\begindata{text,540009608} \textdsversion{12} \template{help} \define{global } \define{itemize } \chapter{Fad: The Framed Animation Drawing Tool } \section{What Fad is }\leftindent{ Fad is a program that helps you create animated line drawings. You draw a series of individual frames, and Fad animates them by automatically drawing in the transitions between your frames. You can also view the frames as individuals (for example, as illustrations in a document). Fad drawings can contain lines, boxes, alphabetic strings, icons (special drawings and symbols stored in an Andrew system library), and "action buttons" that viewers can click on to start the animation. \ You can use Fad as a stand-alone program, or you can include Fad insets in text documents (though they will animate only on the screen, not in a printed document). For more information on creating and editing Fad insets, see the \italic{\helptopic{insets}} help document. \ This Help document contains the following sections: \leftindent{ Starting Fad Creating drawings in individual frames \leftindent{Drawing lines in Line Mode Drawing boxes in Box Mode Adding alphabetic strings in Label Mode Adding icons in Icon Mode Adding action buttons in Action Button Mode Creating animations} Viewing an animation Saving and Quitting Previewing and Printing Pop-Up Menu Meanings Recent Changes Related Tools} } \section{Starting Fad} \leftindent{ \bold{Starting Fad in its own window.} To start Fad as a stand-alone program in its own window, type \ \leftindent{\typewriter{ez filename.fad}} at the command prompt, and press Enter. Using the .fad extension automatically tells EZ to create a Fad document. \ You can also type \ \leftindent{\typewriter{fad filename}} and press Enter to get a Fad window. The .fad extension is not necessary in this case, and in later editing sessions you can type ez as well as fad to access the file. \ If you type fad without specifying a filename, the Fad program prompts you on the message line for a filename; you cannot begin editing until you provide one. \bold{Starting Fad as a inset.} You can create a fad drawing as an inset in an EZ text document by moving to the desired location for the drawing, typing Esc-Tab and specifying "fad" at the "Data object to insert here:" prompt. \ To create a Fad drawing as an inset in a table, select a cell and then either type Esc-Tab or choose \bold{Imbed} from Table's \italic{Cells} menu card. Type "fad" to the "Data object to enter here(text):" prompt. (See the \italic{\helptopic{insets} }and \italic{ \helptopic{table} }help documents for details about adding insets.) }\ \section{Creating drawings in individual frames} \leftindent{The Fad frame fills the entire space in the window, with the exception of the message line, which tells you which frame you are drawing in. When you start the Fad program, it reads "at frame #1." Be aware that Fad "remembers" the size of the frame in which you originally drew. If you draw something at the bottom of a large window, it will not be visible in a smaller window, but it will be there if you make the window large again. } \leftindent{You can include five different kinds of elements in a Fad drawing: lines, boxes, alphabetic strings, icons and action buttons. To create each one you enter a different drawing mode. Line Mode is the default; when you start the Fad program, you are automatically in Line Mode. } \leftindent{\bold{Entering different drawing modes.} Choose the appropriate option (\bold{Line}, \bold{Icon}, \bold{Label}, \bold{Box}, \bold{Action Button}) from the \italic{Mode} menu card. You can tell which mode you are in because the cursor is different in each mode, as described in the sections below. }\description{\leftindent{\bold{Drawing lines in Line Mode.} When you start Fad you are in Line Mode by default, so you only need to enter Line Mode if you have switched to another mode. While in Line Mode, you can draw individual lines, or form polygons (but use Box Mode to draw squares and rectangles). You can also change lines you have already drawn. The cursor in Line Mode is an arrow with a curved tail.} } \leftindent{\leftindent{\bold{\italic{Drawing lines.}} To draw a line, point the mouse cursor arrow at the place where you want to begin the line. Press and hold the left mouse button while you drag the cursor to the other endpoint, and the line is drawn. Release the button to finish. Repeat to draw more lines (you can start right at the endpoint of a previous line when creating polygons).} \leftindent{ }\leftindent{\bold{\italic{Reshaping and moving lines.}} Point the mouse cursor arrow at the endpoint you want to move. Press and hold the \italic{right }mouse button to "grab" the point. (If an "X" appears, you were not pointing directly at the endpoint; release the button and try again.) Drag the cursor, and you drag the endpoint with it. Release the button when finished. You can repeat with the other endpoint if you want to move the line completely.} \description{ \bold{Drawing boxes in Box Mode.} After choosing\bold{ Box }from the \italic{Mode} menu card, you can draw squares and rectangles of any size and proportion. The cursor in Box Mode is a cross. } \leftindent{\bold{\italic{Drawing boxes.}} Place the cross cursor where you would like to anchor one corner of the box. Press and hold the left mouse button while you drag in any direction; the box is drawn as you drag. When the box is the desired size and shape, release the button. Repeat to draw more boxes. } \leftindent{\bold{\italic{Reshaping and moving boxes.}} You can move two of the four corners of the box: the corner you anchored at the beginning of drawing, and the corner diagonal to it. (If an "X" appears, you tried to move one of the other corners, or were not close enough when you clicked on one of the movable corners.) To move a corner, press and hold the \italic{right} mouse button while the cursor is right over the corner. The box redraws as you drag the corner. You can move a box by moving first one corner and then the other.} \description{\bold{Adding alphabetic strings in Label Mode.} After choosing \bold{Label} from the \italic{Mode} menu card, you can add strings of alphabetic characters. By default, labels are in a 12 point font (there are 72 points in an inch), which is fine for most purposes. Advanced users may wish to change the font of a label. The cursor in Label Mode is a lowercase "a." } \leftindent{\bold{\italic{Adding a label.}} Place the "a" cursor where you want the label to start, and click the left mouse button. The cursor changes into the curved arrow, and the message \ \leftindent{Label String?} appears on the message line. Your label appears on the message line as you type. When you press Enter, the label appears in the frame and the cursor turns back into the "a." Note that after you choose a location by clicking the left mouse button, you can move the cursor to be anywhere in the frame; the label will begin where you clicked. }\ \leftindent{\italic{\bold{Editing labels.} } There is no way to edit a label after pressing Enter. You can remove the label you just added by choosing \bold{Delete last item} from the \italic{Misc} menu card. \ } \leftindent{\bold{\italic{Moving labels.}} To move a label, press and hold the right mouse button while the "a" cursor is directly over the first letter in the label. As you drag the cursor to the new location, the label moves too. Release the button to complete the move. } \leftindent{\bold{\italic{Changing label font.}} By default, labels are in the typeface called Andy12, a 12 point font (there are 72 points in an inch). You can choose other fonts from the font library called $ANDREWDIR/fonts by choosing \bold{Set Label Font} from the Misc menu card. The message line reads } \leftindent{\leftindent{Label Font?\italic{ default}}} \leftindent{where \italic{default} is the name of the font currently being used. Change \italic{default} to the font you want. When you next add a label, it will be in the new font, and all existing labels in all frames will also change to the new font (it is only possible to use one font at a time in Fad).} \description{\bold{Adding icons in Icon Mode}. After you choose \bold{Icon} from the \italic{Mode} menu card, you can add icons to your drawings. Icons are special pictures and symbols stored in a library in the Andrew system called usr/andrew/fonts. There are two steps to adding icons. First, you must choose the ones you want and load them into Fad. Then, you can add them to the frame. \ }\leftindent{ \bold{\italic{Loading icons. }}Loading icons is often a one-time process, for two reasons. First, you can load many icons at once. Second, the icons you load and use in a particular Fad file continue to be available even when you quit and re-enter the program (those you load but do not use are lost when you quit). You can also load more icons at any time, by repeating the steps below. } \bold{\leftindent{To load icons into Fad:}} \leftindent{\leftindent{ 1. The first time you go into Icon mode in a file, Fad displays the prompt \ \leftindent{Icon Font \italic{default}} }\leftindent{ where \italic{default} is a set of icons (usually the set called icon12 from the $ANDREWDIR/fonts directory). Press Enter to load icons from icon12, or type in the name of the font you want to use. }\leftindent{ 2. The Samplefont program appears on your screen in a new window, displaying the icons from your chosen font in a frame. You may need to make the Samplefont window bigger to see all the icons. Load each icon you want by clicking the left mouse button in the box containing on the icon. }\leftindent{\bold{Note:} If you are using the X window system instead of wm, the Samplefont program will not appear here. Instead, you must select the icons you want by typing the letters that correspond to them.} \ \leftindent{ 3. Finish loading by choosing \bold{Quit} from Samplefont's menu card. The Samplefont window disappears. \ } }\leftindent{\bold{\italic{Adding icons. }} After you load icons, the cursor in Icon mode is one of the loaded icons. To place the icon in the drawing, click the left mouse button when the cursor is at the desired location. To add a different icon, you can cycle through the loaded icons by choosing \bold{Next icon} or \bold{Previous icon} from the \italic{Icon} menu card until you reach the one you want. Then click the left mouse button on the desired location. } \leftindent{\italic{\bold{Moving icons.}} It is easiest to move an icon if the cursor matches it. Place the cursor directly over the icon and press the \italic{right} mouse button while you drag the cursor to the desired new location. (If an "X" appears, the overlap was not exact enough; release the button and try again.) Release the mouse button to complete the move. }\description{ \bold{Adding action buttons in Action Button Mode.} After choosing \bold{Action Button} from the \italic{Mode} menu card, you can add an action button to your drawing so that someone who wants to view your animation can start it easily by clicking on the action button. The action button cursor looks just the action button itself--a small circle made of thick and thin lines. }\leftindent{ You can place action buttons anywhere in a frame, and you can add as many action buttons as you want--each one will work. You can also put action buttons in any frame, though it makes most sense to have them in frame #1 because viewers see that frame when they start Fad. } \leftindent{\italic{\bold{Adding an action button. }} Place the action button cursor where you want the action button to be and click the left mouse button. } \leftindent{\italic{\bold{Moving an action button. }} Place the action button cursor directly over the action button and press the \italic{right} mouse button while you drag the cursor to the desired new location. (If an "X" appears, the overlap was not exact enough; release the button and try again.) Release the mouse button to complete the move. } \bold{Deleting elements.} You can delete the last element that was placed in the frame by choosing \bold{Delete last item} from the \italic{Misc} menu card. It is not possible to select a particular item and delete it without first deleting all the elements you drew in the frame after that item. \ \bold{Deleting entire frames.} You can remove a frame completely by choosing \bold{Delete current frame} from the\italic{ Misc} menu card. The numbers of the other frames adjust accordingly. \ } \section{Creating animations} \leftindent{ The first step in creating an animation is for you to draw a series of two or more frames. Fad then creates an animation for you automatically by creating extra drawings to display between your frames. It creates these frames by noting the change in shape and position of each element in your frames, and dividing up the total change into a small change in each intermediate frame. When you choose Animate, Fad displays all the frames (yours and its) in quick succession, creating the illusion of a smooth transition between the frames you have drawn. \ \bold{Choosing a method.} There are two basic ways to create your series of frames. You get the most predictable results using the \bold{Repeat frame} option from the \italic{Fad} menu card. This option copies the drawing in the present frame into the next, and you make changes by moving or reshaping elements. The second way is to create new empty frames using the \bold{Next frame} option from the \italic{Fad} menu card, and drawing in new elements. To decide which method is best in a particular case, it helps to understand the notion of "precedence." \bold{Understanding precedence.} To create sensible animation movement from one frame to the next, Fad keeps track of the "precedence" of elements in each frame--the order you drew them in and how many there are. During the animation, the first element you draw in frame N moves to the position of the first element in frame N + 1, the second element in frame N moves to the position of the second element in frame N + 1, and so on. For figures composed of lines or boxes, both shape and position can be changed from frame to frame in this way (icons, captions and action buttons cannot change appearance gradually). \ Fad cannot maintain exact precedence in certain cases. If you add an element to frame N + 1 that was not in frame N, it will appear suddenly when frame N + 1 is reached. If you delete an element that was in frame N from frame N + 1, it will stay in its frame N position until frame N + 1 is reached, at which point it will disappear suddenly. If you change the basic "type" of an element (for example, you change the first element from a caption in frame N to an action button in frame N + 1), then the element maintains its frame N appearance while moving to the frame N + 1 position; when it reaches that position, it changes suddenly to the frame N + 1 appearance. The result is similar if you change an element from one icon to a different one, or one caption to a different one. \ \bold{Using Repeat frame. } Choose \bold{Repeat frame} from the \italic{Fad }menu card. Fad copies the elements from the current frame N into the next frame N + 1, and displays the message \ \leftindent{at frame #\italic{N + 1}} The precedence and position of elements is preserved, so this method gives you the most predictable results. You can then move and reshape elements as desired, using the methods described in the section above on \bold{Creating drawings in the frames}. You can also add and delete elements, but see the paragraph just above on precedence. Recall that you can delete elements only in order of precedence, starting with the last element drawn in. If you know you are going to delete an item in a later frame, it is best either to draw it in last, or to use the \bold{Next frame} method instead, which does not preserve precedence of particular elements. \ \bold{Using Next frame.} This method works best if you are not concerned about maintaining precedence of particular elements. Choose \bold{Next frame} from the \italic{Fad} menu card. If a following frame does not already exist, you will be prompted on the message line \leftindent{At end.Create blank frame?[n]} Type \bold{y} or \bold{yes} to create a blank frame, and Fad displays the message \leftindent{at frame #\italic{N + 1}} You can then draw elements into the empty frame. Remember that the order in which you draw them "links" them to elements drawn in the same order in the previous frame, even though they may be of different types from previous elements. The paragraph above on precedence explains what happens in such cases. \bold{Controlling animation smoothness.} By default, Fad creates 30 extra frames between each one you draw, resulting in a fairly smooth motion from frame to frame. You can change the smoothness by choosing Set # animation frames from the Misc menu card. You are prompted: \leftindent{# of animation frames> 30} Replace the default 30 with a higher number to make the animation smoother or a lower number to make it jerkier. Press Enter. Be aware that increasing the number of frames slows down the animation as well. Large numbers (over about100) can make it very slow, but note that this setting interacts with the frame delay discussed in the next paragraph. \ \bold{Controlling animation speed.} By default, Fad displays each animation frame for 30 milliseconds (a millisecond is a thousandth of a second). With 30 extra frames inserted between each of yours (the default), this setting means that it takes about 1 second to move between 2 frames you created. (If this setting did not exist, the speed of the animation would depend only on the power of the machine you were running it on.) You can change animation speed by choosing \bold{Set frame delay} from the \italic{Misc} menu card. The message line prompts you: \leftindent{minimum number of milliseconds between frames> 30} Replace the default 30 with a higher number to slow down the animation or a lower number to speed it up. }\section{Viewing an animation} \leftindent{Once you are finished creating a series of drawings, you can view it in several ways: by animating the entire series, animating a portion, or viewing individual drawings. \ } \leftindent{\bold{Animating an entire series. } There are several ways to view a whole animation. \ While in any frame, choose \bold{Animate} from the \italic{Fad} menu card. The animation begins at frame 1 and proceeds to the end. \ }\leftindent{Click on the exact center of an action button in any frame (it makes the most sense to put action buttons in frame 1, since viewers will see frame 1 when they first bring up the Fad window). The animation begins at frame 1 and proceeds to the end. \ If the Fad document or inset is readonly, clicking on it will cause it to become animated. \ Note that the frame indicator on the message line, if any, does not change during the animation. \ } \leftindent{\bold{Animating a portion.} To view only a portion of an animation (say for testing purposes), choose \bold{Animate portion} from the \italic{Fad }menu card. The message line prompts you for the number of the starting frame, and then for the total number of subsequent frames to show, providing a default in each case (the default may be very large). In both cases, replace the default with your choice, and press Enter. The animation begins immediately. \ }\leftindent{ \bold{Viewing individual frames.} To view frames without animating them, use options on the\italic{ Fad} menu card: \bold{Next frame}, \bold{Previous frame} or \bold{Pick frame} (which prompts you for the number of the frame you want to see). You can also create new empty frames using \bold{Next frame}--see the section above on \bold{Creating animations}. } \section{Saving and Quitting} \leftindent{\bold{Saving.} To save an animation, choose \bold{Save} from the front menu card. When the document is saved into a file, the message "Wrote File" and the pathname of your file appear in the message area at the bottom of the window. \ It is recommended that you choose \bold{Save} frequently while you use Fad, in order to minimize the amount of work you might lose if for some reason the Fad session ends unexpectedly. The reason you could lose your work is that the file you are working on in your Fad window is actually only a copy of the file that is stored permanently in the Andrew File System. In order to incorporate changes you are making with Fad into the permanent file, you have to choose \bold{Save}. For more details on this aspect of Fad and other programs in the EZ family, see the \italic{\helptopic{ez-buffers}} help document.} \leftindent{ Fad also checkpoints your file periodically, just as in EZ. See the section on Checkpointing in the \italic{\helptopic{ez} } help document for details. }\leftindent{\bold{Quitting.} To quit using Fad, choose the \bold{Quit} option from the front menu card. If you try to quit without saving changes you have made to the text, the message \ \leftindent{You have unsaved changes; do you want to quit anyway? }\ appears in a dialogue box. To save the changes you have made, click in the No box and then use \bold{Save} before trying to quit again. To quit without saving the changes you have made, move the round cursor into the Yes box and click the left mouse button (the permanent file remains as it was before you began this Fad session). } \ \leftindent{\bold{Note:} if you have worked with multiple files during the Fad session and have not saved all of them, you may continue to get the dialogue box, even though you choose \bold{Save} in the current window before trying to quit. If you do not wish to save the changes you made to the other files, click on the Yes box. If you want to save the changes you made to all files, choose \bold{Save All} from the \italic{File} menu card. See the \italic{ \helptopic{ez-buffers} } help document for more information on working with multiple files. \ }\section{Previewing and Printing} \leftindent{\bold{Previewing.} It does not make as much sense to preview in Fad as in other programs, because you only see the one frame that was in the window when you chose \bold{Preview} from the \italic{File} card. In addition, icons and action buttons do not show up in the Preview window. For more information on how to use Preview, see the \italic{\helptopic{preview} } help document.} \leftindent{\bold{Printing.} You can print individual drawings in a Fad series by choosing the \bold{Print} option from either the \italic{File} menu card in Zip or the front menu card in Preview, while the frame you want to print is in the window. This option invokes a special printing program for files created with programs from the EZ family (of which Fad is a member). See the \italic{\helptopic{ezprint}} help document for more information. You can also use the \bold{Set Printer} option (described in the \bold{Pop-Up Menu Meanings }section below) to change the name of the printer where your file is sent for printing. \ Note that, as in Preview, icons and action buttons do not print out. When you print a text document containing a Fad inset, only the first frame is printed. }\ \section{Pop-Up Menu Meanings} When the Fad document or inset is readonly, only the options on the "Fad" menu card (minus "Repeat Frame") will be displayed. Otherwise, all menu cards and all options are displayed. \ \italic{Fad Menu Card} \leftindent{ \ \bold{Animate:} Animates all frames. \bold{Animate portion:} Prompts for set of frames to animate. \bold{Next frame:} Moves you to the next frame. (If you are at the last frame, this option prompts you to see if you want to create a new blank frame.) The items you add to the new frame are linked by precedence to the items in the previous frame. The frame counter increments when the new frame is shown. \bold{Previous frame:} Moves to the previous frame. \bold{Pick frame:} Prompts for the number of the frame to go to. \bold{Repeat frame:} Creates a new frame and copies the drawing in the current frame into it. Preserves the precedence and position of all the items in the previous frame. The frame counter increments when the new frame appears. \ } \italic{Mode Menu Card} \leftindent{ \bold{Line:} Turns on Line Mode, which is the default. \bold{Icon:} Turns on Icon Mode. \bold{Label:} Turns on Label Mode. \bold{Box:} Turns on Box Mode. \bold{Action Button:} Turns on Action Button Mode.} \italic{Icon Menu Card} \leftindent{ \bold{Next Icon:} Shows the next icon in the set you have loaded into Fad, which can then be placed into the frame. \bold{Previous Icon:} Shows the previous icon in the set you have loaded into Fad, which can then be placed into the frame. \bold{Pick new icons:} Allows you to load new icons into Fad. Prompts for an icon font and brings up the Samplefont program. You choose icons by clicking the mouse on the desired icons in the Samplefont window, except under X window managers. See the section above on \bold{Adding icons}. } \italic{Misc Menu Card} \leftindent{ \bold{Delete last item:} deletes the item drawn in the current frame. \ \bold{Delete current frame:} deletes the current frame. \bold{Set Label Font:} prompts for the name of the font to be used for labels. \bold{Set # animation frames:} prompts for number of extra frames to insert between your frames, for animation purposes. \bold{Set frame delay:} prompts for the minimum number of milliseconds to display a given frame before proceeding to the next one.} \italic{Files Menu Card} \leftindent{\bold{Save As:} Saves the current file with a new name. When the "Write to file:" prompt appears, it contains the pathname of the current file. To save the file with a new name, backspace over the old name, type in the new name, and press Enter. \bold{Save All:} Saves the changes to all of the files that are contained in buffers. (To learn what buffers are, and how to use them in Fad and EZ programs, see the \italic{\helptopic{ez-buffers} } help document.) It also saves newly-created buffers into files if you have named them. Buffers that do not have names will not be saved. \ \bold{Set Printer:} Prompts you for the name of the printer you want for files printed during this Fad session (and lists the name of your current default printer). Type the name of the new printer and press Enter, or just press Enter to keep the default setting. \bold{Preview:} Starts the Preview program, showing what the frame currently in the window will look like when it is printed. For more information, see the \italic{\helptopic{preview}} help document. \bold{Print:} Submits a printing request for the drawing. Printed version will show only the one frame that was in the window when you chose \bold{Print}. } \leftindent{\bold{Read Fad:} Reads another Fad file into the current Fad. }\section{Recent Changes} \leftindent{\italic{November 30, 1987} Reorganization of menus and modes in Fad. Addition of mode menu card, containing new Box and Action Button modes. \ Implementation of Box and Action Button modes. Change to prompt for Next Frame; this makes it a bit more difficult to create blank frames at the end of a set of frames. } \section{Author} \leftindent{ Tom Neuendorffer } \section{Related tools} \ Select (highlight) one of the italicized names and choose "Show Help on Selected Word" from the pop-up menu to see the help file for: \italic{ \leftindent{\helptopic{ez} \ \helptopic{insets}}}\leftindent{ \italic{\helptopic{ez-buffers} \helptopic{preview} \helptopic{table}}} \begindata{bp,540192376} Version 2 n 0 \enddata{bp,540192376} \view{bpv,540192376,13,0,0} Copyright 1992 Carnegie Mellon University and IBM. All rights reserved. \smaller{\smaller{$Disclaimer: Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies and that both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in supporting documentation, and that the name of IBM not be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to distribution of the software without specific, written prior permission. THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE. $ }}\enddata{text,540009608}