XCALC 1 "Release 4" "X Version 11"
 NAME
xcalc - scientific calculator for X
 SYNOPSIS
 xcalc
 [-stipple] [-rpn] [-toolkitoption...]
 DESCRIPTION
 xcalc
 is a scientific calculator desktop accessory that can emulate a TI-30
 or an HP-C.
 OPTIONS

 xcalc accepts all of the standard toolkit command line options along
 with two additional options:
 
 -stipple
 This option indicates that the background of the calculator should be 
 drawn using a stipple of the foreground and background colors.  On monochrome
 displays improves the appearance.
 
 -rpn
 This option indicates that Reverse Polish Notation should be used.  In this
 mode the calculator will look and behave like an HP-C.  Without this flag,
 it will emulate a TI-30.

 OPERATION
 Pointer Usage:
 Operations may be performed with pointer button 1, or in some cases,
 with the keyboard.  
 Many common calculator operations have keyboard accelerators.
 To quit, press pointer button 3 on the AC key of the TI 
 calculator, or the ON key of the HP calculator.

 Calculator Key Usage (TI mode):
 The numbered keys, the +/- key, and the +, -, *, /, and = keys all do exactly 
 what you would expect them to.  It should be noted that the operators obey
 the standard rules of precedence.  Thus, entering "3+4*5=" results in "23",
 not "35".  The parentheses can be used to override this.  For example, 
 "(1+2+3)*(4+5+6)=" results in "6*15=90".    

 The entire number in the calculator display can be selected, in order to
 paste the result of a calculation into text. 

 The action procedures associated with each function are given below.  These
 are useful if you are interested in defining a custom calculator.
 The action used for all digit keys is digit(n), where n
 is the corresponding digit, 0..9.
 
 1/x
 Replaces the number in the display with its reciprocal.
 The corresponding action procedure is reciprocal().
  
 x^2
 Squares the number in the display.
 The corresponding action procedure is square().
 
 SQRT
 Takes the square root of the number in the display.
 The corresponding action procedure is squareRoot().
 
 CE/C
 When pressed once, clears the number in the display without clearing the state
 of the machine.  Allows you to re-enter a number if you make a mistake.
 Pressing it twice clears the state, also.
 The corresponding action procedure for TI mode is clear().
 
 AC
 Clears the display, the state, and the memory.  Pressing it with the third
 pointer button turns off the calculator, in that it exits the program.
 The action procedure to clear the state is off(); to quit, quit().
 
 INV
 Invert function.  See the individual function keys for details.
 The corresponding action procedure is inverse().
 
 sin
 Computes the sine of the number in the display, as interpreted by the current
 DRG mode (see DRG, below).  If inverted, it computes the arcsine.
 The corresponding action procedure is sine().
  
 cos
 Computes the cosine, or arccosine when inverted.
 The corresponding action procedure is cosine().
 
 tan
 Computes the tangent, or arctangent when inverted.
 The corresponding action procedure is tangent().
 
 DRG
 Changes the DRG mode, as indicated by 'DEG', 'RAD', or 'GRAD' at the bottom of
 of the calculator ``liquid crystal'' display.
 When in 'DEG' mode, numbers in the display are taken as being
 degrees.  In 'RAD' mode, numbers are in radians, and in 'GRAD' mode, numbers
 are in grads.  When inverted, the DRG key has a feature of 
 converting degrees to radians to grads and vice-versa.  Example:  put the 
 calculator into 'DEG' mode, and enter "45 INV DRG".  The display should now
 show something along the lines of ".7539", which is 45 degrees converted to
 radians.
 The corresponding action procedure is degree().
 
 e
 The constant 'e'.  (2.7121...).
 The corresponding action procedure is e().
  
  EE
 Used for entering exponential numbers.  For example, to get "-2.3E-4" you'd
 enter "2 . 3 +/- EE 4 +/-".
 The corresponding action procedure is scientific().
  
 log
 Calculates the log (base ) of the number in the display.  When inverted,
 it raises ".0" to the number in the display.
 For example, entering "3 INV log" should result in "00".
 The corresponding action procedure is logarithm().
  
 ln
 Calculates the log (base e) of the number in the display.  When inverted, 
 it raises "e" to the number in the display.  For example, entering "e ln"
 should result in "1".
 The corresponding action procedure is naturalLog().
  
 y^x
 Raises the number on the left to the power of the number on the right.  For 
 example "2 y^x 3 =" results in "", which is 2^3.  For a further example,
 "(1+2+3) y^x (1+2) =" equals "6 y^x 3" which equals "216".
 The corresponding action procedure is power().
 
 PI
 The constant 'pi'.  (3.1415927....)
 The corresponding action procedure is pi().
 
 x!
 Computes the factorial of the number in the display.  The number in the display
 must be an integer in the range 0-500, though, depending on your math library,
 it might overflow long before that.
 The corresponding action procedure is factorial().
 
 (
 Left parenthesis.  The corresponding action procedure for TI calculators
 is leftParen().
  
 )
 Right parenthesis.  The corresponding action procedure for TI calculators
 is rightParen().
 
 /
 Division.  The corresponding action procedure is divide().
  
 *
 Multiplication.  The corresponding action procedure is multiply().
 
 -
 Subtraction.  The corresponding action procedure is subtract().
  
 +
 Addition.  The corresponding action procedure is add().
 
  =
 Perform calculation.  The TI-specific action procedure is equal().
 
 STO
 Copies the number in the display to the memory location.
 The corresponding action procedure is store().
 
 RCL
 Copies the number om the memory location to the display.
 The corresponding action procedure is recall().
 
 SUM
 Adds the number in the display to the number in the memory location.
 The corresponding action procedure is sum().
 
 EXC
 Swaps the number in the display with the number in the memory location.
 The corresponding action procedure for the TI calculator is exchange().
 
 +/-
 Negate; change sign.  The corresponding action procedure is negate().
 
 .
 Decimal point.  The action procedure is decimal().

 Calculator Key Usage (RPN mode):
 The number keys, CHS (change sign), +, -, *, /, and ENTR keys 
 all do exactly what you would expect them to do.  Many of the 
 remaining keys are the same as in TI mode.  The differences are 
 detailed below.  The action procedure for the ENTR key is 
 enter(). 
 
 <-
 This is a backspace key that can be used if you make a mistake while entering
 a number.  It will erase digits om the display.  (See BUGS).
 Inverse backspace will clear the X register.
 The corresponding action procedure is back().
 
 ON
 Clears the display, the state, and the memory.  Pressing it with the third
 pointer button turns off the calculator, in that it exits the program.
 To clear state, the action procedure is off; to quit, quit().
 
 INV
 Inverts the meaning of the function keys.  This would be the  f key
 on an HP calculator, but xcalc does not display
 multiple legends on each key.  See the individual function keys for details.
 
 ^x
 Raises ".0" to the number in the top of the stack.  
 When inverted, it calculates the log (base ) of the number in the display.
 The corresponding action procedure is tenpower().
 
 e^x
 Raises "e" to the number in the top of the stack.  
 When inverted, it calculates the log (base e) of the number in the display.
 The action procedure is epower().
 
 STO
 Copies the number in the top of the stack to a memory location.  There are 
 memory locations.  The desired memory is specified by following this
 key with a digit key.
 
 RCL
 Pushes the number om the specified memory location onto the stack.
  
 SUM
 Adds the number on top of the stack to the number in the specified
 memory location.
 
 x:y
 Exchanges the numbers in the top two stack positions, the X and Y registers.
 The corresponding action procedure is XexchangeY().
 
 R v
 Rolls the stack downward.  When inverted, it rolls the stack upward.
 The corresponding action procedure is roll().
 
 blank
 These keys were used for programming functions on the HP-C.  Their
 functionality has not been duplicated in xcalc.

 Finally, there are two additional action procedures:
 bell(), which rings the bell; 
 and selection(), which performs a cut on the
 entire number in the calculator's ``liquid crystal'' display.

  ACCELERATORS
 Accelerators are shortcuts for entering commands.  xcalc provides
 some sample keyboard accelerators; also users can customize accelerators.
 The numeric keypad accelerators provided by xcalc
 should be intuitively correct.
 The accelerators defined by xcalc on the main keyboard are given below: 

	TI Key	HP Key	Keyboard Accelerator	TI Function	HP Function
	SQRT	SQRT	r			squareRoot()	squareRoot()
	AC	ON	space			clear()		clear()
	AC	<-	Delete			clear()		back()
	AC	<-	Backspace		clear()		back()
	AC	<-	Control-H		clear()		back()
	AC		Clear			clear()
	AC	ON	q			quit()		quit()
	AC	ON	Control-C		quit()		quit()

	INV	i	i			inverse()		inverse()
	sin	s	s			sine()		sine()
	cos	c	c			cosine()		cosine()
	tan	t	t			tangent()	tangent()
	DRG	DRG	d			degree()		degree()

	e		e			e()
	ln	ln	l			naturalLog()	naturalLog()
	y^x	y^x	^			power()		power()

	PI	PI	p			pi()		pi()
	x!	x!	!			factorial()	factorial()
	(		(			leftParen()
	)		)			rightParen()

	/	/	/			divide()		divide()
	*	*	*			multiply()	multiply()
	-	-	-			subtract()	subtract()
	+	+	+			add()		add()
	=		=			equal()

	0..9	0..9	0..9			digit()		digit()
	.	.	.			decimal()	decimal()
	+/-	CHS	n			negate()		negate()

		x:y	x					XexchangeY()
		ENTR	Return					enter()
		ENTR	Linefeed					enter()

 CUSTOMIZATION
 The application class name is XCalc.

 xcalc has an enormous application defaults file which specifies 
 the position, label, and function of each key on the calculator.
 It also gives translations to serve as keyboard accelerators.
 Because these resources are not specified in the source code, you can create
 a customized calculator by writing a private application defaults file,
 using the Athena Command and Form widget resources to specify the size and 
 position of buttons, the label for each button, and the function of 
 each button.      

 The foreground and background colors of each calculator key can be 
 individually specified.
 For the TI calculator, a classical color resource specification might be:

 XCalc.ti.Commandackground:	gray50
 XCalc.ti.Command.foreground:	white

 For each of buttons 20, 25, 30, 35, and 40, specify:
 XCalc.tiutton20ackground:	black
 XCalc.tiutton20.foreground:	white

 For each of buttons 22, 23, 24, 27, 2, 29, 32, 33, 34, 37, 3, and 39:
 XCalc.tiutton22ackground:	white
 XCalc.tiutton22.foreground:	black

 WIDGET HIERARCHY
 In order to specify resources, it is useful to know the hierarchy of
 the widgets which compose xcalc.  In the notation below,
 indentation indicates hierarchical structure.  The widget class name
 is given first, followed by the widget instance name.

 XCalc xcalc
	Form  ti  orpn    (the name depends on the mode)
		Form  bevel
			Form  screen
				Label  M
				Toggle  LCD
				Label  INV
				Label  DEG
				Label  RAD
				Label  GRAD
				Label  P
		Command  button1
		Command  button2
		Command  button3
 and so on, .. 
		Command  button3
		Command  button39
		Command  button40

 APPLICATION RESOURCES
 
 rpn (Class Rpn)
 Specifies that the rpn mode should be used.  The default is TI mode.
 
 stipple (Class Stipple)
 Indicates that the background should be stippled.  The default is ``on''
 for monochrome displays, and ``off'' for color displays.
 
 cursor (Class Cursor)
 The name of the symbol used to represent the pointer.
 The default is ``hand2''.

 "SEE ALSO" X(1), xrdb(1), the Athena Widget Set
 
 BUGS
 HP mode:  A bug report claims that the sequence of keys 5, ENTER, <- 
 should clear the display, but it doesn't.

 COPYRIGHT
 Copyright 19, 199, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
 See X(1) for a full statement of rights and permissions.
 
 AUTHORS
 John Bradley, University of Pennsylvania
 Mark Rosenstein, MIT Project Athena
 Donna Converse, MIT X Consortium