\documentstyle[12pt]{article} \begin{document} %%%%%%%%%%%%%%% macros %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %\documentstyle[12pt]{article} % \renewcommand{\thesubsection}{\arabic{subsection}} % 1.2 --> 2 %\pagestyle{headings} %to fix page # \newcounter{examplenumber} \setcounter{examplenumber}{1} \newcounter{examplesnumber} \newcounter{exnum} \newlength{\standard} \setlength{\standard}{17pt} % = \parindent \newlength{\exampletextwidth} \setlength{\exampletextwidth}{\textwidth} \addtolength{\exampletextwidth}{-59.6pt} \def\printexamplenumber{(\arabic{examplenumber})} \newcommand{\ex}[1]{\setcounter{exnum}{\value{examplenumber}}% \addtocounter{exnum}{#1}(\arabic{exnum})} % % usage: "Compare the previous example, \ex{-1}, % to \ex{0}, which follows." % \def\examplesform{\nobreak\list{\alph{examplesnumber}.} {\leftmargin 2.8\standard \topsep 0pt \partopsep=0pt \labelwidth .6\standard \labelsep .2\standard \usecounter{examplesnumber}}} \let\endexamplesform=\endlist \newcommand{\examples}[1]{\par \vskip 9.0pt plus 3.0pt minus 5.0pt \noindent\hskip 1.5\standard \nopagebreak \llap{\printexamplenumber}\nopagebreak \vskip-\baselineskip\nopagebreak \begin{examplesform} #1\end{examplesform} \vskip 9.0pt plus 3.0pt minus 5.0pt \stepcounter{examplenumber}} % % usage: "\examples % {\item Here is a numbered subsentence. % \item Here is another numbered subsentence.}" % % usage: "\examples % {\item[Speaker A:] Does he agree? % \item[Speaker B:] ---seems to.} % % If no optional argument is included, a, b, c ... are substituted % \newcommand{\example}[1]{\examples{\item[]{} {#1}}} % % usage: "\example % {This is a numbered sentence.\\ % It can take up several lines.}" % % usage: "\example {This is a numbered sentence.}" % \newcommand{\gloss}[4] {\begin{tabular}[t]{*{#1}{@{\hspace{\tabcolsep}}l}} #2\\ #3\\ \multicolumn{#1}{l}{#4} \end{tabular}} % % usage: % \gloss {n} {n-word foreign ex.} {n-word gloss} {translation} % % \example{\gloss {3} % {mu-nthu &m-modzi &\'a-ma-s\^ek-a} % {1-person &1-one &1Su-PrsHab-laugh-ind} % {`One person usually laughs.'}} % % \examples % {\item \gloss {3} % {m-chi-pinda &ndi &mw-\^anga} % {18-7-room &cop &18-ISgPoss} % {`The inside of the room is mine'} % \item \gloss {3} % {\bad{*}m-chi-pinda &ndi &ch-\^anga} % {18-7-room &cop &7-ISgPoss} % {`The inside of the room is mine'}} % \newcommand{\longgloss}[3] {\begin{tabular}[t]{*{#1}{@{\hspace{\tabcolsep}}l}} #2\\ #3\\ \end{tabular}} % Usage: \longgloss {n} {n-word foreign example} {n-word gloss} % This glosses an example without a translation. % % \example % {\longgloss{n} % {n-word broken example filling the first line} % {n-word gloss}\\ % \longgloss{m} % {m-word continuation of example} % {m-word gloss}\\ % \nogloss{translation of n+m word example} % } % \newcommand{\nogloss}[1] {\begin{tabular}[t]{p{\exampletextwidth}} #1\\ \end{tabular}} \newcommand{\bad}[1]{\leavevmode\llap{#1}} % doesn't work inside \nogloss environment yet % usage: \examples % {\item \bad{?}Here is a questionable sentence. % \item \bad{*}And here is a bad sentence. % \item \bad{\#}Don't forget the slash for this one.} \newcommand{\pslabel}[1]{$_{\mbox{\sc{#1}}}$} % usage: " [...]\pslabel{vp}" gives rom VP subscript to right % bracket \documentclass[fullpage]{article} \begin{document} %%%%%%%%%%%%%%% macros %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %\documentstyle[12pt]{article} % \renewcommand{\thesubsection}{\arabic{subsection}} % 1.2 --> 2 %\pagestyle{headings} %to fix page # \newcounter{examplenumber} \setcounter{examplenumber}{1} \newcounter{examplesnumber} \newcounter{exnum} \newlength{\standard} \setlength{\standard}{17pt} % = \parindent \newlength{\exampletextwidth} \setlength{\exampletextwidth}{\textwidth} \addtolength{\exampletextwidth}{-59.6pt} \def\printexamplenumber{(\arabic{examplenumber})} \newcommand{\ex}[1]{\setcounter{exnum}{\value{examplenumber}}% \addtocounter{exnum}{#1}(\arabic{exnum})} % % usage: "Compare the previous example, \ex{-1}, % to \ex{0}, which follows." % \def\examplesform{\nobreak\list{\alph{examplesnumber}.} {\leftmargin 2.8\standard \topsep 0pt \partopsep=0pt \labelwidth .6\standard \labelsep .2\standard \usecounter{examplesnumber}}} \let\endexamplesform=\endlist \newcommand{\examples}[1]{\par \vskip 9.0pt plus 3.0pt minus 5.0pt \noindent\hskip 1.5\standard \nopagebreak \llap{\printexamplenumber}\nopagebreak \vskip-\baselineskip\nopagebreak \begin{examplesform} #1\end{examplesform} \vskip 9.0pt plus 3.0pt minus 5.0pt \stepcounter{examplenumber}} % % usage: "\examples % {\item Here is a numbered subsentence. % \item Here is another numbered subsentence.}" % % usage: "\examples % {\item[Speaker A:] Does he agree? % \item[Speaker B:] ---seems to.} % % If no optional argument is included, a, b, c ... are substituted % \newcommand{\example}[1]{\examples{\item[]{} {#1}}} % % usage: "\example % {This is a numbered sentence.\\ % It can take up several lines.}" % % usage: "\example {This is a numbered sentence.}" % \newcommand{\gloss}[4] {\begin{tabular}[t]{*{#1}{@{\hspace{\tabcolsep}}l}} #2\\ #3\\ \multicolumn{#1}{l}{#4} \end{tabular}} % % usage: % \gloss {n} {n-word foreign ex.} {n-word gloss} {translation} % % \example{\gloss {3} % {mu-nthu &m-modzi &\'a-ma-s\^ek-a} % {1-person &1-one &1Su-PrsHab-laugh-ind} % {`One person usually laughs.'}} % % \examples % {\item \gloss {3} % {m-chi-pinda &ndi &mw-\^anga} % {18-7-room &cop &18-ISgPoss} % {`The inside of the room is mine'} % \item \gloss {3} % {\bad{*}m-chi-pinda &ndi &ch-\^anga} % {18-7-room &cop &7-ISgPoss} % {`The inside of the room is mine'}} % \newcommand{\longgloss}[3] {\begin{tabular}[t]{*{#1}{@{\hspace{\tabcolsep}}l}} #2\\ #3\\ \end{tabular}} % Usage: \longgloss {n} {n-word foreign example} {n-word gloss} % This glosses an example without a translation. % % \example % {\longgloss{n} % {n-word broken example filling the first line} % {n-word gloss}\\ % \longgloss{m} % {m-word continuation of example} % {m-word gloss}\\ % \nogloss{translation of n+m word example} % } % \newcommand{\nogloss}[1] {\begin{tabular}[t]{p{\exampletextwidth}} #1\\ \end{tabular}} \newcommand{\bad}[1]{\leavevmode\llap{#1}} % doesn't work inside \nogloss environment yet % usage: \examples % {\item \bad{?}Here is a questionable sentence. % \item \bad{*}And here is a bad sentence. % \item \bad{\#}Don't forget the slash for this one.} \newcommand{\pslabel}[1]{$_{\mbox{\sc{#1}}}$} % usage: " [...]\pslabel{vp}" gives rom VP subscript to right % bracket \newcommand{\xbar}[1]{$\overline{\mbox{#1}}$} % usage: "...either an S or an \xbar{S}" \newcommand{\xdblbar}[1]{$\overline{\overline{\mbox{#1}}}$} % usage: "\xdblbar{X} is the maximal projection of X" \newcommand{\gap}{$\underline{\hspace{1em}}$} \newcommand{\sub}[1]{$_{#1}$} %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% macros %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% \noindent Homework 3\\ 11-721: Grammars and Lexicons, Fall 2008\\ Due Friday, December 5, 2008 \section{Kroeger, Exercise 3B, Pages 77-79} Using the data in Kroeger's Exercise 3B, {\it follow these instructions:\/} \\[10pt] \noindent {\bf Task 1:} In Sentence B1, the arguments of the verb are the subject, {\it guru kami\/} (our teacher), and the oblique {\it di ruang Pak rektor\/} (in the rector's office). What are the arguments of the verb in Sentence B2?\\[10pt] \noindent {\bf Task 2:} Look at the verbs of Sentences B1 and B2. {\bf (a)} Aside from the prefix {\it men-\/}, which is not relevant to this exercise, what affix is added to the verb in sentence B2? {\bf (b)} What effect does the affix have on the sentence?\\[10pt] \noindent {\bf Task 3:} Sentence B3 is a passive sentence. {\bf (a)} Which morpheme is added to the verb to make it passive? {\bf (b)} Assuming that the subject comes to the left of the verb in Indonesian, what is the subject of the sentence?\\[8pt] \noindent {\bf Note:} You cannot rely on the English translation to tell you the grammatical relations (subject, object, oblique) in Indonesian. English does not have applicative morpheme, so the grammatical relations are different in English.\\[10pt] \noindent {\bf Task 4:} Finish the following lexical entry for the verb in Sentence B1 by adding a grammatical relation for each semantic role: \begin{verbatim} duduk < theme location > \end{verbatim} \noindent {\bf Task 5:} Finish the lexical entry for the verb in Sentence B2 by adding a grammatical relation for each semantic role: \begin{verbatim} duduk < theme location > \end{verbatim} \noindent {\bf Task 6:} Finish the lexical entry for the verb in Sentence B3 by adding a grammatical relation for each semantic role: \begin{verbatim} duduk < theme location > \end{verbatim} \noindent {\bf Task 7:} List three more sentences that illustrate the same phenomena as B1, B2, and B3.\\[10pt] \noindent %% Why is Sentence B7 ungrammatical?\\[20pt] {\bf Task 8:} Consider two hypotheses: \begin{itemize} \item {\bf Hypothesis 1:} Sentence B4 has a subject and an object. \item {\bf Hypothesis 2:} Sentence B4 has a subject and an oblique. \end{itemize} \noindent {\bf Assume the following passive rule:} Find the semantic role that was linked to the grammatical relation object in the active sentence and link it to the grammatical relation subject. Find the semantic role that was linked to subject in the active sentence and link it to oblique.\\[8pt] \noindent Sentence B7 is ungrammatical. Which hypothesis does it support? Why?\\[8pt] \noindent {\bf Task 9:} Compare Sentences B12 and B13. {\bf (a)} What suffix is added to the verb in B13? {\bf (b)} What does it do?\\[10pt] \noindent {\bf Task 10:} Complete the lexical entry for Sentence B12: \begin{verbatim} beli < agent theme beneficiary > \end{verbatim} \noindent {\bf Task 11:} Complete the lexical entry for Sentence B13: \begin{verbatim} beli < agent theme beneficiary > \end{verbatim} \noindent {\bf Task 12:} {\bf (a)} Complete the lexical entry for Sentence B14. {\bf (b)} Is sentence B14 the passive of Sentence B12 or B13? \begin{verbatim} beli < agent theme beneficiary > \end{verbatim} %% They won't know whether the theme should be OBJ or OBJ2. Have to %% emphasize that the passive rule doesn't affect the theme. Also %% have to emphasize that O2 is really a different grammatical %% relation from OBJ, it's not just a matter of being second in line. \noindent {\bf Task 13:} {\bf (a)} Complete the lexical entry for Sentence B15. {\bf (b)} Is sentence B15 the passive of Sentence B12 or B13? %% Might need to emphasize derivations and rule applications more in %% class. \begin{verbatim} beli < agent theme beneficiary > \end{verbatim} \noindent {\bf Task 14:} Why is Sentence B16 ungrammatical?\\[10pt] %% They have to notice that it has the applicative suffix, but that %% the theme is being used as the subject. \noindent {\bf Task 15:} Identify four more sentences that illustrate the same points as B12-B15.\\[10pt] \section{Complex sentences} \noindent For {\it each verb\/} in each sentence below: \begin{enumerate} \item Select the appropriate lexical entry from the grammar that is handed out with this homework. \item Select a VP rule from the grammar that will parse the VP headed by the verb. \end{enumerate} \noindent {\bf Example:} Sam was interviewed by Sony.\\ {\it was:}\\ \begin{verbatim} was-2 V (^ PRED) = `be< XCOMP >SUBJ' (^ SUBJ) = (^ XCOMP SUBJ) (^ XCOMP VOICE) =c passive (^ VFORM) = fin (^ TENSE) = past (^ SUBJ NUM) = sg { (^ SUBJ PERS) = 1 | (^ SUBJ PERS) = 3 } Rule 11: VP --> V VP ^=| (^ XCOMP)=| \end{verbatim} \noindent {\it interviewed:}\\ \begin{verbatim} interviewed-2 V (^ PRED) = `examine< agent patient > OBL-ag SUBJ (^ VOICE) = passive (^ VFORM) = pastpart Rule 4: VP --> V PP ^=| (^(| CASE))=| \end{verbatim} \examples{ \item It seems that Sam was interviewed by Sony. \item Sam was persuaded to seem to be interviewed by Sony. \item We believe it to seem that Sony interviewed Sam. } \section{Finite embedded clauses and relative clauses in English} Draw phrase structure trees for the sentences below using the phrase structure rules below. The treatment of fillers and gaps is taken from Generalized Phrase Structure Grammar. It is based on "slash categories" such as S\NP (an S missing an NP to the left). Slash categories are also used in Categorial Grammar in a different way.\\[6pt] \noindent This grammar should not generate the following sentences which have fillers without gaps or gaps without fillers. \\[6pt] \noindent Ungrammatical sentences: \examples{ \item \bad{*}You read the book that I read the book. \item \bad{*}You saw the man that the man saw me. \item \bad{*}I think that the man bothers. \item \bad{*}I wonder who you saw the man. } \noindent Sentences that you should draw trees for: \examples{ \item I love the fact that linguistics is fun. \item You met the man that I saw. \item I saw the man that you met. \item You met the man that wrote the book. \item The man that yawned bothers me. \item The man that you met bothers me. \item I wonder who you saw. \item The book that bothers me is on the shelf. \item The book that is on the shelf bothers me. \item I think that linguistics is fun. \item That linguistics is fun bothers me. \item I think that the man that you met wrote the book. \item You read the book that I think that the man wrote. \item You saw the shelf that I think that the book is on. \item The fact that bothers me bothers you. } \begin{verbatim} Phrase Structure Rules: S --> NP VP S --> S-bar VP S-bar --> C S C --> that VP --> V-intrans VP --> V-trans NP VP --> BE AdjP VP --> BE PP VP --> V-q S-q VP --> V-comp S-bar V-intrans --> yawned V-trans --> love V-trans --> bothers V-trans --> met V-trans --> saw V-trans --> wrote V-trans --> read V-q --> wonder BE --> is V-comp --> think AdjP --> Adj Adj --> fun NP --> (Det) N-bar NP --> Pronoun N-bar --> N-bar S-rel N-bar --> N-bar-comp S-bar N-bar --> N N-bar-comp --> N-comp S-rel --> C S\NP S-q --> NP-wh S\NP NP-wh --> who S\NP --> VP S\NP --> NP VP\NP VP\NP --> V-trans VP\NP --> BE PP\NP VP\NP --> V-comp S-bar\NP PP --> P NP PP\NP --> P P --> on S-bar\NP --> C S\NP Det --> the Pronoun --> I Pronoun --> me Pronoun --> you N --> book N --> man N --> linguistics N --> shelf N-comp --> fact N --> fact \end{verbatim} \end{document}