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\noindent
{\bf Grammars and Lexicons: 11-721\\
Homework 2\\
Due Wednesday, September 26, 2007}\\[6pt]

\section{Constituent Structure -- English}

\noindent
In this exercise we will examine the constituent structure of
sentences \ex{0}a and \ex{0}b below:

\examples{
\item Mary made John proud of himself.
\item Mary made John a picture of himself.}

\noindent
We will consider the two constituent structures below:

\begin{itemize}
\item XP can be AP ({\it proud of himself}) or NP ({\it a picture of
himself}).

\item SC is a {\it small clause} --- an NP subject and a predicate
that is an NP, AP, or PP.\\[10pt]
\end{itemize}

\noindent
{\bf Constituent Structure I:}   

\begin{verbatim}

                       S

           NP                   VP

          Mary          V        NP       XP

                       made     John    proud of himself
                                        a picture of himself
\end{verbatim}

\newpage

\noindent
{\bf Constituent Structure II:}   


\begin{verbatim}
                       S

           NP                   VP

          Mary          V             SC

                       made      NP        XP

                                John    proud of himself
                                        a picture of himself
\end{verbatim}

\noindent {\bf Applying tests for constituency:} In the next few tasks
you will apply tests for constituency and get grammaticality judgments
from a native speaker of English.  You can use your own grammaticality
judgments if English was your first language or was the language of
your primary school. \\[6pt]

\noindent
{\bf Task 1:} Apply a movement test to {\it John proud of himself\/}.
\vspace{.5in}

\noindent
{\bf Task 2:} Apply a coordination test to {\it John proud of himself\/}.
\vspace{.5in}

\noindent
{\bf Task 3:} Apply a movement test to {\it John a picture of himself\/}.
\vspace{.5in}

\noindent
{\bf Task 4:} Apply a coordination test to {\it John a picture of himself\/}.
\vspace{.5in}

\newpage

\noindent
In this section of the problem, you will see how the reference of
pronouns and reflexive pronouns relates to this constituency problem.\\[10pt]

\noindent
In English, a reflexive pronoun in a prepositional phrase can refer to
either the subject or the object of the sentence.  The indices {\it
i\/} and {\it j\/} show what the pronoun refers to.  

\example{John({\it i\/}) told Bill({\it j\/}) about himself({\it
i/j\/}).}

\noindent
A non-reflexive pronoun cannot refer to an element in the same clause
A star on an index shows that the pronoun can't refer to that index.
For example, {\it him\/} in \ex{0} cannot refer to {\it John\/} or
{\it Bill\/}.

\example{John({\it i\/}) told Bill({\it j\/}) about him({\it
*j/*i\/})}.

\noindent
However a non-reflexive pronoun can refer to an element in a different
clause.  The index {\it j\/} refers to someone who is not mentioned in
the sentence.  

\example{Mary({\it i\/}) told John that Bill likes her({\it j/i\/}).}

\noindent
Now consider the following sentences.  Use the grammaticality
judgements given, even if you don't agree with them.   Be careful
about the indices and the stars.  Sometimes there is a star on one
index, but not the other. 

\examples{
\item \bad{*} Mary made John proud of herself.
\item Mary({\it i\/}) made John proud of her({\it i/j\/}).
\item Mary made John proud of himself.
\item Mary made John({\it i\/}) proud of him({\it j/*i\/}).
}

\examples{
\item Mary made John a picture of herself.
\item Mary({\it i\/}) made John a picture of her({\it *i/j\/}).
\item Mary made John a picture of himself.
\item Mary made John({\it i\/}) a picture of him({\it j/*i\/}).
}

\newpage

{\bf Task 5:} Fill in the following table.  In each box, write:  
\begin{quote}
{\bf Tree 1} if the test supports Tree 1 \\
{\bf Tree 2} if the test suports Tree 2\\
{\bf Both} if the test results are compatible with both trees\\
{\bf Neither} if the test results are not compatible with either tree.
\end{quote}

\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{|l|c|c|c|c|}
\hline
& {\bf Movement} & {\bf Coordination} & {\bf Reflexive} & {\bf Pronoun}\\
\hline
\hline
{\bf John proud of himself} & & & &\\
\hline
{\bf John a picture of himself} & & & &\\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\end{center}

\vspace{1cm}

\noindent
{\bf Task 6:}  Which tree do you choose for {\it Mary made John a
picture of himself\/}?
\begin{quote}
{\bf a.  Tree 1}\\[10pt]
{\bf b.  Tree 2}
\end{quote}

\noindent
{\bf Task 7:} Were some of your results inconsistent with the tree
that you chose?  
\vspace{.5in}

\noindent
{\bf Task 7a:}  If so, why did you choose to ignore them?

\newpage

\section{Possessive Noun Phrases}

In the last homework assignment, possessive pronouns like {\it his\/}
were treated as determiners.  However, possessors can be full noun
phrases as in {\it the boy across the street's toy\/} where the
possessor is {\it the boy across the street\/}.\\[6pt]

\noindent
The {\it 's\/} is a clitic, not a full word, but not a prefix or
suffix.  One of the things that makes it different from prefixes or
suffixes is that it attaches to words that aren't related to it.  In
{\it the boy across the street's toy\/} the {\it 's\/} indicates that
the boy is a possessor, but it attaches to {\it street\/}.\\[6pt]

\noindent
{\bf Task 1:} Using the phrase structure rules below, draw two trees
for {\it the wife of your friend's brother\/}, which has two different
meanings.   Assume that {\it of your friend\/} is an argument, not an
adjunct.   For the sake of simplicity, {\it your\/} is still treated
as a determiner because it does not occur with {\it 's\/}. \\[6pt]

\noindent
{\bf Task 2:} Using the phrase structure rules below, draw two trees
for {\it We gave her dog biscuits\/}.  The verb {\it give\/} should
have three arguments: agent, theme, and recipient.\\[6pt]


\begin{verbatim}
S --> N''  VP

VP -->  V  N''  N''  

PP -->  P  N''

N'' --> (Det) N'
N'' -->  NP  's   N'
N'  -->  N  (PP)

Det --> the
Det --> your
Det --> her

N -->  N   N
\end{verbatim}

\noindent
{\bf Task 3 (Extra Credit, five percent):} When there is an NP
consisting of {\tt NP 's N'}, what principle determines that the N-bar
and not the possessor NP is the head of the whole NP?  I'm looking for
a syntactic principle, which might be found somewhere in Radford's
book.  A semantic principle is reasonable --- {\it the boy's book\/}
is a book, not a boy --- but that is not the answer I'm looking for.
The answer is very specific and pretty short.  

\end{document}
