\begindata{text,271590324} \textdsversion{12} \template{default} \define{symbola attr:[FontFamily AndySymbola Int 0]} \define{footnote attr:[Flags OverBar Int Set] attr:[FontSize PreviousFontSize Point -2]} \majorheading{The Writing Program at MIT \begindata{writestamp,271264860} Datastream version: 1 %o %A, %Y andysans12 697487502 \enddata{writestamp,271264860} \view{writestampview,271264860,23,0,0} } William Cattey Senior Applications Development Programmer, Project Athena Edward C. Barrett Senior Lecturer, MIT Writing Program The incorporation of computer technology into MIT's Writing Program has dramatically changed the teaching of writing at the Institute. In describing the most recent work of the Writing Program in conjunction with Athena, this article follows a profile by Dr. Karen Cohen in Volume I of \italic{Windows on Athena} [Cohen89]. \section{Background } The approach to applying the computer to the teaching of writing continues to follow principles established in 1986 by the Committee on Writing Instruction and Computers (CWIC for short), an informal committee of MIT writing professors, and employees of Athena and IBM [Committee86]. These principles can be summarized as: \symbola{7} Support conventional classroom instruction with judicious application of technology. \symbola{7} Organize the relevant classroom activities targeted for enhancement into a simple taxonomy: \leftindent{1. create texts 2. exchange texts 3. display texts 4. critique, annotate, and discuss texts } \symbola{7} Avoid any attempt to get the computer to comment on a human being's writing. \symbola{7} Avoid the pitfall of applying technology for technology's sake. This last point deserves elaboration: We, the programmers and professors who have worked on the Writing Project, believe that pedagogy must drive technology. Too often technology inspires developers to try and find a problem to solve. We believe that we should first decide what we want to do and then find out if technology can help. \section{The First Version } The Athena Writing Project developed a set of procedures to enhance composing, exchanging, and annotating papers with networked workstations, called \italic{NEOS}, the Educational Online System [Paradis87] [Barrett88]. Formerly called \italic{EOS}, the procedures relied on computer programs available in the UNIX\footnote{\ \begindata{fnote,271781048} \textdsversion{12} UNIX is a registered trade mark of AT&T.\ \enddata{fnote,271781048} \view{fnotev,271781048,24,0,0}} workstation environment, as well as other custom written programs. It was expected that the procedures would become less complicated as better integrated suites of programs became available. The first version used the GNU Emacs text editor to provide basic editing facilities for document composition. The custom programs written were: \italic{turnin}, \italic{pickup}, \italic{put}, \italic{get}, and \italic{take} for in-class and out-of-class file exchange, and \italic{grade} to gather student papers and load them into GNU Emacs for annotation. Inside GNU Emacs, special annotation commands were available. When in class, the writing instructor could use a special GNU Emacs command to display a text in large font suitable for display on a light valve screen projection system. A group of files collectively referred to as the "Online Style Guide" was also available through GNU Emacs commands. Although this suite of programs and procedures successfully supported all four target activities, the procedures had too many steps and required memorizing too many commands to get from an idea to a composed, reviewed, and revised paper. Students and instructors expressed their wish for a more graphic, intuitive interface in place of a langauge driven command line interface . \section{An integrated Edit/Exchange/Annotate facility } In an effort to simplify and streamline the EOS procedures an integrated editing, exchanging, and annotating facility was developed. It took advantage of the X Window System for a graphical "point-and-click" user interface design, and of the Andrew Toolkit from Carnegie Mellon University [Palay88] for a rich set of document preparation objects to assemble into an application. Hagan Heller produced the basic design of this facility as her S.B. thesis at MIT in the department of Computer Science and Engineering [Heller89]. The design was then implemented by Nicholas Williams. The program continues to evolve in response to user feedback primarily from three writing classes: an advanced level essay writing class, an advanced scientific and engineering writing class, and an introductory expository writing class. Heller produced designs for two programs, \italic{eos} for the student [Williams90E], and \italic{grade} for the teacher [Williams90G]. These two programs available from Athena, provide editing, exchanging, and annotating facilities with a user interface tailored to the differing needs and experience sets of these two classes of users. \subsection{Formatting } The first course to use \italic{NEOS} was Scientific and Engineering writing. There, the in-class writing exercises mimic real-world writing tasks. For many of these tasks, a professional-looking appearance was required. This often involved producing documents with formatting commands belonging to any one of several available formatting programs. Problems were encountered when the GNU Emacs based annotation system was used to annotate either the formatted or unformatted version of the text. A student could format a document into a file and submit it for annotation. This made it easy for a teacher to read and insert comments, but inconvenient for the student to relate the comments to the online copy being revised. The student could submit a file containing formatting commands, but this made it hard for the teacher to read the document. Annotations might foul up the formatting commands. This problem has been addressed in the \italic{eos} and \italic{grade} programs by layering them on a WYSIWYG\footnote{\ \begindata{fnote,271233080} \textdsversion{12} WYSIWYG stands for "What you see is what you get."\ \enddata{fnote,271233080} \view{fnotev,271233080,25,0,0}} editor in which a compound document containing text, formatting, graphics, and annotations is formatted in real-time onto the screen. Both the student and teacher can exchange easy-to-read, formatted documents for annotation and revision. Improper application of formatting technology can lead to bad papers that look good. It has become necessary to teach the proper place of formatting, and occasionally discourage it. However, integrating text and figures is important in advanced technical documentation subjects. \subsection{For the student} To use the system, the student types: \example{eos } A window such as the one shown in Figure 1 appears on the workstation screen. The buttons across the top provide the basic file exchange operations: turnin, pickup, handouts and exchange. Putting buttons at the top of the main editor window eliminates having to remember command names and their syntax. The Online Style Guide and a help browser on using \italic{NEOS} are available by clicking on the buttons labeled Guide and Help respectively. The Online Style Guide commands under GNU Emacs were so unpopular that we nearly decided to get rid of the Guide. The new version of the Guide allows the user to click the section headings and get the section immediately. 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e0g0czzy03 | e0g0czzy03 | e0g0czzy03 | e0g0ch01i04j30 60l08h0cg0106 j30h80gc030l10 g0cg0181gc0n03 | e0g0ch01i04j10 20l0802g04g01 22j10h80g4050 g20j10g44h81g 40h01k03 | e0g0ch0280m10 20m02g04h22j10 j!40g20l44h80 g40h01k03 | e0g0ch02806dc3 8c72e1b2e71623 9b700e1c71c3d8 e79c3c1ddf7ac0 6dc387961cd98f 1c40f38779cd87 2e7031c0f587g b31e5872e03bee 70e380g03 | e0g0ch04403766 44d9a0d9ad9b24 4dd81924936649 92226408892360 37644c9b326c99 324046492226c8 9a90124046c880 d9346c89a0491a 892480g03 | e0g0ch04402220 c489g89089127 c8880330c22408 323e4408892220 2227c811064490 06!40cc23e44f 90c013g444f80 892244f9g6110 f986h03 | e0g0ch07c02223 4489g89089124 08880d18622408 d2204404912220 222408111a4490 1a404346220448 106011804448g 89324481g3110 80c3h03 | e0g0ch08202224 4489g89089124 0888110c322409 12204407712220 22240811224490 22404443220448 103010c04448g 891c4481g1910 806180g03 | e0g0ch08202226 44d9gd90d9326 28881924936629 92316c02212220 22262c51324498 b240464923144c 50901240444c40 891044c5g4910 c52480g03 | e0g0ch1c707773 a47380b3871e73 dddc0eb8e1c3dc e99e3a02239f70 7773c7bb9defcf 1de0f3ae19eee7 b8e03b803ee781 df9eee7b8070f8 79c7h03 | e0g0cl04h80zy 21o03 | e0g0cl14h80zy 33o03 | e0g0cl18g01c0 zy1co03 | e0g0czzy03 | e0g0czzy03 | e0g0czzy03 | e0g0czzy03 | e0g0czzy03 | e0g0cp40l30h30 g18g60g180b60 0180c0g0ci02i 038380gc0g02g 030180m03 | e0g0cm04g0440 l10g8110g08g20 g080920g8140g 14g08g02i0183 h40g02g010280 01l03 | e0g0cm04g04m10 g8110g08g20g08 0120g81h10g08 k0145h40i0102 g01l03 | e0g0ch0f1cd878 e6cfb9cfc73603 c7331c70f039e3 d61c0b0e23807a f9238783ce5c3c e1de7366d878g 01450e1e587366 3c71079c3bce6c 397380g03 | e0g0ch19366cc9 13646b244d9b06 4c912489906481 1b220d9b2440c9 a9244c811b3411 924889b26cd0g 016d11326cc9b2 64c90232491136 44d480g03 | e0g0ch10224481 f2244064489104 019130f9100c81 113e089127c089 0927c881112010 3308f9124488g 01291f20441912 40190206611f22 7c86h03 | e0g0ch10224481 022441a4489104 06911881103481 1120089124g89 09240881112010 d188811244c8g 01291020446912 4069021a311022 4083h03 | e0g0ch10224481 02244224489104 08910c81104481 1120089124g89 09240881112011 10c881124470g 01111020448912 40890222191022 408180g03 | e0g0ch18b644c5 8a2443244d9106 2c9b24c5b06481 1131089b2620d9 09262d811b2011 9248c5124441g 011118b144c912 62c902324918a2 628480g03 | e0g0ch0f1cee78 f773e1d3e73b83 c74db878e83a60 fb9e1dce73c077 9ff3c743ce703c eb867bbfee79g 03938f1eee77bf 3c77879d70cf77 3dc7h03 | e0g0czy84y03 | e0g0czyccy03 | e0g0czy70y03 | e0g0czzy03 | e0g0czzy03 | e0g0czzy03 | e0g0czzy03 | e0g0czzy03 | e0g0cu0c18i18 i04hfec0l60g06 h80k18h0co03 | e0g0co40k0408 i08i04h9240l20 g02h80i04g08h 04o03 | e0g0co40k0408 i08l9240l20g02 l04g08h04o03 | e0g0ch0e5ce01c 387770f38070e3 8e6dc588e01cd8 782e7361cd70g 105873b81e39b0 0e238e02c381b6 1db0e1ef38780e 6c3c0397380db8 72e7h03 | e0g0ch19351022 64922046c0c924 913766c910326c c81a89b324d0g 106c89103264d8 19249b0364409b 24d9132444c819 3664064d4406ec d9a880g03 | e0g0ch0321f03e 0cc22044401986 1f222449f00644 8810f9106480g 1044f910200c88 0326110227c091 3089f2047c8803 2244gc87c0444 890f80g03 | e0g0ch0d21g20 346140444068c3 10222449g1a44 88108111a480g 104480a0203488 0d23110224g91 1889020440880d 22440348400444 8908h03 | e0g0ch1121g20 44314044408861 90222449g2244 881081122480g 104480a0204488 1121910224g91 0c890204408811 22440448400444 8908h03 | e0g0ch19218831 64908046c0c924 98a224c9883244 d810c5b32484g 1044c440316488 19249b02662091 24d98b1462d819 226c0648620444 d90c40g03 | e0g0ch0e!f01e 3ae180338075c7 0f!779cf01dee 74387961dfc4g 38ee78c01e3bdc 0ef70e03c3c1fb b8b0f1e33c740e f73a03bc3c0eee 738780g03 | e0g0cm01t01m80 q80v03 | e0g0cm05t01l02 80q80v03 | e0g0cm06t0380 k03q01c0v03 | e0g0czzy03 | e0g0czzy03 | e0g0czzy03 | e0g0czzy03 | e0g0czzy03 | e0g0ci03201830 g0180h18h0cg30 02g80i!07g0180 g04g06g60nc0h 0cj0c18jc0g03 | e0g0ci01200810 g0880h08h04g10 02g8020h0306h 80g04g02ga0g40 l40h44j0408i01 40g03 | e0g0ci01g0810 g0880h08h04g10 i20h028ah80i02 g80g40l40h44j 0408i01h03 | e0g0ch2e71638b 11c01eb0e6c00b 0e6c3c70f00639 b679c0g028a1c 3cb0e6cc78e201 e70ef39b0e5ce0 071c5dcegf587 g6cb9c588e6dc g73c0g03 | e0g0ch1a89264d 922008d993600d 9b36648990026c 9b2240g02da22 64d99364c992g 8c92444d913520 09364891g46c8 80366b66c91376 gd9h03 | e0g0ch10f920c8 93e00888322008 912244f9100244 9123h02523e40 8832248032g81 9847c89f21800c 22489fg444f80 22422449f222g 89h03 | e0g0ch10812348 92g0888d22008 91224481100244 912180g025220 4088d22480d2g 868c44089020c0 06224510g4448 g224224490222 g89h03 | e0g0ch10812448 92g0889122008 91224481100244 9120c0g022220 408912248112g 88864408902060 03224510g4448 g224224490222 g89h03 | e0g0ch10c52649 93100889922009 9b226cc5b0026c 912248g022231 62899224c592g 8c92462898a120 0936421880444c 40364364c98a22 gd9h03 | e0g0ch387bf3af 39e007dcef700f 0e773a78e80239 fb9b88g07271e 3ddcef7e78ef01 e75c33ddcf71c0 0e1ce20fg3ee7 802ce1c79cf777 g73c0g03 | e0g0cx02zp20o 03 | e0g0cx0azp20o 03 | e0g0cx0czp70o 03 | e0g0czzy03 | e0g0czzy03 | e0g0czzy03 | e0g0czzy03 | e0g0czzy03 | e0g0cm01i06i06 j19ic0g4010zq 03 | e0g0cl0801g40 g02h1022j0920 g0140g401004zp 03 | e0g0cl08h40g02 h1022j0820g01 j04zp03 | e0g0ch336c3c72 fe736cfee0e2c3 99bc7ac380f663 8b7f7073c1c0c7 36cfzp03 | e0g0ch11366489 a8c93644419366 c8902364419226 492220d903204d 9364zp03 | e0g0ch112240f9 08192244403224 48902227c11220 c9222089g6048 9224zp03 | e0g0ch11224081 0869224280d224 48902224011223 4921408901a048 9224zp03 | e0g0ch11224081 08892242811224 48902224011224 49214089022048 9224zp03 | e0g0ch1b2262c5 08c92241019266 cd90222621b366 492080d903204d 922440zo03 | e0g0ch0df73c7b 8677f733gebc3 86cc1f73c0d1b3 bf998073c1d047 3f7340zo03 | e0g0co02n10h01 j40zr03 | e0g0co0an10h05 i0140zr03 | e0g0co0cn38h06 i0180zr03 | e0g0czzy03 | e0g0czzy03 | e0g0czzy03 | e0g0czzy03 | e0g0czzy03 | e0g0czzy03 | e0g0czzy03 | e0g0czzy03 | e0g0czzy03 | e0g0czzy03 | e0g0czzy03 | e0g0czzy03 | e0g0czzy03 | e0g0czzy03 | e0g0czzy03 | e0g0czzy03 | e0g0czzy03 | e0g0czzy03 | e0g0czzy03 | e0g0czzy03 | e0g0czzy03 | e0g0czzy03 | e0g0czzy03 | e0g0czzy03 | e0g0czzy03 | e0g0czzy03 | e0g0czzy03 | e0g0czzy03 | 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e0g0czzy03 | e0g0czzy03 | e0g0czzy03 | e0g0czzy03 | e0g0czzy03 | Hfczzy03 | c8888czzy03 | e22224zzy03 | c8888czzy03 | e22224zzy03 | c0g04zzy03 | c8888czzy03 | c0g04zzy03 | e22224zzy03 | c0g04zzy03 | c8888czzy03 | c0g04zzy03 | e22224zzy03 | c0g04zzy03 | c8888czzy03 | c0g04zzy03 | e22224zzy03 | ZZZI | c0zzzg03 | c0zzzg03 | c0zzzg03 | c0zzzg03 | c0zzzg03 | c0zzzg03 | ce7380g04p1801 a0g03zzh03 | c421h04p0802a0 g01zzh03 | c623s0802h01zzh 03 | c2221cbecdb0f2 0d8701e399ae71 c078e7ed870fzzh 03 | c222326b64d9a2 06cd8326c89a92 20c91226c899zzh 03 | c3560642248910 044882044890c3 e089f2244f91zzh 03 | c1541a42248990 04488204489062 g8902244811zzh 03 | c18c22422488e0 04488204489032 g8902244811zzh 03 | c18c3242248882 044d8316cd9093 10d98a244c5bzzh 03 | c0881de77fdcf2 0ee701e386f8e1 e074f7fee78e80 zzg03 | c0j0108zzu03 | c0j0198zzu03 | c0ke0zzu03 | c0zzzg03 | c0zzzg03 | c0zzzg03 | ZZZI | ZZZI | \enddata{raster, 270991668} \view{rasterview,270991668,26,0,0} \center{Figure 1: The \italic{eos} window.} \subsection{For the teacher} The teacher uses the system by typing \example{grade } at the command shell. The window that appears is very similar to the eos window. In place of the Turnin and Pickup buttons are the Grade and Return buttons. When the teacher clicks on the Grade button, a window like the one shown in Figure 2 appears in addition to the main editor window that appeared when \italic{grade} was first started. \begindata{raster,270713328} 2 0 117028 117028 0 0 504 525 bits 270713328 504 525 ZZZI | ZZZI | c0zzzg03 | c0zzzg03 | c0s15/55/55+55 54h03 | c7Gc0q2a/aa/aa+aa a803Ge3 | c4g40i60i0360 h15/55/55+5554 022223 | c5c140i60i03i 2a/aa/aa+aaa8 022223 | c4e2401b6de367 80db6f1b6d8d80 15/55/55+5554 022223 | c4e440377f36ec c1bbf9b76edb80 2a/aa/aa+aaa8 03e223 | c474403370366c c19b81b36cd980 15/55/55+5554 !0223 | c428403361f66f c19b0fb36cd980 2a/aa/aa+aaa8 !0223 | c45c403363366c 019b19b36cd980 15/55/55+5554 !0223 | c49c40376336ec c1bb19b76cdb80 2a/aa/aa+aaa8 03fe23 | c48e401b61db67 80db0edb6ccd80 15/55/55+5554 02g23 | c5074003j18i01 802a/aa/aa+aa a802g23 | c4g4033i0198i 198015/55/55+55 5402g23 | c7Gc01ejf0i0f g2a/aa/aa+aaa8 03Ge3 | c0s15/55/55+55 54h03 | c0zzzg03 | c0zzzg03 | ZZZI | ZZZI | c0zzo62*2223 | c0zzo48*888f | c0zzo62*2227 | c0zzo48*889f | c0zzo62*aaab | c0zzo49*557f | c0zzo62*aa97 | c0zzo49*557f | c0zzo62*aaab | c0zzo49*557f | c0zzo62*aa97 | c0u3fj0180g7c hc0g1e180fcf1f v49*557f | c0u3180i0180g c6hc0g3378gd9 98v62*aaab | c0u31bcd8f36f 03cf0180dbc6cf 1803180181b0v 49*557f | c0u31e6ed9bf9 81998180fe6dd9 98061801873ev 62*aa97 | c0u3f06cd9b9c 0199819ee06cd9 800c18030183v 49*557f | c0u303ecdfb07 01998186c3ecdf 80!18030183v62 *aaab | c0u3066cd8303 81998186c66cd8 g30180301b3v49 *557f | c0u3066ed9b19 81b980!c66dd9 9830186619b3v 62*aa97 | c0u303bd8f30f gcfg7ac3b6cf18 3f18660f1ev49 *557f | c0wc0zq62aaab cb2fcabeafabeb eaaaab | c0wc0zq495556 675665735cd736 35557f | c0wc0zq62aaac b32eb2b1b86e06 b2aa97 | c0zzo49555d77 56!7599665385 557f | c0zzo62aaacb3 2eb2b3baeea8ea aaab | c0zzo49555d77 56!7599665575 557f | c0zzo62aaacb3 2eb2b3baeeaeb2 aa97 | c0zzo49555667 5665770dc37675 557f | c0zzo62aaabcb f7cabe2789e3e2 aaab | c0zzo49555414 g154050140405 557f | ZZPe2*aa97 | c0g04zzm49*55 7f | e22224zzm62*aa ab | 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c0zzzg03 | ZZZI | ZZZI | \enddata{raster, 270713328} \view{rasterview,270713328,27,0,0} \center{Figure 2: The "Papers to Grade" window} This is a list of the new papers that have not been taken by anyone for grading. The teacher selects the paper to grade by clicking on it, and then clicks the EDIT button. The paper appears in the main editor window. Using a menu command "Insert Note" the teacher can annotate a paper. Figure 3 is a screen dump of a paper that has been taken for editing and has just been annotated. \begindata{raster,271718696} 2 0 117028 117028 0 0 504 525 bits 271718696 504 525 ZZZI | ZZZI | c0zzzg03 | c0zzzg03 | c0zu/55&5554h 03 | c7Gc0zs/aa&aa a803Ge3 | c4g40i60m18g30 g180180j18ic0 h300308g/55&55 54022223 | c5c140i60m18g 30g180180j18i c0h30033eg/aa&aa a8022223 | c4e2401b6de367 80h0199e3cd96 662cccd9e16c79 b1e6de166678f0 9e6db07b379cg /55&5554022223 | c4e440377f36ec c0h019b366fb6 666ccdbb3376cd db37f33666cd99 b37f70!3314g/aa&aa a803e223 | c474403370366c c0h019b866e33 6c66d99b03660d 9b3738336ccc19 b3733031e3h/55&55 54!0223 | c428403361f66f c0!f8f998e7ec 236c46d99b0266 7d9bf60e236ccc f93363!30c3h/aa&aa a8!0223 | c45c403363366c i0198760c236c 46d99b0266cd9b 0607236ccd9933 633031e3h/55&55 54!0223 | c49c40376336ec c0h01bb366c61 98c331bb3676cd db36336198cd9b 336373373340g /aa&aaa803fe23 | c48e401b61db67 80id9e3cc6198 c330d9e66c77b1 e61e619878ef1e 61b31b3180g/55&55 5402g23 | c5074003v6001 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| c0zzzg03 | c0zzzg03 | c0zzzg03 | c0zzzg03 | c0zzzg03 | c0zzzg03 | c0zzzg03 | c0zzzg03 | c0zzzg03 | c0zzzg03 | c0zzzg03 | c0zzzg03 | c0zzzg03 | c0zzzg03 | c0zzzg03 | c0zzzg03 | c0zzzg03 | c0zzzg03 | c0zzzg03 | c0zzzg03 | ZZZI | ZZZI | \enddata{raster, 271718696} \view{rasterview,271718696,28,0,0} \center{Figure 3: Annotation} The teacher can return this paper to the student for pickup by clicking the Return button. These examples show the basic streamlining of the compose, exchange, and annotate functions that has been achieved with the new version of \bold{NEOS}. Both programs contain the full functionality of the previous version, and some additional options that experience showed us were matters of taste. The Help button gives the user the online copy of the help file which describes the meanings of all the buttons, all the menu commands, and what preference options are available. \begindata{bp,270542840} \enddata{bp,270542840} \view{bpv,270542840,29,0,0} \section{Other Improvements} Since the initial release of the \italic{eos} and \italic{grade} programs, development work has continued. The Athena system service that provides file exchange capabilities was rewritten to allow easier maintenance, more graceful recovery from server outages, and quicker response to requests for lists of the papers available. The functions of the original keyboard oriented programs have been re-engineered to fit in with the new programs. The integrated edit/exchange/annotate methodology is not for everyone. Courses that wish to exchange files without fancy annotation or formatting can use keyboard oriented commands \italic{turnin}, \italic{pickup}, and \italic{collect} without needing a graphic display. Keyboard oriented commands are crucial to supporting work via dial-up terminal line. \section{Lessons Learned} \subsection{Technological } The integrated edit/exchange/annotate programs provide smoother operation in and out of class. They demonstrably reduce the amount of learning required to apply the computer. Nevertheless, users still require effective documentation and training. Although the point-and-click interface was simpler, users quickly demanded additional documentation and training beyond what was offered with the first deployment of \italic{eos} and \italic{grade}. This request was primarily from students requesting instructions on how to use the formatting capabilities. One important lesson is that instructors can quickly get going with this new interface but also just as quickly need a minimum of training to make full use of functions available on pop-up menus. A new interface that would simplify or organize these many options is under development. Ongoing maintenance of the programs is important. There will always be some new little bug to fix, but a text editor requires bug free operation. Users put the programs to unanticipated uses which sometimes require performance tuning. The user community is diverse and changeable. This requires fine adjustments to the user interface so that it remains intuitive as the user community changes. However, there has been no major crash of the system this semester and no student or instructor has lost a file to system failure. \subsection{Educational } The experience of teaching using \italic{NEOS} is documented by Barrett and Paradis [Barrett88]. To summarize and paraphrase some of the impacts: Students using the procedures were able to cycle through the loop of composing, exchanging, reviewing, and revising more quickly, and more smoothly. This is true for both instructor and student peer review. Compared to a conventional clasroom setting, authors are more quickly able to apply the feedback from an instructor or peer into a revision. This makes it easier to connect a problem seen in the product to the process that created the problem. Annotations composed from the keyboard are more legible, and often more detailed than handwritten ones. However, students still prefer final drafts reviewed for grades to be marked-up in hardcopy. Online annotation continues to be a complex research direction. The our work has enabled clearer and more frequent communication about the writing process to go on between the students and the teachers. \section{Future Directions} The next logical step is to invite other schools to experiment with our model of computer enhanced teaching of writing. Perhaps the \italic{NEOS} procedures have applications in industrial training and in the professional document cycling processes identified by Paradis, Dobrin, and Miller [Paradis85]. The \italic{NEOS} programs should migrate from the networked UNIX workstation running X to other platforms. Microcomputers offer a wide range of similar capabilities to those of the workstation, together with a wide range of challenges in porting across the differences. Some issues to examine: \description{\symbola{7} microcomputer versions of UNIX such as Macintosh A/UX \symbola{7} non Internet network protocols such as appletalk and OSI \symbola{7} graphics protocols other than X and toolkits other than Andrew for the WYSIWYG components such as Microsoft Windows and Presentation Manager \symbola{7} non UNIX operating systems such as OS/2, Mac OS, and DOS. \symbola{7} interoperation with other annotation/formatting systems such as Microsoft Word, Interleaf, and Frame. }Finally, our experience with the current version of the file exchange system service suggests some changes to make: We currently must choose between speed and graceful degradation of service when servers die. Therefore we need to improve the performance of the server cooperation routines. We currently must manually monitor disk space and number of users for each file exchange server. We want to add intelligence to the server cooperation routines so that the load is automatically balanced among the file exchange servers. \description{ \section{Conclusions }} The simple idea of using the computer to support the four chief processes of education we identified has had a positive effect on the teaching of writing at MIT. Students in end of semester evaluations routinely praise the integration of theory and practice which \italic{NEOS} allows; they say that this software actually follows "the way the mind thinks" in that it permits multiple review loops to go on instantaneously. Students, and instructors also, feel that the presence of the computer in the classroom actually increases the human interaction in- and out-of-class rather than diminshing it. In essence, the technology becomes submerged or invisible as the educational processes and interactions are more richly supported. \section{References} Barrett88. Edward Barrett and Paradis, James P.. "Teaching Writing in an On-Line Classroom", \italic{Harvard Education Review}, 58:2 (May 1988), pp. 154-170. Cohen89. Karen Cohen. "The Writing Program at MIT", \italic{Windows on Athena Volume 1}. (August 1989), pp. 21-1 to 21-5. Committee86. Committee on Writing Instruction and Computers. "Requirements for The Writing Instruction Computer Environment, Working Paper". Unpublished working paper, MIT:Athena Writing Project. (October 1986) Heller89. N. Hagan Heller. "Designing a User Interface for the Educational On-Line System". S.B. Thesis MIT Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science. (May 1989). Palay88. Andrew J. Palay et al. "The Andrew Toolkit: An Overview". Proceedings of the USENIX Winder Conference, USENIX Association, Berkeley, CA, (February 1988) pp. 9-21. Paradis87. James P. Paradis Edward Barrett, and Frank Bequaert. "A Prototype On-Line Classroom: Using the MIT Athena Network to Teach Scientific and Engineering Writing". Interim report on the Athena Writing Project, MIT, (August 1987) Paradis85. James Paradis, Dobrin, David, and Miller, Richard. "Writing at Exxon ITD: Notes on the Writing Environment of an R&D Organization". In L. Odell and D. Goswami (Eds.), \italic{Writing in Nonacademic Settings}. New York: Guilford Press (1985). Williams90E. Nicholas J. Williams and Cattey, William D.. "EOS: Educational On-Line System". Online help file available from Athena (1990). Williams90G. Nicholas J. Williams and Cattey, William D.. "Grade: Educational On-Line System". Online help file available from Athena (1990). \enddata{text,271590324}