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\noindent
{\bf Homework 2\\
11-721: Grammars and Lexicons, Fall 2009\\
Due Friday, September 25, 2009}


\section{Based on Radford, Exercise XVI, page 225}

\noindent
Assume the following phrase structure rules:

\begin{verbatim}
S --> N''  VP

VP --> V'
VP --> V' PP
V' --> V
V' --> V N''

PP --> P  N''

N'' --> (Det) N'
N' --> N' PP
N' --> N  (PP)

N --> N CONJ N
N' --> N' CONJ N'
N'' --> N'' CONJ N''

Det --> that
Det --> his
Det --> the
CONJ --> and 

V --> like
VP --> just don't get on

N --> picture
N --> pushchair
N --> workers
N --> managers
N --> factory
N'' --> I
N'' --> him
P --> of
P --> in
\end{verbatim}

\newpage

\noindent
{\bf Question 1:} Note that {\it I\/} and {\it him\/} are {\tt N''}
and not N.  Write an ungrammatical sentence that would be generated if
``I'' and ``him'' were N and not NP.  This grammar generates a lot of
ungrammatical sentences, so be sure to write one that is ungrammatical
for the right reason.

%% Why are ``I'' and ``him'' NPs instead of N's?

\noindent
{\bf Question 2:} Note that {\it his\/} is a determiner.  Write an
ungrammatical sentence that would be generated if {\it his\/} were an N.
Write a sentence that could not be generated if {\it his\/} were an NP.

%% Why is ``his'' a Det?

\noindent
{\bf Question 3: Assuming that there is an attachment ambiguity in
{\it that picture of him in his pushchair\/}, what are the two
meanings?} 

\noindent
{\bf Question 4:} The phrase structure rules don't generate a tree
that corresponds to one of the meanings.  Which one is it?

\noindent
{\bf Question 5:} Draw a phrase structure tree for the meaning that is
generated.

\noindent
{\bf Question 6:} There is also an attachment ambiguity in {\it The
workers and the managers in the factory just don't get on\/}.  What
are the two meanings?

\noindent
{\bf Question 7:} The phrase structure rules don't generate a tree
that corresponds to one of the meanings.  Which one is it?

\noindent
{\bf Question 8:} Draw a phrase structure tree for the meaning that is
generated.

\noindent 
{\bf Question 9:} Radford suggests to reformulate the rule that
introduces PP adjuncts into three rules, one for adjuncts to X, one
for adjuncts to X', and one for adjuncts to X''.  Write the new phrase
structure rules.  

\noindent
{\bf Question 10:} Using the new rules, draw a tree for the meaning of
{\it that picture of him in his pushchair\/} that wasn't
previously generated.

\noindent
{\bf Question 11:} Using the new rules, draw a tree for the meaning of
{\it The workers and the managers in the factory just don't get on\/}
that wasn't previously generated.

\section{Possessive Noun Phrases}

In the last problem, possessive pronouns like {\it his\/}
were treated as determiners.  However, possessors can be full noun
phrases as in {\it the boy across the street's toy\/} where the
possessor is {\it the boy across the street\/}.\\[6pt]

\noindent
The {\it 's\/} is a {\it clitic\/}, not a full word, but not a prefix or
suffix.  One of the things that makes it different from prefixes or
suffixes is that it attaches to words that aren't related to it.  In
{\it the boy across the street's toy\/} the {\it 's\/} indicates that
the boy is a possessor, but it attaches to {\it street\/}.
In the phrase structure rules below, the {\it 's\/} is treated as a
terminal symbol that is a daughter of NP.  \\[8pt]

\noindent
{\bf Task 1:} Using the phrase structure rules below, draw two trees
for {\it the wife of your friend's brother\/}, which has two different
meanings.   Assume that {\it of your friend\/} is an argument, not an
adjunct.   For the sake of simplicity, {\it your\/} is still treated
as a determiner because it does not occur with {\it 's\/}. \\[6pt]

\noindent
{\bf Task 2:} Using the phrase structure rules below, draw two trees
for {\it We gave her dog biscuits\/}.  The verb {\it give\/} should
have three arguments: agent, theme, and recipient.\\[6pt]


\begin{verbatim}
S --> N''  VP

VP -->  V  N''  N''  

PP -->  P  N''

N'' --> (Det) N'
N'  -->  N  (PP)
N'' -->  NP  's   N'

In the previous rule, the N'' has three daughters, NP, 's, and N'.  

Det --> the
Det --> your
Det --> her
N'' --> her
N'' --> we

N -->  N   N
\end{verbatim}

%% \noindent
%% {\bf Task 3 (Extra Credit, five percent):} When there is an NP
%% consisting of {\tt NP 's N'}, what principle of X-bar theory
%% determines that the N-bar and not the possessor NP is the head of the
%% whole NP?  I'm looking for a syntactic principle, which might be found
%% somewhere in Radford's book.  A semantic principle is reasonable ---
%% {\it the boy's book\/} is a book, not a boy --- but that is not the
%% answer I'm looking for.  The answer is very specific and pretty short.


\section{Two types of sentences embedded inside noun phrases}

\noindent
This is based on an exercise from Santorini and Kroch
(http://www.ling.upenn.edu/~beatrice/syntax-textbook/index.html).  An
{\it embedded sentence\/} or {\it embedded clause\/} is an S that is
inside another S.  The sentences below show two types embedded
sentences that modify nouns.

\examples{
\item The fact {\it that you like linguistics\/} surprised me.
\item I am surprised by the fact {\it that you like linguistics\/}.}

\examples{
\item The story {\it that you told\/} surprised me.
\item I was surprised by the story {\it that you told\/}. }

\noindent
There are also many types of embedded sentences that do not modify
nouns as in \ex{0}.   But this exercise is about embedded sentences
that modify nouns.

\example{I believe {\it that it is raining\/}}


\noindent
Embedded sentences are sometimes called {\it complement clauses\/} or
just {\it complements\/}.  For this reason, words like {\it that\/} at
the beginning of an embedded sentence are called {\it
complementizers\/}.  They turn sentences into complements.\\[6pt]

\noindent
In~\ex{-3}, {\it the fact that you like linguistics} is a noun phrase.
{\it that you like linguistics\/} is called an S-bar.  An S-bar is an
S with a {\it complementizer\/}.  In this exercise, {\it that you like
  linguistics\/} will be refered to as a {\it noun complement\/}.\\[6pt]  

\noindent
In~\ex{-2}, {\it the story that you told\/} is a noun phrase.   {\it
  that you told\/} is an S-bar of a particular type called a {\it
  relative clause\/}.   In this exercise, {\it that you told\/} will
  be refered to as a relative clause.

\noindent
\paragraph{How to tell a noun complement from a relative clause:}  In
  a relative clause, the word {\it that\/} can usually be replaced by
  {\it which\/} or some other appropriate word like {\it what\/}, {\it
  who\/}, etc.   But {\it that\/} cannot be replace by {\it which\/}
  in a noun complement.

\examples{
\item The story which you told surprised me.
\item \bad{*} The fact which you like linguistics surprised me.}

\noindent
Another difference between noun complements and relative clauses is
that relative clauses contain a {\it gap\/} -- a hole where something
is understood, but isn't there.   In the relative clause {\it that you
  told\/}, the gap is after {\it told\/}.   It is understood that you
told the story, but {\it the story\/} isn't there.   In other words,
if you just look at the S-bar {\it that you told\/}, you will see that
the verb {\it told\/} is missing one of its arguments.   In contrast,
in the noun complement {\it that you like linguistics\/}, the verb
{\it like\/} has all of its arguments.\\[6pt]

\noindent
After all of that explanation, the questions are 
actually very short.   Assume that {\it one\/} can substitute for an
N-bar, but not an N.   \\[6pt]

\noindent
{\bf Question 1:}  Based on~\ex{0}, which phrase structure rule is the
correct one for {\it the fact that you like linguistics\/}?

\begin{verbatim}
a. N-bar -->  N   S-bar

b. N-bar -->  N-bar S-bar
\end{verbatim}

\example{\bad{*} I was surprised by the fact that you like linguistics
and Sam was surprised by the one that you like chemistry.}

\noindent
{\bf Question 2:} Based on~\ex{0}, which phrase structure rule is the
correct one for {\it the story that you told\/}?

\begin{verbatim}
a. N-bar -->  N   S-bar

b. N-bar -->  N-bar S-bar
\end{verbatim}

\example{I was surprised by the story that you told and Sam was
  surprised by the one that Sue told.\/}

\noindent
{\bf Question 3:} Based on your answers to Questions 1 and 2, what
would you predict about a noun phrase that had both a noun complement
and a relative clause?  Which one would be predicted to come first?   

\noindent
{\bf Question 4:} Make up a noun phrase that has both a noun
complement and a relative clause.  It will be a big messy noun phrase,
but you should be able to do it.   Try both orders:  ``Det N
noun-complement relative-clause'' and ``Det N relative-clause
noun-complement''.  Are they both good?\\[6pt]

\noindent
{\bf Relative clauses are important for the rest of the course, so
  don't forget what they are.}


\section{Radford, page 121 problem X}

Do problem X on pages 121 and 122 of Radford's book.  Answer all of
Radford's questions about sentences 2, 3, 4, and 5 except for this
one: ``Can you think of any way(s) in which we might
defend the assumption that {\it one\/} is a pro-N-bar in the face of
such apparent counterevidence?''  We are not prepared to grade long
answers to that question, so just skip it.  However, if you have
ideas, come to my office and I will be happy to talk about it.   

\end{document}


