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\noindent
Homework 3\\
11-721: Grammars and Lexicons, Fall 2010\\
Due Wednesday, October 20, 2010

\section{Kroeger, Exercise 3B, Pages 77-79}

Using the data in Kroeger's Exercise 3B, {\it follow these
instructions:\/} \\[10pt]

\noindent
{\bf Task 1:} In Sentence B1, the arguments of the verb are the
subject, {\it guru kami\/} (our teacher), and the oblique {\it di
ruang Pak rektor\/} (in the rector's office).  What are the arguments
of the verb in Sentence B2?\\[10pt]

\noindent 
{\bf Task 2:} Look at the verbs of Sentences B1 and B2.
{\bf (a)} Aside from the prefix {\it men-\/}, which is not relevant to this
exercise, what affix is added to the verb in sentence B2? {\bf (b)}
What effect does the affix have on the sentence?\\[10pt]

\noindent
{\bf Task 3:} Sentence B3 is a passive sentence.  {\bf (a)} Which
morpheme is added to the verb to make it passive? {\bf (b)} Assuming
that the subject comes to the left of the verb in Indonesian, what is the
subject of the sentence?\\[8pt]

\noindent
{\bf Note:}  You cannot rely on the English translation to tell you
the grammatical relations (subject, object, oblique) in Indonesian.  
English does not have applicative morpheme, so the grammatical
relations are different in English.\\[10pt]

\noindent
{\bf Task 4:} Finish the following lexical entry for the verb in
Sentence B1 by adding a grammatical relation for each semantic role:

\begin{verbatim}
duduk <  theme    location  >


\end{verbatim}

\noindent
{\bf Task 5:} Finish the lexical entry for the verb in Sentence B2 by
adding a grammatical relation for each semantic role:

\begin{verbatim}
duduk <  theme    location  >


\end{verbatim}


\noindent
{\bf Task 6:} Finish the lexical entry for the verb in Sentence B3 by
adding a grammatical relation for each semantic role:

\begin{verbatim}
duduk <  theme    location  >


\end{verbatim}

\noindent
{\bf Task 7:} List three more sentences that illustrate the same
phenomena as B1, B2, and B3.\\[10pt]

\noindent
%% Why is Sentence B7 ungrammatical?\\[20pt]
{\bf Task 8:} Consider two hypotheses:  
\begin{itemize}
\item {\bf Hypothesis 1:} Sentence B4 has a subject and an object.
\item {\bf Hypothesis 2:} Sentence B4 has a subject and an oblique.
\end{itemize}

\noindent
{\bf Assume the following passive rule:}  Start with the lexical
mapping for the corresponding active verb.  Find the semantic role that is
linked to the OBJ in the active sentence and
link it to the grammatical relation SUBJ.  Find the semantic role
that was linked to SUBJ in the active sentence and link it to
OBL.  If there are any other arguments of the verb, their grammatical
relations remain unchanged. \\[8pt] 

\noindent
Sentence B7 is ungrammatical.  Which hypothesis does it support?  Why?\\[8pt]

\noindent
{\bf Task 9:} Compare Sentences B12 and B13.  {\bf (a)} What suffix is
added to the verb in B13? {\bf (b)} What does it do?\\[10pt]

\noindent
{\bf Task 10:} Complete the lexical entry for Sentence B12.


\begin{verbatim}
beli <  agent  theme  beneficiary  >


\end{verbatim}

\noindent
{\bf Task 11:} Complete the lexical entry for Sentence B13.
Reminder:   OBJ2 (unemployed object) is a syntactically inert noun
phrase.   It is not OBL because it has no preposition.    It is not
OBJ because it does not behave like an OBJ.   For example, it doesn't
become the subject of a passive.   

\begin{verbatim}
beli <  agent  theme  beneficiary  >


\end{verbatim}


\noindent
{\bf Task 12:} {\bf (a)} Complete the lexical entry for Sentence
B14. {\bf (b)} Is sentence B14 the passive of Sentence B12 or B13?
Reminder:  The passive rule affects only SUBJ and OBJ.   If there are
any other arguments, they are not affected. 

\begin{verbatim}
beli <  agent  theme  beneficiary  >

\end{verbatim}

%% They won't know whether the theme should be OBJ or OBJ2.  Have to
%% emphasize that the passive rule doesn't affect the theme.  Also
%% have to emphasize that O2 is really a different grammatical
%% relation from OBJ, it's not just a matter of being second in line.  

\noindent
{\bf Task 13:} {\bf (a)} Complete the lexical entry for Sentence
B15. {\bf (b)} Is sentence B15 the passive of Sentence B12 or B13?

%% Might need to emphasize derivations and rule applications more in
%% class.  

\begin{verbatim}
beli <  agent  theme  beneficiary  >

\end{verbatim}

\noindent
{\bf Task 14:} Why is Sentence B16 ungrammatical?\\[10pt]

%% They have to notice that it has the applicative suffix, but that
%% the theme is being used as the subject.  

\noindent
{\bf Task 15:} Identify four more sentences that illustrate the same
points as B12-B15.\\[10pt]

\newpage

\section{Complex sentences}

\noindent
For {\it each verb\/} in each sentence below:

\begin{enumerate}
\item Select the appropriate lexical entry from the grammar that is
handed out with this homework.

\item Select a VP rule from the grammar that will parse the VP headed
by the verb.  
\end{enumerate}

\noindent
{\bf Example:}  Sam was interviewed by Sony.\\[6pt]

\noindent
{\it was:}\\
\begin{verbatim}
was-2    V
(^ PRED) = `be< XCOMP >SUBJ'
(^ SUBJ) = (^ XCOMP SUBJ)
(^ XCOMP VOICE) =c passive
(^ VFORM) = fin
(^ TENSE) = past
(^ SUBJ NUM) = sg
{ (^ SUBJ PERS) = 1 | (^ SUBJ PERS) = 3 }

Rule 11:
VP -->  V     VP
       ^=| (^ XCOMP)=|
\end{verbatim}

\newpage
\noindent
{\it interviewed:}\\

\begin{verbatim}
interviewed-2  V
(^ PRED) = `examine< agent  patient >
                     OBL-ag  SUBJ
(^ VOICE) = passive
(^ VFORM) = pastpart

Rule 4:

VP -->  V    PP
       ^=|  (^(| CASE))=|

\end{verbatim}

\noindent
Sentences to analyze:
\examples{
\item  It seems that Sam was interviewed by Sony. 
\item  Sam was persuaded to seem to be interviewed by Sony.
\item  We believe it to seem that Sony interviewed Sam.
}

\newpage

\section{Drawing F-structures}

On the next page there is a lexicon and a reduced set of rules in LFG
notation.  Draw the f-structures for the two readings of {\it the
friend of your wife's brother\/}.\\[6pt]

\newpage
\begin{tabular}{llccc}
%% S & $\rightarrow$ &   N$''$ &   VP & \\
%% & & ($\uparrow$ {\sc subj})=$\downarrow$ & $\uparrow = \downarrow$\\
%%
%% & & & & \\
%% & & & & \\
%%
%% VP & $\rightarrow$ &  V &  N$''$ &  N$''$ \\
%% & & $\uparrow = \downarrow$ & ($\uparrow$ {\sc obj})=$\downarrow$ & ($\uparrow$ {\sc obj2})=$\downarrow$\\
%% 
%% & & & & \\
%% & & & & \\

PP  & $\rightarrow$ &  P  & N$''$ \\
& & $\uparrow = \downarrow$ & $\uparrow = \downarrow$ & \\

& & & & \\
& & & & \\

N$''$ & $\rightarrow$ &  (Det) & N$'$ \\
& & $\uparrow = \downarrow$ & $\uparrow = \downarrow$ & \\

& & & & \\
& & & & \\

N$''$ & $\rightarrow$ &  (Det) & N$'$ \\
& & ($\uparrow$  {\sc poss})= $\downarrow$ & $\uparrow = \downarrow$ & \\
& & ($\downarrow$  {\sc pron})=c $+$ \\

& & & & \\
& & & & \\

N$'$ & $\rightarrow$ & N & (PP)\\
& & $\uparrow = \downarrow$ & ($\uparrow$ {\sc obl}-poss) = $\downarrow$ & \\

& & & & \\
& & & & \\

N$''$ & $\rightarrow$ & N$''$ & $'$s & N$'$\\
& & ($\uparrow$  {\sc POSS}) = $\downarrow$ & & $\uparrow = \downarrow$  \\

\end{tabular}

\vspace{24pt}


\begin{tabular}{lll}
{\it the} & {\sc det} & ($\uparrow$ {\sc def}) = $+$\\
& & \\
{\it wife\/} & {\sc n} & ($\uparrow$ {\sc pred}) = $'$wife$'$\\
& & \\
{\it of} & P\\
& & \\
{\it your} & det & ($\uparrow$ {\sc pred}) = $'$pro$'$\\
& & ($\uparrow$ {\sc num}) = sg\\
& & ($\uparrow$ {\sc pers}) = 2\\
& & ($\uparrow$ {\sc pron}) = $+$\\
& & \\
{\it friend\/} & {\sc n} & ($\uparrow$ {\sc pred}) = $'$friend$'$\\
& & \\
{\it brother\/} & {\sc n} & ($\uparrow$ {\sc pred}) = $'$brother$'$\\
\end{tabular}

\newpage

\section{Finite embedded clauses and relative clauses in English}

Draw phrase structure trees for the sentences below using the phrase
structure rules below.  The treatment of fillers and gaps is taken
from Generalized Phrase Structure Grammar.  It is based on "slash
categories" such as S\\NP (an S missing an NP to the left).  Slash
categories are also used in Categorial Grammar in a different way.\\[6pt]

\noindent
This grammar should not generate the following sentences which have
fillers without gaps or gaps without fillers.  \\[6pt]

\noindent
Ungrammatical sentences: 
\examples{
\item \bad{*}You read the book that I read the book.
\item \bad{*}You saw the man that the man saw me. 
\item \bad{*}I think that the man bothers.
\item \bad{*}I wonder who you saw the man.
}

\noindent
Sentences that you should draw trees for:

\examples{
\item I love the fact that linguistics is fun.
\item You met the man that I saw.
\item I saw the man that you met. 
\item You met the man that wrote the book. 
\item The man that yawned bothers me. 
\item The man that you met bothers me. 
\item I wonder who you saw.
\item The book that bothers me is on the shelf.
\item The book that is on the shelf bothers me.
\item I think that linguistics is fun.  
\item That linguistics is fun bothers me.
\item I think that the man that you met wrote the book.
\item You read the book that I think that the man wrote.
\item You saw the shelf that I think that the book is on.
\item The fact that bothers me bothers you. 
}

\newpage
\begin{verbatim}
Phrase Structure Rules:

S -->  NP   VP
S -->  S-bar  VP

S-bar --> C  S
C --> that

VP -->  V-intrans 
VP -->  V-trans NP
VP -->  BE AdjP
VP -->  BE PP
VP -->  V-q S-q
VP -->  V-comp  S-bar

V-intrans --> yawned
V-trans --> love
V-trans --> bothers
V-trans --> met
V-trans --> saw
V-trans --> wrote
V-trans --> read
V-q --> wonder
BE --> is
V-comp --> think

AdjP --> Adj
Adj --> fun

NP -->  (Det) N-bar
NP -->  Pronoun

N-bar --> N-bar S-rel
N-bar --> N-bar-comp S-bar

N-bar --> N
N-bar-comp --> N-comp

S-rel --> C  S\NP

S-q  --> NP-wh  S\NP
NP-wh --> who


S\NP --> VP
S\NP --> NP   VP\NP

VP\NP -->  V-trans 
VP\NP -->  BE PP\NP
VP\NP -->  V-comp  S-bar\NP

PP --> P  NP
PP\NP --> P
P --> on

S-bar\NP --> C  S\NP

Det --> the
Pronoun --> I
Pronoun --> me
Pronoun --> you
N --> book
N --> man
N --> linguistics
N --> shelf
N-comp --> fact
N --> fact
\end{verbatim}

















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