contain nerves and blood vessels?[Why tag thisThis is interesting to me that the connective tissues help out and work together with the muscle tissues. What kind of connective tissue is fascia?[Why tag thisKirsten Majstorovic
Lauren Anthe
Noelle
Bonnie Watson
Justin Putterman
Erin Griph
More importantly, it enables a cell to reproduce one strand based on information in the other.
The fundamental steps of the replication process are as follows (fig. 4.14):
[image #2]
FIGURE 4.14 Semiconservative DNA Replication.(a) At the replication fork, DNA helicase unwinds the double helix and exposes the bases. DNA polymerases begin assembling new bases across from the existing ones. (b) On one strand, DNA polymerase moves toward the replication fork and makes one long, continuous new DNA strand. (c) On the other strand, DNA polymerases begin at the fork and move away from it, replicating the DNA in short segments with gaps between them. (d) DNA ligase closes the gaps to join the segments into a continuous double helix. (e) The ultimate result is two DNA double helices, each composed of one strand of the original DNA and one newly synthesized strand.
The pictures is very helpful[Why tag this text]This is very important because it is saying that DNA can replicate itself. DNA will create a base sequence of one DNA strand and then we can know the next sequence. [Why tag this textfigure illustrates process of replication[Why tag this textThis is a good example of showing how DNA replicating works. [Why tag this textWhere the heck are the okazaki fragments? Also why are the 5'-->3' and visa versa directions not labled. I think that is a gross oversight considering the unidirectionality and complimentary fragments are an essential aspect of DNA replication![Why tag this textQuestion 1: DNA helicase is an enzyme that opens one ends of the DNA helix, this exposes the bases. DNA polymerase moves along these opened strains and matches the complimentary bases to them. DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase both add the corresponding bases to the opened strand however the RNA polymerase creates a new RNA strain and DNA polymerase only adds the the second strand.[Why tag this textIn DNA replication, incoming nucleotides carry the energy needed to create the phosphate bonds between nucleotides. Nucleotides are very similar in structure to ATP prior to bonding. Because of the structure of the incoming nucleotides, DNA synthesis must be performed in the 5' to 3' direction. This is great for the leading strand that is already arranged 5' to 3', the DNA polymerase can function a short distance behind the DNA helicase. The direction of the lagging strand is reversed. With this reversal DNA polymerase must work backward in sections creating okazaki fragments from the location of the replocation fork. These fragments are then ligated together by DNA ligase.[Why tag this textI understand that the DNA polymeraseses begin at the fork on the lagging strand because they need to replicate DNA in the direction of 5 prime to 3 prime. However, I do not understand why it is replicated in short segments. Why is it not continuos like the leading strand? [Why tag this textSophia Wood
Chad Mudd
GiaLee
John
Sarah Ertl
Stephen Minakian
Emily
s important as the hand has been to human evolution, the foot may be an even more significant adaptation. Unlike other mammals, humans support their entire body weight on two feet. While apes are flat-footed, humans have strong, springy foot arches that absorb shock as the body jostles up and down during walking and running. The tarsal bones are tightly articulated with one another, and the calcaneus is strongly developed. The hallux (great toe) is not opposable as it is in most Old World monkeys and apes, but it is highly developed so that it provides the ?toe-off? that pushes the body forward in the last phase of the stride (fig. 8.43a). For this reason, loss of the hallux has a more crippling effect than the loss of any other toe.
I would say that the feet would be one of the most important adaptations between humans and chimpanzees because without the arched shape of our load-absorbing feet, we could not even attempt to balance on two legs and be the only bipedaled animal on the earth. As shown in the figure, our femurs, feet, and hip joints have adapted in order to make walking a possibility.[Why tag this]great explination of the toes and how they are work. [Why tag thisI have very flat feet, and as a result have to wear extra padding in my running shoes, otherwise my knees become very painful after a few weeks.[Why tag thisunlike other mammals we support our entire body weight on our feet[Why tag thisreasons for bipedalism[Why tag thisSo if we had flat feet like apes would we be able to stand because we are balancing all of our weight on our feet. How would we get around? [Why tag thisHow did humans evolve to have stronger, springier foot arches than apes?[Why tag thisSo without the hallux, we cannot stand balance?[Why tag thisAdam Alshehab
Sophie
Alyssa Harmes
Caitlin R.
chanel
Ashley McBain
PangJeb Vang
merocrine type. Apocrine sweat is thicker and more milky than merocrine sweat because it has more fatty acids in it.
[image #2]
So dose skin creams affects the sebaceous glands in a negtaive way?[Why tag this]Does the production of sebum varies from person to person? Is sebum really necessary for our body? I find my hair really dry and cracked, so I figured it has to do something with the production of sebum.[Why tag thisWhere is apocrine sweat located?[Why tag thisone main difference between apocrine sweat and merocrine sweat [Why tag thisIt's interesting to know that sweat can be thick and 'milky'.[Why tag thisWhy does apocrine have more fatty acids? What makes it have more?[Why tag thishelpful image [Why tag thisI found this image very helpful to better explain some things and the information was important [Why tag thisAlma Tovar
Alexis Blaser
Anthony Wheeler
Natalie Chavez
Elizabeth
soha
Jasmin James
In the catagen25 stage, mitosis in the hair matrix ceases and sheath cells below the bulge die. The follicle shrinks and the dermal papilla draws up toward the bulge. The base of the hair keratinizes into a hard club and the hair, now known as a club hair, loses its anchorage. Club hairs are easily pulled out by brushing the hair, and the hard club can be felt at the hair's end. When the papilla reaches the bulge, the hair goes into a resting period called the telogen26 stage. Eventually, anagen begins anew and the cycle repeats itself. A club hair may fall out during catagen or telogen, or as it is pushed out by the new hair in the next anagen phase. We lose about 50 to 100 scalp hairs daily.
so when old hair is loss its new hair pushing it upwards?[Why tag this]Does new hair always have to grow in place where the old hair fell out? Or can hair grow in any area?[Why tag thisin the catagen stage of development of the hair[Why tag thisWhen a person gets hair lasered off, does this mimic the catagen stage? Or does it stop the stem cells from multiplying and moving downward to produce the hair cells?[Why tag thisthis stage causes hair to fall out when being brushed. It is basically dead... [Why tag thisso does that mean they aren't really connected to the dermis to begin with?[Why tag thisRelaxing stage between the catagen and the anagen stages.[Why tag thisSami
Alyssa Harmes
Sophie
Jelena Ristic
Diffusion occurs readily in air or water and doesn't necessarily need a membrane.
Diffusion occurs readily in air or water and doesn't necessarily need a membrane.
Diffusion occurs readily in air or water and doesn't necessarily need a membrane. However, if there is a membrane in the path of the diffusing molecules, and if it is permeable to that substance, the molecules will pass from one side of the membrane to the other.
Diffusion occurs readily in air or water and doesn't necessarily need a membrane. However, if there is a membrane in the path of the diffusing molecules, and if it is permeable to that substance, the molecules will pass from one side of the membrane to the other. This is how oxygen passes from the air we inhale into the bloodstream.
Diffusion occurs readily in air or water and doesn't necessarily need a membrane. However, if there is a membrane in the path of the diffusing molecules, and if it is permeable to that substance, the molecules will pass from one side of the membrane to the other. This is how oxygen passes from the air we inhale into the bloodstream. Dialysis treatment for kidney patients is based on diffusion of solutes through artificial dialysis membranes.
Diffusion occurs readily in air or water and doesn't necessarily need a membrane. However, if there is a membrane in the path of the diffusing molecules, and if it is permeable to that substance, the molecules will pass from one side of the membrane to the other. This is how oxygen passes from the air we inhale into the bloodstream. Dialysis treatment for kidney patients is based on diffusion of solutes through artificial dialysis membranes.Diffusion rates are very important to cell survival because they determine how quickly a cell can acquire nutrients or rid itself of wastes.
occurs readily in air or water and doesn't necessarily need a membrane. [General-Do not use]Why does diffusion not need a membrane?[Why tag this textso its in the air, not in our bodys?[Why tag this textDiffusion reminds me to something similiar I am studying in my other biology class, positive and negative chemotaxis, although it is a movement of an organism along a chemical gradient.[Why tag this textThis explains why diffusion does not need a membrane> The ability to equalize depends highly on how the molecules behave.[Why tag this textDiffusion is interesting to me because of how it works. Diffusion is used in many ways, but I didn't know that it was used for dialysis treatment. What is dialysis?[Why tag this textI've no idea about Diffusion[Why tag this textI like to think of spraying cologne as diffusion. As first, one area is very concentrated with the smell. Then after awhile, the whole room smells like cologne.[Why tag this textPaula
Lauren Anthe
Elizabeth
Elvia Rivas
Kelly Stahl
Hussain
Brett Sullivan
The stratum basale (bah-SAY-lee) consists mainly of a single layer of cuboidal to low columnar stem cells and keratinocytes resting on the basement membrane. Scattered among these are the melanocytes, tactile cells, and stem cells. As the stem cells divide, they give rise to keratinocytes that migrate toward the skin surface and replace lost epidermal cells. The life history of these cells is described in the next section. The stratum spinosum (spy-NO-sum) consists of several layers of keratinocytes. In most skin, this is the thickest stratum, but in thick skin it is usually exceeded by the stratum corneum. The deepest cells of the stratum spinosum remain capable of mitosis, but as they are pushed farther upward, they cease dividing. Instead, they produce more and more keratin filaments, which cause the cells to flatten. Therefore, the higher up you look in the stratum spinosum, the flatter the cells appear. Dendritic cells are also found throughout the stratum spinosum, but are not usually identifiable in routinely stained tissue sections. The stratum spinosum is named for an artificial appearance (artifact) created by the histological fixation of tissue specimens. Keratinocytes are firmly attached to each other by numerous desmosomes, which partly account for the toughness of the epidermis. Histological fixatives shrink the keratinocytes so they pull away from each other, but they remain attached by the desmosomes?like two people holding hands while they step farther apart. The desmosomes thus create bridges from cell to cell, giving each cell a spiny appearance from which we derive the word spinosum. Epidermal keratinocytes are also bound to each other by tight junctions, which make an essential contribution to water retention by the skin. This is further discussed in the next section. The stratum granulosum consists of three to five layers of flat keratinocytes?more in thick skin than in thin skin. The keratinocytes of this layer contain coarse, dark-staining keratohyalin granules that give the layer its name. The functional significance of these granules will be explained shortly. The stratum lucidum7 (LOO-sih-dum) is a thin zone superficial to the stratum granulosum, seen only in thick skin. Here, the keratinocytes are densely packed with a clear protein named eleidin (ee-LEE-ih-din). The cells have no nuclei or other organelles. This zone has a pale, featureless appearance with indistinct cell boundaries. The stratum corneum consists of up to 30 layers of dead, scaly, keratinized cells that form a durable surface layer. It is especially resistant to abrasion, penetration, and water loss.
Kertinocytes is a very important funtion in the human body to allow the body to perform basic matinece on its self.[Why tag this text]The epidermal layers are important in the protection of our bodies and this is an intorduction to what the layers are and what each of their functions are. [Why tag this textI just found it cool that it is actually the epidermis that is the most structured an organized as far as layers go. I would have naturally thought that the dermis is the most complex and that the epidermis is just a couple of layers of cells at most. I always like to find when things are different from what I expected.[Why tag this textexplains how the stratum are arranged including the different stratum layers, basale, spinosom, corneum, lidoeum, granuelosom [Why tag this textI thought it varied as to how thick on different parts of the body[Why tag this textImportant list of different skin layers.[Why tag this textthe five layers of the epidermis[Why tag this textcontains all cells - melanocytes, tactile cells, and stem cells[Why tag this textMaria Stephans
Stephanie Collins
Chad Mudd
Tayelor Neiss
Michael Franzini
Alyssa Harmes
Jelena Ristic
What is the major histological difference between thick and thin skin? Where on the body is each type of skin found?
How does the skin help to adjust body temperature?
Stratum corneum, Stratum corneum,Stratum lucidum, Stratum grannulosum, Stratum spinosum ,Stratum basale [Why tag this text]Thin skin is located on the eyelids, scalp, etc. Thick skin is located on your back, the soles of your feet, palms of your hand. [Why tag this textthe difference is due to the thickness of the dermis; thin skin example is the eyelids and thick skin example is shoulder blades[Why tag this textthick skin is the skin on top meaning the top layers and the think skin are the lower layers[Why tag this textbecause the blood vessels are in the dermis keeping the warm blood deeper in the body[Why tag this textskin helps keep temperature similar because it resists outside material from excessively entering through and keeps material on the inside[Why tag this textvasoconstriction and vasodilation helps increase/decrease the flow of blood through your body. Sweating is also a process in which your body cools down by releasing sweat.[Why tag this textgoose bumps form when the body is trying to contain heat, sweat pores open and the glands produce sweat to cool the body off.[Why tag this textJelena Ristic
Jonathan Lowe
Lauren Anthe
Chad Mudd
Vesalius improved medical education by showing his students the parts of the body by doing the dissections himself, instead of having some else do it and having them merely show them to parts he wanted them to see. He also improved medical education by being the first to properly and accurately document the parts of the human body, and his documentation and teaching style are still in use today.[Why I tagged this]Vesalius first set standards by challanging the findings of his predecessors. He dissected cadavers himself to determine human anatomy and then write a book of human anatomy to improve medical eduction.[Why I tagged thisVesalius was one of the first men to take action and improve the study of anatomy by disecting cadavers himself. This, in turn, caused him to recreate Galen's illustrations of the human body. Vesalius was the first man to clarify the structures of the human body, and point out that most of Galen's work was not accurate. Vesalius contribution to science not only created a revolution in the study of anatomical structures, but it also played a part in the study of physiology. Now that scientists had accurate representations of the body, the functions of structures within the body were more clearly identified.[Why I tagged thisPrior to Vesalius, professors tended to direct dissection from afar; Vesalius, however, stepped down from that pedstal and guided his students through their research and the acquisition of their knowledge. In addition to this, after extensive research, he was willing to deny the truth in Galen's finding and then, to take it one step further, provided collegues, peers, and student with a resource of illustrated findings and documentation in regards to the true design and anatomical setup of the human body. As a result, scientific research is a neverending process in regards to healthcare, and illustrated resources remain crucial in the instruction of anatomy, physiology and, more generally, healthcare.[Why I tagged thisVesalius published the first atlas of anatomy. His work is accurate since he broke out of the norm and did the dissection himself. By breaking from the tradition he sets the standard for scientific observation. Which implies that prior knowledge can be question and change by techniques, which in his case, such as dissection. [Why I tagged thisVersalius improved medical education by challenging Galen's book and taking it into a deeper context. For one, Galen had practiced and performed dissections and that was one of the biggest steps in medical education. Secondly, he was the first man to publish the 1st atlas of anatomy after many revisions and research off from Galen's book and many others.[Why I tagged thisTwo ways Vesalius improved medical education and set standards that remain today is by pointing out the wrong in Galen's books and by publishing accurate illustrations of the body anatomy.[Why I tagged thisVesalius took one for the team and went against authoritative regulations of staying out away from the cadavers and preceding to establish a better knowledge for human anatomy. With the new and improved illustrations done by his work he was able to teach the anatomy and physiology to more and more people. This is still being done today with his findings and observations of the human body.[Why i tagged thisAshley Wiedmeyer
Petra Stevanovic
jennifer lassiter
Tou Xiong Thao
Sandy C. Yang
Abigail
Hauser Joseph Alan
Molarity (M) is the number of moles of solute per liter of solution
Molarity (M) is the number of moles of solute per liter of solution.
Molarity (M) is the number of moles of solute per liter of solution. A one-molar (1.0 M) solution of glucose contains 180 g/L, and 1.0 M solution of sucrose contains 342 g/L.
Molarity (M) is the number of moles of solute per liter of solution. A one-molar (1.0 M) solution of glucose contains 180 g/L, and 1.0 M solution of sucrose contains 342 g/L. Both have the same number of solute molecules in a given volume (fig. 2.11b)
After reading it over many times, I understood everything up to this point. I absolutely do not, however, understand what this Avogadro number is, or what it means or to what it is applicable.[Why tag this text]Molarity: The number of moles of solute per liter. [Why tag this textSolutions concentrated...-Weight per volume is a simple way to express it-Percentages-Molarity[Why tag this textThis is something that I am currently learning in chemistry as well. Molarity is measured in grams per liter.[Why tag this textRight now in chemistry we are also learning about Molarity.I think it's interesting that although chemistry and anatomy & phisiology are different, there are many things that connect them together. [Why tag this textMolarity is one of my favorite parts to chemistry to learn about. When we covered it in Chemistry 100 I did very well on that part of the semester, so that is why I enjoy it so much.[Why tag this textBecause Molarity is a mathematical relationship it can be used so solve for unknowns such as if the molarity and volume are known but then moles are unknown[Why tag this textMolarity (M)= number of molues of solute per liter of solution[Why tag this textDanielle Henckel
Alexandra Schmit
morgan johnson
payoua
Samantha Herron
Joe Nimm
Stephanie
Chemical reactions are based on molecular motion and collisions. All molecules are in constant motion, and reactions occur when mutually reactive molecules collide with sufficient force and the right orientation. The rate of a reaction depends on the nature of the reactants and on the frequency and force of these collisions.
Chemical reactions are based on molecular motion and collisions. All molecules are in constant motion, and reactions occur when mutually reactive molecules collide with sufficient force and the right orientation. The rate of a reaction depends on the nature of the reactants and on the frequency and force of these collisions.
Chemical reactions are based on molecular motion and collisions. All molecules are in constant motion, and reactions occur when mutually reactive molecules collide with sufficient force and the right orientation. The rate of a reaction depends on the nature of the reactants and on the frequency and force of these collisions. Some factors that affect reaction rates are
in this section we learn that many things can effect how a reaction rate can decrease and increase[Why tag this text]The response question is asking us about chemical reactions and it is very interesting i thought if I highlighted what chemical reactions even are because I didnt know what it was. But now I do and it tells you how they are based on molecular motion and collisions.[Why tag this textcertain reactions, like oxidastion reactions, would be too much for our human bodies to handle if the rate were too high. [Why tag this textEverything within our perspective may seem to be still but at a molecular level have so many particles moving, vibrating, arranging, or changing. Even as we sit or move about our world we feel that we are moving at a certain rate but are actually on a giant sphere whorling through space. And even that, the sun and the solar system may be moving within our own galaxy and our galaxy moving within our expanding universe. Everything is governed by the same physics without our true perception. What collisions in space occur with sufficient force and right orientation to allow us to be rotating around a sun or to be fixated around something within the center of our galaxy? Reaction rates amongst chemical equations may be instantaneous or observed under certain time restraints because these interactions are so small. Could the universe have constant reactions occuring amongst solar systems and galaxies that we will never be able to comprehend because the reactions are so large and the time to long?[Why tag this textI find it interesting that molecules are always moving, there is never a point in time where the molecules stop, it is constant motion. If the molecules were not moving then chemical reactions would not occur because they would not collide with one another. It is also interesting the concentration of the molecules and the temperature of them can vastly increase the collision rate.[Why tag this textI took Saturday morning physics at Fermi Lab through out highschool (10 yrs ago) and I believe this is something they were experimenting on in their excelerator. [Why tag this textexplains how all molecules are in motion and the collisions and molecular motion are based off of chemical reactions[Why tag this textThis applies to many different processes in the body. If we didn't use these factors we would have very slow metabolisms and it would take forever to do certain things.[Why tag this textJeremy
Blake Marrari
Jacob Balkum
TRAVIS
Claire Silkaitis
Lauren Anthe
mary furner
Anatomy preceded physiology and was a necessary foundation for it.
Anatomy preceded physiology and was a necessary foundation for it.
Anatomy preceded physiology and was a necessary foundation for it. What Vesalius was to anatomy, the Englishman William Harvey (1578?1657) was to physiology.
It is important to know that the structure of the body was understood before the function of the body. This makes sense considering the limited technology and resources early physicians possessed. [Why I tagged this]This was an interesting point to me because it makes sense thinking about it. It is much easier to see how something is formed as opposed to how it works, but from the formation, one should be able to tell how something works most of the time.[Why I tagged thisIt is a important fact[Why I tagged thisphysiology was founded first and then anatom came after. They are interconneted.[Why I tagged thisThis makes a lot of sense. You can't know how something works (the physiology side) until you know what it is (anatomy). [Why I tagged thisThis is interesting to me because now days, especially at UWM, anat. and phys. go hand in hand and has formed to be one class. Also, it is interesting to find that they put them together such a long time ago.[Why I tagged thisTagged this because I find this interesting to know and because it makes logical sense. How can you learn the function of something, when you don't know the form of it? You can't. [Why I tagged thisAwlareau
Caitlin
lindsay krueger
Sophie
Cassie Marsh
Dakota Francart
Unaware of its danger, people drank radium tonics and flocked to health spas to bathe in radium-enriched waters.
Marie herself suffered extensive damage to her hands from handling radioactive minerals and died of radiation poisoning at age 67
Marie herself suffered extensive damage to her hands from handling radioactive minerals and died of radiation poisoning at age 67.
The biological half-life of a radioisotope is the time required for half of it to disappear from the body. Some of it is lost by radioactive decay and even more of it by excretion from the body.
The biological half-life of a radioisotope is the time required for half of it to disappear from the body. Some of it is lost by radioactive decay and even more of it by excretion from the body. Cesium-137, for example, has a physical half-life of 30 years but a biological half-life of only 17 days. Chemically, it behaves like potassium; it is quite mobile and rapidly excreted by the kidneys
The biological half-life of a radioisotope is the time required for half of it to disappear from the body. Some of it is lost by radioactive decay and even more of it by excretion from the body. Cesium-137, for example, has a physical half-life of 30 years but a biological half-life of only 17 days. Chemically, it behaves like potassium; it is quite mobile and rapidly excreted by the kidneys.
I do not have anything realy to say about this. it just is so insane and I cannot believe people drank radium![Why tag this text]Knowing what I know about radium now, I don't think I would have the courage to drink or bathe in water filled with radium. [Why tag this textMarie's notebooks remain radioactive to this day, and must be handle with hazmat suits and kept in special radioactive containers.[Why tag this textI had heard that to this day, Curie's notebooks of notes are still radioactive enough that they pose a threat to those that do not wear protective clothing. This goes to show how long these dangerous chemicals can last.[Why tag this textI was unaware that there was also a biological half life in organisms. Does this mean that there are other chemicals that are non-radioactive that have biological half lives too? There are chemicals that can build up in your body like mercury and DDT, and does that mean that these chemicals would also have a biological half life, or would that be classified as something completely different?[Why tag this textFirst reading this, I thought that radioactive particles stayed in the body much longer. It's relieving to know that the body processes out these particles quickly.[Why tag this textCan we go more over the biological and physical half-life of the radioisotope? What does this help determine?[Why tag this textI'm confused on how one is to figure out what the physical and biological half life of an element is[Why tag this textpayoua
Sarah Cherkinian
Joseph Skarlupka
Joe Nimm
Cody Andrews
Kenyetta
Anthony Wheeler
Knowing how a word breaks down and knowing the meaning of its elements make it far easier to pronounce a word, spell it, and remember its definition.
The foregoing approach also is no help with eponyms or acronyms?words composed of the first letter, or first few letters, of a series of words.
The foregoing approach also is no help with eponyms or acronyms?words composed of the first letter, or first few letters, of a series of words. Scuba, for example, is a word composed from the first letters of self-contained underwater breathing apparatus. A common medical imaging method is the PET scan, an acronym for positron emission tomography. Note that PET is a pronounceable word, hence a true acronym. Acronyms are not to be confused with simple abbreviations such as DNA and MRI, in which each letter must be pronounced separately.
Plural, Adjectival, and Possessive Forms
I took a class in high school where we had to memorize medical terms. I am happy I took that class now[Why I tagged this]This reminds me of a class I took called Medical Terminology. By knowing just one part of the word, it helps to distinguish it's meaning a lot quicker that not even knowing how to pronounce it.[Why I tagged thisQuestion 2: Eponym is a word derived from a person or characters name. Acronym is a word comprised of letters or abbreviations from a series of words. These present difficulties because one cannot break down a term into stem or root words.[Why I tagged thisdefinition of true acronym[Why I tagged thisIt is very important to remeber the different rules for the medical language and naming of terms. [Why I tagged thisAre there a lot of acronyms?[Why I tagged thisDon't forget![Why I tagged thisAlthough these are things that one can, and should, study from a book, it seems that these terms will be easier to recall when one begins to use them in applied situations.[Why I tagged thisCassie Marsh
Sarah Ertl
Amanda Baxter
Jonathan Rooney
Sami
Alejandra Contreras
Sarah Hudson
Many of the chemical signals by which cells communicate (epinephrine, for example) cannot enter the target cell but bind to surface proteins called receptors.
Many of the chemical signals by which cells communicate (epinephrine, for example) cannot enter the target cell but bind to surface proteins called receptors. Receptors are usually specific for one particular messenger, much like an enzyme that is specific for one substrate.
Many of the chemical signals by which cells communicate (epinephrine, for example) cannot enter the target cell but bind to surface proteins called receptors. Receptors are usually specific for one particular messenger, much like an enzyme that is specific for one substrate. Plasma membranes also have receptor proteins that bind chemicals and transport them into the cell, as discussed later in this chapter.
Without these receptors within the membrane, cells couldn't communicate with each other becasue they wouldn't be able to recieve the chemical signals one would be sending another. Receptors seem to be a huge part of what can make a cell function.[Why tag this text]Recpetors are important since they allow chemicals that are not allowed into the cell to still communicate the chemicals messages to the cell. Without them, chemical signals would be lost since they are not allowed into actual cell.[Why tag this textAs seen in the first CONNECT quiz, the receptor counts for the first step in the chemical messaging to the brain process. The receptor needs other material to help it along the way in order to activate a certain site in the proper manner.[Why tag this textWhen it comes to someone taking drugs, like heroin for example, would the receptors be the first ones to come across it? & if they are what would happen to them? because i know when herion is injected it goes right underneath the skin, is this what is effected first?[Why tag this textWhen the target cells malfunction are thier fail safes? or alternate methods for reception?[Why tag this textDrugs work my blocking membrane receptors. [Why tag this textEvery thing in an organism has one specific task and each thing must complete only the individual task. It is amazing to me how everything works together and every small part of cell knows exactly what it is supposed to do. Cells are constantly working, the heart is constantly pumping, neurons are constantly firing. Constant movement. [Why tag this textI don't understand how our body can just form these cells and recepters from just one sperm cell and egg. The human body is very fascinating [Why tag this textStephanie
Cassie Marsh
Kayla Theys
Blake Marrari
Andrea Benson
Bonnie Watson
Duan Phan
describe the cytoskeleton and its functions
describe the cytoskeleton and its functions;
describe the cytoskeleton and its functions; and
inclusions
There are some key organelles of a cell that most of us have learned about over and over again, and it is important that we review these and analyze our comprehension up to this point. The main organelles that we should already be familiar with include the nucleus, the mitochondria, the golgi complex, the smooth and rough ER, and the ribosomes. A firm understanding of the internal cell layout is crucial if we are to comprhend how these organelles are interrelated. [Why tag this text]The cytoskeleton is a network of protein filaments and clyinders that structurally support a cell, determine its shape, organize contents, and directs materials.[Why tag this textThe cytoskeleton is a network of protein filaments and cylinders that composes a cell. It's both a muscle and a skeleton, it has to deal with movement and deals with the organization of the organelles within the cell. [Why tag this textThe cytoskeleton is a network of protein filaments and cylinders that composes a cell. It organizes the cell and also has alot to do with movement. [Why tag this textthe cytoskeleton is a tiny network of protein filaments in the cytoplasm of cells.[Why tag this textThe cytoskeleton is a network of protein filaments in the cytoplasm. Its main functions are to structurally support the cell and determine its shape.[Why tag this textThe cytoskeleton is a network of protein filaments and cylinders that structurally support a cell, determine its shape, organize its contents, direct the movement of materials within the cell, and contribute to movements of the cell as a whole. It is connected to transmembrane proteins of the plasma membrane, and they in turn are strong structural continuity from extracellular material to the cytoplasm.[Why tag this texti never knew that cell inclusions even existed until this class. [Why tag this textTrevor
Ashley
Nick Lund
Hayley Smith
kailey Cortez
Christeen Tuck
Alexis Blaser
Blood from the brain drains through this foramen into the internal jugular vein of the neck. Three cranial nerves also pass through this foramen
The Occipital Bone
The Occipital Bone
The occipital (oc-SIP-ih-tul) bone forms the rear of the skull
The occipital (oc-SIP-ih-tul) bone forms the rear of the skull (occiput) and much of its base (see fig. 8.5). Its most conspicuous feature, the foramen magnum, admits the spinal cord to the cranial cavity and provides a point of attachment for the dura mater. An important consideration in head injuries is swelling of the brain. Since the cranium cannot expand, swelling puts pressure on the brain and results in even more tissue damage. Severe swelling can force the brainstem out through the foramen magnum, usually with fatal consequences.
Is this where people take your heart rate count? When you put two fingers on your neck and feel for the heart beat? That is cool I never knew that was what it was called.[Why tag this]it seems like having all of these foramens in the skull would make it very easy to get blood clots. Is this something that is common? Is there a system that makes sure the holes are all clear?[Why tag thisOccipital bone is the farthest back and lowest.[Why tag thisBack/rear of the skull. It provides the point of attachment between the spinal cord and the cranial cavity.[Why tag thisEach of these headings is the start to a paragraph that describes the different bones of the skull. Differentiating between these bones helps in identifying the part of the brain that the bone is protecting and can hint towards what that part of the brain does.[Why tag thisa good way to remember occipital bone; it has two Cs, and like our eyes we have two. using the saying [Why tag thisIs this where the [Why tag thisHow does the foramen magnum provide a point of attachment to the spinal cord?[Why tag thisBonnie Watson
Danielle Henckel
Anthony Wheeler
Maria Stephans
jess Tegelman
Rebecca Sherer
Elvia Rivas
There has been a great deal of public interest lately in trans fats
There has been a great deal of public interest lately in trans fats and cardiovascular health,
There has been a great deal of public interest lately in trans fats and cardiovascular health, with some U.S. states even regulating or banning the use of trans fats in restaurants. What, then, are trans fats and why have they gotten such a bad reputation?
There has been a great deal of public interest lately in trans fats and cardiovascular health, with some U.S. states even regulating or banning the use of trans fats in restaurants. What, then, are trans fats and why have they gotten such a bad reputation?A trans fat is a triglyceride containing one or more trans-fatty acids. In such fatty acids, there is at least one unsaturated C=C double bond. On each side of the C=C bond, the single covalent C?C bonds angle in opposite directions (trans means ?across from?), as indicated by the arrows in figure 2.20a. This is in contrast to cis-fatty acids, in which the two C?C bonds adjacent to the C=C bond both angle in the same direction (cis means ?on the same side?), as indicated by the arrows in figure 2.20b. As you can see, the cis configuration creates a kink in the chain, whereas the trans configuration results in a relatively straight chain.
Deeper insight to why Americans are so unhealthy. Clean eating = clean bill of health. It is cool to see how and why these fats are good or bad for us.[Why tag this text]Does the reason why certain fats are healthier for you depend on whether or not the fat is solid at room temp.? When the fats are consumned in our body, do they become solid or liquid depending on the temp. of our organs?[Why tag this textI find this interesting because everyone is always talking about whether trans fats are healthy or not. Before it was a big deal that they had come up with it, now it is a big deal when food dont have it.[Why tag this textThis intersting to me because, I didn't realize how serious Trans Fat was getting. With even restaurants banning trans fat foods.[Why tag this textYeah, what is that all about? whats the big deal about trans fat?[Why tag this textTrans fats do not get decomposed like other fats do naturally, the fat stays in the body for a longer period of time.[General-Do not useI found this section to be interesting because I am currently enrolled in a biochemistry class, and I am also interested in public health. This section relates to my biochemistry class because we are currently learning about unsaturated and saturated carbons. I felt proud to read this section and understand what I was actually reading! As the section also states, people are taking an interest to fats and the effect they have on public health. Although not everyone is interested in biochemistry and how the body is able to break down these bonds, I think it is important for people to be educated on the brief overview of these bonds. Knowing how hard it can be on the body to break down these fats would educate people and make them aware of the negatve effects the body can experience.[Why tag this textpayoua
Kirsten Majstorovic
Steven Bertschy
Melissa
Erin Griph
Kasey Bowers
Cartilage (table 5.7) is a relatively stiff connective tissue with a flexible rubbery matrix;
Cartilage (table 5.7) is a relatively stiff connective tissue with a flexible rubbery matrix; you can feel its texture by folding and releasing the external ear or palpating the tip of your nose or your ?Adam's apple? (the thyroid cartilage of the larynx).
Cartilage (table 5.7) is a relatively stiff connective tissue with a flexible rubbery matrix; you can feel its texture by folding and releasing the external ear or palpating the tip of your nose or your ?Adam's apple? (the thyroid cartilage of the larynx). It is also easily seen in many grocery items?it is the milky-colored gristle at the ends of pork ribs and on chicken leg and breast bones, for example. Among other functions, cartilages shape and support the nose and ears and partially enclose the larynx (voice box), trachea (windpipe), and thoracic cavity.
Cartilage (table 5.7) is a relatively stiff connective tissue with a flexible rubbery matrix; you can feel its texture by folding and releasing the external ear or palpating the tip of your nose or your ?Adam's apple? (the thyroid cartilage of the larynx). It is also easily seen in many grocery items?it is the milky-colored gristle at the ends of pork ribs and on chicken leg and breast bones, for example. Among other functions, cartilages shape and support the nose and ears and partially enclose the larynx (voice box), trachea (windpipe), and thoracic cavity.Cartilage is produced by cells called chondroblasts17 (CON-dro-blasts), which secrete the matrix and surround themselves with it until they become trapped in little cavities called lacunae18 (la-CUE-nee). Once enclosed in lacunae, the cells are called chondrocytes (CON-dro-sites). Cartilage only rarely exhibits blood vessels, and even when it does, they are just passing through without giving off capillaries to nourish the tissue. Therefore, nutrition and waste removal depend on solute diffusion through the stiff matrix. Because this is a slow process, chondrocytes have low rates of metabolism and cell division, and injured cartilage heals slowly.
Cartilage:Stiff connective tissue. Rarely has blood vessels. Three types [hyaline, elastic and fibro], produced by chondroblasts which then become trapped in lacunae and are re-named chondrocytes. [Why tag this text]Definition of cartilage. Its functions include shaping and supporting the nose and ears and partially enclose the larynx, trachea, and thoracic cavity.[Why tag this textCartilage is the tissue that most people get pierced. You normally think of cartilage being on your ears and nose but I thought it was weird that its actually in your larynx, trachea and thoracic cavity.[Why tag this textover the time of this course i would like to know more about the cartilage because my mom suffers from knee problems. The doctors told her that she has few cartilage left so that is the reason that she feels pain when she walks. I want to know why or how the cartilage decreases in parts of the body [Why tag this textAnother type of connective tissue is cartilage, it is form by chondroblasts.[Why tag this textdescription of cartilage (a stiff connective tissue). Shapes and supports many parts of the body. -explains how it is produced and what it consists of[Why tag this textExplains cartilage and its importance[Why tag this textThis makes me think to pig dissections. When cutting through the skin, especially on the neck of the pig, there is tough cartilage throughout many features on the pig. When I think about it, I remember there being cartilage that we had to cut through to get to the larynx.[Why tag this textStephanie
krista
victor
Sue Xiong
Anthony Wheeler
TRAVIS
Cassie Marsh
The appearance of the fingertips and nails can be valuable in medical diagnosis. The fingertips become swollen or clubbed in response to long-term hypoxemia?a deficiency of oxygen in the blood stemming from conditions such as congenital heart defects and emphysema. Dietary deficiencies may be reflected in the appearance of the nails. An iron deficiency, for example, may cause them to become flat or concave (spoonlike) rather than convex. Contrary
The appearance of the fingertips and nails can be valuable in medical diagnosis. The fingertips become swollen or clubbed in response to long-term hypoxemia?a deficiency of oxygen in the blood stemming from conditions such as congenital heart defects and emphysema. Dietary deficiencies may be reflected in the appearance of the nails. An iron deficiency, for example, may cause them to become flat or concave (spoonlike) rather than convex. Contrary to popular belief, adding gelatin to the diet has no effect on the growth or hardness of the nails.
I never would have imagined that observing a patient's nails could help in diagnosis.[Why tag this]When women get fake nails put on the nail body is buffed down with a drill. For months after the fack nail is taken off the nail body and free edge become brittle. Is this because of the deficiency on oxygen and blood to the nail body?[Why tag thisThe importance of the appearance of nails [Why tag thisIs there any function of the nails that were an evolutionary trait that helped the human species develop by natural selection? Is it just an analogues structure where there is no biological need for?[Why tag thisI had no idea that the appearance of nails and fingertips can help in the diagnosis of heart problems and iron deficiencies. It is so interesting that your body exudes the smallest signals to let you know what your immune system is lacking.[Why tag thisInteresting that you can use something as little as a nail to diagnose such a big syndrome[Why tag thisPersonal conection: I remember my doctor once noticing that I had white deposits beneath my fingernails and she mentioned that could be a sign of calcium deficiency so she recommended a calcium rich multivitamin. Ever since then, I haven't had white spots in my nails. [Why tag thisSo what we eat can reflect on even how our nails look? or is that just genetics on their basic formation?[Why tag thisClaire Silkaitis
Anthony Wheeler
Amanda Fitzmaurice
Christina Colarossi
Jelena Ristic
Alina Gur
andrew baker
For example, most of us have a palmaris longus muscle in the forearm and a plantaris muscle in the leg, but these are absent from others. Most of us have five lumbar vertebrae (bones of the lower spine), but some people have six and some have four. Most of us have one spleen and two kidneys, but some have two spleens or only one kidney. Most kidneys are supplied by a single renal artery and are drained by one ureter, but some have two renal arteries or ureters.
Most of us have one spleen and two kidneys, but some have two spleens or only one kidney. Most kidneys are supplied by a single renal artery and are drained by one ureter, but some have two renal arteries or ureters.
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mage #2] FIGURE 1.8Variation in Anatomy of the Kidneys and Major Arteries Near the Heart.
I find this interesting, I mean what is or why is it like that? Yes it can be something wrong with them biologically or genetically. But is there anything aside from those two?[Why I tagged this]I learned at a young age that i had 6 wisdom teeth when the average number for most people is 4, I always thought I was a freak or just unlucky since I had to have 6 teeth extracted instead of 4. I then did some research a few years back on how some people lack or have extra organs/muscles, before that I didnt even realize it could be possible.[Why I tagged thisHow is this possible to have so much variation in anatomy? Don't you need two kidneys to properly function?[Why I tagged thisI know that a person can live with one kidney. but dose this affect the kidney in any way since it is doing all the work alone ? or dose it weaken the kidney?[why i tagged thisI know that some people can live with one kidney. but does this affect or weaken the kidney in any way since it is doing all the work alone ? [why i tagged thisOrgans[Why I tagged thisThis picture I found very interesting. This is the reason I have found the human body so interesting-no body is alike. When there are such variations as these in a body and they still function in similar ways, it only intrigues me to learn more.[image #2Elizabeth
Jonathan Rooney
hanouf
Matthew Robert Schmidt
Emily Zuelzke
Deep to these is a prominent muscle, the erector spinae, which runs vertically for the entire length of the back from the cranium to the sacrum. It is a thick muscle, easily palpated on each side of the vertebral column in the lumbar region
Deep to these is a prominent muscle, the erector spinae, which runs vertically for the entire length of the back from the cranium to the sacrum. It is a thick muscle, easily palpated on each side of the vertebral column in the lumbar region.
Deep to these is a prominent muscle, the erector spinae, which runs vertically for the entire length of the back from the cranium to the sacrum. It is a thick muscle, easily palpated on each side of the vertebral column in the lumbar region. (Pork chops and T-bone steaks are erector spinae muscles.) As it ascends, it divides in the upper lumbar region into three parallel columns (figs. 10.18 and 10.19). The most lateral of these is the iliocostalis, which from inferior to superior is divided into the iliocostalis lumborum, iliocostalis thoracis, and iliocostalis cervicis (lumbar, thoracic, and cervical regions). The next medial column is the longissimus, divided from inferior to superior into the longissimus thoracis, longissimus cervicis, and longissimus capitis (thoracic, cervical, and cephalic regions). The most medial column is the spinalis, divided into spinalis thoracis, spinalis cervicis, and spinalis capitis. The functions of all three columns are sufficiently similar that we will treat them collectively as the erector spinae.
This is very confusing to me. How is it that we cannot identify some sort or purpose or functions for these muscles?[Why tag this]I assumed that we knew what all the muscles and bones in the body did. Do we not know what they do because they don't really do anything or what?[Why tag thisThis is also interesting t me about how still today not everyone knows exactly everything about the human body of why we have certain parts, for example the serratus posterior superior and inferior.[Why tag thisIf the function of the serratus posterior and inferior are unknown then can we assume that humans do not or can live without them?[Why tag thisSince the erector spinae runs the entire length of the back, why cant all humans touch their toes? I really want to know why can different human be so flexiable, and others cant? What factors are needed to make your own mucles flexiable?[Why tag thiswhat exactly is the function and purpose of these muscles?[Why tag thismuscles within the back[Why tag thisThis makes me want to eat some steak and surprisingly I learn something new on what actually is the T-bone nad the pork chops.[Why tag thisLeah Hennes
Kaitlynn
payoua
Kayla Theys
Lauren Anthe
Alyssa Harmes
xuntao
The most common colloids9 in the body are mixtures of protein and water, such as the albumin in blood plasma. Many colloids can change from liquid to gel states?gelatin desserts, agar culture media, and the fluids within and between our cells, for example. Colloids are defined by the following physical properties: The colloidal particles range from 1 to 100 nm in size. Particles this large scatter light, so colloids are usually cloudy (fig. 2.10b). Page 53 The particles are too large to pass through most selectively permeable membranes. The particles are still small enough, however, to remain permanently mixed with the solvent when the mixture stands.
I tagged this because I can relate to the fact that the body needs these especially due to my long history in sports and are needed in muscle actions. What are other ways Electrolytes are needed?[Why tag this text]Water and protein are the most common colloids in the body. I found the pH scale really interesting becuase i didnt know milk and bananas would be more acidic than bleach and ammonia.[Why tag this textexample of a colloid[Why tag this textQuestion 6: Solutions cannot be visually distinguished into there parts and are very small and they do not seperate on their own. An example is glucose in blood. Colloids are moderate in size larger than solutions but smaller in particle size that a suspension. They are a mixture of a protein and water. They have some difficultly passing through selective membranes, and an example is intracellular fluid. Suspension are largest in particle size exceeding 100nm. They can seperate when left to sit and an example is blood cells.[Why tag this textI wonder what other fluids in our body are colliods. Do they always turn into a gel like substance? I never really thought of fluids in our body in that way. [Why tag this textDefine colloids and their physical properties.[General-Do not useCOLLOIDS and characteristics[Why tag this textI don't understand what property makes colloid solutions differ from a solution.[Why tag this textAnisa Janko
Chad Mudd
Sarah Ertl
mary furner
Brandon Brandemuehl
Alexandra Schmit
Abigail
The three pairs of pharyngeal constrictors encircle the pharynx on its posterior and lateral sides, forming a muscular funnel (see fig. 10.9).
Muscles that move the head originate on the vertebral column, thoracic cage, and pectoral girdle and insert on the cranial bones.
Muscles that move the head originate on the vertebral column, thoracic cage, and pectoral girdle and insert on the cranial bones. Their actions include flexion (tipping the head forward), extension (holding the head erect), hyperextension (as in looking upward), lateral flexion (tilting the head to one side), and rotation (turning the head to look left or right).
Muscles that move the head originate on the vertebral column, thoracic cage, and pectoral girdle and insert on the cranial bones. Their actions include flexion (tipping the head forward), extension (holding the head erect), hyperextension (as in looking upward), lateral flexion (tilting the head to one side), and rotation (turning the head to look left or right). Flexion, extension, and hyperextension involve simultaneous action of the right and left muscles of a pair; the other actions require the muscle on one side to contract more strongly than its mate. Many head actions result from a combination of these movements?for example, looking up over the shoulder involves a combination of rotation and hyperextension.
3 pairs of pharyngeal constrictors on posterior and lateral sides[Why Tag This]Can you explain how these muscle work a bit more? What specific part of swallowing triggers them to start triggering?[Why Tag ThisI didn't know that there were muscles in the pectoral girdle that help to move the head. I would have assumed that the muscles that move the head would only be in the neck.[Why Tag ThisBeing able to move our head uses muscles that attach to our cranial bones. This section describes different motions and how they apply to the head.[Why Tag Thismuscles that are responsible for moving the head[Why Tag ThisWhat is the main cause of the head moving and being able to move [Why Tag ThisInteresting to note muscles, as well as bone, are always in action to keep the head erect[Why Tag Thiscominations of head movements that we tend to do daily so we have all gone through these movements[Why Tag ThisErin Griph
Nicole Latzig
Maria Stephans
Alyssa Harmes
Lauren Anthe
Ethan Kelly
Brittany Nycz
Cilia could not beat freely if they were embedded in sticky mucus (see Deeper Insight 3.2). Instead, they beat within a saline (saltwater) layer at the cell surface. Chloride pumps in the apical plasma membrane produce this layer by pumping Cl- into the extracellular fluid. Sodium ions follow by electrical attraction and water follows by osmosis. Mucus essentially floats on the surface of this layer and is pushed along by the tips of the cilia.
It is good that the cillia are not equally stiff on both strokes because if they were, the mucus, eggs, or cerebrospinal fluid would not get anywhere. They would stay in one place being moved back and forth.[Why tag this text]Wouldnt the mucuous just be moving back and forth and if that happened wouldnt it accumulate until a person would suffocate?[Why tag this textwith stiff cilia, the muscus may have a hard time traveling to places[General-Do not useI find this interesting because i was wondering this myself. I wondered how you could get mucus out of the body so easily if the cilia were embedded in the mucus. Because mucus floats on a layer of saline, does it make it easier for mucus to leave the body, and if so why do we really even need mucus that much?[Why tag this textThis makes sense. If the cillia wasn't there or if it was sticky mucus, fluids probably wouldn't move a lot causing more sickness and infections. There would be chunks of mucus in our bodies, and it would be hard to break those up. I would guess that a lot of these cilia are found in the esophagus and nose.[Why tag this textTiny & extraordinarily, detailed & crucial nuances such as this are absolutely fascinating... how everything has evolved to work together in such a specific way.[Why tag this textthis basically answered my question from earlier.[Why tag this textIt is interesting how every single part of our body has a function. As insignifican as this function can be, it is still needed. For example, sticky mucus helps Cilia beat freely. Which is a needed function of the respiratory system. [Why tag this textSamuel Nichols
Rachel Feivor
Riley Spitzig
mary furner
jennifer lassiter
Keira
Alma Tovar
Does osteoblast stimulation affect people who have osteoporosis? What i am trying to say is does people who have osteoporosis have a shortage or deficiency of calcium or osteoblast stimulation.[Why I tagged this]Calcitonin increases the number and activiity of osteoblasts, which deposit calcium into the skeleton[Why I tagged thisIs this caused by being lactose intolorant?[Why I tagged thisIs this weakening affect with increased age due to the naturalness of weening off of mother's milk and no longer taking in such high amounts?[Why I tagged thisLearning about calcitonin is interesting because I have never thought of it as a weak effect toward adult especiall women because of prengnancies. At least, its had an important role in the children because of their daily activities.[Why I tagged thisAre children who are lactose intolorant weaker in their bones? I know there are pills and special supplements for people who cannot drink milk and things that have a lot of calcium. I can relate because my friend Maddie is lactose intolorant and cannot drink milk and stuff. [Why I tagged thisThe calcitonin does not really have to do with most things. It is highly active in children but not so much in adults. However, it deals with pregnat women and lactating women. [Why I tagged thisDr. Petto, could you please explain how scientists could reach this number?[Why I tagged thisRachel Feivor
Natalie Chavez
Chelsea Moore
Dee Lor
Kelly Stahl
Sophia Wood
Kristofer Schroeckenthaler
COMMENTS:___________________
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Simple EpitheliaGenerally, a simple epithelium has only one layer of cells, although this is a somewhat debatable point in the pseudostratified columnar type. Three types of simple epithelia are named for the shapes of their cells: simple squamous8 (thin scaly cells), simple cuboidal (squarish or round cells), and simple columnar (tall narrow cells). In the fourth type, pseudostratified columnar, not all cells reach the free surface; the shorter cells are covered over by the taller ones.
Generally, a simple epithelium has only one layer of cells, although this is a somewhat debatable point in the pseudostratified columnar type. Three types of simple epithelia are named for the shapes of their cells: simple squamous8 (thin scaly cells), simple cuboidal (squarish or round cells), and simple columnar (tall narrow cells). In the fourth type, pseudostratified columnar, not all cells reach the free surface; the shorter cells are covered over by the taller ones. This epithelium looks stratified in most tissue sections, but careful examination, especially with the electron microscope, shows that every cell reaches the basement membrane?like trees in a forest, where some grow taller than others but all are anchored in the soil below.
I found this interesting because it went into a great amount of information compared to my anatomy class in high school and it made it a lot more easier to be able to understand[Why tag this text]overviews how simple epithelia are named for their cells and their names[Why tag this textWhen looking over all the type of epithelial cells, particularly in terms of simple versus stratified, it become much easier to distinguish their purpose, i.e., transition of fluids, nutrients, etc, or not. [Why tag this textThese pictures and notes are really going to help with determining types of tissues that we may look at and may lead into a resolutions to problems one may be experiencing.[Why tag this textThese pictures are going to help later on in lab when we have to tell the difference between each tissue. Here we can see the note the cilia, basement membrane, number of cell layers, and goblets. [Why tag this textThe digitized version helps me understand what I'm looking at a lot better. It's easier to make out the different structures.[Why tag this textIts interesting to see how Keratin changes tissue at the cellular layer. In daily life, infection prevention is is aided by the health of all tissues in the body. Breakdown of tiisues occurs when cells are lacking in nutrition, and that breakdown creates susceptability for bacteria. [Why tag this textQuestion 3: Both keratinized and nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelia have multiple cell layers with cells becoming flatter near the surface. The surface of kertinized epithelia has a layer of dead cells while the nonkeratinized does not have this layer of dead cells. This is because the keratinized cells contain need to resist water loss through the skin.[Why tag this textbetween figure 5.8 and figure 5.9, you can really tell that one picture is keratinized because of how it's stuctured: solid looking and tall. The other just kind of blends together with no shape or form[Why tag this textI recently did the brazilian keratin treatment on my hair. I like that it can delay water loss through the skin; hopefully it can prevent my hair from getting so dry. [Why tag this textQuestion 2: Stratified Squamous Epithelium appear in a single layer of thin cells. They look mostly flat with a small bump where the nucleus is. Transitional Epithelium look kind of like stratified squamous epithelium except they are more rounded and often bulge.[Why tag this textIn simple epithelium, every cell touches the basement membrane, whereas in stratified not all cells touch the basement membrane. The cells that do not touch the basement membrane are simply stacked on top of the other cells. Even though it may not look like it, pseudostratified columnar epithelium is considered to be a simple epithelium opposed to stratified epithelium. While not all of the cell reach the free surface, all of the cells do touch the basement membrane.[Why tag this textI was very intrested in this chapter because I never had an in depth description of the 8 types of Epithelium. This chapter allowed me to explore all 8. Which inculde simple squamous, simple cuboidal, simple columnar, psedudostratified ciliated columnar, stratified squamous, stratified cuodial, startified coulmnar and transitional. It really helped me disiguish them and find there differences.[Why tag this textI tagged this because I was interested where the epithelium met at two points. This gave me very informative information.[Why tag this textsimple epithelia types [Why tag this textInteresting way to look at the different types of simple epithelia. Each type are very distinctive, and easy to tell apart. It is interesting to know that all of them are connected to the basement membrane, like the roots of a tree. Makes it easier to remember that part about the cells.[Why tag this textThe name of the epithelia tells you pretty much exactly how the cell is layered. The simple epithelium, one layer. Stratified epithelia, 2-20 more layers. Pay attention to the word before epithelia[Why tag this textI am having a little trouble understanding this. If there are so many different types of epithelia tissue, what exactly makes them all in the category of epithelia? [Why tag this textsimple epithelia only has one layer of cells.[Why tag this textSimple epithelia has only one layer of cells and there are three different names for the shapes of the cells: simple squamous (thin scaly cells), simple cuboidal (squarish or round cells), and simple columnar (tall narrow cells). [Why tag this textI find it extremely interesting how cells can come in so many shapes with so many different properties and how the shape can affect the whole function of the cell. Usually we think of a cell as being one shape with one function, this really points out how intricate, not only ourselves, but all living things really are.[Why tag this textThis helps me understand which tissue is which by looking at the shape of the cells. [Why tag this textKnowing this allows me to identify and put the whole 3d picture of a slide sample together in my head creating a better understanding of this tissue type. [Why tag this textI can see this(the different type and shapes of epithlium) may be a problem for me to remember and fully understand since there are so many different combinations and [Why tag this textthis is something i need to work on because since this is my second time taking thia course i remember in my lab trying to identify cells and i had a hard time... i hope this time i have a better understanding[Why tag this textThis passage is tagged because I believe it is important to know the three types of simple epithelia. By knowing what shape each type is it will be a lot easier identifying them. [Why tag this textAlthough sometimes medical terminology may be understand, I like how the types of epithelia were named after the shape of their cells. That is going to make it a lot easier to know which ones we are looking at. I also like the relation that was made with the cells/basement membrane/roots.[Why tag this textThe three different epithelia, and some details about their cells[Why tag this textnote that the simple epithelium three typs.[Why tag this textEpithelia tissue provides diffrent services for the body.[Why tag this textSimple epithelium definitionThe three types of simple epithelia are named.[Why tag this textRemeber: simple has only ONE layer of cells. [Why tag this textSimple and stratified, obviously are the two broad categories of epitheial tissues but it is important to know that each have branched off cells that are certain sizes and shapes. I find it easier to distinguish now because it has a well parasized idea of the information. Way easier to follow than when reading a lot of pages. [Why tag this textImportant informations for the simple epithelium and stratfied epithelia because both are base on six different types of squamous, cuboidal, and columnar.[Why tag this textone layer cell [Why tag this textsimple epitheliasimple epithilia is name for the shape of the cell.[Why tag this textWhat is the pseudostratified columnar type? [Why tag this textthree kinds of simple epithelium[Why tag this textbriefly describes the three types of simple epithilium.[General-Do not useDifferent type of simple epithelia, look very different from one another. Should be able to distinguish type due to the shape[Why tag this textSimple Squamous:Thin scaly cells.Simple Cuboidal: Sqaurish or round cells.Simple Coumnar: Tall narrow cells.These are the three types of a simple epthalia, determined by their shapes.[Why tag this textThe names of these types of simple epithelium also reflect the shape of their cells. eg: Simple CUBoidal, when I look at this word I think of a cube, which is the shape of the cell. Also simple COLUMNAR, i see the word column, which are usually vertically long and not very wide, Which these cells are tall and narrow. [Why tag this textIt gave a straight to the point explantion on what simple epithelia is and what it consists of.[Why tag this textExplains the names of the three simple epithelia with reference to their shapes of cells[Why tag this textThe images and description above help learn the three types of simple epithelia.[Why tag this textIt explains the types of cells contained in the epithelia[Why tag this textNice categorization of the epithelial tissue.[Why tag this textThe different types of simple epithelia are important for us to know concerning the type of cells that are used in different areas of the body because each type of cell does different things.[Why tag this textI always appreciate in school when things (vocabulary) is named a certain thing for a reason. Just like naming certain things after there Greek relation, naming things because they actually look like their term always helps me remeber better![Why tag this textI believe this deserves to be annotated because it gives a brief description on how to identify the three types of simple epithelia.[Why tag this text3 types of simple epithelia: simple squamous, simple cuboidal, simple columnar. Also, pseudostratified columnar is not a simple type but instead exhibits all cells not reaching the free surface[Why tag this textThis is about the three types of simple epithelia. [Why tag this textthree kinds of these named because of their shape[Why tag this textOnce again, grateful for the use of descriptive terms rather than eponyms. Squamo=scale, flat. Cubodial=square, cube. Columnar=tall and thin like columns. Much easier to recall than names of scientists![Why tag this textType of epithelial cells. This type is a single layer of blob-shaped cells. The nucleus is rounded and may bulge. This type is found in the alveoli,glomerular capsules of kidneys, kidney tubules, endothelium of heart and blood vessels, serous membrane of stomach/intestines/viscera, mesothelium of pericardium.This type allows for rapid diffusion [why it is found in alveoli, kidney tubules]Transport of substances through membrane [why it is found in mesothelium?]and secreting serous fluid [stomach, intestines][Why tag this textProvides almost no protection, but it primarily functions as a gateway for materials to pass through. [Why tag this textfirst kind of simple epithelia[Why tag this textdont see the correlation here between the name and a shape[Why tag this textSquashed/Squamous[Why tag this textSquare/Cube shaped Cuboidal[Why tag this textsecond type of simple epithelium[Why tag this textSimple Cuboidal: Single layer of epithelial cells. They are shaped like cubes. Can be shaped in the form of a pyramid or line.Found: Liver, thyroid, mammary, salivary, and other glands. Most kideny tubules and bronchiolesFunctions: Aborption and secretion. Secretes mucous coat, moves respiratory mucous.[Why tag this textColumnar/Columns of cells/Tall narrow cells[Why tag this textthird type of simple epithelium[Why tag this textSimple Columnar: one layer [like all simple epithelial cells]. Oval/Sausage shaped, like a column. Vertically oriented. May posses goblet cellsFound: Lining of stomach, intestines, gallbladder, uterus/uterine tubes, kidney tubulesFunctions: Absorption, secretion of mucus, movement of egg/embryo[Why tag this textIn order to correctly idenify tissue being seen, I like to find the basement layer first, so I can see if the tissue is pseudostratified columnar.[Why tag this textSince pseudostartified columar has so many different shapes and forms, could it be mistaken for one of the other types? or is there a general area that pseudostartifed resides by?[Why tag this textOne of the repeating themes in Biology is form and function. I was wondering if this pseudostratified columnar arrangement has a specific function that is a result of the [Why tag this textThis is important because it basically gives a heads up on identifying a pseudostatified columnar. It may look like a stratified epithelium, but it is not.[Why tag this textthe fourth kind of simple epithelium, in this type not all cells reach the free surface because the shorter cells are usually covered by the taller ones.[Why tag this textPsuedostratified: Some cells are longer, some are shorter. This makes it look multilayered, but it is not as all cells reach basement membrane. Tree analogyWhere:Respiratory tract, male urethraFunctions: secretes and propels mucus [Why tag this textIf stratified means that the cells are stacked on top of each other, and pseudostratified appears to be stacked; how is it that the cells don't break the surface?[Why tag this textThis is interesting because when I look at the pictures in the textbook, like the one on table 5.2, the (a) picture looks like the surface cells are not touching the cell membrane. You have to examine it carefully, and I dont think that I would have caught it just from looking at that picture. This cautions me to look more carefully next time. [Why tag this textExplains how the fourth type, pseudostratified columnar. look stratified and layered, but under close examination you can see that every cell reaches the basement membrane[Why tag this textJonathan Lowe
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Michael Franzini
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Nervous Tissue
Nervous TissueNervous tissue (table 5.10)is specialized for communication by means of electrical and chemical signals. It consists of neurons (NOOR-ons), or nerve cells, and a much greater number of neuroglia (noo-ROG-lee-uh), or glial (GLEE-ul) cells, which protect and assist the neurons. Neurons detect stimuli, respond quickly, and transmit coded information rapidly to other cells. Each neuron has a prominent neurosoma, or cell body, that houses the nucleus and most other organelles. This is the cell's center of genetic control and protein synthesis. Neurosomas are usually round, ovoid, or stellate in shape. Extending from the neurosoma, there are usually multiple short, branched processes called dendrites,24 which receive signals from other cells and conduct messages to the neurosoma; and a single, much longer axon, or nerve fiber, which sends outgoing signals to other cells. Some axons are more than a meter long and extend from the brainstem to the foot.
nervous and muscular tissue have to work closely together but they are saparate. They both get excited but if you had nerve injury you wouldn't feel the signs of pain. I had ACL reconstruction surgery very recently and came out of it with nerve damage. I can still move my leg and the muscles work fin but I can't feel anything on my knee when it is touched. It is interesting to look at the two together because they are closely connected. [Why tag this text]The fact that tissues respond so quickly to an outside stimulus...or anything for that matter.[GeneralThe complex network of neurons that compose the nervous tissues is intertwined with the muscular tissues. Muscular tissue is composed of elongated, excitable cells specialized for contraction. This contraction can only occur with the assistance of the neurotransmitters (chemical messangers) sent by the nervous tissue. This is important for voluntary movement of the muscular tissue. [Why tag this textThese are the primary functions related to the physiology of the human body. What I particularly like about these sentences is that it gives me a basic defintion of the tissue which helps me develop a overall concept to later add to the study of the tissues. I find it interesting that these two tissues work closely together.[Why tag this textTwo types of tissue that respond to outisde stimuli. Important to note what resluts in each type after changes.[Why tag this textSo when we touch somebody's arm, the muscle cells contract or shorten? or what kind of stimuli does it need in order to respond?[Why tag this texti find it interesting that all muscles can only contract or shortent but yet they are such a huge part of our daily lifes and our bodies[Why tag this textNervous tissue is made up of neurons and neuroglia/glial cells [protect and assist cells]. This is housed in the neurosoma/cell body. Dendrites branch out from the neurosoma and the axons send signals to other cells.[Why tag this textFor me the nervous system is the most interesting in the body because I have a psych minor and have always been interested in the way the brain works. [Why tag this textOur nervous system, through its use of neurons, can communicate with other regions of itself through chemical and electrical signals.[Why tag this textneuroglia protects and assist the neurons. Three parts of a neuron: neurosoma, dendrite, and axon.[Why tag this textIt will be easy to remember that nervous tissure consists or neurons and/or nerve cells because nerve is in nervous. [Why tag this textdiscribe the nervous tissue in a clear idea [Why tag this textwhat happens if the nervous tissue stops communicating?[Why tag this textI always find it interesting that the human body is capable of transmitting/communicating through electrical signals. Obviously we cannot see this by just looking at each other, but I think it is interesting that we do this constantly, and except for reading about it in books a lot of people are unaware of this.[Why tag this textwhat is the difference between and electrical signal and a chemical signal and how can u tell which is which[Why tag this textIn Psychology 101 we discussed nervous tissue as well, so I already have a basic understanding of its structure and function. However, I hope to gain a deeper understanding of this type of tissue by discovering its direct impact on other systems of human anatomy. [Why tag this textI tagged this because it goes along with the table below. I liked the table because it clearly shows what the nervous tissue looks like and nicely labels the different parts. Seeing this picture really adds to the learning about nervous tissue. [Why tag this textI still find it very confusing how nerve cells actually can communicate to the next cell, performing even life saving actions. I understand the chemcial components of the connection in regards to synapses, etc., but what really is communicated?[Why tag this textthis is interesting because without our nervous tissue our nerve cells or neurons wouldn't be able to send signals.[Why tag this textBy highlighting the definition of the Nervous system, it describes the functions of the system. Which leads into the specific parts below the defintion. This helps me understand why the certain parts of the Nervous system react in the way they do. Thinking back to this, each part goes back to the defintion because they make the system what it is.[Why tag this textsummarizes basic meanings of nervous tissue[Why tag this texti think it is really cool that your body can use electricity to communicate with other parts of the body.[Why tag this textCuriosity, so if we carry electrical impulses we can give things a charge or what???[Why tag this textNervous tissue is excitable. It is responsible for interpreting, transmitting electrical, as well as chemical impulses throughout the body. If these nerves were to be severed, or disconnected in turn, impulses would not be able to easily travel throughout the body, and sensations wouldn't be felt as a result.[Why tag this textFor some reason I didn't know that the nervous tissues were for communication. It totally slipped my mind. It makes sense to me now, knowing that it is electrical and chemical signs.[Comment The nervous tissue collects data or messages, translates it, and sends them to the brain in forms of signals so that the brain can read them properly.[Why tag this textI find it interesting that our nervs communicate through electrical and chemical signals. When I think about communication, I often think about words or body gestrues but never through electrical or chemical signals. It's fascinating that through these signals, our body is able to translate them and function properly.[Why tag this textNervous tissue def[Why tag this textYou need to know the def of the parts of the body that we are learning about [Why tag this textWHat are chemical and electrical signals?[Why tag this textnervous tissue is primarly for communication for different parts of the body. Dendrites recieve signals from other cells and conduct messages to neurosoma.[Why tag this textNote to self...[General-Do not usenervous tissues primary focus is to communicate from one part of the body to another in the form of electrical signals[Why tag this textI found this interesting that the nervous tissues have the functions of electrical and chemical singles. Does this mean when you burn your hand or touch something hot it is the neurons in the nervous tissue telling yourself to move your hand away for the hot surface?[Why tag this textdefines what is is and what its functions are[Why tag this textthe purpose of the nervous system is that they carry neurons that are in charge of sending messages fast to other cells but at the same time recieve imformation from other cells[Why tag this textI somewhatknew how the nervous system works, that it picks up stimuli and sends signals throughout the body. Just amazing to think about how much actually happens in that split second between a stimuli being received and your body making whatever movement or signal that was sent out.[Why tag this textI always find anything to do with the Nervous system including the tissues really interesting because I myself have nerve damage in my left foot/ankle. Learning about nerves and what they do always makes me look because I get to know more about myself personally.[Why tag this textThis is important to learn about because without nervous tissue we wouldnt be able to do anything. Nervous tissue helps us move muscles by sending electrical signals to muscles so that they can contract. [Why tag this textnervous tissue was made communication. they use eletrical and chemical signals. glial cells protect and help the neurons. neurons sense the stimuli and they send coded information quickly to the other cells.[Why tag this textNervous tissues are used to send signals to the body using neurons. The neurons along with other cells sends signals to the brain which is coded to help the body. I learned the the signals are both electrical and chemically sent throughout the body. [Why tag this textThis is important to know the fundamentals of what Nervous tissue is and how it works in the body. Nervous tissue contains neurons and glial cells which help and protect the neurons in the body. When the neurons detect stimuli, they respond quickly and then transmit information to other cells. [Why tag this textThis defines nervous tissue and what is contained nervous tissues and how they function.[General-Do not useI tagged this because neurons are an essential part of the body. They are always firing, one cell to the next. I also like this passage just because it reminds me of the neuron song i learned in one of my high school psychology classes. This passage also makes me realize how complex a single electrical impulse is.[Why tag this textI remember learning about neurons in psychology and I find it interesting how nervous tissue communicates by electrical and chemical signals. The whole process of the communication is fascinating. [Why tag this textwithout nervous tissue we as humans would not be able to send important signals throughout our body and wouldn't be able to live.[Why tag this textNervous Tissue[Why tag this textThis is tagged because I thought it was important to know what the nervous system's role is in the human body. It transmit signals between different parts of the human body which makes us able to feel pain when injuried and so on. [Why tag this textIt introduces nervous tissue and breaks down what it consists of and how it contributes to the function of the body[Why tag this textit is truely amazing how fast our neurons can respond. Thank god for neurons, otherwise I would have some brutal burns! [Why tag this textAfter reading this I find it incredible that some nerve fibers reach so far that they can reach from our brainstem to our foot. I was also curious to know if this was one long continuation or if these are a bunch of little branches that meet up making a network?[Why tag this textI learned about nervous tissue in psychology, specifically in the brain, the chapter was on neuropsychology. I found this interesting because it talks about some of the same things like dendrites and axons.[Why tag this texti'm intersted how nervous system wotks [Why tag this textThese connections that working in the nerve systems, they help transfer energy and keeping the brain working by receiving signal and sending signal of message to other cell. [Why tag this textNervous tissue consists of nuerons.[Why tag this textIm curious as to find out how many nano seconds difference the nervous signals travel from toe to brain in a short person to a tall person. Does the nervous system make up for the height making their nervous system faster or how do these two system relate when it comes to signaling pain or other sensations.[Why tag this textI found this part important becausae it explains the main role that the nervous tissue plays in a persons body. Without a nevous tissue, I would not be about to create this post, which is a form of communication. [Why tag this textNervous tissue is made up of these things[Why tag this textThis action is what causes our bodies to react.[Why tag this textQuestion 2: Nervous tissue is composed of neurons or nerve cells and neuroglia or glial cells. Neurons are cells that can detect a stimuli and respond rapidly to other cells. Glial cells compose most of the volume of nervous tissue. These cells cannot transmit stimuli or signals but they do allow for protection, support, and general functions of the nervous system. Neurons are large cells with a rounded appearance. Glial cells are significantly smaller and do not have dendrites or axons.[Why tag this textLearned in high school bio and then again at uw waukesha. From learning about this in the past and being refreshed on this topic it is also helping me deal and understand what is going on with my grandmothers health now.[General-Do not useThese are the longest cells in the human body[Why tag this textNuerons needs assist? I find it cool that we have this system in our body that it's kinda like it's own society in us. And if they don't work, we would naturally die. [Why tag this textProtect from what exactly?[Why tag this textthe special function of nervous tissue - transmitting information throughout the body[Why tag this textThis process can happen as fast as 100 meters/second. [Why tag this textWhat happens to neurons when a person is having a seizure? I know the signals can't be transmitted; but why?[Why tag this textNeurons remind me of google search. No matter what, someone in the world is asking a question, or looking up an answer to something they forgot. This is what were doing when we think something, and the neuron is our google search.[Why tag this textEither that or there must be interference.[Why tag this textI find it fascinating how quickly a burn or prick to the finger can travel to the brain and then back to the starting area on the body.[Why tag this textIf your response to certain things isnt as fast as it should be does that mean your neurons arent functioning correctly?[Why tag this textNeurons are the [Why tag this textNeurons detect stimuli and respond quicly in the brain. So are neuron being created when we are learning and expanding our knowledge? This is also amazes me how fast they work to communicate signals. [Why tag this textRole of the neurons[Why tag this textIt is interesting to read the biological aspect of this process as I am also taking a psychology class and I am currently learning more of the effects can take place when things in this system have problems. [Why tag this textthis is the main part of the cell where everything is housed and it's where all of the controls happen.[Why tag this textgood info to know [Why tag this textThis is the most important, in my opinion, of the entire make up of the Nervous tissue With the neurosoma being the housing unit of the nucleus and organelles, it makes the genetic contro and protein synthesis occur. Definitely something that is needed for the tissue to function, again relating back to the defintion of physiology.[Why tag this textI tagged this because I never knew that neurosoma was the same as cell body. The cell body is the middle circle of the cell and very easy to see.[Why tag this textI am a psych major and I had multiple classes (dealing with physiological psychology) that were all about neurons and their functions. This section was definitely just a review for me which is a nice break![Why tag this textExplains parts of the neuron/nervous tissue cell that transmits nerve impulses throughout these structures of the cell[Why tag this textThis part of the text caught my attention because I've never heard or seen the term [Why tag this textI was taught to think of a neuron as our hand and arm. The dendrites are our fingers which recieves signals, our palm is the cell body and our arm is the axon, which sends the messages.[Why tag this textChristina
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several ways to examine the structure of the human body. The simplest is inspection?simply looking at the body's appearance, as in performing a physical examination or making a clinical diagnosis from surface appearance. Physical examinations also involve touching and listening to the body. Palpation1 means feeling a structure with the hands, such as palpating a swollen lymph node or taking a pulse. Auscultation2 (AWS-cul-TAY-shun) is listening to the natural sounds made by the body, such as heart and lung sounds. In percussion, the examiner taps on the body, feels for abnormal resistance, and listens to the emitted sound for signs of abnormalities such as pockets of fluid or air.But a deeper understanding of the body depends on dissection (dis-SEC-shun)?the careful cutting and separation of tissues to reveal their relationships. The very words anatomy3 and dissection4 both mean ?cutting apart?; until the nineteenth century, dissection was called ?anatomizing.?
The simplest is inspection-simply looking at the body's appearance, as in performing a physical examination or making a clinical diagnosis from surface appearance.
The simplest is inspection?simply looking at the body's appearance, as in performing a physical examination or making a clinical diagnosis from surface appearance. Physical examinations also involve touching and listening to the body. Palpation1 means feeling a structure with the hands, such as palpating a swollen lymph node or taking a pulse. Auscultation2 (AWS-cul-TAY-shun) is listening to the natural sounds made by the body, such as heart and lung sounds. In percussion, the examiner taps on the body, feels for abnormal resistance, and listens to the emitted sound for signs of abnormalities such as pockets of fluid or air.But a deeper understanding of the body depends on dissection (dis-SEC-shun)?the careful cutting and separation of tissues to reveal their relationships. The very words anatomy3 and dissection4 both mean ?cutting apart?; until the nineteenth century, dissection was called ?anatomizing.? In many schools of health science, one of the first steps in the training of students is dissection of the cadaver,5 a dead human body
The simplest is inspection?simply looking at the body's appearance, as in performing a physical examination or making a clinical diagnosis from surface appearance. Physical examinations also involve touching and listening to the body. Palpation1 means feeling a structure with the hands, such as palpating a swollen lymph node or taking a pulse. Auscultation2 (AWS-cul-TAY-shun) is listening to the natural sounds made by the body, such as heart and lung sounds. In percussion, the examiner taps on the body, feels for abnormal resistance, and listens to the emitted sound for signs of abnormalities such as pockets of fluid or air.But a deeper understanding of the body depends on dissection (dis-SEC-shun)?the careful cutting and separation of tissues to reveal their relationships. The very words anatomy3 and dissection4 both mean ?cutting apart?; until the nineteenth century, dissection was called ?anatomizing.? In many schools of health science, one of the first steps in the training of students is dissection of the cadaver,5 a dead human body (fig. 1.1). Many insights into human structure are obtained from comparative anatomy?the study of more than one species in order to examine structural similarities and differences and analyze evolutionary trends. Anatomy students often begin by dissecting other animals with which we share a common ancestry and many structural similarities. Many of the reasons for human structure become apparent only when we look at the structure of other animals.
But a deeper understanding of the body depends on dissection (dis-SEC-shun)-the careful cutting and separation of tissues to reveal their relationships. The very words anatomy3 and dissection4 both mean
I agree. I think most people get stuck on one or two of the examination processes. I have NEVER heard the term Auscultation used by any of the health care professionals I have worked with.[Why I tagged this]I have not heard them used either, but I especially found the them palpation interesting because I always thought that was the same as percussion (by action)[Why I tagged thisIt is interesting that there are several ways to examine the body and each way has thier own scientific name, which is very important to know each vocabulary word[Why I tagged thisImportant step in the multiple ways to examine anatomy.[Why I tagged thisThis passages answers the question of describing the several ways that you can study human anatomy. There is examing the suface of the body which is called inspection, there is also physical examing the body which is listening and touching the body, and for a more deeper understanding of the human anatomy there is dissection. Dissection is cutting into the body and learning/understanding the inner parts or functions of the body.[Why I tagged thisIt is interesting to me how just an examination of the outward appearance of a person can show you so much about their state of health. One is able to hear the heart and determine the structure of nerves based on a physical examination.[Why I tagged thisthis is a simple way of studying the human anatomy, As it states, just by looking at the body's appereance that can be a way to examine the outer layers of a human body. [Why I tagged thisWhen exactly would you use inspection vs another type of diagnosal method? It seems that this method would be the least useful and reliable for results.[Why I tagged thisAppearance is the first step in letting us know something is wrong.[Why I tagged thisThe few times that I have been to the doctor I am sure that most of the diagnosis is just by my walking in the door and looking at my physical appearance. It's a simple concept but still very important nonetheless.[Why I tagged thisStating which is the easiest way to examine the body. Inspection, which is viewing the bodys appearance and performing a physical examination[Why I tagged thisIspection as a way to examine the structure of the human body and is used by doctors and nurses when a person goes in for a check up. Doctors use a stethoscope to listen to the heart and lungs otherwise known as auscultation.[Why I tagged thisAnatomy is the physical appearence and structure of a part[Why I tagged thisThis is very true. Just think every time you go to the doctors. The first thing they do is exam your body from the outside. They check with palpation or their hands to feel bones and muscles. They listen or auscultations with their stethoscope. Most doctors can figure out what wrong with the human body on the outside before they have to make any cuts. [Why I tagged thisExplains one of the ways to study the structures of the body. I like the detail it gives to explain each action of examination. Examining by listening interests me![Why I tagged thisSeveral ways to examine the structure of the human body.some subdisciplines of human physiology[Why I tagged thisYou can examine the human body in many ways. Some ways you can do that is by:inspection where you look at the human body from the ouside, this is where a physical examinaion happens. These examinations involve touching someone's body and listening for sounds. Palpation is where you touch someone's skin. Auscultation is when you listen to someone's body for sounds like a heart beat or sounds in your lungs. and when you preform percussion that is where you find a reflux by tapping on the body.[Why I tagged thisThese are the ways of studying human anatomy.[Why I tagged thisQuestion 2listening to patient for heart murmur: auscultationstudying the microscopic structure of the liver:cytologymicroscopically examining liver tissue for signs of hepatitis: histopathologylearnign the blood vessels of a cadaver: exploratory surgeryperforming a breast self-examination: palpation[Why I tagged thisI tagged this because I find it important to know different ways to examine your body.[Why I tagged thistype of examination[Why I tagged thisThis explains the easiest, least intrusive way to study anatomy. It involves no invasive procedures and can give basic information while focusing on the outermost parts of the body. [Why I tagged thisform of inspecting the body[Why I tagged thisThis is the start of how we examine the body. By doing this, we can then get an idea of what to do next.[Why I tagged thisThis is what inspection is![Why I tagged thisFirst and most simple way to examine the body. [Why I tagged thisvery importent to see how you can examin the body. So that when your doctor says that you have to get certain exam done you know what he is talking about if he does not explain what it is.[Why I tagged thisTwo ways to examine the structure of hiuman body & an example of both[Why I tagged thisThe Body's Appearance is a huge role in determining initial decisions. [Why I tagged thisDermatologists, for instance, utilize this technique to diagnose and differentiate between various types of dermatitis. (This is perticularly interesting to me because I myself suffer from eczema and contact dermatitis, so being able to connect this diagnosis technique with what I experienced is helpful.)[Why I tagged thissecond type of exam[Why I tagged thisTouching and listening to the human body can lead to a possible diagnosis of abdominal obstruction or heart disfunctions. Being a CNA, we would take our residents blood pressures, pulse, and oxygen levels religiously. [Why I tagged thisThese are ways to look at the human body for inspection.[Why I tagged thisI tagged this to understand a deeper understanding of physical examinations. [Why I tagged thisits good to know that once the problem is noticed, you can began to narrow it down using these methods.[Why I tagged thisThese are the different forms of physical examination done and a brief explanation of what they entail[Why I tagged thisThese are well known/used terms in the medical field. Doctors use them on every physical and assessment of a patient. The best doctors know how to use these basic skills, instead of relying so heavily on imaging/radiology.[Why I tagged thisdef.[Why I tagged thisOne way to examine the body.[Why I tagged thisThis is what doctors do when you go for a check up. Palpation1 - New Term.[Why I tagged thisI think of palpation as heart palpations like the heart beating. It is interesting that is actually means feeling. How is heart palpation and [questionI taggedthis because my boyfriend has a swollen lymph node at the moment and as I was examining it and telling him that he is being dramatic, I also told him that the scientific/medical term for what I was doing was called palpation.[Why I tagged thisAnother way of getting to know if everything is normal or if something else needs to be done[Why I tagged thisQuestion 2: Palpation of the breasts would allow one to feel any irregularities or differneces in the breast tissue.[Why I tagged thisThis is Palpation[Why I tagged thisSimilarly, palpation techniques can be used to see if a Urinary Tract Infection has reached the kidneys by checking to see if the patient experiences pain with the contact over the location of the kidneys. (aka how my doctor knew an infection I had had ascended into my kidneys.)[Why I tagged thisThese are perhaps important vocabulary to understand and may be drawn upon in further descriptions as we continue into the book and the course. Forming an adequate understanding of vocabulary is advantageous for chapter quizzes or examinations. [Why I tagged thisDefinitions[Why I tagged thisI nver knew that there were certain words for these actions[Why I tagged thisExplains how touching and listening to the body are also done durning physical examinations. This section goes into great detail explaining how Palpation means feeling a structure on the body and Auscultation is listening to natural sounds made by the body. [Why I tagged thisThere are many different ways to study the structure of the human body. From simply looking at it, touching it, and hearing it.[Anatomy and PhysiologySpecific ways in which one can asses the anatomy of the body. [Why I tagged thisThese examiniation practices are ones I've witnessed my physician using whenever I have gone in for an examination/problem. Even without the use of major technology we are able to uncover things in ones anatomy that can lead to deeper research into ones physiology.[Why I tagged thisDifferent ways of examining anatomy and physiology.[Why I tagged thisExplains different types of physical examinations to make a diagnosis just off surface appearance.[Why I tagged thisTwo important ways of relating anatomy to the body. Palpation and Ausculation are both important of studying the body in an external way.[Why I tagged thisTypes of examinations for the body: relating to doctor vists and sicknesses[Why I tagged thisnatural sounds from the body[Why I tagged thisAnother way of examining the body. ex.) listening to the heart/lungs.[Why I tagged thisDone with a stethascope at a doctors office. Comparing to self experiences helps me remember. [Why I tagged thisAs people I think we forget that we can use all of our sences to help solve a problem. Within medical issues, I think we forget that listening to the sound may help diagnois, not just looking for something physical or even internal on a microscope.[Why I tagged thisQuestion 2: Ausculation allows one to listen the heart sounds and determine if a murmur is present.[Why I tagged thisI find this to be fascinating because I feel that because this happens continuously it is important to know the word that describes this. [Why I tagged thisThis is a vocab word I wasn't familiar with.[Why I tagged thisI think this is a great way to check for abnormalities in the body. I think that a great way to explain the logic of using sound as a way to examine a patient would be to compare it to when you hear you car making a diffrent sound that it never makes, obviously you would know something is not right,same as sounds in the human body.[Why I tagged thisI tagged this because I have never heard of it before, I just assumed medical professionals were always looking for something they could see, a reaction to someting in the body, i didnt know that specific sounds could give so much insight...very interesting![Why I tagged thisI have always found this interesting when I go to the doctor. How can you tell the difference between what is normal and abnormal? I have always wondered what the difference in sound is.[Why I tagged thisAuscultation meaning[Why I tagged thisIt's very important to notice what the body is trying to tell you.[Why I tagged thisPercussion- when the doctor taps on your knees during a visit to check for reflex. Or when he taps on your stomach.[Why I tagged thisThis reminded me of what my father always do to patients. He practiced back home and I always thought it was weird, but now I understand that he was tapping to hear possible signs of abnormality.[Why I tagged thisI think of drums when I hear this word, but It's exactly the same when they listen and tap on the body. I didn't know this word was used to define this.[Why I tagged thisAnother way to physically examine the body. Tapping, feeling for abnormalities.[Why I tagged thisThe body at touch giving resistance is an amazing phenomena[Why I tagged thisAbnormalties could also include enlargement of various internal organs such as the liver or heart.[Why I tagged thisThis is always good to notice when checking for common colds [Why I tagged thisDissection is an important part of anatomy and is a good way to study human anatomy. We will be able to identify different systems of the body by actually looking at them, pictures of them inside the body. these have been acquired by dissection. [Why I tagged thisDissection-the careful cutting and seperation of tissues to reveal their relationships [Why I tagged thisQuestion 2: Dissection would allow for learning the blood vessels of a cadaver and how they function in relation to surrounding tissues and organs.[Why I tagged thisThis was interesting to me because didn't think that dissection ment cutting and separation of tissues. [why i tagged this I can see why dissection is a way to more deply understand the body compared to palpation and auscultation because with dissection we get to see how the muscles are attached to the bones and their layering. With palpation and auscultation, we just get a feel from the outside of what is really happening on the inside.[Why I tagged thisCadavers are so mind blowing to me. It is awesome that some colleges are lucky enough to have the opportunity to learn, by dissection of the real thing. For me, this opportunity would be great, considering I am a very hands on learner. [Why I tagged thisMost of us have probably already done dissections in other science classes -- I remember seeing our teacher dissect a cow's eye back in 6th grade. Dissection is clearly an important part of learning about the body and thus an important part of this class. [Why I tagged thisRoy Lewis
Jungas
Lauren Gwidt
Xenyen
Paula
victor
Jonathan Rooney
Flees Robert John
andrew baker
dsstokes
Sarah
Paige Immel
Alyssa Tucker
Erin Griph
Hussain
lindsay krueger
Matthew Robert Schmidt
Riley Spitzig
sarah
Corianne
Chanel Anastas
MacKenzie
Sami
Melissa
Nicholas Bruno
Gabriela
Caitlin
Ian Borba
Alina Gur
Andrea Benson
Samantha Herron
Noelle
Danny Duong
Amanda Baxter
Jelena Ristic
Mackenzie DeClark
Kimberly Loney
Sarah Ertl
Jacob Balkum
TRAVIS
Kaitlynn
Stephanie
Emily
wagnera2
Hunter Resler
Amanda Bartosik
jess Tegelman
Justin Putterman
Jenna Nehls
Rebecca Hoefs
Alejandra Contreras
Roberto C. Bermejo
Elizabeth
Jourdan Richardson
Jerry S Yang
Rowley Alice Marie
Kirsten Majstorovic
Brittany
Christina Colarossi
Sophie
How much damage would happen to our bodies, mainly the legs if we did not have a meiscus at all? Would our bones be able to adapt to that type of situation?[Why tag this]The meniscus is very interesting to me because they have many important functions. Also, it seems that tearing a meniscus is a very common injury in sports.[Why tag thisWhat happens then when someone [Why tag thisWhat exactly is water in knee? Besides the operation game lol[operationThis would be why a torn meniscus could become a real problem in the ability of a person to move around. Withouth the stabilization of the knee joint, or the ability to absorb shock, the joint's movement would become increasingly painful and is at a significant risk for dislocation. Athletes who participate in activities that include torquing and jumping tend to be at a high risk for this type of injury. [Why tag thisMeniscus is needed in the knees because otherwise when we walk, the bones would rub against each otheer creating a lot of friction[Why tag thisHow do they absorb the shock and the pressure ?[Why tag thisWhen the meniscus is torn it can have long recovery process because obviously you use it every day. It then can be injured easily again. [Why tag thismeniscus is needed[Why tag thisBailey Johnson
Bonnie Watson
Tessa
Alina Gur
Brianna Brugger
Lauren Anthe
Grace
Amanda
Water, for example, has unique properties, but it can be broken down into two elements, hydrogen and oxygen, that have unique chemical properties of their own.
Water, for example, has unique properties, but it can be broken down into two elements, hydrogen and oxygen, that have unique chemical properties of their own.
Water, for example, has unique properties, but it can be broken down into two elements, hydrogen and oxygen, that have unique chemical properties of their own. If we carry this process any further, however, we find that hydrogen and oxygen are made of protons, neutrons, and electrons?and none of these are unique. A proton of gold is identical to a proton of oxygen. Hydrogen and oxygen are the simplest chemically unique components of water and are thus elements.
definition of element[Why tag this text]Water has very unique properies that make it the most abundant soluable. [Why tag this textIt is interesting that water has many different properties to it and that it can be used in so many ways[Why tag this textWater is made up of two chemical elements hydroen and oxygen[Why tag this textIt's hard to grasp sometimes that all living things or materials are made up of these three basic things; protons, neutrons, and electrons. If they were arranged in a certain way with a certain amount, you get a different element.[Why tag this textI found this information relatively interesting because I never knew much about chemistry and it really cleared up a lot of things for me. So I think I'm seeing a hierarchy here in a way. From matter to element to (protons, neutrons, and electrons). [Why tag this textHowever unlike protons and electrons a hydrogen atom in two different water molecules may not be the same. In one water molecule the hydrogens could have no neutrons in their cores, and in another water molecule, the hydrogens could have a neutron in their cores. So, the water molecules would have different properties. [Why tag this textSo, in order to keep them straight, consider it in terms of uniqueness. The simplest, but STILL UNIQUE are elements, i.e., All protons are the same, all neutrons are the same,but their various conbinations to form, for instance, Hydrogen are unique. Therefore, Hydrogen is an element. Good memory approach.[Why tag this textI already know what an element is, but I like the way that this discription for an element is repeated, and makes it clear that being chemically distinct is what makes it an element.[Why tag this textZawicki Sara Anne Marie
anambeg
Alexandra Schmit
Gee Seng Thao
Siva Chang
Matthew Robert Schmidt
jennifer lassiter
Joe Nimm
Africa to parts of Asia. Homo sapiens originated in Africa about 200,000 years ago and is the sole surviving hominid species.Our own species, Homo sapiens, has been notoriously difficult to define. Some authorities apply this name to various forms of ?archaic Homo? dated as far back as 600,000 years, whereas others limit it to anatomically modern humans no more than 200,000 years old. Several other species of Homo between Homo erectus and modern Homo sapiens have been named in recent decades; their naming, classification, and relationships are still a matter of considerable debate.
go over hominids, genus homo, homo erectus, homo sapiens...[Why I tagged this]Not only did I find this segment fascinating because of its brief explanation of our (homo sapiens') geographic origins, but because it brings up an interesting relationship between homo sapiens and homo erectus. It made me wonder if homo sapiens are the only remaining hominid species, what happened to homo erectus and the other hominids?[homoerectus #homosapiensIt is interesting to note that we all share common ancestors that originated in Africa and that our species spread throughout the world adapting more and more. [Why I tagged thisWe are an African species.[Why I tagged thisI have taken many anthropology classes and it still atounds me how long our species has been living. Most people do not realize this.[Why I tagged thisHow is Homo sapiens difficult to define?[Why I tagged thisI wonder why? and I didn't know we were called Homo sapiens[Why I tagged thisJacob
Jonathan Rooney
Bonnie Watson
Corianne
Amanda Bartosik
Maisey Mulvey
Kaitlynn
Statistical testing. If you tossed a coin 100 times, you would expect it to come up about 50 heads and 50 tails. If it actually came up 48:52, you would probably attribute this to random error rather than bias in the coin. But what if it came up 40:60? At what point would you begin to suspect bias?
Statistical testing. If you tossed a coin 100 times, you would expect it to come up about 50 heads and 50 tails. If it actually came up 48:52, you would probably attribute this to random error rather than bias in the coin. But what if it came up 40:60? At what point would you begin to suspect bias? This type of problem is faced routinely in research?how great a difference must there be between control and experimental groups before we feel confident that it was due to the treatment and not merely random variation? What if a treatment group exhibited a 12% reduction in cholesterol level and the placebo group a 10% reduction? Would this be enough to conclude that the treatment was effective?
A great way to eliminate bias from anyone because nobody know what anyone is taking[Why I tagged this]I feel like the double blind technique should be used in every research study. This is a great way to avoid influencing the outcomes of experiments. [Why I tagged thisUsing experimenter bias seems like the most accurate way to solve an experiment. The least amount of people know what is going on which prevents people from playing with the system.[Why I tagged thisI remember learning about this in Psychology and thinking this is such a good idea! That means that someone couldn't even give off facial expressions to give away an answer! [Comment Is this some type of psychological thing?[Why I tagged thisExperimenter bias: this is a completely anonymous study between the scientists and the patients to prevent biased and rigged experiments.[Why I tagged thisThis is interesting to me because clearly a coin can't be bias. However, how high you throw the coin up and how long it's up in the air, and how fast its going can also affect it. So I can see where the bias thing is coming from.[Kelly StahlStatistical testing[Why I tagged thisThis is important because it points out the importance of when do we consider data collected to be random and when do we consider it to be biased. When doing tests nothing can be biased otherwise it will effect the outcome of the results[Why I tagged thisJonathan Rooney
Lauren Thiel
Grace
Kenyetta
Jelena Ristic
Kelly Stahl
Melissa
Danny Duong
In The Descent of Man (1871), Darwin directly addressed the issue of human evolution and emphasized features of anatomy and behavior that reveal our relationship to other animals
In The Descent of Man (1871), Darwin directly addressed the issue of human evolution and emphasized features of anatomy and behavior that reveal our relationship to other animals.
In The Descent of Man (1871), Darwin directly addressed the issue of human evolution and emphasized features of anatomy and behavior that reveal our relationship to other animals. No understanding of human form and function is complete without an understanding of our evolutionary history.
No understanding of human form and function is complete without an understanding of our evolutionary history.Evolution, Selection, and Adaptation
Darwin's book!![Why I tagged this]Darwin did not have access to studying humans like he did animals, so he predicted the evolution of man similar to those of animals that are alike to humans.[Why I tagged thisMakes me wonder what types of evolution the human body will go through and has gone through in order to adapt to changing stimuli in the enviornment. [Why I tagged thisI did not know this! [Why I tagged thisSuch an important and largely controversial topic that changed how we viewed our own history, future and relationship to other animals as well as the history of other animals. It's is interesting to me that some people still deny this irrefutable fact.[Why I tagged thisThe theory of evolution is important to understand anatomy and how our bodies have developed over time, and why they are made the way they are and function the way they do.[Why I tagged thisI couldnt agree more. Without knowing what we came from and how we have evolved we cannot fully understand why and how we evolved. Without this understanding, it would basically be like examining a new species that seems to be very closely related.[Why I tagged thisWe can gain a better understanding of how things work from our predecessors[Why I tagged thisThis explains a lot and gives us understanding of our pgysiology. [Why I tagged thisJelena Ristic
Claire Silkaitis
Kaitlynn
Amanda Bartosik
Laura Kovach
Kimberly Loney
Flees Robert John
Bonnie Watson
Modern Western medicine began around the sixteenth century in the innovative minds of such people as the anatomist Andreas Vesalius and the physiologist William Harvey.
Modern Western medicine began around the sixteenth century in the innovative minds of such people as the anatomist Andreas Vesalius and the physiologist William Harvey. Andreas Vesalius (1514?64) taught anatomy in Italy. In his time, the Catholic Church relaxed its prohibition against cadaver dissection, primarily to allow autopsies in cases of suspicious death.
Modern Western medicine began around the sixteenth century in the innovative minds of such people as the anatomist Andreas Vesalius and the physiologist William Harvey. Andreas Vesalius (1514?64) taught anatomy in Italy. In his time, the Catholic Church relaxed its prohibition against cadaver dissection, primarily to allow autopsies in cases of suspicious death. Furthermore, the Italian Renaissance created an environment more friendly to innovative scholarship. Dissection gradually found its way into the training of medical students throughout Europe. It was an unpleasant business, however, and most professors considered it beneath their dignity. In those days before refrigeration or embalming, the odor from the decaying cadaver was unbearable. Dissections were conducted outdoors in a nonstop 4-day race against decay. Bleary medical students had to fight the urge to vomit, lest they incur the wrath of an overbearing professor. Professors typically sat in an elevated chair, the cathedra, reading dryly in Latin from Galen or Aristotle while a lower-ranking barber?surgeon removed putrefying organs from the cadaver and held them up for the students to see. Barbering and surgery were considered to be ?kindred arts of the knife?; today's barber poles date from this era, their red and white stripes symbolizing blood and bandages.
Two more important people that I should remember and know about when talking about Modern Western medicine[Why I tagged this]Another example of different countries and cultures independently finding out there own insights on medicine[Why I tagged thisBeginning of Modern Medicine.[Why I tagged thisWhen western medicine began. The catholic church finally lifted some restrictions on cadaver dissection and people were more friendly towards science.[Why I tagged thisstart of modern medicine in the west: 1500s[Why I tagged thisAs time periods change so do peoples ehtical beliefs about dissecting human cadavers. Already modern western medicine is changing.[Why I tagged thisShowed when western medicine began and how the religeious community settled down. [Why I tagged thiswestern medicine- Allowing cadaver dissection made the study of anatomy and physiology possible, but was first limited by the catholic church. I found this extremely interesting, especially learning about the barber pole![Why I tagged thisNicholas Bruno
Mia Breidenbach
Corianne
dsstokes
Justin Rosinski
Ashley Wiedmeyer
Ventral Layer 1 (most superficial). All remaining intrinsic muscles are on the ventral (inferior) aspect of the foot or between the metatarsal bones. They are grouped in four layers (fig. 10.42). Dissecting into the foot from the plantar surface, one first encounters a tough fibrous sheet, the plantar aponeurosis, between the skin and muscles. It diverges like a fan from the calcaneus to the bases of all the toes, and serves as an origin for several ventral muscles. The ventral muscles include the stout flexor digitorum brevis on the midline of the foot, with four tendons that supply all digits except the hallux. It is flanked by the abductor digiti minimi laterally and the abductor hallucis medially.
Are the muscles that control the smaller toes coming from the bottom of the foot? [Why Tag This]Hallucis is easy to remember because Hallucis always goes to the big toe (1st metatarsal).[Why Tag Thishow are the different ventral layers connected to eachother. they are stacked but what keeps them stacked? are fascicles responsible for this?[Why Tag ThisI didnt really find thid paragraph that helpful and or useful[Why Tag ThisAre these the muscles that play a part in when your foot/toes cramp up and is extremely painful??[Why Tag Thisit is interesting that the foot has so many muscles.[Why Tag ThisWhy are some people have [Why Tag Thisintrinsic muscles have four layers in the foot; ventral layer 1[Why Tag ThisIs there a specific muscle in the foot that is the cause of toes cramping or could all of these muscles potentially cramp up a toe?[Why Tag ThisAwlareau
Thomas Hensler
Lauren Anthe
Caitlin
eric voelker
Sami
Alyssa Harmes
Bailey Johnson
He believed that diseases and other natural events could have either supernatural causes,
He believed that diseases and other natural events could have either supernatural causes, which he called theologi, or natural ones, which he called physici or physiologi.
natural ones, which he called physici or physiologi. We derive such terms as physician and physiology from the latter. Until the nineteenth century, physicians were called ?doctors of physic.? In his anatomy book, On the Parts of Animals, Aristotle tried to identify unifying themes in nature. Among other points, he argued that complex structures are built from a smaller variety of simple components
In his anatomy book, On the Parts of Animals, Aristotle tried to identify unifying themes in nature. Among other points, he argued that complex structures are built from a smaller variety of simple components?a perspective that we will find useful later in this chapter.
Aristotle's contribution[Why I tagged this]This is very interesting to me. It amazes me that most people used to believe that witches or demons possesed them. Now if you were to believe this, you would be considered crazy[Why I tagged thisHe had revolutionary ideas of linking disease with nature without being too radical and ignoring the supernatural. I wonder if people would have dismissed him completely if he hadn't included the theologi in his theories. [Why I tagged thisAristotle ... believed in more of the spiritual healing[Why I tagged thisAristotle is another important figure in early medicine. His word [Why I tagged thisAristotle's contribution to modern thinking.[Why I tagged thisHis theory[Why I tagged thisEducated and important thought for his time.[Why I tagged thiscan be used in a basis of cells making up tissues, tissues making up organs, organs making up organ sysyems, and organ systems making up the organism.[Why I tagged thisBrianna Brugger
Sophie
Jelena Ristic
Mia Breidenbach
Corianne
Amanda Bartosik
Nicholas Bruno
There are about 600 muscles in the human muscular system, but we survey fewer than one-third of them in this chapter, and most introductory courses cover even fewer.
There are about 600 muscles in the human muscular system, but we survey fewer than one-third of them in this chapter, and most introductory courses cover even fewer. The study of this system is called myology.1 The word muscle2 means ?little mouse,? apparently referring to the appearance of muscles rippling under the skin.
What are some of the least studied muscules?[Why tag this]600 muscles?! How do people know all of the muscles? Do we need to memorize all of the muscles in the book? If so what are some tips to doing so?[Why tag thisI thought that the 206 bones in the body were an incredibly big number to think about, but I never knew that there were 600 muscles.[Why tag thisI didn't know that we had this many different types of muscles in are body and i didn't think it was possible.[Why tag this text?I find this to be interesting because I never knew that a human had 600 muscles until reading this.[Why tag thisThe number of muscles are in a human body amazes me. [Why tag thisDo we use all of these muscles or just some of them a day?[Why tag this text?What. So out of the 600 muscles in the body, I don't think i would have thought we had that many...... & we only learn 1/3.... This interesting I would have thought that we were going to over all of the muscles within our body. Im assuming that the ones we do cover are the most important when compared to the others not covered.[Why tag thisDoesn't this vary for different people?[Why tag thiskrista
Nicholas Bruno
Anadin Bunic
Jasmin James
Bailey Johnson
maria lira
Maisey Mulvey
Anatomists, surgeons, and students must be constantly aware of how much one body can differ from another.
Anatomists, surgeons, and students must be constantly aware of how much one body can differ from another. A quick look around any classroom is enough to show that no two humans are exactly alike; on close inspection, even identical twins exhibit differences. Yet anatomy atlases and textbooks can easily give the impression that everyone's internal anatomy is the same.
Anatomists, surgeons, and students must be constantly aware of how much one body can differ from another. A quick look around any classroom is enough to show that no two humans are exactly alike; on close inspection, even identical twins exhibit differences. Yet anatomy atlases and textbooks can easily give the impression that everyone's internal anatomy is the same. This simply is not true. Books such as this one can teach you only the most common structure?the anatomy seen in about 70% or more of people. Someone who thinks that all human bodies are the same internally would make a very confused medical student or an incompetent surgeon.
Anatomists, surgeons, and students must be constantly aware of how much one body can differ from another. A quick look around any classroom is enough to show that no two humans are exactly alike; on close inspection, even identical twins exhibit differences. Yet anatomy atlases and textbooks can easily give the impression that everyone's internal anatomy is the same. This simply is not true. Books such as this one can teach you only the most common structure?the anatomy seen in about 70% or more of people. Someone who thinks that all human bodies are the same internally would make a very confused medical student or an incompetent surgeon.Some people lack certain organs. For example, most of us have a palmaris longus muscle in the forearm and a plantaris muscle in the leg, but these are absent from others. Most of us have five lumbar vertebrae (bones of the lower spine), but some people have six and some have four. Most of us have one spleen and two kidneys, but some have two spleens or only one kidney. Most kidneys are supplied by a single renal artery and are drained by one ureter, but some have two renal arteries or ureters. Figure 1.8 shows some common variations in human anatomy, and Deeper Insight 1.2 describes a particularly dramatic and clinically important variation.
Important to note that not every body is set up the same, this could have clinical impact when making decisions for a patient.[Why I tagged this]even though we may all look the same, we are all different[Why I tagged thisno body is the same, they all differ in some way.[Why I tagged thisQuestion 4: It is not sufficient to analyze just one cadaver because each individual differs. One could get the wrong idea because the cadaver that they evaluate may be vastly different in muscle length, organ content, or even blood supply. Evaluating multiple cadavers is essential for a full and complete understanding of human anatomy.[Why I tagged thisI think that this will always be something to keeep and mind. we are all so diffrent and are made diffrently. we should never assume one thing will work for everyone.[Why I tagged thisThis is extrememly important to understand if one wants to become a medical doctor. Since so many components make up the human body, it would be ludicrous to think every body is going to by anatomically and physiologically [Why I tagged thisI thought this was important because it points out the fact of anatomical variation and the importance of understanding that no two people are the same especially for those pursueing a medical career[Why I tagged thisI find this important because most of us forget that our human bodies are not the same. We are very similular but we are not the same. we are all special in some way.[Why I tagged thisAnother good point for us to learn before we get into the health care profession. [Why I tagged thisFlees Robert John
lindsay krueger
Sarah Ertl
Roberto C. Bermejo
Amanda Bartosik
Danny Duong
sarah
Justin Rosinski
Protons (p+) have a single positive charge and neutrons (n0) have no charge. Each proton or neutron weighs approximately 1 atomic mass unit (amu), defined as one-twelfth the mass of an atom of carbon-12. The atomic mass of an element is approximately equal to its total number of protons and neutrons.
Around the nucleus are one or more concentric clouds of electrons (e-), tiny particles with a single negative charge and very low mass. It takes 1,836 electrons to equal 1 amu, so for most purposes we can disregard their mass. A person who weighs 64 kg (140 lb) contains less than 24 g (1 oz) of electrons. This hardly means that we can ignore electrons, however. They determine the chemical properties of an atom, thereby governing what molecules can exist and what chemical reactions can occur. The number of electrons equals the number of protons, so their charges cancel each other and an atom is electrically neutral.
Atoms are the basic building blocks, they contain a nucleus which has protons and neutrons. Protons are positive, neutrons have no charge. Electrons circle the nucleus and have a negative charge. There are electron shells, or energy levels. The outermost level has valence electrons. [Why tag this text]This helped me understand how they get the atomic number. My question is how do the electrons play a role in the nucleus?[Why tag this textHow do you weigh them?[Why tag this textAtomic mass= total protons and neutrons[Why tag this textI found this important because by remembering this, you will always know what an elements atomic mass is.[Why tag this textit may help me to understand the chemical staff [Why tag this textFor me this is extremely interesting because it shows how important every part of our body is down to something as small as an electron. Amazing to think that something as small as electrons can have such a huge effect on all of our bodies functions! They are the component that controls molecules and chemical reaction yet they are hardly even measurable. [Why tag this textalthough the mass of an electron is so tiny you can basically disregard them when calcualating the mass of an atom. They are still very important in that they are what determine the chemical properties of an atom.[Why tag this textElectons location and function[Why tag this textLauren Thiel
Sami
Stephanie
Leonard Wilkerson
Hussain
Zachary Garrity
Nicholas Bruno
Alexandra Schmit
if protein means of first importance than are vegitarians unhealthy protein wise? I know that there are other sources of protein other than in meats, but meat is the most prominent source. [Why tag this text]I highlighted this because proteins are the third organic molecule that we will be learning about in this section.[Why tag this textI never realised how much i had underestimated and underappreciated the value of proteins. I had always really jsut thought about protein as the stuff in meat that helps you muscles grow. I never realized how diverse the functions of proteins are and how big of a part they play in all of our bodies functions.[Why tag this textI did not know the actual meaning of protein so seeing this just makes so sense in many aspects.[Why tag this textReading this made me think of all the vegetarians and vegans out there. Not that I have anything against you, I just don't understand how you can consume the proteins our bodies need, hence they're the most versatile molecule in the body. And with that, I believe it'd be extremely difficult for me to obtain the amount of protein I need to function without eating high sources of natural proteins. Which are mainly contributed by meats and animal products that vegans and vegetarians don't eat. Again not that I have anything against you I'm just curious. [Why tag this textProteins have more diverse functions that other macromolecules. Interesting that from the Greek word proteios means of first importance, becuase protein is very important for our bodies. Protiens are the most versatile molecules in the body. [Why tag this textProteins play roles in DNA, muscles, and plenty of other things.[General-Do not usebeginning section about proteins/amino acids and why they are important[Why tag this textLauren Thiel
Kristofer Schroeckenthaler
Jasmin James
Hauser Joseph Alan
Anisa Janko
Cody Andrews
Jonathan Lowe
The processes of membrane transport described up to this point do not necessarily require a cell membrane; they can occur as well through artificial membranes.
The processes of membrane transport described up to this point do not necessarily require a cell membrane; they can occur as well through artificial membranes.
The processes of membrane transport described up to this point do not necessarily require a cell membrane; they can occur as well through artificial membranes. Now, however, we come to processes for which a cell membrane is necessary, because they employ transport proteins, or carriers. Thus, the next three processes are classified as carrier-mediated transport. In these cases, a solute binds to a carrier in the plasma membrane, which then changes shape and releases the solute to the other side. Carriers can move substances into or out of a cell, and into or out of organelles within the cell. The process is very rapid; for example, one carrier can transport 1,000 glucose molecules per second across the membrane.
Carrier Mediated:Requires membrane [need integral proteins] because a solute attaches to a carrier in the plasma membrane. Carriers move substances in/out of the cell. Carriers bind to a specific site, carriers are specific, carriers can be saturated. Carriers do NOT chemically change their ligands, they just pick them up and move them. Three types:Uniports: One type of solute, one actionCotransport:Move 2+ solutes through a membrane at the same time, in the same direction, done by symportAntiports; Move 2+ solutes at the same time in different directions. NA/K pump. Three methods: Facilitated diffusion, primary active transport, secondary active transport. [Why tag this text]I never knew that there was such a thing as an artificial membrane and I am surprised that it can replace ir mimic a real one.[Why tag this textso they can occur in fake membranes?[Why tag this textcarrier-mediated transport[Why tag this textQuestion 2: Carrier-Mediated Transport. The changing for shape allows for the solute to be released to the other side of the membrane.[Why tag this textThis confuses me. What do they mean by artificial membrane? Hand made or does the body [Why tag this textcan an artificial membrane process the same thing?[Why tag this textCarrier- mediated transport requires a solute to bind to a carrier in the plasma membrane. The carriers move substance into or out of cell and into or out of organelles within cell. [Why tag this textCarrier mediated membrane transport, I assume is synnymous with active transport because of its use of molecular energy (ATP). Correct?[Why tag this textMadeline
Lauren Anthe
Alyssa Harmes
Sarah Ertl
shelby
Stephanie
Alina Gur
Achondroplastic dwarfism results from a spontaneous mutation that can arise any time DNA is replicated.
Achondroplastic dwarfism results from a spontaneous mutation that can arise any time DNA is replicated. Two people of normal height with no family history of dwarfism can therefore have a child with achondroplastic dwarfism.
Achondroplastic dwarfism results from a spontaneous mutation that can arise any time DNA is replicated. Two people of normal height with no family history of dwarfism can therefore have a child with achondroplastic dwarfism. The mutant allele is dominant, so the children of a heterozygous achondroplastic dwarf have at least a 50% chance of exhibiting dwarfism, depending on the genotype of the other parent.
chondroplastic dwarfism results from a spontaneous mutation that can arise any time DNA is replicated. Two people of normal height with no family history of dwarfism can therefore have a child with achondroplastic dwarfism. The mutant allele is dominant, so the children of a heterozygous achondroplastic dwarf have at least a 50% chance of exhibiting dwarfism, depending on the genotype of the other parent.Addition_and_deletion_mutations
This is interesting because if I never learned about this I would assume her parents have Achondroplactic Dwarfisum as well, or atleast one of them. I never knew this could happen to a normal height couple!![Why I tagged this]This is facinating because I have a friend with Achondroplastic dwarfism. He comes from a family of average parents and has only average brothers. I never new that this was generally fom a mutation and not typically passed from parents.[Why I tagged thisI find this really interesting. One of my brother's friends has an older brother with dwarfism. Both of his parents are of normal height and I always wondered how that could happen since he's the only one in his family with it.[Why I tagged thisI always thought that dwarfism was genetic[Why I tagged thisNever would have guessed that the mutant gene for dwarfism is actually a dominant gene. So if you have it your children will have atleast a 50% chance of also having dwarfism.[Why I tagged thisI find it interesting how Achondroplastic dwarfism can result from a spontaneous mutation. I find DNA mutations interesting. One mutation in DNA can make a great difference, like Achondroplastic dwarfism. [Why I tagged thisSo, it could be inherited. But can the probabilities of this be determined early? If so, what could be done to prevent this?[Why I tagged thisWhat interests me about this is that it raises a completely new question for me. If there can be a problem in bone growth is such things as dwarfism is there an opposite problem/mutation where peoples bones would grow to much or to long? If so what would the effects be on the body? [Why I tagged thisStephen Minakian
Kristin Basche
Brianna Brugger
Nicholas Bruno
Kristen
Elvia Rivas
Zachary Garrity
Why is a meniscus unnecessary in an interphalangeal joint?
n a few synovial joints, fibrocartilage grows inward from the joint capsule and forms a pad between the articulating bones. In the jaw (temporomandibular) joint, at both ends of the clavicle (sternoclavicular and acromioclavicular joints), and between the ulna and carpal bones, the pad crosses the entire joint capsule and is called an articular disc (see fig. 9.23c). In the knee, two cartilages extend inward from the left and right but do not entirely cross the joint (see fig. 9.29d). Each is called a meniscus12 because of its crescent shape. These cartilages absorb shock and pressure, guide the bones across each other, improve the fit between the bones, and stabilize the joint, reducing the chance of dislocation.
This is very crazy how things are all connected to take care of the bones and how to get the bones together. [Why tag this]what happens if the synovial fluid leaks and gets to other parts of the body?[Why tag thisWhat happens when there is debris in the joint cavity? Is that what causes crippling?[Why tag thisfibroblast-like cells that secrete fluid[Why tag thiscomposed mainly of fibroblast-like cells that secrete the fluid[Why tag thisThese cartilages absorb shock and pressure, guide the bones across each other, improve the fit between the bones, and stabilize the joint, reducing the chance of dislocation[Why tag thisBecause it is only need when there is alot of weight and range of motion, where shock and pressure need to be absorbed.[Why tag thisFibrocartiladge may form between bones in the synovial joints for padding if abrasion is an issue.[Why tag thisHow is the [Why tag thisBrianna Brugger
Ashley McBain
Justin Putterman
Brittany Nycz
Senny Xiong
Erin Griph
Michael Franzini
At least one root (stem) that bears the core meaning of the word. In cardiology, for example, the root is cardi- (heart). Many words have two or more roots. In cardiomyopathy, for example, the roots are cardi- (heart), my- (muscle), and path- (disease). Combining vowels that are often inserted to join roots and make the word easier to pronounce. In cardiomyopathy, each o is a combining vowel. Although o is the most common combining vowel, all vowels of the alphabet are used in this way, such as a in ligament, e in vitreous, i in fusiform, u in ovulation, and y in tachycardia. Some words, such as intervertebral, have no combining vowels. A combination of a root and combining vowel is called a combining form; for example, chrom- (color) + o (a combining vowel) make the combining form chromo-, as in chromosome. A prefix may be present to modify the core meaning of the word. For example, gastric (pertaining to the stomach or to the belly of a muscle) takes on a variety of new meanings when prefixes are added to it: epigastric (above the stomach), hypogastric (below the stomach), endogastric (within the stomach), and digastric (a muscle with two bellies).
At least one root (stem) that bears the core meaning of the word. In cardiology, for example, the root is cardi- (heart). Many words have two or more roots. In cardiomyopathy, for example, the roots are cardi- (heart), my- (muscle), and path- (disease). Combining vowels that are often inserted to join roots and make the word easier to pronounce. In cardiomyopathy, each o is a combining vowel. Although o is the most common combining vowel, all vowels of the alphabet are used in this way, such as a in ligament, e in vitreous, i in fusiform, u in ovulation, and y in tachycardia. Some words, such as intervertebral, have no combining vowels. A combination of a root and combining vowel is called a combining form; for example, chrom- (color) + o (a combining vowel) make the combining form chromo-, as in chromosome. A prefix may be present to modify the core meaning of the word. For example, gastric (pertaining to the stomach or to the belly of a muscle) takes on a variety of new meanings when prefixes are added to it: epigastric (above the stomach), hypogastric (below the stomach), endogastric (within the stomach), and digastric (a muscle with two bellies). Page 21 A suffix may be added to the end of a word to modify its core meaning. For example, microscope, microscopy, microscopic, and microscopist have different meanings because of their suffixes alone. Often two or more suffixes, or a root and suffix, occur together so often that they are treated jointly as a compound suffix; for example, log (study) + y (process) form the compound suffix -logy (the study of).
Part one of the context of forming or spliting up a term to understand what it means.[Why I tagged this]This is important to understand because it will make it easier to understand what that unknow term might be. [Why I tagged thisThe basic rules for breaking down and understanding the formation and meaning of anatomical words, which is the most important skill in understanding the material[Why I tagged thisThis is important because it explains the breakdown of how medical terminology is used to form words and gives examples of what they mean[Why I tagged thisthe root or stem of the word tells its meaning, and often many root words are combined[Why I tagged thisroof means main meaing of the word[Why I tagged thisThis is a concept that we will continue to see in the future. Learning all of the different prefixes and suffixes will definitely make thing easier when studying vocab.[Why I tagged thisTHis is important to remember so when more terms come up you will be able to extinguish the root eaiser[Why I tagged thisI highlighted this because it explains the components of medical terms and how words are formed[Why I tagged thisJustin Rosinski
Brendan Semph
Danny Duong
Amanda Baxter
lindsay krueger
Alejandra Contreras
Jungas
Caitlin
Centrioles
Centrioles A centriole (SEN-tree-ole) is a short cylindrical assembly of microtubules, arranged in nine groups of three microtubules each (fig. 3.32). Two centrioles lie perpendicular to each other within a small clear area of cytoplasm called the centrosome41 (see fig. 3.5). They play a role in cell division, described in chapter 4. Each basal body of a flagellum or cilium is a single centriole oriented perpendicular to the plasma membrane. Basal bodies originate in a centriolar organizing center and migrate to the plasma membrane.
Centrioles A centriole (SEN-tree-ole) is a short cylindrical assembly of microtubules, arranged in nine groups of three microtubules each (fig. 3.32). Two centrioles lie perpendicular to each other within a small clear area of cytoplasm called the centrosome41 (see fig. 3.5). They play a role in cell division, described in chapter 4. Each basal body of a flagellum or cilium is a single centriole oriented perpendicular to the plasma membrane. Basal bodies originate in a centriolar organizing center and migrate to the plasma membrane. Two microtubules of each triplet then elongate to form the nine pairs of peripheral microtubules of the axoneme. A cilium can grow to its full length in less than an hour.
I've heard about them but i didn't know what they are [Why tag this text]an assembly of microtubules, arranged in nine groups of three microtubules[General-Do not usecentrioles - play a roll in cell division[Why tag this textQuestion 2: Cell ComponentsNucleus: is the largest organelle in a cell and is usually the only one visible with a light microscope. The function is to contain the cells DNA and RNA.Mitochondria: are organelles specialized for synthesizing ATP. The come in a variety of shapes including spheroidal, rod-shaped, kidney-shaped, and threadlike.Lysosomes: is a package of enzymes bounded by a single unit membrane. They function in hydrolysis of proteins, nucleic acids, complex carbohydrates, phospholipids and others.Centriole: is a short cylindrical assembly of microtubules and are arranged in nine groups of three microtubules. They function in cell division.[Why tag this texti wonder why there is so many groups related to one organelle[Why tag this textIm confused on what a centriole actually is?[Why tag this textA centriole is the individual shrt cyclinder looking assembly made of microtubles. [Why tag this text1) Is this only in the cells of the liver or do all cells of the body perform this function 2)Are we going to have to be able to identify peroxisomes and lysosomes by sight? 3) really have to admire the beauty in nature sometimes... What is the relationship between the centrioles form and its function? Is there a specific reason for this particular design? [Why tag this textRachel Feivor
Alyssa Harmes
Sarah Ertl
Lauren Anthe
Maisey Mulvey
Stephanie
Kristofer Schroeckenthaler
Although the knee can bear a lot of weight, it is highly vulnerable to rotational and horizontal stress, especially when the knee is flexed (as in skiing or running) and receives a blow from behind or from the side.
Although the knee can bear a lot of weight, it is highly vulnerable to rotational and horizontal stress, especially when the knee is flexed (as in skiing or running) and receives a blow from behind or from the side. The most common injuries are to a meniscus or the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) (fig. 9.30). Knee injuries heal slowly because ligaments and tendons have a scanty blood supply and cartilage usually has no blood vessels at all.
I am a semi-truck loader at UPS and I experience this issue all of the time. There are many of times where I turn in a weird fashion and hurt my knee. Sometimes it even pops and causes extreme pain. [Why tag this]This is the same as with the ankle joint. The joint receives more stress when it is plantarflexed. A 90 degree angle can cause hard and more stress to the joint and the ligaments in general.[Why tag thisInteresting to read about knee injuries and torn ACL. I have four cousins who played soccer and all tore their ACL's and had surgery. I luckily never have had an injury playing football instead.[Why tag thisi knew this because i play rugby and i have hyper expteded ligaments and a number of other things to my knees.[Why tag thisThis would explain why when athletes injure thier acl, it is so devastating. Especially when the injury happens to a certain athlete more than once, it seems to be career ending most times.[Why tag thisWhile playing high school football, I have seen several of these similar injuries.[Why tag thisI think it's interesting that the knee is vulnerable to rotational and horizontal stress. Like the picture below, it reminds me of watching football, or another sport, and seeing someone injure their knee. [Why tag thisThis is interesting to reas because being a soccer and lax player I have seen a lot of people tear thir ACL and never really understood where the ACL was and how come it was so hard to heal. [Why tag thisI can relate to this because this one time I was playing volleyball and when i jumped to spike the ball, I landed wrong and heard a tear in my knee. After that I wasn't able to walk normally and had pain everytime I lifted my knee up. It me a couple weeks before I could walk normally again.[Why tag thisCassie Marsh
Nicholas Bruno
Holland
Ashley Parker
David
Kristen
shelby
payoua
Organelles13
Organelles13 are microscopic structures in a cell that carry out its individual functions
Organelles13 are microscopic structures in a cell that carry out its individual functions.
Organelles13 are microscopic structures in a cell that carry out its individual functions. Examples include mitochondria, centrioles, and lysosomes.
Organelles13 are microscopic structures in a cell that carry out its individual functions. Examples include mitochondria, centrioles, and lysosomes.Organelles and other cellular components are composed of molecules. The largest molecules, such as proteins, fats, and DNA, are called macromolecules. A molecule is a particle composed of at least two atoms, the smallest particles with unique chemical identities.
importent to know what the studt of cells is called and what they are alone with what they mean to us today[Why I tagged this]Organelles[Why I tagged thislevel 5.[Why I tagged thisThese contribute to cell function, which futher helps humans develop.[Why I tagged thisorganelles are made of molecules[Why I tagged thisOrganelles are most commonly found in a large system of the body: blood. They play a vital role in producing blood and synthesizing the components required to produce it. [Why I tagged thisOrganelle def[Why I tagged thisI thought this was important because they explain and give examples of organelles and that they are composed of molecules and then what the molecules are composed of[Why I tagged thisMelissa
Jelena Ristic
Lauren Gwidt
lindsay krueger
Corianne
Alina Gur
Amie Emrys
Danny Duong
Clinical and legal criteria of life differ from these biological criteria. A person who has shown no brain waves for 24 hours, and has no reflexes, respiration, or heartbeat other than what is provided by artificial life support, can be declared legally dead. At such time, however, most of the body is still biologically alive and its organs may be useful for transplant.
How can evolution not be seen in one invidual before another if people are dieing and being born at different rates?[Why I tagged this]definition- nonliving things cannot evolve, nor can any individual living thing. evolution only occurs in organism populations.[Why I tagged thisEnvironmental changes has a big effect on people's evolution. because once a change happen to the environment people should adapt to it in order to live and reproduce. thus the next generation will be affected by this change. [Why I tagged thisI am confused on how mutations cause changes in DNA's structure. [Why I tagged thisI've heard numerous arguments over the topic of Macro versus Micro evolution. How does the fact that no single individual evolves over the course of its own lifetime fit into that debate? Is this evolution simply speaking in terms of microevolutionary advancements, or in any advancement what so ever? [Why I tagged thisI didnt know that if there were no brainwaves fro 24 hrs a person could be declared legally dead, and that clinical criteria for life differ from biological.[Why I tagged thisLegally dead criteria[Why I tagged thisThis is a complicated subject. How can we differentiate? [Why I tagged thisQuestion 1: Four biological criteria are; organization, cellular composition, metabolism, and homeostasis. An example of clinical critera is respiration. A person whom is on artifical life support where they have no brain function or respiration is still considered biologically alive as their organs can be used for transplants.[Why I tagged thisAmanda Baxter
lujain
Lauren Thiel
Alina Gur
Riley Spitzig
Amie Emrys
Bonnie Watson
Sarah Ertl
As new keratinocytes are formed, they push the older ones toward the surface. In 30 to 40 days, a keratinocyte makes its way to the skin surface and then flakes off. This migration is slower in old age and faster in skin that has been injured or stressed. Injured epidermis regenerates more rapidly than any other tissue in the body. Mechanical stress from manual labor or tight shoes accelerates keratinocyte multiplication and results in calluses or corns, thick accumulations of dead keratinocytes on the hands or feet.
I sneeze uncontrollably around [Why tag this text]it is so weird to think that the dust or air we breath in at our home are in fact our dead skin cells in the air[Why tag this textI hightlighted this beacuse it is important to see the large job Keratinocytes have. I also think it is interesting to see how the dead skin cells fall off of us and our replaced each month. [Why tag this textWhen I read this I thought about dust and cleaning. As humans we don't even think about the skin that is always flaking off. This is why all people just be regularly cleaning their sheets on their beds and dusting their homes.[Why tag this textIt is always interesting on how the layers of skin is form from keratinocytes and how fast it is replaced. [Why tag this textInteresting to know how fast keratinocytes produce new cells in different situations.[Why tag this textsuch a fast process.[Why tag this textAgain, I am an esthetician, so I know everything there is to know about skin. We say the process from cell birth to death and flaking off is 6 weeks (close enough). The theory of injured skin regenerating more quickly is a major reason why boxers have such wonderful, young looking skin! There are multiple skin care products out there (retin-A being the number 1) that increase cell turnover (time from birth to death) which helps our skin stay [Why tag this textHow sores heal[Why tag this textLauren Anthe
Lauren Thiel
Jenna Nehls
xuntao
Erin Griph
Jelena Ristic
Heather Archibald
The vocal cords,
The vocal cords, suspensory ligament of the penis, and some ligaments of the vertebral column are made of a type of dense regular connective tissue called elastic tissue
The vocal cords, suspensory ligament of the penis, and some ligaments of the vertebral column are made of a type of dense regular connective tissue called elastic tissue.
The vocal cords, suspensory ligament of the penis, and some ligaments of the vertebral column are made of a type of dense regular connective tissue called elastic tissue. In addition to the densely packed collagen fibers, it exhibits branching elastic fibers and more fibroblasts
The vocal cords, suspensory ligament of the penis, and some ligaments of the vertebral column are made of a type of dense regular connective tissue called elastic tissue. In addition to the densely packed collagen fibers, it exhibits branching elastic fibers and more fibroblasts. The fibroblasts have larger, more conspicuous nuclei than seen in most dense regular connective tissue.Elastic tissue also takes the form of wavy sheets in the walls of the large and medium arteries. When the heart pumps blood into the arteries, these sheets enable them to expand and relieve some of the pressure on smaller vessels downstream. When the heart relaxes, the arterial wall springs back and keeps the blood pressure from dropping too low between heartbeats. The importance of this elastic tissue becomes especially clear in diseases such as atherosclerosis, where the tissue is stiffened by lipid and calcium deposits (see Deeper Insight 19.4, p. 745), and Marfan syndrome, a genetic defect in elastin synthesis (see Deeper Insight 5.1).
This would explain why these types of injuries take so long to heal. I always just thought it was because nothing could be done medically to help it (aka no splints). Basically you can just use crutches if necessary and pain meds. It is interesting to find out that it is the lack of blood vessels that cause the extended healing time.[Why tag this text]i find it intersting how the vocal cords are fibers that can make sound when someone sings[Why tag this textwhere the tissue plays an important role in their function and protecting the organ it is around[Why tag this textgood for examples of the connective tissue[Why tag this textWhen I read vocal cords, I thought to it as vocal chords but they are two separate things, totally opposite, so when thinking about cords I will have to refer to music. [Why tag this textExamples of dense regular connective tissue[Why tag this textwhat elastic tissue is and what it makes up in the body[Why tag this textIf vocal cords are composed of elastic regular connective tissue, and vocal cords often develop nodes (my choir teacher once thought I had a vocal node, so I had to get a laryngoscopy), can other types of this same connective tissue develope nodes as well?[Why tag this textElastic Tissue: Wavy sheets, densely packed, lots of fibroblasts with big nucleiWhere: Arteries, Vocal cords, vertebral columnWhy: Can expand and relieve pressure.[Why tag this textLauren Anthe
Alyssa Kaschinske
lenarch2
Senny Xiong
Stephanie
Alyssa Harmes
Alina Gur
Danielle Henckel
Although the muscular system is subject to fewer diseases than most organ systems, it is particularly vulnerable to injuries resulting from sudden and intense stress placed on muscles and tendons. Each year, thousands of athletes from the high school to professional level sustain some type of injury to their muscles, as do the increasing numbers of people who have taken up running and other forms of physical conditioning.
Although the muscular system is subject to fewer diseases than most organ systems, it is particularly vulnerable to injuries resulting from sudden and intense stress placed on muscles and tendons. Each year, thousands of athletes from the high school to professional level sustain some type of injury to their muscles, as do the increasing numbers of people who have taken up running and other forms of physical conditioning. Overzealous exertion without proper conditioning and warm-up is frequently the cause.
Although the muscular system is subject to fewer diseases than most organ systems, it is particularly vulnerable to injuries resulting from sudden and intense stress placed on muscles and tendons. Each year, thousands of athletes from the high school to professional level sustain some type of injury to their muscles, as do the increasing numbers of people who have taken up running and other forms of physical conditioning. Overzealous exertion without proper conditioning and warm-up is frequently the cause. Compartment syndrome is one common sports injury
Although the muscular system is subject to fewer diseases than most organ systems, it is particularly vulnerable to injuries resulting from sudden and intense stress placed on muscles and tendons. Each year, thousands of athletes from the high school to professional level sustain some type of injury to their muscles, as do the increasing numbers of people who have taken up running and other forms of physical conditioning. Overzealous exertion without proper conditioning and warm-up is frequently the cause. Compartment syndrome is one common sports injury (see Deeper Insight 10.1). Others include:
Although the muscular system is subject to fewer diseases than most organ systems, it is particularly vulnerable to injuries resulting from sudden and intense stress placed on muscles and tendons. Each year, thousands of athletes from the high school to professional level sustain some type of injury to their muscles, as do the increasing numbers of people who have taken up running and other forms of physical conditioning. Overzealous exertion without proper conditioning and warm-up is frequently the cause. Compartment syndrome is one common sports injury (see Deeper Insight 10.1). Others include: Baseball finger?tears in the extensor tendons of the fingers resulting from the impact of a baseball with the extended fingertip. Blocker's arm?abnormal calcification in the lateral margin of the forearm as a result of repeated impact with opposing players. Charley horse?any painful tear, stiffness, and blood clotting in a muscle. A charley horse of the quadriceps femoris is often caused by football tackles. Pitcher's arm?inflammation at the origin of the flexor carpi muscles resulting from hard wrist flexion in releasing a baseball. Pulled groin?strain in the adductor muscles of the thigh; common in gymnasts and dancers who perform splits and high kicks. Pulled hamstrings?strained hamstring muscles or a partial tear in their tendinous origins, often with a hematoma (blood clot) in the fascia lata. This condition is frequently caused by repetitive kicking (as in football and soccer) or long, hard running. Rider's bones?abnormal calcification in the tendons of the adductor muscles of the medial thigh. It results from prolonged abduction of the thighs when riding horses.
Although the muscular system is subject to fewer diseases than most organ systems, it is particularly vulnerable to injuries resulting from sudden and intense stress placed on muscles and tendons. Each year, thousands of athletes from the high school to professional level sustain some type of injury to their muscles, as do the increasing numbers of people who have taken up running and other forms of physical conditioning. Overzealous exertion without proper conditioning and warm-up is frequently the cause. Compartment syndrome is one common sports injury (see Deeper Insight 10.1). Others include: Baseball finger?tears in the extensor tendons of the fingers resulting from the impact of a baseball with the extended fingertip. Blocker's arm?abnormal calcification in the lateral margin of the forearm as a result of repeated impact with opposing players. Charley horse?any painful tear, stiffness, and blood clotting in a muscle. A charley horse of the quadriceps femoris is often caused by football tackles. Pitcher's arm?inflammation at the origin of the flexor carpi muscles resulting from hard wrist flexion in releasing a baseball. Pulled groin?strain in the adductor muscles of the thigh; common in gymnasts and dancers who perform splits and high kicks. Pulled hamstrings?strained hamstring muscles or a partial tear in their tendinous origins, often with a hematoma (blood clot) in the fascia lata. This condition is frequently caused by repetitive kicking (as in football and soccer) or long, hard running. Rider's bones?abnormal calcification in the tendons of the adductor muscles of the medial thigh. It results from prolonged abduction of the thighs when riding horses. Rotator cuff injury?a tear in the tendon of any of the SITS (rotator cuff) muscles, most often the tendon of the supraspinatus. Such injuries are caused by strenuous circumduction of the arm, shoulder dislocation, hard falls or blows to the shoulder, or repetitive use of the arm in a position above horizontal. They are common among baseball pitchers and third basemen, bowlers, swimmers, weight lifters, and in racquet sports. Recurrent inflammation of a SITS tendon can cause a tendon to degenerate and then to rupture in response to moderate stress. Injury causes pain and makes the shoulder joint unstable and subject to dislocation. Shinsplints?a general term embracing several kinds of injury with pain in the crural region: tendinitis of the tibialis posterior muscle, inflammation of the tibial periosteum, and anterior compartment syndrome. Shinsplints may result from unaccustomed jogging, walking on snowshoes, or any vigorous activity of the legs after a period of relative inactivity. Tennis elbow?inflammation at the origin of the extensor carpi muscles on the lateral epicondyle of the humerus. It occurs when these muscles are repeatedly tensed during backhand strokes and then strained by sudden impact with the tennis ball. Any activity that requires rotary movements of the forearm and a firm grip of the hand (for example, using a screwdriver) can cause the symptoms of tennis elbow. Tennis leg?a partial tear in the lateral origin of the gastrocnemius muscle. It results from repeated strains put on the muscle while supporting the body weight on the toes.
I like that we were provided with a list of sports industries. I have played multiple sports and have seen many injuries and I can relate some of the things that i have seen to this list.[Why Tag This]I found this interesting to look at all the common injuries from stress put on these muscles. Although the muscle systen has fewer diseases, these strains and tears can be very painful.[Why Tag ThisAre any injuries from overuse of the muscles permanent? I have heard muscles starting to decompose or eat themselves from overuse, I dont know what the proper term would be, but what causes this and is it permanent?[Why Tag ThisI was particularly interested in this Deeper Insight, for I am an athlete. Being a sprinter, I have had muscle inflammation in the muscles of the top of my feet because my arches are collapsing. The inflammation in theses muscles is caused by the fallen arches because the other muscles in my feet are making up for the work my plantar muscles are not doing. I know the arch in the foot is formed by tendons, but what muscles specifically contribute to fallen arches?[Why Tag ThisI can relate to this because my sister tore her ACL playing soccer and it was serious and she had to get surgery. [Why Tag ThisI liked this section because it took what you had learned both from other sections, and this section, and tied it all together. To me although normal function is interesting, I find it even more interesting when function breaks down, and what it is that is causing the problems in the body. It is a little like a puzzle, and you have to figure out the pieces that add up to both the diagnosis, and the treatment of the problem. Every time that the author takes real world examples and problems and adds it to the text I feel like I am getting a more comprehensive learning experience from reading the chapters.[Why Tag ThisI highlighted this section because I found it to be particularly interesting. As an active dancer, softball player, and volleyball player, I have fallen victim to many of these muscle injuries including baseball finger, charley horse, pitcher's arm, pulled groin pulled hamstrings, and rotator cuff injuries. Although very painful at the time, I have bounced back from these injuries. My question about this is, can muscle ever be fully restored after an injury? Because I no longer am continuously active in these sports anymore, I do not feel pain, however, if I begin to start playing again, are my muscles stil damaged? [Why Tag ThisI tagged these various paragraphs talking about Common Athletic Injuries, because ever since I was younger I have been involved in sports. I did not start out extremely competitive, but eventually got to that level by high school. I was on the tennis, basketball and softball team throughout that four year period. During which I not only experienced some of these injuries myself, but also witnessed either my teammates or members of the opposing team sustain these injuries.[Why Tag ThisI found this really interesting becuase it explains the different types of injury names you hear about when you or someone gets hurt.[Why Tag ThisLauren Thiel
Kristofer Schroeckenthaler
Emily
Rebecca Hoefs
Joe Nimm
Kasey Bowers
Juliana Gottwein
Kaitlyn Britten
APR Module 4: Integumentary: dissection: Finger nail: Saggital View:
stratum basale
Mitosis in the matrix accounts for the growth of the nail-about 1 mm per week in the fingernails
Mitosis in the matrix accounts for the growth of the nail-about 1 mm per week in the fingernails
Mitosis in the matrix accounts for the growth of the nail?about 1 mm per week in the fingernails and slightly slower in the toenails.
Why nails coverd by nail body ?[Why tag this]When a whole nail comes off, how does the nail form all over again?[Why tag thisi learned about all this my senior year of high school in anatomy[Why tag thisHow is it possible for nails to grow back even when they have been ripped off past this point? It has happened to me in an accident and to my mother after an operation to remove the nail.[Why tag thisToday women make many efforts to have long elegant fingernails, and if they can't grow them on their own they often apply fake nails. I think this came into fashion because having long nails is virtually impossible when doing hard labor, so it probably became a status symbol for those who didn't have to do work. I wonder if this same idea applied to earlier ancestors.[Why tag thisWhy do our finger nails grow faster than our toe nails? [Why tag thismainkao
Lauren Anthe
Jeremy Kosick
Kristen Grzeca
Kelly Sanderson
The infrahyoid muscles are inferior to the hyoid bone. By fixing the hyoid from below, they enable the suprahyoid muscles to open the mouth. The omohyoid is unusual in that it arises from the shoulder, passes under the sternocleidomastoid, and then ascends to the hyoid bone
The infrahyoid muscles are inferior to the hyoid bone. By fixing the hyoid from below, they enable the suprahyoid muscles to open the mouth. The omohyoid is unusual in that it arises from the shoulder, passes under the sternocleidomastoid, and then ascends to the hyoid bone. Like the digastric, it has two bellies. The thyrohyoid, named for the hyoid bone and the large shield-shaped thyroid cartilage of the larynx, helps prevent choking. It elevates the larynx during swallowing so that its superior opening is sealed by a flap of tissue, the epiglottis. You can feel this effect by placing your finger on the ?Adam's apple? (the anterior prominence of the thyroid cartilage) and feeling it bob up as you swallow. The sternothyroid muscle then pulls the larynx down again so you can resume breathing; it is the only infrahyoid muscle with no connection to the hyoid bone. The sternohyoid lowers the hyoid bone after it has been elevated.The infrahyoid muscles that act on the larynx are regarded as its extrinsic muscles. The intrinsic muscles, considered in chapter 22, are concerned with control of the vocal cords and laryngeal opening. The ansa cervicalis,39 which innervates three of these muscles, is a loop of nerve on the side of the neck formed by certain fibers from cervical nerves 1 to 3. Cranial nerves IX (glossopharyngeal), X (vagus), and XII (hypoglossal) also innervate these muscles.
We have a hyoid bone, and its a floating bone but didnt realize that there was an infrahyoid muscle group. How is it that if the hyoid bone does not articulate with any other bone. there are these muscles that help in movement, like the stenohyiod that lowers the hyoid bone after it has been elevated?[Why Tag This]THis is a very complex thing can it be shortened as well as simlified [Why Tag ThisThe infrahyoid muscles are below the hyoid bone in the neck - it helps the muscles open the mouth. The thyrohyroid in the thyroid cartilage or the adam's apple of the larynx and helps prevents choking. It also helps swallowing by sealing or opening a flap of tissue called the epiglottis.[Why Tag ThisThere are more than one type of important muscles involving the hyoid [Why Tag ThisThe infrahyoid muscles are inferior to the hyoid bone. Their primary function is to allow the suprahyoid muscles to open the mouth. [Why Tag Thisthe infrahyoid muscles[Why Tag ThisIts weird to think that there is a muscle attached to the shoulder that aids in opening the mouth.[Why Tag Thisso when somebody does end up choking, what did the person do wrong that caused the thyrohyoid to not prevent the choking?[Why Tag ThisI wonder why some people have a more protruding adams apple than others.[Why Tag ThisLauren Anthe
Linda Xiong
Brandon Brandemuehl
Michael Franzini
Alyssa Harmes
Leah Hennes
Anthony Wheeler
David
The vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs get progressively larger as we look lower and lower on the vertebral column. What is the functional significance of this trend?
The vertebral foramina collectively form the vertebral canal, a passage for the spinal cord.
Does the spine return to its correct alignment when the pregnancy is over or the weight is lost?[Why tag this]This is interesting to me because I have seen many pregnant women who seem to look like they have this issue. If this issue does evolve from pregnancy, does this mean the person will continue to have it after pregnancy or will it go away?[Why tag thisDoes your back go back to it normal shape after pregnancy when you have swayback? Or is it life long?[Why tag thisIf a woman develops lordosis during pregnancy, can it be reversed after giving birth?[Why tag thisThe lower on the body the vertebrae are located, the more weight they are required to support. The larger and more sturdy the bone, as well as the intervertebral discs, the more able they are to absorb substantial impact from the rest of the body above, if necessary.[Why tag thisBetter support for the larger portion of the body.[Why tag thisTo allow movement to the body, mostly the neck and the back. [Why tag thisBody support, they have more weight on top of them. [Why tag thisIt protects the spinal cord, if the spinal cord gets damaged a person could then become paralyzed.[Why tag thisMegan Page
shelby
Leah Hennes
jennifer lassiter
Erin Griph
Maisey Mulvey
Sarah Kallas
Patrick O'Connell
stratified squamous, stratified cuboidal, and stratified columnar epithelia.
deeper cells, however, may be of a different shape than the surface cells
The fourth type, transitional epithelium, was named when it was thought to represent a transitional stage between stratified squamous and stratified columnar epithelium. This is now known to be untrue, but the name has persisted.
three types stratified epithelia. names based on the shape[Why tag this text]What is the difference between these three? Is the only thing that tells them appart their shapes?[questionStratified Squamos: Multilayered [2-20], most widespread epithelial cells in body. Has multiple layers [from bottom up: cuboidal/columnar-squamos]. Become increasingly flat as you go up. Found in epidermis, tongue, esophagus, anal canal, vaginaFunctions to resist abrasion and penetration and keep water in[Why tag this textStratified Cuboidal: 2 or more layers, surface cells are square/roundFound: Sweat ducts, follicles of ovaries, seminiferous tubulesFuntions: sweat secretion, sperm production, ovarian hormones[Why tag this textshapes vary depending on depth. [Why tag this textWhen I learned about cells, especailly when talking about the stratified ones, I have heard of the three main ones, but I don't quit remember the transitional epithelium one. I also think that its interesting that what scientists thought for awhile was false, but i guess everything gets a name some how[Why tag this textfourth type of epithelia is called the transitional epithelium. the name came from the cell transitioning stage between the stratified squamous and stratified columnar epithelium.[Why tag this textJust a reminder since it is said in the next sentence that it isn't true so it doesn't need to be known for the study but should be known that it was falsified[Why tag this textTransitional:Looks kinda like squamos epithelial cells, but the surface cells are rounded. Where: Urinary TractFunction: It stretches! Allows filling of urinary tract[Why tag this textElizabeth
Danielle Henckel
Kaitlynn
Lauren Gwidt
The temporal bone derives its name from the fact that people often develop their first gray hairs on the temples with the passage of time.
The temporal bone derives its name from the fact that people often develop their first gray hairs on the temples with the passage of time.9
The temporal bone derives its name from the fact that people often develop their first gray hairs on the temples with the passage of time.9
The temporal bone derives its name from the fact that people often develop their first gray hairs on the temples with the passage of time.9 The relatively complex shape of the temporal bone is best understood by dividing it into four parts:[image #5]
I will never take a sinus infection so lightly again! [Why tag this]The temple is also known for one of the more sensitive regions of the skull because it is thin there. [Why tag thisWhy is it that people rub their temples when they're stressed or frustrated?[Why tag thisI worked in a hair salon for three years and never knew this! [Why tag this I find this very interesting, I love finding out why things were given the name they were[Why tag thisThat is pretty cool! I would have never guessed.[Why tag thisIs there a certain reason that gray hairs come in that area first? [Gray HairWhy do grey hairs start appearing on the temporal bones? Is there a reason behind this or does it just a natural phenomenon? What can prevent this from occuring in early life?[Why tag thisI love learning the different reasons behind why we call things in science different names, especially reasons like this that are obvious.[Why tag thislucas hubanks
Samantha B Johnson
Cassi Malko
Brianna Brugger
Kelly Stahl
Gina Erato
Petra Stevanovic
Elizabeth
The ancients thought that gods or invisible demons caused epilepsy. Today, epileptic seizures are attributed to bursts of abnormal electrical activity in nerve cells of the brain.
The ancients thought that gods or invisible demons caused epilepsy. Today, epileptic seizures are attributed to bursts of abnormal electrical activity in nerve cells of the brain. Explain why one of these claims is falsifiable (and thus scientific), whereas the other claim is not
The ancients thought that gods or invisible demons caused epilepsy. Today, epileptic seizures are attributed to bursts of abnormal electrical activity in nerve cells of the brain. Explain why one of these claims is falsifiable (and thus scientific), whereas the other claim is not.
not falsifiable[Why I tagged this]It's amazing how theories change throughout the years.[Why I tagged thisBursts of electrical activity in nerve cells of the brain can be measured, whereas the existence and activity of gods or demons cannot.[Why I tagged thisThe claim that epileptic seizures are caused by bursts of abnormal electrical activity in nerve cells of the brain is falsifiable, because it can be tested and proved wrong, therefore it is scientific. The claim that epilepsy is caused by gods or invisible deamons is not scientific because it cannot be tested and found wrong, therefore it cannot be proved.[Why I tagged thisThis is a good way to explain how to test a theory. one idea is saying that the gods made people have seizures the other says electrical activity causes seizures. only one is scientific and csn be tested. it does show how humans are always looking to explain and explore and study diffrent situations weather they be physical or in nature.[Why I tagged thisExplaining that epileptic seizures are attributed to bursts of abnormal electrical activity in nerve cells of the brain is falsifiable because scientists could cunduct experiemnts that could possible show that something else internal could be the cause of epileptic seizures making scientific where there are no scientific experiments to fully prove that invisible demons or god do or do not exist making it not scientific in a possible answer to the seizures. [Why I tagged thisWe can measure those bursts of electrical activity through testing, but we don't have any tests for actions of deities. [Why I tagged thisancients predictions about the leizures today is considered to be falisified ornot true. With modern science and with brain studies, it can be proved that ancients were wrong[Why I tagged thisWe can't test that gods or demons are the cause to anything, because its not testable.[Why I tagged thisAlejandra Contreras
Kristen Grzeca
Jourdan Richardson
Roberto C. Bermejo
Abigail
Sophie
victor
Sami
The disadvantage of trans fats is that they resist enzymatic breakdown in the human body, remain in circulation longer, and have more tendency to deposit in the arteries than saturated and cis-unsaturated fats do. Therefore, they raise the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). From 1980 to 1994, medical scientists tracked a cohort of 80,082 female nurses (the Nurses' Health Study II) and, among other things, correlated their incidence of CHD with their self-reported diets. They concluded that for every 2% increase in calories from trans fats as compared to carbohydrate calories, the women had a 93% higher risk of CHD.
well this isnt good. i wonder if cis-fatty acids would have a disadcantage to humans if the food industry hadnt converted the cis-fatty acids to trans-fatty acids[Why tag this text]I didn't know that the reason these fats were so bad for you was because enzymes couldn't break them down and they stayed in circulation longer.[Why tag this textIt is crazy to read the numbers of how many people already had the risk of coronary heart disease in 1980. However, it makes since because the obesity in our country has risen over the years. What has the food industry done to eliminate this trans-fat so we can keep down the coronary disease and obesity rates?[Why tag this textI always see on my snacks (such as lays potato chips) a big label on the front that says NO TRANS FAT and wondered why it was such a big deal and now I know. I dont think anyone wants to raise thier risk of hear disease. From now on I will pay more attension to what has trans fat and what doesnt.[Why tag this textI knew that there was a difference in saturated and unsaturated fats and trans fats, that one was considered to be more healthy than the other but didn't know which. This does a good job of explaining the differences, and why trans fats are actually worse for you. Explaining the negative effects they have on the body. [Why tag this textI liked this section a lot. Going a little bit outside of the scope of the material to a real world application reminds me why I am learning the material, and helps me to refocus.[Why tag this text93% !!! That's a big deal. I can't believe how bad trans fat is for you. Makes me want to start checking trans fat on the food I buy before I eat it.[Why tag this textThis text clearly states that transfats are bad for you, which is already advertised in the media and society today. However, since fats primary function is energy storage and thermal insulation, is it ok to have any trans fat throughout the body or should people resist it all together? Trans fat resists enzymatic breakdowns and deposit in the artieres but would a very small amount still result in a higher risk of a CHD?[Why tag this textThis means that lipids are also the slowest to convert to energy compared to proteins and carbohydrates. They are stored by the body for later use.[Why tag this textSamantha B Johnson
Alyssa Tucker
Zachary Garrity
Nicholas Bruno
Joe Nimm
Kelly Stahl
Laura Siecinski
Cody Andrews
Ions are charged particles with unequal numbers of protons and electrons
Ions are charged particles with unequal numbers of protons and electrons.
Ions are charged particles with unequal numbers of protons and electrons. An ion can consist of a single atom with a positive or negative charge, or it can be as large as a protein with many charges on it
Ions are charged particles with unequal numbers of protons and electrons. An ion can consist of a single atom with a positive or negative charge, or it can be as large as a protein with many charges on it.
Ions are charged particles with unequal numbers of protons and electrons. An ion can consist of a single atom with a positive or negative charge, or it can be as large as a protein with many charges on it.Ions form because elements with one to three valence electrons tend to give them up, and those with four to seven electrons tend to gain more. If an atom of the first kind is exposed to an atom of the second, electrons may transfer from one to the other and turn both of them into ions. This process is called ionization. The particle that gains electrons acquires a negative charge and is called an anion (AN-eye-on). The one that loses electrons acquires a positive charge (because it then has a surplus of protons) and is called a cation (CAT-eye-on).Page 47
Ions:Ions are charged particles. Meaning, they have to have unequal proton [positive charge] amounts to electron [negative charge] amounts.Ions are able to form because of the relationship with valence electrons, which determine whether electrons are gained or lost. [Why tag this text]ions are essentially how atoms are able to bond with one another, forming the molecules that make up the human body[Why tag this textThis is important because it basically explains how a ionic bond could start. It gives the definition of an ion, which is [Why tag this textIon: charged particle with unequal number of protons and electrons. [Why tag this textions are very important to us as they help our bodies perform.[Why tag this textso many things make up an atom, and to think that you just hear of positive and negative but then you find out that they combine to make another charge...just makes you wonder what else is there[Why tag this textcan you ever have an equal number of protons and electrons? Can ions only have up to three valence electrons? why is there a set amount allowed? Anion is a particle that gets electrons that acquire a negative charge.[Why tag this textDefines an Ion and how valence electrons are shared between ions.[General-Do not useIons and Ionization[Why tag this textJonathan Lowe
Leonard Wilkerson
Stephanie
Richard Cook
Lauren Anthe
lindsay krueger
Brandon Brandemuehl
Alexandra Schmit
A curious effect of the epidermal water barrier is the way our skin wrinkles when we linger in the bath or a lake.
A curious effect of the epidermal water barrier is the way our skin wrinkles when we linger in the bath or a lake. The keratin of the stratum corneum absorbs water and swells, but the deeper layers of the skin do not. The thickening of the stratum corneum forces it to wrinkle. This is especially conspicuous on the fingers and toes (?prune fingers?) because they have such a thick stratum corneum and they lack the sebaceous glands that produce water-resistant oil elsewhere on the body.
The keratin of the stratum corneum absorbs water and swells, but the deeper layers of the skin do not. The thickening of the stratum corneum forces it to wrinkle. This is especially conspicuous on the fingers and toes (?prune fingers?) because they have such a thick stratum corneum and they lack the sebaceous glands that produce water-resistant oil elsewhere on the body.The Dermis
Kertinocytes is a very important funtion in the human body to allow the body to perform basic matinece on its self.[Why tag this text]are the wrinkles that older people have from a lack of water then?[Why tag this textThis is very interesting to me as to why we look pruny after a lond swim. I have always wondered why that happens[Why tag this textI have always thought that our skin was permeable to water, which is why we prune. But now I understand it is just the layer of cells in the stratum corneum that absorb water, due to the lack of water resistant oil. [Why tag this textI have heard that this was our bodies natural mechanism for helping us grip things while underwater and was wondering if this was true or not?[Why tag this textHow does this compare to lingering in the salt water of the ocean?[Why tag this textpruney fingers. the top layer absorbs water[Why tag this textI never knew that this was caused by water coming into the body, and not leaving as I always thought.[Why tag this textso even though one layer swells our outside appearance shrink?[Why tag this textlenarch2
Erin Griph
Jerry S Yang
Danny Duong
Shannon Stinson
Jelena Ristic
Brandon Neldner
Lauren Anthe
The joining of monomers to form a polymer is called polymerization. Living cells achieve this by means of a reaction called dehydration synthesis (condensation) (fig. 2.15a). A hydroxyl (?OH) group is removed from one monomer and a hydrogen (?H) from another,
The joining of monomers to form a polymer is called polymerization. Living cells achieve this by means of a reaction called dehydration synthesis (condensation) (fig. 2.15a). A hydroxyl (?OH) group is removed from one monomer and a hydrogen (?H) from another, producing water as a by-product.
The joining of monomers to form a polymer is called polymerization. Living cells achieve this by means of a reaction called dehydration synthesis (condensation) (fig. 2.15a). A hydroxyl (?OH) group is removed from one monomer and a hydrogen (?H) from another, producing water as a by-product. The two monomers become joined by a covalent bond, forming a dimer. This is repeated for each monomer added to the chain, potentially leading to a chain long enough to be considered a polymer.
I did not know that the joining of monomers to form polymer achieve this by means of dehydration synthesis[Why tag this text]Polymerization: joining of monomers to form a polymer. Acheived through dehydration synthesis[Why tag this textId like this reaction explained a little more clear, its confusing to read about how it works.[Why tag this textInteresting facts of how monomers are what create DNA and DNA are make up of 4 different kinds of monomers, which also make DNA a polymer: joining of many monomers.[Why tag this textA condensation reaction produces water as a by product, and is called dyhydration synthesis (production of a polymer from a monomer)The opposite is hydrolysis, in which a water molecule is broken apart. The images really helped me to understand this concept, with the water droplet either being produced or broken apart to go into the reaction.[Why tag this textAbout polymerization ... the joining of monomers to form a polymer Also examples of it[Why tag this textBecause water is what makes life possible as said in earlier section. I wold have suspected this to be the opposite of what it is and that hydration was the process.[Why tag this textYou would think the opposite because of what they are called. But that is a good way for me to remember what they each do. [Why tag this textIs this another reason why water is such an important part in the human body?[Why tag this textStephanie
Erin Griph
Sue Xiong
Joe Nimm
Anthony Wheeler
Madeline
Kelly Stahl
Amanda Fitzmaurice
Many other muscles of the chest and abdomen contribute significantly to breathing:
Many other muscles of the chest and abdomen contribute significantly to breathing: the sternocleidomastoid and scalenes of the neck; pectoralis major and serratus anterior of the chest; latissimus dorsi of the lower back; internal and external abdominal obliques and transverse abdominal muscle;
Many other muscles of the chest and abdomen contribute significantly to breathing: the sternocleidomastoid and scalenes of the neck; pectoralis major and serratus anterior of the chest; latissimus dorsi of the lower back; internal and external abdominal obliques and transverse abdominal muscle; and even some of the anal muscles
Many other muscles of the chest and abdomen contribute significantly to breathing: the sternocleidomastoid and scalenes of the neck; pectoralis major and serratus anterior of the chest; latissimus dorsi of the lower back; internal and external abdominal obliques and transverse abdominal muscle; and even some of the anal muscles.
Many other muscles of the chest and abdomen contribute significantly to breathing: the sternocleidomastoid and scalenes of the neck; pectoralis major and serratus anterior of the chest; latissimus dorsi of the lower back; internal and external abdominal obliques and transverse abdominal muscle; and even some of the anal muscles.
Many other muscles of the chest and abdomen contribute significantly to breathing: the sternocleidomastoid and scalenes of the neck; pectoralis major and serratus anterior of the chest; latissimus dorsi of the lower back; internal and external abdominal obliques and transverse abdominal muscle; and even some of the anal muscles. The respiratory actions of all these muscles are described in chapter 22.
If the intercostal muscles do not stiffen the thoracic cage and does not cave inward what will be the care a doctor could do to help with this so that the diaphragm doesnt get crushed[Why tag this]so does this also contribute to hiccups? [Generali would of never thought of some of these to contribute to breathing[Why tag thisIt shocks me how many muscles are involved just in the process of breathing. I mean even anal muscles? Thats crazy![Why tag thisI never knew that this many muscules were involved in breathing.[Why tag thisPlease, Dr. Petto, explain to me how some of my anus muscles help me breathe. I am curious to say the least![Why tag thisI would have never thought that there are all thesse muscles involved in breathing. It is fascinating that many muscles help us breath and i think that the reason why there are so many is because there are times when our body requires it. An example would be when we are excersicing and it is reasonable that our body needs more muscles since we need to process energy at a rapid pace.[Why tag thisWhat causes hiccups? Why are some people more prone to them than others, and why are some people's hiccups so painful? Is there a anatomical or physiological reason behind the [Why tag thismany muscles are associated just with the simple action of breathing.[Why tag thisChristina
Lauren Anthe
Zachary Garrity
Amie Emrys
Kristofer Schroeckenthaler
Elvia Rivas
Sophie
Brandon Brandemuehl
Can muscles have more than one funtion such as abduction and circumduction or is there a muscle for each funtion.[General_Do Not Use]has a wide range of motion, you can climb, grasp, throw and write, and there are also more ranges of movement the upper limb is involved with[Why Tag ThisIs there such a thing as learned muscle movement?[Why Tag ThisIs that the reason why there are bigger muscle groups in the upper limb? [Why tag this text?I use a lot of these muscles every time I have to pick up my Anatomy & Physiology textbook - quite the workout, if I may say so..[Why Tag ThisI find it interesting that we have so many muscles in the upper limb and that we use them everyday even though we don't usually think about it, like when you grasp a pencil or type a paper. [Why Tag ThisThis is my first time taking an Anatomy class so it is weird for me to think how each muscle has a purpose and how we would be only a blob if we didn't have any muscle. [Why Tag Thispowerful and subtle actionsclimping, grasping, throwing[Why Tag Thisupper limb is used for a broad range of motion - think how this is different than the lower limb[Why Tag ThisBrittany Nycz
andrew baker
Anadin Bunic
jennifer lassiter
Kristen
Sarah
Justin Putterman
Alyssa Harmes
When a woman is giving birth, for example, the head of the fetus pushes against her cervix (the neck of the uterus) and stimulates its nerve endings (fig. 1.12). Nerve signals travel to the brain, which, in turn, stimulates the pituitary gland to secrete the hormone oxytocin. Oxytocin travels in the blood and stimulates the uterus to contract. This pushes the fetus downward, stimulating the cervix still more and causing the positive feedback loop to be repeated. Labor contractions therefore become more and more intense until the fetus is expelled.
Other cases of beneficial positive feedback are seen later in the book, for example, in blood clotting, protein digestion, and the generation of nerve signals.
The theory of postiive feedback is very interesting to me how the body can work off something as simple as a head of a fetus pushing against a womans cervix to start the whole process of giving birth. [Why I tagged this]Simple definition[Why I tagged thisit would be nice to have another example of positive feedback[Why I tagged thisExample of positive feedback[Why I tagged thisEverything is connected.[Why I tagged thisIs it harmful to the body to artificially insert oxytocin into a female that is giving birth to speed up the delivery? [Why I tagged thisoxytocin is used to help you uterus contract during child birh[Why I tagged thisThough oxytocin has this effect on the pregnant female's body, oxytocin is also the hormone most commonly responsible for the [Why I tagged thisThere are good and bad positive feedback[Why I tagged thisSami
Brianna Brugger
Melissa
Bonnie Watson
Jonathan Rooney
lindsay krueger
Alina Gur
The cervical vertebrae (C1?C7) are relatively small. Their function is to support the head and allow for its movements. The first two (C1 and C2) have unique structures for this purpose (fig. 8.24). Vertebra C1 is called the atlas because it supports the head in a manner reminiscent of the Titan of Greek mythology who was condemned by Zeus to carry the heavens on his shoulders. It scarcely resembles the typical vertebra; it has no body, and is little more than a delicate ring surrounding a large vertebral foramen. On each side is a lateral mass with a deeply concave superior articular facet that articulates with the occipital condyle of the skull. A nodding motion of the skull, as in gesturing ?yes,? causes the occipital condyles to rock back and forth on these facets. The inferior articular facets, which are comparatively flat or only slightly concave, articulate with C2. The lateral masses are connected by an anterior arch and a posterior arch, which bear slight protuberances called the anterior and posterior tubercle, respectively.
good Info to know[Why tag this]Cervical Vertebrae: Small, support the head and allow for its movements. Vertebrae C1=atlas, support the head, has no body and it is pretty much a delicate ring surrounded by a foramen. Nodding yes C2=axis, allows rotation of head, shaking no. Has a prominent anterior knob, called the dens. First vertebrae that exhibits a spinous process. C3-C6= similar to typical vertebrae[Why tag thisthis part give great idea and expelination about the cervical vertebrae. [Why tag thisIs the cervical spine the section where, when damaged, most paralsis results? Or can it occur from damage to any section of the spine?[Why tag thisdescription of the cervical vertebrae; function[Why tag thisNot only are we learning about bone structure and their function but we also learn about greek mythology and why individual bones are identified and named that name. [Why tag thisIt's crazy how many things recieve names based on greek mythology.[Why tag thisI like this little bit. Things like this is how I remember most information, and this will most likely be how I remember the name of this bone.[Why tag thisThis is really quite clever, I have a very deep interest in greek mythology, and I have never made this connection between the to, this is actually really amazing, and now this will be a great way to remember this.[Why tag thisDanielle Henckel
Adam Alshehab
Shannon Stinson
Alyssa Harmes
Tou Xiong Thao
Quinn
Joe Nimm
Kayla Theys
blood to drain away from your head and upper torso, resulting in falling blood pressure in this region-a local imbalance in your homeostasis
This is detected by sensory nerve endings called baroreceptors in the large arteries near the heart. They transmit nerve signals to the brainstem, where we have a cardiac center that regulates the heart rate. The cardiac center responds by transmitting nerve signals to the heart, which speed it up.
baroreceptors in the large arteries near the heart. They transmit nerve signals to the brainstem, where we have a cardiac center that regulates the heart rate. The cardiac center responds by transmitting nerve signals to the heart, which speed it up. The faster heart rate quickly raises the blood pressure and restores normal homeostasis. In elderly people, this feedback loop is sometimes insufficiently responsive, and they may feel dizzy as they rise from a reclining position and their cerebral blood pressure falls. This sometimes causes fainting.
he cardiac center responds by transmitting nerve signals to the heart, which speed it up. The faster heart rate quickly raises the blood pressure and restores normal homeostasis. In elderly people, this feedback loop is sometimes insufficiently responsive, and they may feel dizzy as they rise from a reclining position and their cerebral blood pressure falls. This sometimes causes fainting.[image #3]
so THIS is why i feel dizzy when i stand up too fast[Why I tagged this]I always thought what happens when you feel [Question What part of the brain is this in?[Why I tagged thisinbalance in homeostasis, sensory nerve cells abouve the heart that keep out balance even and since when someting in our homeostasis is off balance.[Why I tagged thisan understanding of how changes in homeostasis cause negative feedback.[Why I tagged thisi get this all the time, now i know what its caused from![Why I tagged thisthis is interesting.[Why I tagged thisI tend to experinece this myself sometimes at only age 19.[Why I tagged thisI am curious about other instances in which cases of syncope such as this occur in patients who seem to be young and healthy in all other aspects of their lives. I had a friend in high school diagnosed with Neuro Cardiogenic Syncope. Is this the type of insufficiently responsive feedback loop that is mentioned earlier in this paragraph, or is it another type of physiological issue?[Why I tagged thisGrace
Sami
Gabriela
Amanda Baxter
jess Tegelman
Jonathan Rooney
Alina Gur
One aspect of joint performance and physical assessment of a patient is a joint's flexibility, or range of motion (ROM)?the degrees through which a joint can move. The knee, for example, can flex through an arc of 130° to 140°, the metacarpophalangeal joint of the index finger about 90°, and the ankle about 74°. ROM obviously affects a person's functional independence and quality of life. It is also an important consideration in training for athletics or dance, in clinical diagnosis, and in monitoring the progress of rehabilitation. The ROM of a joint is normally determined by the following factors:
Range of Motion: The degrees through which a joint can move. [Why tag this]Range of motion (ROM)[Why tag thisWhich joint in the body has the greatest range of motion?[Why tag thisI had to learn all the ranges of motion in my CNA class so I basically already know all about this stuff. We did have some different names though for some of this stuff. I am glad that this is actually coming into handy. [Why tag thisThis reminded me of when my brother broke his forarm. His radius or ulna was snapped in haft and bulging from his skin but not poking through. He got two different casts over time. When he finally got them off he couldn't bend his arm straight, he had almost no range of motion. His left arm was so stiff and it hurt to bend it straight because of how long it was in the two different casts.[Why tag thisThese numbers are ridiculous how many degrees can a joint be bent[Why tag thisI work as a CNA in a rehab unit and we have to do Range Of Motion with our patients. We do lots of movement with the arms and legs to help people get back home. It's so interesting to watch someone go from not being able to walk, practice walking, and then walking again. It is the best experience I've had yet as a CNA.[Why tag thisWhat will decrease a joint's range of motion? [Why tag thisIs this the standard in all humans? or would artheritis stop the ability to do it at these angles?[Why tag thisAlyssa Harmes
Kristin Basche
Kelly Stahl
Kaitlynn
Lauren Anthe
Kassidy Birkrem
Abigail
Kayla Theys
The ACL is one of the most common sites of knee injury
The ACL is one of the most common sites of knee injury (see Deeper Insight 9.4).
What structure in the elbow joint serves the same function as the ACL of the knee?
An important aspect of human bipedalism is the ability to lock the knees and stand erect without tiring the extensor muscles of the leg. When the knee is extended to the fullest degree allowed by the ACL, the femur rotates medially on the tibia. This action locks the knee, and in this state, all the major knee ligaments are twisted and taut. To unlock the knee, the popliteus muscle rotates the femur laterally and untwists the ligaments.
An important aspect of human bipedalism is the ability to lock the knees and stand erect without tiring the extensor muscles of the leg. When the knee is extended to the fullest degree allowed by the ACL, the femur rotates medially on the tibia. This action locks the knee, and in this state, all the major knee ligaments are twisted and taut. To unlock the knee, the popliteus muscle rotates the femur laterally and untwists the ligaments.The knee joint has at least 13 bursae. Four of these are anterior: the superficial infrapatellar, suprapatellar, prepatellar, and deep infrapatellar. Located in the popliteal region are the popliteal bursa and semimembranosus bursa (not illustrated). At least seven more bursae are found on the lateral and medial sides of the knee joint. From figure 9.29c, your knowledge of the relevant word elements (infra-, supra-, pre-), and the terms superficial and deep, you should be able to work out the reasoning behind most of these names and develop a system for remembering the locations of these bursae.
When people have greater extension in their knees so that the go into hyperextension is does that mean they have a longer ligamnet? [Why tag this]Why are ACL injuries more common than PLC injuries?[Why tag thisLast semester I wrote a research paper regarding the various risk factors, prevention strategies, and treatment possibilities for ACL injuries. I found that these injuries are most common in adolescent to early adult athletes. I also found a lot of really interesting prevention and treatment techniques that involve strength training and conditioning on top of the athlete's usual exercise agenda. [Why tag thisFrom what I can tell, the structure in the elbow joint that serves the same function as the ACL in the knee is the joint capsule.[Why tag thisI'm thinking maybe the anular ligament.[Why tag thisIs it because of the ACL that is how people can get cramp on their leg? Maybe because their was not enough of stretch in the leg muscle to make it twist and taut but as soon as it is stretch enough then the mucles are able to release.[Why tag thisagain what happens when the knee is naturally hyperextended?[Why tag thisbipedalism[Why tag thisA question I am curious about, regarding this section is about people who continually stand on their toes. When people stand on their toes, they stretch the back of their legs, putting pressure on their ACL, as well as the tibia and knee joints. Do people who tend to stand on their toes experience more ACL tears and bursa bursts? I ask this question because I believe if there was continuous pressure on these components of the body, they would eventually experience wear and tear. I find this particularly interesting because I have a friend who tends to stand with her knees locked, and toes straight.[Why tag thisKristen Grzeca
Alina Gur
jennifer lassiter
morgan johnson
Dee Lor
Lauren Anthe
Caitlin R.
Kasey Bowers
Triangular (convergent) muscles are fan-shaped?broad at one end and narrower at the other.
riangular (convergent) muscles are fan-shaped?broad at one end and narrower at the other. Ex
these muscles are relatively strong because they contain a large number of fibers in the wider part of the muscle.
Pennate9 muscles are feather-shaped. Their fascicles insert obliquely on a tendon that runs the length of the muscle, like the shaft of a feather. There are three types of pennate muscles:
what causes them to stretch so long?[Why tag this]how so?[Why tag thisThe different shapes of muscles provide different functions. Understanding the different muscle shapes and and the muscles they form helps to comprehend the functions that they perform.[Why tag thisDoes this mean it is a muscle that has the largest span of muscle over a particular area of bone? [Why tag thisWhere are these muscles mostly found?[Why tag thisthe more fibers the stronger the bone[Why tag thisWhy is there a need for a strong muscle in the head?[Why tag thiswhat does this do? how does the shape help the muscle?[Why tag thisAnthony Wheeler
Maria Stephans
Abigail
Maisey Mulvey
Brittany Nycz
Allyson Tetzlaff
Figure 3.8 Some Functions of Membrane Proteins.
Second-messenger systems. When a messenger binds to a surface receptor, it may trigger changes within the cell that produce a second messenger in the cytoplasm. This process involves both transmembrane proteins (the receptors) and peripheral proteins. Second-messenger systems are also discussed later in more detail. Enzymes (fig. 3.8b). Enzymes in the plasma membrane carry out the final stages of starch and protein digestion in the small intestine, help produce second messengers, and break down hormones and other signaling molecules whose job is done, thus stopping them from excessively stimulating a cell. Channel proteins (fig. 3.8c). Channels are passages that allow water and hydrophilic solutes to move through the membrane. A channel can be a tunnel through an individual membrane protein or, more often, a tunnel surrounded by a complex of multiple proteins. Some channels are always open, whereas others are gates that open and close under different circumstances, thus determining when solutes can pass (fig. 3.8d). These gates respond to three types of stimuli: ligand-gated channels respond to chemical messengers, voltage-gated channels to changes in electrical potential (voltage) across the plasma membrane, and mechanically gated channels to physical stress on a cell, such as stretch and pressure. By controlling the movement of electrolytes through the plasma membrane, gated channels play an important role in the timing of nerve signals and muscle contraction (see Deeper Insight 3.1). Physiologists are avidly investigating a family of diseases called channelopathies that result from defects in channel proteins. Carriers (see figs. 3.18 and 3.19). Carriers are transmembrane proteins that bind to glucose, electrolytes, and other solutes and transfer them to the other side of the membrane. Some carriers, called pumps, consume ATP in the process. Cell-identity markers (fig. 3.8e). Glycoproteins contribute to the glycocalyx, a carbohydrate surface coating discussed shortly. Among other functions, this acts like an ?identification tag? that enables our bodies to tell which cells belong to it and which are foreign invaders. Cell-adhesion molecules (fig. 3.8f). Cells adhere to one another and to extracellular material through membrane proteins called cell-adhesion molecules (CAMs). With few exceptions (such as blood cells and metastasizing cancer cells), cells do not grow or survive normally unless they are mechanically linked to the extracellular material. Special events such as sperm?egg binding and the binding of an immune cell to a cancer cell also require CAMs.
Different parts of the membrane and the functions[Why tag this text]This figure portrays the function of several membrane proteins that assist in active transport, passive transport, diffusion, and other processes so that the cell can move ions and molecules through it's membrane as needed.[Why tag this textThis figure was really helpful on the functions of the membrane and what happens at each step process such as binding to cell to produce a message to tell the cell what to do next. [Why tag this textThat's interesting because flagella has almost the same function as cilia[Why tag this textWithout cell membrane there will be no boundaries in any cell.[Why tag this textI just find it amazing that each part of the cell, knows exactly what it should be doing. Each has a job to execute, and we don't have to sit there and tell ourselves what we should be doing constantly.[Why tag this textI find the second-messenger systems to be very interesting, How does it trigger changes in the cell? I understand it is explained in more detail later on but I still find the second-messenger confusing.[Why tag this textReceptors activate or deactivate things going on inside the cell. But do, these activations and deactivate have anything to do with gaining or losing proteins?[Why tag this textI don't understand why there are so many messangers in a process[Why tag this textChristina Colarossi
Alyssa Tucker
lujain
Ashley Parker
shelby
Elvia Rivas
Kenyetta
Osteoblasts begin the process by laying down collagen fibers in a helical pattern along the length of the osteon. These fibers then become encrusted with minerals that hard
Most tissues have inhibitors to prevent this so they do not become calcified
Most tissues have inhibitors to prevent this so they do not become calcified.
The first few crystals to form act as ?seed crystals? that attract more calcium and phosphate from solution. The more hydroxyapatite that forms, the more it attracts additional minerals from the tissue fluid, until the matrix is thoroughly calcified.
What is the cause of [Why I tagged this]When the Mineral deposition begins in fetal ossification, is it one of the factors that helps create the bones?[Why I tagged thisIn order for bone deposition to occur, calcium and phosphate need to be present in order to provide for the other needs of the body and supply minerals for deposition in the skeleton. Calcification and bone formation go hand in hand to help the bones fuse and grow together. Phosphate and Calcium are key in the ossification process.[Why I tagged thisIt is interesting that some tissues that aren't meant to be hardened have inhibitors that prevent calcification. [Why I tagged thisWould this look like a DNA strip?[Why I tagged thisso they act almost like a thermostat in a house so when the tissues are getting close to calcified, it kicks in and prevents that?[Why I tagged thisWhat is a result of bone calcification? Can this be a precursor to arthritis? When is it useful and when is it detrimental for bone to form mineral deposits?[Why I tagged thisDoes this mean that if these tissues did not have the inhibitor they would turn to bone?[Why I tagged thisWhy do 'seed crystals' attract calcium and phosphate from solution.[Why I tagged thisAdrian Kange
Cassie Marsh
Neema Shekar
Grace
Anthony Wheeler
Rachel
Kayla Orta
Thomas Hensler
In the early 1900s, the food industry developed a method for converting cis-fatty acids to trans-fatty acids. Fats with straight-chain trans-fatty acids pack more densely together and consequently are solids at room temperature. This has several advantages for cooking. Solids such as vegetable shortening are easier to use in making such baked goods as pie crusts and biscuits; they have a longer shelf life; and vegetable products are more acceptable than animal fat to vegetarians. Trans fats are now used abundantly in snack foods, baked goods, fast foods such as french fries, and many other foods. Trans fats constitute about 30% of the fat in shortening, but only 4% of the animal fat in butter.The disadvantage of trans fats is that they resist enzymatic breakdown in the human body, remain in circulation longer, and have more tendency to deposit in the arteries than saturated and cis-unsaturated fats do. Therefore, they raise the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). From 1980 to 1994, medical scientists tracked a cohort of 80,082 female nurses (the Nurses' Health Study II) and, among other things, correlated their incidence of CHD with their self-reported diets. They concluded that for every 2% increase in calories from trans fats as compared to carbohydrate calories, the women had a 93% higher risk of CHD.
The positives in the food industry of converting cis-fatty acids to trans-fatty acids[Why tag this text]Wow! I had no idea the food industry was the primary culprit for increasing the availability of transfats. I though that it was originally just a product of a more liesurely lifestyle along with greater availablity to food. But it is actually the manipulation of the fats that creates the over abundance. Can saturated fats also be trans fats? Are staurated fats equally difficult to break down in the body?[Why tag this textInteresting how scientist created a new substance that help the shelf life of food but then in the end help the epidemic of CHD. Now they are still trying to figure out how to lower fat in products to make them healthier.[Why tag this textThere are many studies out there that link the consumption of all animal [Why tag this textThis is similar to high fructose corn syrup. It is cheaper and lasts longer from a marketing standpoint but it is linked to diabetes and obesity and is in a large percentage of food now. [Why tag this texthow?[Why tag this textTrans fats are the worst for you but usually taste the best. People also love them because they are usually in long lasting foods.[Why tag this textIts important to know that protein have many different functions that help our bodies daily[Why tag this textJohn
xuntao
Claire Silkaitis
Bonnie Watson
Jungas
David
Nucleotides are organic compounds with three principal components: a single or double carbon?nitrogen ring called a nitrogenous base, a monosaccharide, and one or more phosphate groups. One of the best-known nucleotides is ATP (fig. 2.30a), in which the nitrogenous base is a double ring called adenine, the sugar is ribose, and there are three phosphate groups.
Adenosine Triphosphate
Adenosine Triphosphate Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the body's most important energy-transfer molecule. It briefly stores energy gained from exergonic reactions such as glucose oxidation and releases it within seconds for physiological work such as polymerization reactions, muscle contraction, and pumping ions through cell membranes.
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the body's most important energy-transfer molecule. It briefly stores energy gained from exergonic reactions such as glucose oxidation and releases it within seconds for physiological work such as polymerization reactions, muscle contraction, and pumping ions through cell membranes. The second and third phosphate groups of ATP are attached to the rest of the molecule by high-energy covalent bonds traditionally indicated by a wavy line (~) in the structural formula. Since phosphate groups are negatively charged, they repel each other. It requires a high-energy bond to overcome that repellent force and hold them together?especially to add the third phosphate group to a chain that already has two negatively charged phosphates. Most energy transfers to and from ATP involve adding or removing that third phosphate.
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the body's most important energy-transfer molecule. It briefly stores energy gained from exergonic reactions such as glucose oxidation and releases it within seconds for physiological work such as polymerization reactions, muscle contraction, and pumping ions through cell membranes. The second and third phosphate groups of ATP are attached to the rest of the molecule by high-energy covalent bonds traditionally indicated by a wavy line (~) in the structural formula. Since phosphate groups are negatively charged, they repel each other. It requires a high-energy bond to overcome that repellent force and hold them together-especially to add the third phosphate group to a chain that already has two negatively charged phosphates. Most energy transfers to and from ATP involve adding or removing that third phosphate.
Nucleotides:Organic compounds with 3 principal components, a nitrogenous base, a monosaccharide, and a phosphate group. ATP is a nucleotide. [Why tag this text]Question 9: DNA is made up of nucleic acids that are polymers of nucleotides.[Why tag this textATP!Most important energy transfer molecule. It stores energy gained from exergonic reactions and releases it. ATPases are enzymes specialed to hydrolize the phosphate bonds of ATP and made ADP[Why tag this textThis is very important to know, because ATP is used for many, many bodily processes. We will here about its use throughout the duration of the course.[Why tag this textThis process confuses me of how atp changes to make or use energy.[Why tag this textNever knew how important ATP was for the body, especially energy.[Why tag this textATP is such an important aspect of the body. Since it is the body's main source of energy it performs many different funtions that the body needs.[Why tag this textQuestion 7: Energy is relseased when a phosphate group is removed from the ATP.[Why tag this textWhat would happen if the covalent bonds didnt have a high enough energy level to even bond? Would energy stop being formed or would the body find other ways to find energy?[Why tag this textSarah Ertl
Cody Andrews
Erin Griph
David
Samantha Herron
andrew baker
Some tendons cross multiple joints before inserting on a middle or distal phalanx, and can flex or extend all the joints they cross.
Most tendons of the extrinsic muscles pass under a fibrous, braceletlike sheet called the flexor retinaculum on the anterior side of the wrist or the extensor retinaculum on the posterior side. These ligaments prevent the tendons from standing up like taut bowstrings when the muscles contract. The carpal tunnel is a tight space between the flexor retinaculum and carpal bones. The flexor tendons passing through the tunnel are enclosed in tendon sheaths that enable them to slide back and forth quite easily, although this region is subject to painful inflammation?carpal tunnel syndrome?resulting from repetitive motion (see Deeper Insight 10.4 and fig. 10.30).Fasciae divide the forearm muscles into anterior and posterior compartments and each compartment into superficial and deep layers (fig. 10.27). The muscles will be described below in these four groups.
do these joints contain any purpose really?[Why Tag This]Thats cool that one tendon can control multiple joints.[Why Tag ThisHow could our body anatomy be improved to reduce the incidence of carpal tunnel syndrome? I have heard of people with joint pain receiving injections at the site. If the tendon sheath had a better type of coating we would be able to function without pain. What is done in carpal tunnel surgeries to correct this?In extreme cases I have seen patients that receive treatments to dull the nerve endings at joints where they have pain. This is a temporary treatment, requiring return trips to the doctor to rid the joint of nerve endings. [Why Tag ThisCool to think about though.[Why Tag Thisokay this makes sense to me[Why Tag Thiswhat majority of the extrinsic muscles pass through and was this prevents[Why Tag ThisI find it interesting that the general public refers to carpal tunnel syndrome simply as carpal tunnel, and generally they would not be aware that it is a part of the body. Are there other diseases or syndromes commonly referred to as simply the area they affect?[Why Tag ThisMy mother has carpal tunnel syndrome. She got it from working as a receptionist and typing all day long. There is no real cure for this, only excersizes and pain medicine will relieve the symptoms.[Why Tag ThisI think this is important because I never knew the function of the carpal tunnel, I just knew of the syndrome. Are there certain repetitive movements that are more likely to cause carpal tunnel syndrome?[Why Tag ThisLeah Hennes
Amanda Baxter
Alyssa Harmes
Chelsea Moore
Brianna Franske
Lauren Thiel
This is also review for me and molarity is a great topic and I loved doing the math for the elements.[Why tag this text]Molarity is extrememly important. It is one of the first things one learns in chemistry and a understanding of it is important to understand future concepts like rate of reaction and whether a reaction will happen or not.[Why tag this textInteresting that the amount of molecules affects the physiological effect.[General-Do not useThis is important to know so that we can understand how small a mole is and look on a broader group of data. Also to know how many molecules are in something so that we can look at the precentage of each element in another solution. [Why tag this textIt is interesting to see that Measurements of concentraction or molarity is seen in fields outside of chemistry itself. When calculating molarity in chemistry 101 our equation reads: Molarity (M)= moles/ Liters (L). This is different than what is listed in this passage in the sense that they are using grams instead of moles. It is very easy to convert from grams to moles by using the atomic mass. [Why tag this textQuestion 7: An advantage of percentage over molarity is that they are easier to prepare. However, molarity has advantages over percentage because it is based off of molecular weight therefore it is more accurate.[Why tag this textSolutions concentrated...-Weight per volume is a simple way to express it-Percentages-Molarity[Why tag this textmakes sense, but never thought of it. That 50g of one substance can have a different molecular weight than another substance even though your starting with 50g of each, since each molecule weighs different you'l need more of the lighter one to reach that 50g.[Why tag this textJoseph Skarlupka
Erin Griph
Sophia Wood
Jonathan Rooney
Melissa Gile
Sarah Ertl
Alexandra Schmit
Nicholas Bruno
When you are fully bent over forward, as in touching your toes, the erector spinae is fully stretched. Because of the length?tension relationship explained in chapter 11, muscles that are stretched to such extremes cannot contract very effectively. Standing up from such a position is therefore initiated by the hamstring muscles on the back of the thigh and the gluteus maximus of the buttocks. The erector spinae joins in the action when it is partially contracted.Standing too suddenly or improperly lifting a heavy weight, however, can strain the erector spinae, cause painful muscle spasms, tear tendons and ligaments of the lower back, and rupture intervertebral discs. The lumbar muscles are adapted for maintaining posture, not for lifting. This is why it is important, in heavy lifting, to kneel and use the powerful extensor muscles of the thighs and buttocks to lift the load.
When you are fully bent over forward, as in touching your toes, the erector spinae is fully stretched. Because of the length?tension relationship explained in chapter 11, muscles that are stretched to such extremes cannot contract very effectively. Standing up from such a position is therefore initiated by the hamstring muscles on the back of the thigh and the gluteus maximus of the buttocks. The erector spinae joins in the action when it is partially contracted.Standing too suddenly or improperly lifting a heavy weight, however, can strain the erector spinae, cause painful muscle spasms, tear tendons and ligaments of the lower back, and rupture intervertebral discs. The lumbar muscles are adapted for maintaining posture, not for lifting. This is why it is important, in heavy lifting, to kneel and use the powerful extensor muscles of the thighs and buttocks to lift the load.
This reminds me of some of the stretching I had to do in TaeKwon-Do when we had to bend over forward and touch our toes. Now I know that when I did that, the erector spinae was fully stretched. [Why tag this]Does this happen when there is stress on the spine? I can touch the floor and still not be going down all the way[Why tag thisI know that this is possible, but why can't everyone bind all the way down and touch their toes?[Why tag thisThe only time when muscles [Why tag thisDoes your lower back play a huge part in the ability for someone to touch their toes? Because if your lower back isn't flexible enough then it will not allow your hamstrings to fully stretch out and then your arms will not be able to touch your toes.[Why tag thisPresumably, just like the spine and the hamstring, most muscles don't do a single job on their own. They work together to accomplish the movement. [Why tag thisThis is interesting to me because I did not know that your hamstrings and the gluteus maximus were respsonsible for standing up from bending over to touch your toes. I thought that the muscles in your back were responsible to stand back up.[Why tag thisI also tagged this section because, since I am attending school to become a chiropractor, I am really going to know and understand a lot of the different causes and effects of back injuries as well as others... [Why tag thisThis is interesting because I didn't' know that if you lifted something wrong it is caused by the strain of the erector spinae. The erector spinae is fully stretched when you bend over and reach your toes. If someone has the inability to reach their toes is that because this muscle is shortened? Also after someone works out and stretches are they tearing their muscles? [Why tag thisandrew baker
Michea Jones
Elvia Rivas
Christina Colarossi
Sophie
Samantha Herron
Dakota Francart
Alyssa Tucker
There is only one kind of cholesterol, and it does far more good than harm.
There is only one kind of cholesterol, and it does far more good than harm. When the popular press refers to ?good? and ?bad? cholesterol, it is actually referring to droplets in the blood called lipoproteins, which are a complex of cholesterol, fat, phospholipids, and protein. So-called bad cholesterol refers to low-density lipoprotein (LDL), which has a high ratio of lipid to protein and contributes to cardiovascular disease. So-called good cholesterol refers to high-density lipoprotein (HDL), which has a lower ratio of lipid to protein and may help to prevent cardiovascular disease. Even when food products are advertised as cholesterol-free, they may be high in saturated fat, which stimulates the body to produce more cholesterol. Palmitic acid seems to be the greatest culprit in stimulating elevated cholesterol levels, while linoleic acid has a cholesterol-lowering effect.
There is only one kind of cholesterol, and it does far more good than harm. When the popular press refers to ?good? and ?bad? cholesterol, it is actually referring to droplets in the blood called lipoproteins, which are a complex of cholesterol, fat, phospholipids, and protein. So-called bad cholesterol refers to low-density lipoprotein (LDL), which has a high ratio of lipid to protein and contributes to cardiovascular disease. So-called good cholesterol refers to high-density lipoprotein (HDL), which has a lower ratio of lipid to protein and may help to prevent cardiovascular disease. Even when food products are advertised as cholesterol-free, they may be high in saturated fat, which stimulates the body to produce more cholesterol. Palmitic acid seems to be the greatest culprit in stimulating elevated cholesterol levels, while linoleic acid has a cholesterol-lowering effect. Both are shown in figure 2.19. Cardiovascular disease is further discussed at the end of Chapter 19, and LDLs and HDLs are more fully explained in Chapter 26.
You hear that cholesterol is bad for you, or about people having high cholesterol. Ironic that you actaully need cholesterol in your body, and that people try to lower their cholesterol but only 15% actually comes from our diets.[Why tag this text]I don't get it. When Cherios make commercials on having a low cholesterial, why is having a high cholesterial so bad if it does more good to you than bad?[Why tag this textI tagged this because I thought it was so interesting to learn that there is two types of cholesterol and the good cholesterol actually may HELP prevent cardiovascular disease! [Why tag this textThis is interesting for multiple reasons. I had always assumed cholesterol was something horrible, but to know it actually aids to body is completely new to me. In addition, it's important to know this because many people buy foods marked cholesterol free, assuming that it means its the healthy option. Few probably know that cholesterol is a good thing, and the foods they are ingesting in hopes of being healthy are probably doing the exact opposite.[Why tag this textAs a person who is interested in health and nutrition this really is useful information. Looking beyond what the popular press tells us and learning why they call them that gives us a more complete picture instead of [Why tag this textI found this interesting because growing up I was told to believe in there being two seperate types of cholesterol but now from this it's saying that technically there is only one kind. I guess this is an example of how much the media gives us information that isn't always correct.[Why tag this texti didn't know there is a bad cholesterol[Why tag this textWhen doctors talk about having high cholesterol, which is usually a bad thing, are they referring to the droplets in the blood or something different?[Why tag this textI did not know that [Why tag this textmainkao
Alma Tovar
Anna Christenbury
Joshua Collier
Danny Duong
Hussain
Abigail
Mai Youa Chang
What would happen if the plasma membrane were made primarily of a hydrophilic substance such as carbohydrate?
What would happen if the plasma membrane were made primarily of a hydrophilic substance such as carbohydrate?
What would happen if the plasma membrane were made primarily of a hydrophilic substance such as carbohydrate? Which of the major themes at the end of chapter 1 does this point best exemplify
What would happen if the plasma membrane were made primarily of a hydrophilic substance such as carbohydrate? Which of the major themes at the end of chapter 1 does this point best exemplify?
Why do the membranes need to be fluid? what is its purpose?[Why tag this text]What would happen if it was a solid??[Why tag this textWhy is it important to keep the membrane fluid? Does it differ for each different type of cell?[Why tag this textImportant information when it comes to how the cel membrane works and what it needs in order to function.[Why tag this textI work on a Transplant Floor and I found it interesting that the glycocalyx determines whether or not if an organ is tranferable or not. [Why tag this textThis is an interesting question. It makes sense that if plasma membranes were primarliy hydrophilic, then the cell would attract other hydrophilic substances. [Why tag this textAnswering this question assists in understanding the structure of a lipid bilayer, and how the properties of its molecules make it work great as a semipermeable barrier between the cytoplasm and the matrix surrounding it. The lipid molecules that form the lipid bilayer are amphipathic, meaning that they contain a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail. The tails of each of the two bilayers meet in the interior of the bilayer, while the hydrophilic heads face the extra and intracellular fluids. Carbohydrates are hydrophilic, so if used in the plasma membrane, the functions of the normal membrane would cease to work.[Why tag this textThe membrane would be filled with unneeded fluid.[Why tag this textandrew baker
Kayla Cowan
Megan Perna
Lauren Stec
Catherine Andersen
David Orr
Maisey Mulvey
The Tibia The leg has two bones: a thick strong tibia (TIB-ee-uh) on the medial side and a slender fibula (FIB-you-luh) on the lateral side (fig. 8.39). The tibia is the only weight-bearing bone of the crural region. Its broad superior head has two fairly flat articular surfaces, the medial and lateral condyles, separated by a ridge called the intercondylar eminence. The condyles of the tibia articulate with those of the femur. The rough anterior surface of the tibia, the tibial tuberosity, can be palpated just below the patella. This is an attachment for the powerful thigh muscles that extend (straighten) the knee. Distal to this, the shaft has a sharply angular anterior crest, which can be palpated in the shin. At the ankle, just above the rim of a standard dress shoe, you can palpate a prominent bony knob on each side. These are the medial and lateral malleoli70 (MAL-ee-OH-lie). The medial malleolus is part of the tibia, and the lateral malleolus is the part of the fibula.
Each of these bones interacts with another and the way that they interact is why we can move the way we do. Linking these bones helps to understand the body as a whole more than we would be able to withouth knowing about our bones, what they do, and where they are.[Why tag this]description of the tibia[Why tag thisWhen my brother was in third grade a girl from the fifth grade ran into each other and when he fell his tibia broke. I saw the collision and it wasn't that extreme. I don't understand how a huge bone could break to easily.[Why tag thisAfter fracturing my tibia, this paragraph actually made me want to know more about it. Now I actually understand part of what the doctor was telling me when he was pointing at the MRI of my leg and explaining my injury. It is very interesting how similar they look.[Why tag thisIts interesting that the fibula and tibia correspond with the radius and ulna of the upper limbs.[Why tag thisI saw a documentation about a child that was born without fibulas and had to have his legs amputated. Since they are not weight-bearing, why would he need to have the proceedure.Second, is the interosseous membrane an attempt to progressively fuse two bones into one?[Why tag thisDo people devolope Osteoporosis because their leg bones are not thick? [Why tag thisKnew the two bones in the leg (tibia and fibula). However didn't really know which was which or how to classify between them. After reading this I put together from the first sentence to connect the T's. (Thick = Tibia).[Why tag thisThis was the bone that I fractured in the 7th grade roller skating! It was the worst 3 months of life to just eat, sit around, and do nothing. But my doctor told me that it was a good thing I didn't fracture my fibula because that was the bone that supports my tibia. And that bone takes a much longer time to heal.[Why tag thisAlyssa Harmes
Amanda Fitzmaurice
Poljana Janko
Neema Shekar
Ryan Gallagher
hanouf
Nicholas Bruno
mainkao
The carriers act like enzymes in some ways: The solute is a ligand that binds to a specific receptor site on the carrier, like a substrate binding to the active site of an enzyme. The carrier exhibits specificity for its ligand, just as an enzyme does for its substrate. A glucose carrier, for example, cannot transport fructose. Carriers also exhibit saturation; as the solute concentration rises, its rate of transport increases, but only up to a point. When every carrier is occupied, adding more solute cannot make the process go any faster. The carriers are saturated?no more are available to handle the increased demand, and transport levels off at a rate called the transport maximum (Tm) (fig. 3.17). You could think of carriers as analogous to buses. If all the buses on a given line are full (?saturated?), they cannot carry any more passengers, regardless of how many people are waiting at the bus stop.
I guess this helps explain why our (individual humans) energy recovers so quickly after consuming a meal. [Why tag this text]Cells are extremely small and so are carriers however it still does not take away from the fact that they transport 1000 glucose milescules per second across the membrane! Its crazy to think how fast and effeciant our bodies run.[Why tag this textThat seems extremely fast, I know that a molecule is a very small unit of matter but 1000 a second seems like it would take alot of energy, espeially if that cells is mediating theglucose and other molecules elsewhere. [Why tag this textThe carrier-mediated transport transports proteins to the plasma membrane and releases the solute to the other side. They are like enzymes because it needs to bind to a specific receptor for it to be able to pick it up and transport. [Why tag this textI'm not sure why it speeds up until the point of saturation. Why doesn't it just increase at a constant rate? What is the purpose of that?[Why tag this textAs long as there are open transport proteins, won't the rate of transport be the same until they are all full, at which point it will go slower? For example: Let's say there are 3 transport proteins. Whether there are 1, 2, or 3 particles, they will all have an available transport protein, hence they will all be transported at the same rate. If however, there are 6 particles, 3 of them have to wait for the first three to go through. So the rate of them all getting through has slowed. I do not understand how having more particles (up to a point) would make the rate of transport go faster.[Why tag this textso since it cant make it faster or increase does it make it slower?[Why tag this textThis example really helped me to understand the theory behind saturation. The real-life approach is very applicable. [Why tag this text Zachary Garrity
Blake Marrari
Linda Xiong
mary furner
Heather Archibald
Lauren Anthe
Cassi Malko
In the fifth century bce, the Greek philosopher Democritus reasoned that we can cut matter such as a gold nugget into smaller and smaller pieces, but there must ultimately be particles so small that nothing could cut them. He called these imaginary particles atoms1 (?indivisible?)
In the fifth century bce, the Greek philosopher Democritus reasoned that we can cut matter such as a gold nugget into smaller and smaller pieces, but there must ultimately be particles so small that nothing could cut them. He called these imaginary particles atoms1 (?indivisible?).
In the fifth century bce, the Greek philosopher Democritus reasoned that we can cut matter such as a gold nugget into smaller and smaller pieces, but there must ultimately be particles so small that nothing could cut them. He called these imaginary particles atoms1 (?indivisible?). Atoms were only a philosophical concept until 1803, when English chemist John Dalton began to develop an atomic theory based on experimental evidence. In 1913, Danish physicist Niels Bohr proposed a model of atomic structure similar to planets orbiting the sun (figs. 2.1 and 2.2). Although this planetary model is too simple to account for many of the properties of atoms, it remains useful for elementary purposes.
It was interesting to learn how long ago the first concept of atoms came to be. I was also surprised that we still use the original term [Why I tagged this]I know about atoms, but even now a days its some what difficult to process the concept of something so tiny as atoms. So to think that the idea of atoms actually came about in the fifth century, couldn't believe how outrageous this idea had to have been back then[Why tag this textI never realized that we knew what atoms were so early in history.[Why tag this textI find it amazing that all those years ago without the technology we have now or had 50 years ago they were aware of this concept.[Why tag this textUseful background info.[Why tag this textHere is another example of how and why knowing the history of science is helpful for learning and understanding so much more. It's a continuous trial and error process.[Why tag this textAtomic structure and where it came from[Why tag this textGreek philosopher Democritus made concept that eventually particles wouldn't be able to be cut once they get so small- called them atoms[Why tag this textNicholas Bruno
Amie Emrys
Madeline
mainkao
Rebecca Sherer
Anthony Wheeler
Stephanie
Name the bones of the adult pelvic girdle. What three bones of a child fuse to form the hip bone of an adult?
Describe several ways in which the male and female pelvic girdles differ
Describe several ways in which the male and female pelvic girdles differ.
What parts of the femur are involved in the hip joint? What parts are involved in the knee joint?
coxal bone, sacrum, pelvisthe bones that fuse together during childhood are the ilium, ischium, and pubis[Why tag this]The adult hip bone is formed by three smaller childhood bones. These are the ilium, ischium, and pubis.[Why tag thisThe three bones that fuse during childhood that form the hip bone of an adult include the ilium, ischium, and pubis. The bones that make up the adult pelvic girdle include the sacrum, ilium, ischium, pubic bone, pubic symphysis, acetabulum, and the coccyx.[Why tag thisThe ilium, ischium,and pubis. Are the adult hip bone that form by the fusion of the three childhood bones. [Why tag thisthe male pelvic is more rough and has heavier processes where as the females is more smooth and has delicate processes. the pelvic inlet of the male girdle is heart shaped where as the females inlet is round or oval. the males sacrum is narrow and long where as the females is wide and short. [Why tag thisThe average male pelvis is more robust than females. The female pelvis is adapted to the needs of pregnancy and childbirth, making it wider and shallower.[Why tag thisWhen comparing the pelvis between sexes, we see that the male pelvis is heavier and thicker than the females. We can also note the difference in the subpubic angle. In the male pelvis, we see that the angle is more narrow compared to a females with subpubic angle. The female pelvis is adapted to the needs of pregnancy and childbirth. Being wider and shallower, it allows for easier passing of the infants head.[Why tag thisthe male pelvis is more robust than the females due to stronger forces are exerted on the bones by stronger muscles. the female pelvis is also adapted to the needs of pregnancy and childbirth, so it is wider and shallower[Why tag thiship joint-head, neck, fovea capitis, greater trochanterknee joint-patellar surface, medial condyle, intercondylar tossa, lateral condyle, lateral epicondyle[Why tag thisElizabeth
Kimberly Loney
Veronika Scates
jess Tegelman
Emily Orange
TranslationTranslation Just as we might translate a work from Spanish into English, genetic translation converts the language of nucleotides into the language of amino acids. This job is carried out by the following participants.
Translation Just as we might translate a work from Spanish into English, genetic translation converts the language of nucleotides into the language of amino acids. This job is carried out by the following participants. Messenger RNA (mRNA), which carries the genetic code from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. During its synthesis in the nucleus, mRNA acquires a protein cap that acts like a passport, permitting it to pass through a nuclear pore into the cytosol. The cap also acts as a recognition site that tells a ribosome where to begin translation. Transfer RNA (tRNA), a relatively small RNA whose job is to bind a free amino acid in the cytosol and deliver it to the ribosome to be added to a growing protein chain. tRNA is a single-stranded molecule that turns back and coils on itself to form an angular L shape (fig. 4.7). One loop of the molecule includes an anticodon, a series of three nucleotides complementary to a specific codon of mRNA. For the codon AUG, for example, the anticodon is UAC. The other end of the tRNA has a binding site for a specific amino acid corresponding to that codon. The first tRNA to bind to a ribosome at the start of translation is called the initiator tRNA. It always has the anticodon UAC and always carries the amino acid methionine.
converts nucleotides into the language of amino acids[Why tag this text]Translation:Genetic translation converts the language of nucelotides into the language of amino acids. This job is done by:Messenger RNA (mRNA): Carries genetic code from the nucleus into the cytoplasm. Transfer RNA {tRNA}: Job is to bind a free amino acid into the cytosol and deliver the ribosome to the protein chain. One loop contains an anti-codon and the other end connects to a codon. [Why tag this textThis section provides the descriptions of mRNA and tRNA and the process of translation. This converts the nucleotides to the equivalent amino acids, which is a transition necessary for the proteins to be produced.[Why tag this textDefiniton of translation: converting the language of nucleotides into the language of amino acids.[Why tag this textQuestion 3: Transcription is the copying of genetic material from DNA to RNA. Translation is a process to converts the necleotide sequence into amino acids.[Why tag this textdefinitions to remember TranslationMessenger RNATransfer RNA [Why tag this textHow is this able to happen?[Why tag this textkinda relates to the genetic transcription[Why tag this textGood way to remember this process is to connect it to learning languages.[Why tag this textDanielle Henckel
Maria Stephans
Stephanie
Sarah Ertl
Anthony Wheeler
Michea Jones
Lauren Anthe
Erin Griph
be the typical anatomy of a gla
Cell Junctions
Cell JunctionsMost cells, with the exception of blood cells, macrophages, and metastatic cancer cells, must be anchored to each other and to the matrix if they are to grow and divide normally. The connections between one cell and another are called cell junctions. These attachments enable the cells to resist stress, communicate with each other, and control the movement of substances through the gaps between cells. Without them, cardiac muscle cells would pull apart when they contracted, and every swallow of food would scrape away the lining of your esophagus. The main types of cell junctions are shown in figure 5.28.
A gland is a cell or organ that secretes substances for use elsewhere in the body or for elimination as waste. Glands are composed predominantly of epithelial tissues. Endocrine and Exocrine Glands originate as invaginations of a surface epithelium. Endocrine glands lose contact with the surface and have no ducts and unicellular glands are secretory cells found in an epithelium that is predominantly nonsecretory. [Why tag this text]Anchoring-type junctions not only hold cells together but provide tissues with structural cohesion. These junctions are most abundant in tissues that are subject to constant mechanical stress such as skin and heart[Why tag this textmust be anchored to the matrix in order to grow and divide[Why tag this textDose cell junction or really anything from this chapter play in the rold of when you skin stretches and leaves marks on your body? Really should have been left for the epiderms section but this question just arose. [Why tag this textCell Junctions have a very vital role. Without cell juction things would fall apart. Cardiac muscle cells would not work properly and everything you eat would scrape away the lining of the esophagus. Cell junctions connects on cell to another.[Why tag this textWas never taught this so this is all new information to me. I figured they must be connected but didnt know there was so much to it. What would happen if the cells divided abnormally?[Why tag this textI've never even thought about cells having to be held together in some sort of way. I guess i just thought they stayed there on their own. Now, however, it does make sense.[Why tag this textI tagged this because I never knew this prior to reading it. [Why tag this textSame here, what would happen if they werent anchored like they are? Would we just fall apart or what?[Why tag this textit's interesting to know that the cells have to be connected to the matrix and themselves in order to grow properly.[Why tag this textI tagged this because I didnt not know that in order for cells to divide and grow normally they have to be anchored to each other. I found this really interesting and this really helped me understand more about cells. [Why tag this textI feel like I knew that this must be the case but it still suprised me when I read it. Although it makes a lot more sense for this to be the case as far as coordination of tissues goes it's a little strange to think of cells coming in a big block as opposed to floating around all by themselves.[Why tag this textit is interesting how other cells need to work together in order to function.[Why tag this textI find it interesting how in some way everything is connected to each other.[Why tag this textTo grow and divide normally majority of cells must be connected to each other and to the matrix.[Why tag this textI don't understand how blood cells, macrophages, and metastatic cancer cells grow, divide, and stay together if they aren't connected anyway.[Why tag this textI never even knew that the cells needed to be anchored to each other. I never knew that they also had to be connected to the matrix. [Why tag this textWhat is it about cancer cells that causes them to metastasize and divide irregularly? What is the trigger?[Why tag this text This interests me because I didn't know cells need to be anchored to each other in order to divide normally. I'm excited to actually learn about this!![Why tag this textInteresting concept, I had never given much thought to how the cells stay formed together.[Why tag this textIt explains what cell junctions are and the importance they have to the cells of the body [Why tag this textThis is important to know so that you can understand the importance and function of how cells work. It says that cells must always be anchord to eachother so that the cells can grow and divide normally. Without this the cels would become metastatic cancer cells which are not normal for a functioning body. [Why tag this textThis helps better understand the definition and purpose of cell junctions.[Why tag this textIt am curious as to why metastatic cancer cells do not need to be anchored to each other or in the matrix. I am interested in how cancer cells multiply and move throughout the body. Other cell types form an anchor to other cells or [Why tag this textCell Junctions, main types: tight junctions, desosomers, gap junctions, glands, [Why tag this textI never knew anything about junctions and how important they are to cells. I didn't know that junctions were attached to the cells to help them communicate. I liked the example about what would happen if we never had junctions because it helped me understand more clearly. [Why tag this textI have never heard of cell junctions before. I find it interesting that without them, every swallow of food would scrape away the lining of the esophagus. It's a weird thought to imagine that happening. [Why tag this textThey are the protector of our body?[Why tag this textexplain the cell junctions [Why tag this textI never knew this before. I never realized that all the cells were anchored together. This is interesting, to know that if this were not the case, every swallow would scrape away our esophagus. Crazy to think that.[Why tag this textdescribes which cells are an exception to not having to be [Why tag this textThis is what keeping the cardiac muscle cells to help us swallowing foods, cell junctionsl[Why tag this textI find this to be very interesting because previous to reading this, I was unaware of what junctions are and how they function. I am almost amazed that I have never heard of these before because though they may be a very small part, they serve a big purpose. It makes sense to me that something would have to hold cells together instead of cells just being packed together so tightly.[Why tag this textSome times i think we forget that even a smallest part in our body can be very important. Cell junctions help protect our body from substances that try to move between our gaps which would cause our body to fail. I always find these things interesting because we have so much going on in our body that we dont even know most of the time that it is going on. If one part of our body fails then most of our body would end up falling apart.[Why tag this textMost cells must be anchored to eachother and be part of a matrix.[Why tag this textI was unaware that most cells were connected to each others. I thought they were just anchored to the basement membrane but independently working to do the same job. It obviously makes sense, however, that they must be joined by the junctions to complete the tasks. Do cells then die off in layers or can they separate when a cell dies or becomes damaged?[Why tag this textI chose this because I thought it is interesting that in order for the cells to grow and divide normally they have to support each other. The connection is called cell junctions. I cannot believe that they resist stress. It is a very essential function as well. [Why tag this textI know I read about the matrix is all of the other sections of chapter 5 but I did don't completly....understand it[Why tag this textI didn't know that in order to divide normally cells must be anchored to one another and the matrix through cell junctions.[Why I tagged thisTo think if our cells did not connect would be horrible. The fact that as small of a matter cell junctions may not be of a big matter, but if our cells didn't connect how much damage it would do to a single person and their bodies.[Why tag this textdefinition of cell junctions, points out where the information and types of them are located[Why tag this textThis is important because it is the definition of what a junction is.[Why tag this textVocabulary: -Cell Juntions are connections between one cell and another.[Why tag this textThis says that except for the few types of cells stated, that every other type of cell in the body cannot function correctly and needs cell junctions in order to perform correctly. They allow the cells better communication, to be able to withstand lots of stress and helps control substances that move through the gaps from cell to cell[Why tag this textThis help makes it easier to understand what cell junctions are and it tells you how each functions.[Why tag this textThese connections just described are individual circutes in the the body, which is one big electrical circute. [Why tag this textThis explains what a cell junction is in basic terms.[Why tag this textI found this interesting with the communication between cells. How doe celles know to stay together and how do they share information? These junctions have shed some light into tthat question and I look forward to knowing more about it.[Why I tagged thisI tagged this part of the text, because I found it interesting how important they are to our everyday lives. Before reading this section of chapter 5, I had no prior knowledge about what cell junctions were. In the scope of things having to live without these cells would be extremely painful if not impossible to eat. [Why tag this textI think this is very interesting. In order for one cell to basically work it has to be connected to another cell(s)that is working.[Why tag this textThis is something I enjoyed reading because I never learned this concept or idea in depth. This insert in the section made me understand the concept in some way yet in a simple way. It made the concept easier to learn since prior to this it is something I really did not know.[Why tag this textIts interesting to see that cells have a way to communicate with each other to keep things in order.[Why tag this textThis is crazy to think that if we didnt have cell junctions, that our lining of our esophagus would scrape away..YUCK! but i find this intresting of why this is.[Why tag this textI learned that the connections between cells are called junctions and are not just empty spaces. The spaces anchor and make a matrix to grow and divide. The junctions help the cells to communicate with one another and control movements. Without these matrixes the muscles would not be able to hold on to each other without falling apart. [Why tag this textI hightlighted this because it told me what cell junctions were. I didn't no they were so important and controlled so much movement.[Why tag this textI remember learning this in high school but have completely forgotten about all of this. [Why tag this textI think this is amazing that our bodies are so complex, and without one little thing, (in this case cell junctions) it could ruin a part of the body. Without cell junctions our esophagus' would be ruined due to the constant repetition of food scraping away the lining because of the cells separating.[Why tag this textJunctions have an import job in the body that people generally do not think about, even cells need to be held together by something. Also interesting how they pass information to one another. [Why tag this textcell junctions are the connections that occur between one cell and another.[Why tag this textCell junctions tether cells together. All cells need to be able to be together to function normally[Why tag this textthe connections of cells allow the cells to resis stress, communicate with each other and control the movement of substances through the gaps[Why tag this textI thought this was very interesting to know that without the cell juntions it would be hard to swallow food. A question that rise from this passage that I am concern of is, what causes sore throat? Does this have anything to do with the cause of strep throat?[Why tag this textThere are three main types of cell juction throughout the body; tight junctions, desmosomes, and gap junctions. Tight junctions prevent substances from passing through the lining of internal organs, such as the stomach. This keeps the acidic juices of the stomach from destroying the surrounding and organs. The desmosomes prevent tissue from pulling apart, such as the cardiac muscles that make up the heart. Gap junctions are extremely important in the development of embryos. Thse junctions allw nutrients to pass from cell to cell to hourish the forming fetus.[Why tag this textIt is important to know how our body communicates with cells in order for those cells to get the job done.[GeneralThis really helped me understand what cell junctions are and what their job is.[Why tag this textThis is the main fuction of cell juctions[Why tag this textcontrol moevment and resist stress are functions of junctions[Why tag this textwhat all cell junctions have in common. why they are important.[Why tag this textThis is another example of why I think the human body is so interesting. It reacts to stress and, by cells communicating, thus prevents what could be injury or breakage to some tissue (if our bodies were not designed this way).[Why tag this textI tagged this part because it never really occured to me that cells have to resist movement and that cell junctions are super important because without them our cells would be slowly scraped away. I never learned about cell junctions in high school anatomy so it was cool to learn something completely new. [Why tag this textthis is where i found my answer[Why tag this textThis basically explains what junctions are for anad what would happen if we did not have them. There is also a helpful visual of the main types of cell junctions shown in an image in figure 5.28.[Why tag this textso with out the junctions the cells would break or would it be harder to contract[Why tag this textits amazing how small cells are but yet they serve such a huge service to our body[Why tag this textFunctions of junctions. help cells resist stress and binds cells to one another.[Why tag this texti think that it is interesting that without these attachments they couldnt communicate with eachother, control the movement of substances through the gaps between cells and their would be more stress. Also the cardiac muscles would pull apart from eachother when they contract[Why tag this textthe role of tight junction is very significant because even though it keeps tracking that everything is doing its function, I read that the lack of tight junction can lead to metastasis of cancer cells.[GeneralBelaynesh
Justin Putterman
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Skeletal System: dissection: skeleton: anteriorBones of the Skeletal System
It is often stated that there are 206 bones in the skeleton, but this is only a typical adult count, not an invariable number. At birth there are about 270, and even more bones form during childhood. With age, however, the number decreases as separate bones gradually fuse. For example, each side of a child's pelvic girdle has three bones?the ilium, ischium, and pubis?but in adults, these are fused into a single hip bone on each side. The fusion of several bones, completed by late adolescence to the mid-20s, brings about the average adult number of 206. These bones are listed in table 8.1.
The major components of the axial skeleton are the skull, spinal chord, rib cages, sternum and sacrum. The major components of the appendicular skeleton is the fumer, clavicle, ulna, radius, humerous, and the tarus and phalanges.[Why tag this]why dose the number differ between children and adults? do children need more bones than adults? [Why tag thisIf bones are able to fuse together during childhood, why can't they later in adulthood when fractured or bronen? Or is it the same kind of thing as cartilage, where it can repair itself, just not at the speed which we continue to stress it.[Why tag thisThis is interesting because there are 206 bones in the body and just because we have more when we were children does count. Does it? I figure the peak of health and development is what matters.[Why tag thisMaybe I missed it, but how do the bones fuse?[Why tag thisIs this due to genetic adaptation and the variation is for survival of the species?[Why tag thisI never relised that as we grow older we have less bones. What causes our bones to fuse besides age.[Why tag thisI know that happens in the skull of babies, but I didn't know it happened in other parts of the body that's interesting[Why tag thisThis is interesting. Why do they fuse? What happens during when we are growing that requires the bones to fuse together?[Why tag thisThis number seems overwhelming at first! Thinking of memorizing 206 bones makes me want to go crazy. But if I really stop and think about it, something like the hands for example, really only is a collection of 3 differnt bones. The carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges. However, there are 16 carpals, 10 metacarpals, and 28 phalanges between both hands. That is 54 bones already known with really only haveing to learn 3![Why tag thisWhat kind of range in number do adults have of bones?[Why tag thisFind it fascinating that we have fewer bones the older we become.[Why tag thisThis is quite amazing, I understand that they are fusing together to create one bone, but is there anything that is helping this process? Any type of cells that help the fustion? & is this why babies have such softer bones then adult? because of the fusing?[Why tag thisI just know that the bones in adult is more than the child [Why tag thisThis is interesting because in prior A&P classes I was never taught that children and newborns actually have more bones than an adult. Theoretically thinking though, wouldn't it make more sense for a newborn to have less bones than a human adult and develop specific strucutres over time?[Why tag thisI think it is very interesting how the bones fuse together as we grow older. How do they fuse together?[Why tag thisI never knew exactly how many bones we have in our body. I always though we had 180, and the fact that we are bworn with 270 just amuses me. I love learning about the bones in the body.[Why tag thisI find it interesting that one is born with about 270 bones. The fact that bones can start out seperate and eventually form together, like the bones of the skull, is quite extraordinary. Was the human body naturally created that way or have these aspects evolved over time, based on use and survival abilities. Just think, what if the skull never hardened together.[Why tag thisI know that when we are born all of our bones are not fused together. I did not know that we had 270 bones at birth though. This is interesting to me because this is a much larger number than 206 when it comes to how many bones. I usually only though of the sutures in the skull that fuse together, I know now that there must be many other bones that fuse together from birth.[Why tag thisWhat sort of bones are formed during childhood but not present at birth?[Why tag this textI never realized that so many bones fused together to form single bones between birth and adulthood. It is common knowledge that the skull of an infant is multiple bones that fuse together to form one solid cranial bone. It is surprising though that some bones do not fully fuse together until a person's mid-20s. I have to imagine that this fact is the reason that children are much more limber and agile than adults. Their bodies contain skeletal structures that can move in more directions than an adult skeleton. [Why tag thisit is interesting how many bones fuse together as we grow older[Why tag thisIt is interesting that as we grow past infancy, that we loose amount of bones due to infussion. [Why tag thisHow do they fuse together? This is very interesting to me because I have never heard about this before. That is really cool! Are bones softer when we are first born? For example, a childs head is soft because it is still growing.[Why tag thisThis is very interesting to me that about 70 bones fuse into other bones and become one new bone. How do the bones fuse together to form one new bone exactly?[Why tag thisWhy do we have to have all of these muscles fused?[Why tag thisThis is interesting I thought that we all had the same number of bones from birth, I would have thought that as we grew older that the we would actually have a higher number since I knew that the Patella in babies doesn't develope until they are older.[Why tag thisWhy do bones fuse as we age?[Why tag thisThe fact that i was never informed from previous biology and anatomy teachers that this was only the number of adults is surprising. I never knew bones could fuze like that. It makes me wonder if that has anything to do with [Why tag thisA child has many flexible bones to allow an [Why tag thisI've heard about typically having about 206 bones in the human body. However I never knew that we actually go through our childhood actually having quite a few more bones than that (270). The number decreases into adult hood from seperate bones fusing into one.[Why tag thisAs a baby we have more bones than we do as an adult because the young bones fuse together and we end up with only 206 bones out of the 270 bones from when we were a baby.[Why tag thisI found this very interesting. I always thought there were only 206 bones I never knew that when you are younger there are more.[Why tag thisif the bones didnt fuse, how would that affect us today as adults?[Why tag thisI had always known that at birth humans have roughly 207 bones, however what I had not known is that it takes well into adolescence and even up to early adulthood for all bones to fully fuse.[Why tag thisI always found this very interesting, but after taking several biology and anatomy classes, it makes a lot more sense, but at the same time I still find it completely fascinating that the body does this.[Why tag thisWhy is it that if we are born with more bones, the number of bones reduces? What happens to those bones?[Why tag thisThis is new to me.[Why tag thisThis lets us know that as your skeleton matures and grows many bones fuse together once fully developed.[Why tag thisI remember studying A&P in HS, but i don't think I ever learned that there are still bones that fuse together into our 20's or that we are born with roughly 270 bones. Very interesting![Why tag thisI did not realize that at birth we start with a higher number of bones and as the fuse together with age that number decreases.[Why tag thisAnatomical Variation is also important when studying bones- it is likely that the skeleton of one person might not exactly match that of another.[Why tag thisSo, the 270 bones in growth as a child connects and become 206 bones? Meaning, thats why when we age we get shorter.[Why tag thisI tagged this section because I found the part about children having more bones than adults interesting. It makes sense to me, after reading this section, that the bone number in children decrease as they age and bones fuse together. In my opinion, I would have thought the bone count would have remained the same throughout a person's life. I was not aware that fusing of the bones could change the count of bones in the body. [Why tag thisi think it is just interesting to see the reduction in the amount of bones that actually become fused as we grow, 270 to 206 is a huge difference, does the fusion of these bones limit our movement?[Why tag thisI tagged this, because the fact that our body starts out with more bones then it ends up with is very interesting. When you look at the process of development over time it only makes sense for our bones to fuse together. Our body structure is therefore ten times stronger and durable as a result.[Why tag thisI find it amazing that we our bones fuse together the older we get. [Why tag thisThis is very interesting because there are 206 bones in the skelton. During childhood we have more bones, and as we grow up the number of bones decreases. [Why tag thisThe amount of bones in our body, although may seem definite, is in fact not at all. We have different amounts of bones in our bodies based on what stage we are at in life and what processes are had between bone fusions.[Why tag thisIs there a reason why bones fuse as we get older?[Why tag thisI think this information is very interesting. Children have a lot more bones than an adult does which is suprising because children are a lot smaller than adults. Does the fusion of the bones factor into the growth of the bones?[Why tag thisThis part about the number of bones in the human body is so interesting to me because I was always under the impression that we had 206 bones present from birth and those bones later fused.[Why tag thisIs this statement wrong? [Why tag thisI found this interesting because I did not realize that as children we have more bones that adults. I knew that we replace some cartilage with bone as we got older but i didnt know that so many of our bones ended up fusing together. If some adults also vary from 206 bones in their body, is it caused by genetics or are environmental factors a contributer as well?[Why tag thisThat's amazing. When thinking of it deeply, adults must have more skeletal bones since they have bigger and taller bones than children. This implies the ability of bones to change and rearrange itself.[Why tag thisAs a person grows some individual bones grow together creating one bone out of two. As a result the childhood count of total bones is roughly 270 while the typical adult count is 206.[Why tag this206 is the standard for adults. As stated children, especially infants have many more bones because their gowth plates have not fused.[Why tag thisI find this interesting, I would have thought that it would have been reverse. That we would develop more bones as we grow older, but I suppose this makes sense too.[Why tag thisthats a lot![Why tag thisI would have thought this number to actually be a little smaller because i thought babies had less bones and more cartilege.[Why tag thisIt's interetsing to know that. at birth you have 270 bones and when you get older they fuse 206 bones.[Why tag thiswhat is the porpuse for bones fusing together? what would happen if he had 270 bones instead of 206 bones at an adult age?[Why tag thisThis is interesting to me since I never knew or learn about this in Highschool. I am wondering if bones fusing is an evolutionary change that enables adults to better function in hunting and gathering.[Why tag thisI did not know we actually end up with less bones then we intially start with at birth very cool.[Why tag thisHow is it that there is 206 but at birth there is 270?[Why tag thisI understand why we have more bones when we are born than we have as adults -- because some bones have not fused yet -- but what causes us to have even more bones as young children? Does the rapid growth of childhood cause bones to pull appart? Which bones are they, and why?[Why tag thisas we get older we tend to lose bones[Why tag thisIs the reason why adults have less bones than children because they fuse together instead of being seperate bones? We don't actually lose bones?[Why tag thisWhy are we born with more bones than we will have during adulthood? Why aren't we just born with 206 bones and not have to fuse any together during childhood?[Why tag thisWhat factors cause bones to fuse?[Why tag thisIf humans had not had this bone fusion throughout time, would there be any advantages or disadvantages? How do bone numbers decrease that much throughout time. You would think, if anything, adults would be the one's with more bones instead of infants and children.[Why tag thisDefinitely something that I didn't know. Had no idea that adults had less bones than children. But why is that our bones fuse? And I know that males have one less rib than females. Why is that? (I've heard the story of Adam and Eve. I just want to know the biologic theory of it.) [Why tag thisI think this is interesting. In my physiological psychology class last semester, we learned about synaptic pruning. I think that the fusing of bones together is similar to how the brain reorganizes itself to reduce the amount of pathways.[Why tag thisInteresting that we are born with a certain number of bones, then the number increases, and then the number decreases. How and what new bones form in childhood that were not present at birth?[Why tag thisIn such little bodies, it is hard to believe that there can be that many more bones than in the average adult. [Why tag thisIf a child breaks this part of their body, will it have an impact ontheir development?[Why tag thisThis is so cool to learn, I had no idea we were born with more bones than I have now![Why tag thisI'm not sure I understand this. When you are a child, your bones as you get older form into other bones. How is this possible?[Why tag thisI think this is a piece of information that many people don't know. Wouldn't a child having 3 bones on each side of the pelvic girdle be more succeptible to injury in that area? Or would they be less succeptible because of more flexibility in the pelvic girdle?[Why tag thisI find this interesting because it's a fact that I wasn't aware of. I always thought we were born with 206 bones. [Why tag thisI tagged this text because I found it interesting that you are actually born with more bones that you will have at an adult age. Going from about 270 bones to 206 is actually quite a big difference. Its interesting that so many bones end up fusing together.[Why tag thisI never realized that children have more bones than adults. It is very interesting that bones fuse together during a lifetime. What would happen if they couldn't fuse together?[Why tag thisI thought this passage was interesting. As people age their bones fuses which causes them to have less bones compared to when they were in adolescence or a baby. As I grow older, I would expect to have less bones than what I have now. [Why tag thisit is interesting to know that as we age the bones decrease. I want to know though why at birth there are 270 bones?[Why tag thisHow do growth plates work, do they fuse or stretch? [Why tag thisThis is really weird. I wonder what other bones fuse together other than the hip bones. [Why tag thiswhat does this happen?[Why tag thisI never knew that the number of bones decreases as separate bones gradually fuse with age? I thought older peoples bones just became brittle this is very interesting.[Why tag thisThere is a lot that is added as well as a lot more taken away from the body[Why tag thisAgain, that is so cool how bones begin to fuse together as we age! [Why tag thisWhy is it evolutionarily better to have a sinlge hip bone on each side, compared to three?[Why tag thisThis is why womens hips get bigger during puberty[Why tag thisHow do the bones fuses together?[Why tag thisIf those hip bones dont fuse together, will/has that caused problems? What is the difference between unfused and funsed hip bones?[Why tag thislujain
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