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Reprinted with permission, from Proceedings 1993 IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages, August 24-27, 1993, Bergen, Norway, pp. 256-260. Permission to copy without fee all or part of this material is granted provided that the copies are not made or distributed for direct commercial advantage, the IEEE copyright notice and the title of the publication and its date appear, and notice is given that copying is by permission of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. To copy otherwise, or to republish, requires a fee and specific permission.}} \leftindent{\leftindent{\leftindent{\leftindent{Wilfred J. Hansen Director, Andrew Consortium}}}} \abstit{Abstract} \italic{Despite numerous innovations in visual languages, relatively little effort has been devoted to integrating visual languages with each other and with textual languages so each can be used for those purposes for which it is best suited. This paper advances a model for multiparadigm language environments which utilizes text in two roles, visual program organization and compiler input. The paper further shows that the Andrew User Interface System is a convenient framework for building language systems on this model. The approach is exemplified with a visual language for specification of string patterns. }\ In 1991, Glinert, Blattner, and Frerking noted that "the hope is to develop 'general purpose' \italic{visual languages} which combine textual and graphical elements." [4] The result should be a multiparadigm language environment [5; 18]. Indeed, Borges [2] had already reported one such effort, although limited to a specific set of visual components. In such an environment, "visual sublanguages" are employed where appropriate; for instance, decision tables for logic, query-by-example for data base access, modification diagrams for data structure operations, and branching trees to specify keystroke sequences. By working within a common environment, the effort to produce each individual sublanguage is reduced and the value is multiplied by synergy with other sublanguages. \ The present paper suggests an open systems model wherein multiple visual components can be combined to produce both general and special purpose languages. Text streams serve two key roles in organizing the environment. In one role, text organizes the visual components of the program for human perusal; in the other, a text collects the rendering of the visual images for sequential input to a compiler. The paper goes on to show that the Andrew User Interface System is an ideal vehicle for the environment because it offers strong support for text and especially because of its architecture for recursive embedding of objects. This architecture provides that objects of arbitrary variety may be nested to arbitrary depth; for instance, an equation in a drawing in a table in a text. \tit{1. Requirements} A multiparadigm language environment for visual sublanguages must support not only graphical interaction but also file storage, printing, compilation, and execution. Since multiple sublanguages are to be supported, the environment must provide for \italic{management and integration of images from multiple classes}. It may be adequate to display each sublanguage element in a separate window, but this runs the risk of chaotic imagery among which it is difficult to discern the relationships among program fragments [10]. Instead, the author should have the power to organize the program fragments for perusal by the reader. The organization itself, together with commentary, aids the reader in comprehending the program. Of course, organizing the program is an extra effort and responsibility for the author, but the result is more maintainable. Some languages may be expressible with text and a few lines or icons; others may require intricate diagrams and colors. The graphical component of the environment must support both and must \italic{provide for creating, revising, viewing and storing} the images. For interactive graphics, experience has shown that the environment should be built on an \italic{object oriented} programming environment. In some cases, it may be desirable for the user to view the text generated to represent the image--for instance to learn how to program the most simple tasks more quickly than by drawing pictures. In other cases, the text would be meaningless. To provide this option, the environment should permit \italic{multiple views of objects}. \ Some sublanguages such as declarations and flow charts may translate readily to code in some traditional programming language; others like data base queries may require the services of a specialized interpreter. Some may generate little code and others enormous quantities. The multiparadigm environment must support a range of \italic{code generation options} and must support a scheme to \italic{coordinate execution} of the various components. \ \tit{2. Model} The above requirements can be met by a model comprised of two streams of general text, one for the author/reader and a second for compiler input. The second of these may be pure ASCII, but the first must support embedding of objects. \ The author/reader text organizes the program within the framework of the text of a programming language; either a traditional language or a new one. Visual sublanguage components of the program are instantiated as objects embedded within this text stream. Ideally, the object environment supports recursive embedding of objects so that sublanguage components may themselves contain text written in either the base language or still other sublanguages. For presentation to a compiler, a processor scans the author/reader text and generates a second text by requesting each embedded object to render itself as text for compilation. The result is compiled and executed by standard methods or within some suitable debugging environment. The ability of objects to render thmeselves as text may have other advantages. In some cases, the textual form may be considerably more compact than the picture. By permitting the user to review the textual form generated for a sublanguage object, the system can offer the user the opportunity to learn how to create programs more quickly. In developing new sublanguages, it will be convenient to debug them if their intermediate output is in text. Moreover, text is machine independent so the resulting systems will be more portable. \ Objects may adopt different strategies in rendering executable text. The simplest sublanguages will generate text directly in the base language. More complex sublanguages can generate a load module defining the appropriate function; in this case the textual representation need be little more than a call on the function. In other cases, the implementor may choose to add a library or augment the base language itself. \ Text is attractive for the author/reader component because it is a natural vehicle for descriptive commentary and because there are many existing tools like editors and cross reference generators. Nonetheless, substrates other than text can also be accomodated in the model. For instance, rather than a linear text, the overall program could be displayed as a picture containing textual commentary and a graph linking the various program objects [13]. Such organizations are interesting experiments in themselves, so the recursive embedding environment should support embedding of objects in substrates other than text. \ Support of the model requires an object-oriented environment wherein objects can be embedded in text and recursively within one another. The environment must provide mechanisms so sections in various sublanguages can share screen space, user input devices, data stream, the printed page, and cut/copy/paste operations. Within such an environment there will be a superclass of objects that serve to store expressions in sublanguages. This superclass specifies two methods which must be implemented by subclasses: \ \indent{\bold{RenderToText}(object) -- The object returns a text which can be compiled in the base language to implement the function described visually. \ \bold{RenderDeclarations}(object) -- The object returns a table of all external variables it declares. }\ Based on the RenderDeclarations, the superclass implements an additional method called RenderEnvironment which merges the tables from an object and all surrounding objects, thus producing a list of all accessible variables. Neither this nor RenderDeclarations are usually needed during compilation. However, these routines are available for semantic checks while creating the visual image. \ Corresponding to classes storing sublanguage expressions are other classes responsible for providing the visible view of these objects. These are primarily ordinary graphical objects, but need one additional method to control the form of the image: \ \indent{\bold{SetImageMode}(object, mode) -- causes the object to display itself according to the specified mode: icon, visual image, or rendered text. }\ \tit{3. Andrew satisfies the model} The only system available at this writing that meets the requirements above is the Andrew Toolkit (ATK) component of the Andrew User Interface System [15; 1; 17]. In particular, Andrew fully supports recursive embedding of objects and permits text to be embellished with all the usual typographic styles. When an object is embedded, it retains its interactive interface and can continue to be edited. Consider Figure 1 where various objects are embedded in a spreadsheet which is itself in a text. \ Many other graphical user interface systems offer excellent support for graphical operations but do not support recursive embedding of images; for instance, Garnet [12], Interviews [11], MacApp, and NeXTStep. Systems in development by Taligent and Microsoft may offer such support, but are not yet available. \ The ATK mechanisms for recursive embedding of objects are described in more detail in [7]. In addition to a graphical toolkit, Andrew offers complete applications such as a help system, sophisticated mail management, programmable system interface, extension language, and editors for text, rasters, drawings, table/spreadsheets, fonts, preferences and so on. \ A quick review will demonstrate that a multiparadigm language environment for visual sublanguages based on Andrew meets the requirements italicized in section 1: \ \indent{ \italic{Object oriented:} ATK is based on a set of conventions for C code that constitute an object oriented system. In 1993, moreover, we are converting to the C++ object model. ATK is an open system in which it is possible to incorporate new objects because appropriate tools are provided and because the source code is available so existing objects can be adapted. Installation of new object classes does not require relinking the entire system because dynamic linking is supported. \ \italic{Management and integration of images from multiple classes:} Objects can be organized in text or in one of several other substrates supported by ATK. \ \italic{Provide for creating, revising, viewing and storing} objects: All of these are inherent in the ATK object design. \ \italic{Multiple views of objects:} ATK pioneered the separation of data from view; it has always supported multiple views of objects. \ \italic{Code generation options:} Because ATK supports full formated text, there is no difficulty generating any desired text. \ \italic{Coordinate execution:} Execution of a single text means a single compilation and execution. For those cases where the sublanguage object generates a separate executable, it can be generated into a directory from which dynamically loaded objects are fetched and will thus be available during execution. }\ In addition to these mandatory characteristics, ATK has a number of other relevant characteristics, many of which will aid in support of visual sublanguages. These include a change propagation mechanism, window system independence, widget sets, and provision for input of gestures. ATK's Ness extension language [6] can serve as a base language into which to embed sublanguage objects. Implementation of Ness required development of parsing tools which have themselves become part of ATK. Among these are the \italic{tlex} token scanner [9] which is linked to an an augmented \italic{Bison} parser generator [3] to create an integrated system where tokens need be specified only once. A symbol table object, \italic{sym}, provides for the needs of languages with or without nested scopes. As befits a user interface system, there are already a number of visual elements in programming with the Andrew User Interface System. Indeed, the system has already served as the basis for at least one visual programming system [16]. Other simple examples include the ADEW interface builder [14], automatic transformation of key and mouse sequences into macros in the Ness language, arbitrary styles and embedded objects in comments in C programs and in both comments and strings in Ness programs. \ Implementation of the model for multiparadigm languages is done in Andrew by building on the existing object hierarchy. The two principal classes are \italic{dataobject} and \italic{view}. Data objects manage data state information and provide methods for transfer between memory and a data stream. Views access information from data objects, display it on the screen, and provide the user interface operations for modifying it. \ \italic{Text} and \italic{textv} are subclasses of dataobject and view, respectively, and provide for general styled text with embedded objects. To implement sublanguages the classes \italic{sublang} and \italic{sublangv} are defined as subclasses of text and textv. Each individual sublanguage is then implemented as subclasses of sublang and sublangv. Of these, sublang defines the RenderXxx methods which are then overriden by the sublanguage implementation. The text in a sublang object will usually be empty until RenderToText has been called. Thereafter, the text contents are accessed via the methods of the text superclass. The symbol table object, \italic{sym}, is used for implementing the tables of declared variables required for RenderDeclarations and RenderEnvironment. \ In addition to text, ATK offers several other substrates which could be used to organize sublanguage components. \italic{Layout} provides for scattering objects in a rectangle. \italic{Figure} does the same and allows the rectangle to be decorated with arbitrary drawing. \italic{Table} permits rectangular arrays of objects. The \italic{page} object provides for switching among an arbitrary set of images. Since all of these support recursive embedding, a program could be, for instance, a page object containing a sequence of figures. \ \tit{4. Example: Pattern Specification} To illustrate Andrew as a multiparadigm language environment, we created an object that extends the Ness language with a visual object for specifying regular expression patterns. See Figures 2 and 3. Coding of the demonstration took about one day. In addition to using text for the base language and the rendered value, the object uses the \italic{figure} inset to display the actual image. The bulk of the coding effort was to write a parser of regular expressions which generates the appropriate figure objects. With this as a basis, user interactions change the string and the changes are reflected in the image for feedback to the user. \ String processing often specify a sequence of patterns and for each a resulting transformation of the input or sequence of operations. In a typical if-then-else language the patterns become dispersed among the various predicates so it is not easy to read them for similarities. The actions are dispersed among the -then- and -else- clauses so they also cannot be readily compared. The appropriate layout is instead a two column table with predicates in the left column and actions in the right. In Andrew, pattern-action tables can be implemented as a subclass of the \italic{table} inset. Because recursive embedding is fully supported, the predicate cells can be filled with either text or the pattern object above. Moreover, rendering of the patter-action table into code can combine the patterns to achieve a more optimum scanner. Figure 4 shows how the resulting visual sublanguage appears for a portion of a program to normalize C preprocessor conditional statements. (The first row of the table specifies the subject of the comparison.) For an if-then-else version of this program, see [8]. \tit{Summary} This paper has described a multiparadigm language environment model for integrating visual languages to create a more general language. The model employs text for organizing the visual images and also as the target for rendering sublanguage elements into executable form. That this model is viable has been demonstrated by showing that the Andrew User Interface System well supports the model and further by displaying two sublanguages implemented within Andrew. Use of Andrew as a basis for experiments in visual languages can free researchers from reinventing graphics toolkits so they can concentrate on progress in the human aspects. \bold{Acknowledgements:} Brad Myers made helpful comments and Andrew Plotkin coded the regular expression sublanguage object. I am grateful for their help. \subsection{References} \description{ [1] Borenstein, Nathaniel S., \italic{Multimedia Applications Development with the Andrew Toolkit}, Prentice Hall, 1990. [2] Borges, Jose A. and R. E. Johnson, Multiparadigm Visual Programming Languages, \italic{Proc. 1990 IEEE Workshop on Visual Languages}, Oct 4-6, 1990, Skokie, IL, IEEE Computer Society Press (Los Alamitos, CA, 1990), 233-240. [3] Donnelly, C. and R. Stallman, \italic{BISON: The YACC-compatible Parser Generator}, Free Software Foundation, (Cambridge, 1992). [4] Glinert, Ephraim P., Meera M. Blattner, Christopher J. Frerking, Visual Tools and Languages: Directions for the '90s, \italic{Proc. 1991 IEEE Workshop on Visual Languages}, IEEE Computer Society Press (Los Alamitos, CA, 1991), 89-95. \ [5] Hailpern, B., Multiparadigm Languages and Environments, \italic{IEEE Software}, 3(1), Jan. 1986, 6-9. [6] Hansen, Wilfred J., Enhancing documents with embedded programs: How Ness extends insets in the Andrew Toolkit, \italic{Proceedings of IEEE Computer Society 1990 International Conference on Computer Languages}, March, 1990, New Orleans, IEEE Computer Society Press (Los Alamitos, CA) 23-32. [7] Hansen, W. J., A model for recursive embedding of widgets based on experience with the Andrew Toolkit, Andrew Consortium, Carnegie Mellon Univ., May, 1992. [8] Hansen, W. J., Subsequence References: First Class Values for Substrings, \italic{ ACM Trans. Prog. Lang. and Sys. 14}, 4, Oct. 1992. [9] Gentlex - a generator of lexical analyzers for parser input, Andrew Consortium, Carnegie Mellon Univ., January, 1993. [10] Clayton Lewis and Gary M. Olson, "Can Principles of Cognition Lower the Barriers to Programming?" Report on an informal workshop, University of Colorado, July, 1986. [11] Linton, M. A., J. M. Vlissides, P. R. Calder, Composing user interfaces with interviews, \italic{IEEE Computer} 22(2), February, 1989, 8-22. [12] Myers, B. A. and B. Vander Zanden, Environment for rapidly creating interactive design tools, \italic{The Visual Computer} V. 8(2), Springer Verlag, (Feb, 1992) 94-116. [13] Meyers, S., S. P. Reiss, A system for multiparadigm development of software systems, \italic{Proc. of the 6th International Workshop on Software Specification and Design}, Como, Italy; 25-26 Oct. 1991; IEEE Comput. Soc. Press (Los Alamitos, CA, 1991) 202-9. [14] Neuendorffer, Thomas P., ADEW: The Andrew Development Environment Workbench: An Overview, presented at the X Conference, Boston, MA, 1989. [15] Palay, Andrew J., Wilfred J. Hansen, et al., The Andrew Toolkit - An Overview, presented at the Usenix Conference, Dallas, TX, January, 1988. [16] Rogers, G., The GRClass visual programming system, \italic{Proc. of the 1990 IEEE Workshop on Visual Languages}, Skokie, IL, 4-6 Oct. 1990, IEEE Comput. Soc. Press, (Los Alamitos, CA, 1990) 48-53. [17] Sherman, Mark, D. Anderson, W. J. Hansen, T. P. Neuendorffer, A. J. Palay, Z. Stern, "Allocation of User-Interface Resources in the Andrew Toolkit,", \italic{Proceedings of the International Conference on Multimedia Information Systems}, (Singapore) McGraw-Hill, January, 1991. [18] Zave, P., A compositional approach to multiparadigm programming, \italic{IEEE Software} 6(5), (Sept, 1989), 15-25. \begindata{bp,538469688} \enddata{bp,538469688} \view{bpv,538469688,49,0,0}} \begindata{raster,539409288} 2 0 68266 68266 0 0 484 603 bits 539409288 484 603 zzzg | zzzg | 7fZZHfeKfeOc0 g | 40zzh01k01o40 g | 40zzx40g | 40zzh01k01o40 g | 40zzx40g | 40zzh01k01o40 g | 40zzx40g | 40zzh01k01o40 g | 40zzx40g | 40zzh01k01o40 g | 40zzx40g | 40o1ffclf060g 01Gf8g1cj01e0 q01k01o40g | 40o078fl70f0g 01cf38g1cke0zm 40g | 40o078780k70f0 g018f18g1cke0 q01k01o40g | 40o078780k!70 g010f08me0zm40 g | 40o078780k7030 g010f08me0q01 k01o40g | 40o07!87c07c0f 03e070607cg0f 01de3c1f079e07 d8e078zl40g | 40o07878ee0cc 3987!7060ccg0f gG1c3b83bf0ef8 e1ccp01k01o40 g | 40o078f1c71c4 39ce3870c1c4g 0fge71c71c3c7 1c70e1cezl40g | 40o07fc1c71c0 71ce387081c0g 0fge01c71c387 1c70e38ep01k01 o40g | 40o07800871f0 7084387001f0g 0fge01c21c387 1c70e38ezl40g | 40o078001f0f8 70gf870gf8g0f ge01c07c3871c 70e3fep01k01o 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7fKfec064h0fa4 hc0i4006k6180 h0130cci01i01 8c30i40g | 4bHe4676640l0f Kfcj07a4hc0j07 e0i2061f8i018f c0l030c30i40g | 4bGfeeefe!eel 3fLe0i0fa4hc0 i4007f0j61fch 01070fe0h01i03 0c30i40g | 4bKfeee622202 !227fLfe6e6662 2fa4hc0j0638i 20618ei078c70 l060c30i40g | 4bHfe"eee4k6f Lfeee64g2fa4h c0i40g18j6006 h!01c030h01i06 0c30i40g | 4bGfe4e6040m07 Lfei0fa4hc0k18 i206006jc030l !0c30i40g | 4bH!eeec60l07 Mee40g0fa4hc0 i400618j6186h 0130cc30h01i!0c 30i40g | 4bIfe!eee626!20 g022fNeee67fa4 hc0j0638i2061 8ei31cc70l1806 60i40g | 4bHfe!ee6e40k 06Mfeee467fa4 hc0i4007f0j61 fch011f8fe0h01 i1807e0i40g | 4bGfe64p7fLfe 60g3fa4hc0j03 e0i2060f8i0f07 c0l1803c0i40g | 4bHee40o2fMfe e47fa4l40p01k 01o40g | 4bHfe!ee6e6222 20h!226fNfeGa4 r20z40g | 4bHfe!e6e4m06 NeeGa4l40p01k 01o40g | 4bHe4q2fMefGa4 r20z40g | 4bHeeq6fOa4l40 p01k01o40g | 4bHfeeee66622 20i0220266fOa4 r20z40g | 4bHeee6646040 l066fOa5/55/5555 40g | 4bHc0q07Oa4r20 z40g | 4bHee40p07Oa4 l40p01k01o40g | 4bIeee6662220 h20!02626fOa4 r20z40g | 4bHfeeee644m04 6fOa4l40p01k01 o40g | 4bHfcr7fNa4r20 z40g | 4bHfeee40pOa4 l40p01k01o40g | 4bIfeeee6!2202 h20!262fOa4r20 z40g | 4bI!eee4n46Oa4 hc0i4001e0i01 e018h013f83c0 h01h0c0f03c0i 40g | 4bHfec2q2fNa4 g07c0j03f8i27 f0f8i3f87f0k7c 3f87f0i40g | 4bIee64p6fNa4 g07c0i400318i 0618f8h013006 30h01h7c30c630 i40g | 4bIfeeee66622 "2002226266Oa4 hc0j06j20!18i 300cl0cgccj40 g | 4bIfe!ee44m04 6fNa4hc0i4006 k3818h013f0ci 01h0c01ccj40g | 4bIec20p07Na4 hc0j06e0i2070 18i3f8dc0k0c03 8dc0i40g | 4bIfeeee4o6fN a4hc0i4007f0j e018h0131cfe0 h01h0c070fe0i 40g | 4bKee6e6222!02 !2622267fNa4h c0j0618i21c018 jcc30k0c0e0c30 i40g | 4bJ!eee404i40 i6fNa4hc0i4006 18i038018h01g cc30h01h0c1c0c 30i40g | 4bIfee640o07N a4hc0j0618i27 g18i30cc30k0c 380c30i40g | 4bJefeeo0fNa4 hc0i400718i06 g18h0131ce30h 01h0c300e30i40 g | 4bKfee6!26!22 62"227fNa4hc0 j03f0i27f818i 3f87e0k0c3fc7 e0i40g | 4bK!ee!40h04i 6fNa4hc0i4001 e0i07f818h011f 03c0h01h0c3fc3 c0i40g | 4bJfe60o0fNa4 r20z40g | 4bJfeeee4n2fN a4l40p01k01o40 g | 4bL!ee!622662 "227fNa4r20z40 g | 4bKfeeee66424 g40i6fNa4l40p 01k01o40g | 4bKe640n0fNa4 r20z40g | 4bKfeeee0m0fN a4l40p01k01o40 g | 4bMeee6"66!22 202fNa2/aa/aaaa 80g | 4bKfe!ee6e6640 44i0fNa4l40p01 k01o40g | 4bJfe7404n07N a4r20z40g | 4bKee!6e4640k 07Na4l40p01k01 o40g | 4bKfeHfeee!66 !62022fNa4r20 z40g | 4bK!eefe!eee4 6644h0fNa4l40 p01k01o40g | 4bK!60624240k 03Na4r20z40g | 4bJfee6eeHec04 !6e42g07Na4l40 p01k01o40g | 4bKfeI!feI!ef Na4hc0j07f8i21 e078i0fg60k3c !03c0i40g | 4bKeeefHeeefI feefNa4g07c0i 4007f8i07f0fc h011f80e0h01h fe1f07e0i40g | 4bJfe4007HeeK e7Na4g07c0k18 i2619cei39c1e0 kc31f0660i40g | 4bKee6fWa4hc0 i40g30j1986h01 30c360h01h!03 0c30i40g | 4bKfeXa4hc0k60 i203986i30c660 k07030c30i40g | 4bKeeefWa4hc0 i40g60j70cch01 198660h01h0e03 0c30i40g | 4bKg0fWa4hc0k c0i20e0fci1f8c 60k1c030c30i40 g | 4bJfee47fWa4h c0i40gc0i01c1 ceh0139d860h01 h38030c30i40g | 4bKeeXa4hc0j01 80i238186i30df f0k70030c30i40 g | 4bKeeeffeH!ef Ra4hc0i400180 i070186h0130df f0h01he0030c30 i40g | 4bJfem04efPa4 hc0j03j2601ce i39c060kc00306 60i40g | 4bKe0m04Pa4hc0 i4003j07f8fch 011f8060h01hG 0307e0i40g | 4bKee6626"2022 !627fOa4hc0j03 j27f878i0fg60 kG!03c0i40g | 4bKe4n2fOa4l40 p01k01o40g | 4aJefpOa4r20z 40g | 48zj24l40p01k 01o40g | 4fZJe4r20z40g | 40zj04l40p01k 01o40g | 40zj04r20z40g | 7fZZXc0g | zzzg | zzzg | zzzg | zzzg | zzzg | \enddata{raster, 539409288} \view{rasterview,539409288,50,0,0} \captit{Figure 1. Recursively embedded insets.} \bold{ }\smaller{for p := each \ \begindata{raster,539409464} 2 0 36305 36305 0 0 880 211 bits 539409464 880 211 /22/22/22/22/22/22-22 | /88/88/88/88/88/88-88 | /22/22/22/22/22/22-22 | 88g08/88/88/88/88/88/88*88 | 23Ge2/22/22/22/22/22/22*22 | 8bGe8/88/88/88/88/88/88*88 | 230862/22/22/22/22/22/22*22 | 8b0868/88/88/88/88/88/88*88 | 230862/22/22/22/22/22/22*22 | 8b0868/88/88/88/88/88/88*88 | 230862/22/22/22/22/22/22*22 | 8bGe8/88/88/88/88/88/88*88 | 230862/22/22/22/22/22/22*22 | 8b0868/88/88/88/88/88/88*88 | 230862/22/22/22/22/22/22*22 | 8b0868/88/88/88/88/88/88*88 | 230862/22/22/22/22/22/22*22 | 8bGe8/88/88/88/88/88/88*88 | 23Ge2/22/22/22/22/22/22*22 | 88g08/88/88/88/88/88/88*88 | /22/22/22/22/22/22-22 | /88/88/88/88/88/88-88 | /22/22/22/22/22/22-22 | zzzzzp | !2280zzzzzm | h80zzzzzm | !8880zzzzzm | h80zzzzzm | !2280zzzzzm | h80zzzzzm | !8880zzzzzm | h80zzzzzm | !2280zzzzzm | h80zzzzzm | !8880zzzzzm | h80zzzzzm | !2280zzzzzm | !8880zzzzzm | !2280zzzzzm | !8880zzzzzm | !2280zzzzzm | !8880zzzzzm | !2280zzzzzm | !8880zzzzzm | !2280zzzzzm | !8880zzzzzm | !2280zzzzzm | !8880zzzm0fGe0 zw | !2280zzzl7ff0 g1ffczv | !8880zzzk7f80 i03fczu | !2280zzzj1f80 k03f0zt | !8880zzzi01e0 m0f80zs | !2280zzzi3eo7c zs | !8880zzzh03c0 o03c0zr | !2280zzzh1cq30 zr | !8880zzzh60q0e zr | H80zzzg0380q01 c0zq | g0180zzzg1cs30 zq | g0180zzzge0s0e zq | g0180zzz03t01 80zp | g0180zzz0cu70 zp | g0180zzz70u0e zp | g0180zzy0180u 0180zo | g0180zzy0ew70 zo | g0180zzy30w0c zo | g0180zzyc0w03 zo | g0180zzx03yc0 zn | g0180zzx0cy30 zn | g0180zzx30y08 zn | g0180zzxc0y06 zn | g0180zzw01z01 80zm | g0180zzw06zg40 zm | g0180zzw08zg30 zm | g0180zzw30zg0c zm | g0180zzw40zg02 zm | g0180zzv0180zg 0180zl | g0180zzv02zi40 zl | g0180zzv04zi20 zl | g0180zzv18zi18 zl | g0180zzv20zi04 zl | g0180zzv40zi02 zl | g0180zzv80zi01 zl | g0180zzu03zk80 zk | g0180zzu04zk40 zk | g0180zzu08o0f Gc01007fep20x 07l | g0180zzu10o0c 30c038018380o 10x0180k | g0180zzu10o08 304038018180o 10yc0k | g0180zzu20n01 0830402c0180c0 o08w08gc0k | g0180z1fIfezp 20n018030g4c01 80c0o08w0cgc0 k | g0180x01Ge0i01 Gc0zn40n014030 g460180c0o04w 0agc0k | g0180w03fem3f c0zm40n012030 gc6018180o04w 09gc0k | g0180w7co3fzm 80n011030g8601 82p04w088040k | g0180v0f80pf8 zl80m1fG0830g 8301G1fGf0m02 v7ff840607fG80 h | g0180u01f0q07 c0zk80m600110 3001830181c0g 0cm02v80088020 h40h | g0180u3es3ezk 80l0180016030 01G0180c0g03m 02v800bg18h40 h | g0180t03c0s01 e0zj80l06g0180 30!01818060hc0 l02u01g0cg20h 20h | g0180t3cu1ezj 80l38g01g3003 01818060h38l02 u01g08g60h10h | g0180s03c0u01 e0zi80lc0i3002 01818060h06l02 u02i40h10h | g0180s1cw1czi 40k03j3002gc1 80c0h0180k02u 02ic0h08h | g0180se0w0380 zh40k0cj3006g c183c0i60k02u 04ic0h08h | g0180r07y78zh 20k70jfc1f83f7 Gj1ck04u08ic0 h04h | g0180r38y06zh 20j0180s03k04 u08ic0h02h | g0180rc0y0180 zg10j06uc0j08 u10ic0h02h | g0180q01j07c0 j01iGf1f0j40zg 10j38u38j10u10 ic0h01h | g0180q02j06k03 80hc07030j40zg 08jc0u06j20u20 h0180i80g | g0180q02j06k03 80h80e030j40zg 04i03v0180i20 u40h07j80g | g0180q01j06k02 c0h80c030j40zg 04i0cw60i40u40 m40g | g0180q0140g40 g06k04c0h01c0 30j80m08s06i70 w1ci40p20j80m 40g | g0180re0g60g06 03e0g03fc0460 h038030j80m0c s06h0180w03i80 p30j80m20g | g0180r58g58g!06 70g03!0c60h03 g30i03n0as0580 g06yc0g01q2ci 01n10g | g0180r44g44g!06 30g02180860h07 g30i1cn09s0440 g18y30g02q22i 01n10g | g0180gQc3Gc2g 06g30h380830h 06g30g1fPf8Sfc 3fGe0y0fSe1Ife n0fG | g0180i07Hl44g 44g06gf0h7018 30h0eg30pHe9h 03feo0440g30y 18q01Ga2i01n10 g | g0180lGc0j48g 48g0603b0Ge060 1ff03ff81cg30 n03Gh0ai01f8n 0480g08y20q7e g24i01n10g | g0180m3fGf0h50 g50g!0630he010 18h18g30l07Gfc i0aj07fcm05h04 y40pG80g28j80 m20g | g0180o0fh60g60 g060c30hc03018 h38g30l78k0ck 03Gl06h03x0180 n01Gi30j80m20 g | g0180pfeg40g40 g060c30g01c020 18h300830k7f80 k08mfck04i80w 02o7ej20j40m40 g | g0180p01fej06 0c70g0184200c h700830j3f80t 03e0n60w04n0f 80o40m80g | g0180q01f0i06 0fb0g030c600c he01830i07c0v 1en10w18nf0p20 m80g | g0180r0f80h06 0718g03fdf83f hGf830if8w01e0 m08w20m0fq20l 01h | g0180s7ch06q30 h1fy1em06w40l 01f0q10l01h | g0180s03c0g06 q30g01e0y01e0 l01v0180l1er08 l02h | g0180t38g06q30 g0ezg1emc0u02 l01e0r08l04h | g0180t07g07c0 o01f0g70zg01e0 l20i791ff8g40 gfc9ffei04l0e s04l04h | g0180uf0s0780 zh1cl10h018f06 0ege003878606 i18l70s04l08h | g0180u0f80rf8 zi0380k0ch!03 !06ge007018602 i20k0380s02l08 h | g0180v78q0fzk 70k02g01030106 03gb00cg8602i 40k1ct02g08j10 h | g0180v07qf0zk 0ek0180018301 060301300cg86 i0180ke0t01g0c j20h | g0180wf0o07zl 0180k40014380 060301!18g06i 02k03u01g0aj20 h | g0180w0fo78zm 60k200121e0!06 03!18g0608h04 k0cv8009gc0h40 h | g0180xf8m0f80 zm18k18011078 060e02!18g0608 h18k30v800880 c0h40h | g0180x07c0k01 f0zn06k07G083e 07f8020c18g07 f83fGe0kc0v7f f840g7fG80h | g0180y3ck1ezo 0180k01100f06 g060c18g0608m 03x0880l | g0180y03f8i1f e0zp60k012003 86g07fc18g0608 m0cx09m | g0180z07feg7f e0zq18k014001 86g040618g06n 30x0am | g0180zg01G80zr 06k01820186g0c 060cg06nc0x0c m | g0180zzv0180j 01020186g0806 0cg8601l03y08 m | g0180zzw60k!03 06g0803070106 01l0czm | g0180zzw18k03 c606g18!03c706 03l30zgc0k | g0180zzw06k02 781f807e0fc0fc 1fGl40zge0k | g0180zzw0180y 0180zg20k | g0180zzx60y06 zn | g0180zzx10y18 zn | g0180zzx0cy60 zn | g0180zzx03x01 80zn | g0180zzyc0w06 zo | g0180zzy20w08 zo | g0180zzy18w30 zo | g0180zzy06wc0 zo | g0180zzy01v03 zp | g0180zzzc0u04 zp | g0180zzz30u18 zp | g0180zzz0cu60 zp | g0180zzz02u80 zp | g0180zzz0180s 03zq | g0180zzzg60s0c zq | g0180zzzg10s30 zq | g0180zzzg0cs40 zq | g0180zzzg03r01 80zq | g0180zzzhc0q06 zr | g0180zzzh20q18 zr | g0180zzzh18q60 zr | g0180zzzh06p01 80zr | g0180zzzh0180 o06zs | g0180zzzi60o18 zs | g0180zzzi18o60 zs | g0180zzzi07n01 80zs | g0180zzzjc0m06 zt | g0180zzzj38m38 zt | g0180zzzj07mc0 zt | g0180zzzkc0k03 zu | g0180zzzk38k3c zu | g0180zzzk0780 i03c0zu | g0180zzzl78i3c zv | g0180zzzl07c0 g0fc0zv | g0180zzzm3f03 f0zw | g0180zzznfczx | g0180zzzzzm | g0180zzzzzm | g0180zzzzzm | g0180zzzzzm | g0180zzzzzm | g0180zzzzzm | g0180zzzzzm | g0180zzzzzm | g0180zzzzzm | g0180zzzzzm | g0180zzzzzm | g0180zzzzzm | g0180zzzzzm | g0180zzzzzm | g0180zzzzzm | g0180zzzzzm | g0180zzzzzm | g0180zzzzzm | g0180zzzzzm | g0180zzzzzm | g0180zzzzzm | g0180zzzzzm | g0180zzzzzm | g0180zzzzzm | H80zzzzzm | !2280zzzzzm | !8880zzzzzm | !2280zzzzzm | h80zzzzzm | !8880zzzzzm | h80zzzzzm | !2280zzzzzm | h80zzzzzm | !8880zzzzzm | \enddata{raster, 539409464} \view{rasterview,539409464,51,0,0} in readfile("data") do replace(start(p), " ") for s := each (TAB)|(SPACE) in p do \ replace(s, "") \ end for end for \bold{\ }\captit{Figure 2. A visual sublanguage in use.}\capmore{ The image is integral to the program.} \begindata{bp,539262024} \enddata{bp,539262024} \view{bpv,539262024,52,0,0} for p := each \ \begindata{raster,539409640} 2 0 68266 68266 0 0 314 23 bits 539409640 314 23 /88/88&8880 | /22/22&22g | #88zu80 | "2220zt02g | 80h08zu80 | g0e80g2780i03 h3ff79010208f fc0c07f820c103 c07f806003e07f e4!10260c!02g | 801fc0086780i 03h3ff7985461 8ffc0c07fc30c3 0ff07fc0600ff8 7fe61854630c03 g80 | g3060gc6j0780 h318c7cc3gc01e 060e18c61c3860 e0f0!1c60030c 7cc18c0182g | 80!2008c6j0780 h618c10c3gc01e !0618c6!18!60 f0180c60030c10 c18c01!80 | g6db001860fc0 g7f0cc0hc1867d 86gc033!060ccc 1cg60619838g60 01867d818c60c2 g | 804c9009861ce0 g7f0cc0g018186 5586gc03306!0c cc0f8060e19830 g60018655818c 60c080 | g431001861860 g031860g030186 1186gc06187fc 0ccc03e07fc30c 30g7fc1861181 8cgc2g | 8042100986ge0 g061860g070186 0186gc06187fe 0cccg707f830c 30g7fc1860180 ccgc080 | 1fHc1860fe3fe 0c1fe1G060186 0186gc07f8607 0cccg386003fc 30g6001860180 6cgc2g | 82202209861c63 fe183ff1G0c01 860186gc0Gc603 0cccg186007fe 38g6001860180 ccgc080 | 02202201861860 g"30g18018601 86g!c0c6030ccc !1860!06180c60 018601818cgc2 g | 83603609861860 g60!30g300186 0186g!c0c6070c cc1c3860!06!1c 60018601818cg c080 | 01c01c01861cf0 g7f6018g3ff186 0186gc18067fe 0ccc0ff0600c03 0ff87fe1860181 8c60c2g | 80h09860f30g7f 6018g3ff18601 86gc18067fc0c cc07e0600c!03 e07fe18601818c 60c080 | "2220c6n018cg c3k18c6n030cg c18c2182g | #88c6n018cgc3 k18c6n030cgc1 8c21!80 | #2267a2&2227ba 2263a2#2232e3 '22263a22632e 6322g | #88af'888f9888 a8$88a8c9'888c 9888ae8c8a8880 | \enddata{raster, 539409640} \view{rasterview,539409640,53,0,0} in readfile("data") do replace(start(p), " ") for s := each (TAB)|(SPACE) in p do \ replace(s, "") \ end for end for \ } \captit{Figure 3. Text form of a visual sublanguage.}\capmore{ A click on the title bar of the regular expression sublanguage in Figure 2 has caused it to display the textual representation shown here.} \begindata{raster,539409816} 2 0 45059 45059 0 0 1309 256 bits 539409816 1309 256 zzzzzzzzj | zzzzzzzzj | zzzzzzzzj | zzzzzzzzj | zzzzzzzzj | zzzzzzzzj | zzzzzzzzj | zzzzzzzzj | zzzzzzzzj | zzzzzzzzj | zzzzzzzzj | zzzzzzzzj | zzzzzzzzj | zzzzzzzzj | t0fHfczq01Hf8 zs03Izzzt | s0ff0h03fczpfe h07f0zq03fciG zzzs | r03f0j03e0zn1f j0f80zpfckfczzzr | r3cl1ezm01e0k 70zo0fl03c0zzzq | q01c0l01e0zl0e l0ezo70m38zzzq | q1en1ezl70l01 c0zm0780m0780 zzzp | qe0n01c0zj0380 m38zm38o70zzzp | p07p38zj0cn06 zl01c0o0ezzzp | p38p07zj30n01 c0zk0ep01c0zzzo | o01c0qc0zic0o 30zk70q30zzzo | o06r38zh03p0c zj0180q0ezx03 3008830380cczj | o18r06zh0cp03 zj06r0180zw03 3008830580cczj | o60r0180zg30q c0zi18s60zw03 3008800cgcch01 i02w | n0180s40zgc0q 30zi60s18zw03 3008800cgcch03 i06w | n02t20z01r10zi 80s08zw022008 800cg88h07i0e w | 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Recursive embedding of language constructs.}\capmore{ In this mockup, a table specifies the normalization of a C preprocessor line to remove extraneous blanks and add comment delimiters. When the pattern before the arrow is detected, the line is replaced with the text after the arrow, substituting appropriately for . (Five lines of the table have been elided.)} \enddata{text,539845340}