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From: David.Beasley@cs.cf.ac.uk (David Beasley)
Subject: FAQ: comp.ai.genetic part 1/6 (A Guide to Frequently Asked Questions)
Summary: This is part 1 of a <trilogy> entitled "The Hitch-Hiker's Guide
     to Evolutionary Computation". A periodically published list of Frequently
     Asked Questions (and their answers) about Evolutionary Algorithms,
     Life and Everything. It should be read by anyone who whishes to post
     to the comp.ai.genetic newsgroup, preferably *before* posting.
Originator: David.Beasley@cs.cf.ac.uk (David Beasley)
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Archive-name:   ai-faq/genetic/part1
Last-Modified:  6/20/96
Issue:          4.2

				      The

				 Hitch-Hiker's

				    Guide to

			   Evolutionary Computation

			   (FAQ for comp.ai.genetic)

				   edited by

			       Joerg Heitkoetter
			     EUnet Deutschland GmbH
			      Emil-Figge-Str. 80
			   D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
			     <joke@Germany.EU.net>
			  or <joke@alife.santafe.edu>

				      and

				 David Beasley
				  Praxis plc
			      20 Manvers Street,
			 Bath, United Kingdom BA1 1PX
			     <dabley@praxis.co.uk>

				    PLEASE:
	       Search this document first if you have a question
				      and
     If someone posts a question to the newsgroup which is answered in here
		    DON'T POST THE ANSWER TO THE NEWSGROUP:
			  POINT THE ASKER TO THIS FAQ
				  and finally

				  DON'T PANIC!

     Copyright  (c)  1993, 1994, 1995, 1996 by Joerg Heitkoetter and David
			 Beasley, all rights reserved.

     This FAQ may be posted to any USENET newsgroup, on-line  service,  or
     BBS  as  long  as  it  is  posted  in  its entirety and includes this
     copyright statement.  This FAQ may not be distributed  for  financial
     gain.   This  FAQ  may  not  be included in commercial collections or
     compilations without express permission from the author.

     FAQ  /F-A-Q/ or /fak/ [USENET] n.  1. A  Frequently  Asked  Question.
	  2.  A  compendium  of  accumulated  lore, posted periodically to
	  high-volume  newsgroups  in  an  attempt   to   forestall   such
	  questions.   Some  people  prefer  the term `FAQ list' or `FAQL'
	  /fa'kl/, reserving `FAQ' for sense 1.

     RTFAQ
	  /R-T-F-A-Q/ [Usenet: primarily written, by  analogy  with  RTFM]
	  imp. Abbrev. for `Read the FAQ!', an exhortation that the person
	  addressed ought to read the newsgroup's FAQ list before  posting
	  questions.
     RTFM /R-T-F-M/ [UNIX] imp. Acronym for `Read The Fucking Manual'.  1.
	  Used by gurus to brush off questions they  consider  trivial  or
	  annoying.   Compare Don't do that, then!  2. Used when reporting
	  a problem to  indicate  that  you  aren't  just  asking  out  of
	  randomness.  "No, I can't figure out how to interface UNIX to my
	  toaster, and yes, I have RTFM."  Unlike sense  1,  this  use  is
	  considered polite. ...

		 --- "The on-line hacker Jargon File, version 3.0, 29 July
								     1993"

PREFACE
     This guide is intended to help, provide basic information, and  serve
     as a first straw for individuals, i.e.  uninitiated hitch-hikers, who
     are stranded in the mindboggling universe of Evolutionary Computation
     (EC);  that  in  turn  is  only  a  small  footpath  to  an even more
     mindboggling scientific universe, that, incorporating Fuzzy  Systems,
     and   Artificial   Neural  Networks,  is  sometimes  referred  to  as
     Computational Intelligence (CI); that in turn is only part of an even
     more  advanced scientific universe of mindparalysing complexity, that
     incorporating Artificial Life, Fractal Geometry,  and  other  Complex
     Systems  Sciences might someday be referred to as Natural Computation
     (NC).

     Over the course of the past  years,  GLOBAL  OPTIMIZATION  algorithms
     imitating  certain  principles of nature have proved their usefulness
     in various domains of  applications.  Especially  worth  copying  are
     those  principles  where  nature  has  found  "stable  islands"  in a
     "turbulent ocean" of solution possibilities. Such  phenomena  can  be
     found  in annealing processes, central nervous systems and biological
     EVOLUTION, which in turn have  lead  to  the  following  OPTIMIZATION
     methods:  Simulated Annealing (SA), Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs)
     and the field of Evolutionary Computation (EC).

     EC may currently be characterized by the following pathways:  Genetic
     Algorithms  (GA), Evolutionary Programming (EP), Evolution Strategies
     (ES), Classifier Systems (CFS), Genetic Programming (GP), and several
     other  problem  solving  strategies,  that  are based upon biological
     observations, that date back to Charles Darwin's discoveries  in  the
     19th  century: the means of natural selection and the survival of the
     fittest, and theories of evolution.  The inspired algorithms are thus
     termed Evolutionary Algorithms (EA).

     Moreover, this guide is intended to help those who are just beginning
     to read the comp.ai.genetic newsgroup, and those  who  are  new  "on"
     USENET.  It shall help to avoid lengthy discussions of questions that
     usually arise for beginners of one or the other kind, and  which  are
     boring to read again and again by comp.ai.genetic "old-timers."

     You  will  see  this  guide  popping  up  periodically  in the Usenet
     newsgroup comp.ai.genetic (and also comp.answers , and news.answers ,
     where it should be locatable at any time).

ORIGIN
     This guide was produced by Joerg Heitkoetter (known as Joke) in early
     1993, using material from many sources (see Acknowledgements ), mixed
     with  his  own brand of humour. Towards the end of 1993, Joerg handed
     over editorial responsibility to David Beasley . He  reorganised  the
     guide  in  various  ways,  and  generally attempted to inject his own
     brand of orderliness. Thus, any jokes  are  the  work  of  Joke.  The
     mundane bits are David's responsibility.

     The  guide  is  kept up to date, as far as possible, and new versions
     are issued several times a  year.  However,  we  do  rely  on  useful
     information  being  sent  to  us  for inclusion in the guide (we dont
     always  have  time  to   read   comp.ai.genetic   ,   for   example).
     Contributions,  additions,  corrections,  cash,  etc.  are  therefore
     always welcome.  Send e-mail to the address at the beginning  of  the
     guide.

DISCLAIMER
     This periodic posting is not meant to discuss any topic exhaustively,
     but should be thought of as a list of  reference  pointers,  instead.
     This  posting is provided on an "as is" basis, NO WARRANTY whatsoever
     is expressed or implied, especially, NO WARRANTY that the information
     contained  herein  is  up-to-date,  correct  or  useful  in  any way,
     although all this is intended.

     Moreover, please note that  the  opinions  expressed  herein  do  not
     necessarily  reflect those of the editors' institutions or employers,
     neither as a whole, nor in part. They are just  the  amalgamation  of
     the  editors'  collections  of  ideas, and contributions gleaned from
     other sources.

     NOTE: some portions of this otherwise rather dry guide  are  intended
     to  be  satirical.   If you do not recognize it as such, consult your
     local doctor or a professional comedian.

HITCH-HIKING THE FAQNIVERSE
     This guide is big. Really big. You just  won't  believe  how  hugely,
     vastly, mindbogglingly big it is. That's why it has been split into a
     "trilogy" -- which, like all successful trilogies, eventually ends up
     consisting of more than three parts.

 Searching for answers
     To  find  the answer of question number x, just search for the string
     "Qx:". (So the answer to question 42 is at "Q42:"!)

 What does [xxxx99] mean?
     Some books are referenced again and again, that's why they have  this
     kind of "tag", that an experienced hitch-hiker will search for in the
     list of books (see Q10 and Q12 and  other  places)  to  dissolve  the
     riddle.  Here,  they have a ":" appended, thus you can search for the
     string "[ICGA85]:" for example.

 Why all this UPPERCASING in running text?
     Words written  in  all  uppercase  letters  are  cross-references  to
     entries  in  the Glossary (see Q99). Again, they have a ":" appended,
     thus if you find, say  EVOLUTION,  you  can  search  for  the  string
     "EVOLUTION:" in the Glossary.

 FTP and HTTP naming conventions
     A  file  available  on an FTP server will be specified as: <ftp-site-
     name>:<the-complete-filename> So for example, the file bar.tar.gz  in
     the  directory  /pub/foo  on the ftp server ftp.certain.site would be
     specified as: ftp.certain.site:/pub/foo/bar.tar.gz

     A specification  ending  with  a  "/"  is  a  reference  to  a  whole
     directory, e.g.  ftp.certain.site:/pub/foo/

     HTTP  files  are  specified  in  a  similar way, but with the prefix:
     http://
 Referencing this Guide
     If you want to reference this guide it should look like:

     Heitkoetter, Joerg and  Beasley,  David,  eds.   (1996)  "The  Hitch-
     Hiker's Guide to Evolutionary Computation: A list of Frequently Asked
     Questions (FAQ)", USENET: comp.ai.genetic.  Available  via  anonymous
     FTP  from rtfm.mit.edu:/pub/usenet/news.answers/ai-faq/genetic/ About
     100 pages.

     Or simply call it "the Guide", or "HHGTEC" for acronymaniacs.

 Obtaining copies of this guide
     This FAQ is available between postings on the World Wide Web.  Get it
     from any ENCORE site (See Q15.3) in file FAQ/www/top.htm or something
     similar.  The FAQ is  also  available  by  FTP  on  Encore,  or  from
     rtfm.mit.edu:/pub/usenet/news.answers/ai-faq/genetic/  as  the files:
     part1 to part6. The FAQ may also be retrieved by e-mail  from  <mail-
     server@rtfm.mit.edu>.  Send  a message to the mail-server with "help"
     and "index" in the body on separate lines for more information.

     A PostScript version is also  available.   This  looks  really  crisp
     (using  boldface,  italics,  etc.),  and  is  available for those who
     prefer offline reading.  Get it from Encore in file  FAQ/hhgtec.ps.gz
     (the ASCII text versions are in the same directory too).

	  "As a net is made up of a series of ties, so everything in  this
       world is connected by a series of ties.  If anyone thinks  that the
     mesh of a net is an independent, isolated thing, he is  mistaken.  It
      is called a net because it is made up of a series  of interconnected
				   meshes, and each mesh has its place and
			      responsibility in relation to other meshes."

								--- Buddha

 The ZEN Puzzle
     For some weird reason this guide contains some puzzles which can only
     be solved by cautious readers who have (1)  a  certain  amount  of  a
     certain kind of humor, (2) a certain amount of patience and time, (3)
     a certain amount of experience in ZEN NAVIGATION, and (4)  a  certain
     amount of books of a certain author.

     Usually,  puzzles  search either for certain answers (more often, ONE
     answer) to a question; or, for  the  real  smartasses,  sometimes  an
     answer  is  presented,  and  a certain question is searched for.  ZEN
     puzzles are even more challenging: you have to come up with an answer
     to  a  question,  both of which are not explicitly, rather implicitly
     stated somewhere in this FAQ.  Thus, you  are  expected  to  give  an
     answer AND a question!

     To give an impression what this is all about, consider the following,
     submitted by Craig W. Reynolds.  The correct  question  is:  "Why  is
     Fisher's `improbability quote' (cf EPILOGUE ) included in this FAQ?",
     Craig's correct answer is: `This is a GREAT quotation, it sounds like
     something  directly  out  of  a  turn  of  the century Douglas Adams:
     Natural SELECTION:
      the original "Infinite Improbability Drive"' Got the message?  Well,
     this   was  easy  and  very  obvious.  The  other  puzzles  are  more
     challenging...

     However, all this is just for fun (mine and hopefully  yours),  there
     is  nothing  like the $100 price, some big shots in computer science,
     e.g.   Don  Knuth  usually  offer;  all  there  is  but  a  honorable
     mentioning  of  the  ZEN navigator, including the puzzle s/he solved.
     It's thus like in real life: don't expect to  make  money  from  your
     time being a scientist, it's all just for the fun of it...

     Enjoy the trip!

TABLE OF CONTENTS
 Part1

     Q0: How about an introduction to all this?

 Part2

     Q1: What are Evolutionary Algorithms (EAs)?
     Q1.1: What's a Genetic Algorithm (GA)?
     Q1.2: What's Evolutionary Programming (EP)?
     Q1.3: What's an Evolution Strategy (ES)?
     Q1.4: What's a Classifier System (CFS)?
     Q1.5: What's Genetic Programming (GP)?

 Part3

     Q2: What applications of EAs are there?

     Q3: Who is concerned with EAs?

     Q4: How many EAs exist? Which?
     Q4.1: What about Alife systems, like Tierra and VENUS?

     Q5: What about all this Optimization stuff?

 Part4

     Q10: What introductory material on EAs is there?
     Q10.1: Suitable background reading for beginners?
     Q10.2: Textbooks on EC?
     Q10.3: The Classics?
     Q10.4: Introductory Journal Articles?
     Q10.5: Introductory Technical Reports?
     Q10.6: Not-quite-so-introductory Literature?
     Q10.7: Biological Background Readings?
     Q10.8: On-line bibliography collections?
     Q10.9: Videos?
     Q10.10: CD-ROMs?
     Q10.11: How do I get a copy of a dissertation?

     Q11: What EC related journals and magazines are there?

     Q12: What are the important conferences/proceedings on EC?

     Q13: What Evolutionary Computation Associations exist?

     Q14: What Technical Reports are available?

     Q15: What information is available over the net?
     Q15.1: What digests are there?
     Q15.2: What mailing lists are there?
     Q15.3: What online information repositories are there?
     Q15.4: What relevant newsgroups and FAQs are there?
     Q15.5: What about all these Internet Services?

 Part5

     Q20: What EA software packages are available?
     Q20.1: Free software packages?
     Q20.2: Commercial software packages?
     Q20.3: Current research projects?

 Part6

     Q21: What are Gray codes, and why are they used?

     Q22: What test data is available?

     Q42: What is Life all about?
     Q42b: Is there a FAQ to this group?

     Q98: Are there any patents on EAs?

     Q99: A Glossary on EAs?

----------------------------------------------------------------------

Subject: Q0: How about an introduction to all this?

     Certainly. See below.

What is comp.ai.genetic all about?
     The  newsgroup  comp.ai.genetic is intended as a forum for people who
     want to use or explore the capabilities of Genetic  Algorithms  (GA),
     Evolutionary  Programming (EP), Evolution Strategies (ES), Classifier
     Systems (CFS), Genetic Programming (GP), and some other,  less  well-
     known  problem  solving  algorithms  that  are  more  or less loosely
     coupled to the field of Evolutionary Computation (EC).

How do I get started? What about USENET documentation?
     The following guidelines present the essentials of the USENET  online
     documentation, that is posted each month to news.announce.newusers

     If you are already familiar with "netiquette" you can skip to the end
     of this answer; if you don't know what the hell this  is  all  about,
     proceed  as follows: (1) carefully read the following paragraphs, (2)
     read all the documents in news.announce.newusers before  posting  any
     article to USENET.  At least you should give the introductory stuff a
     try, i.e. files "news-answers/introduction"  and  "news-answers/news-
     newusers-intro".  Both  are survey articles, that provide a short and
     easy way to get an overview of the interesting parts  of  the  online
     docs, and thus can help to prevent you from drowning in the megabytes
     to read. Both can be received either by subscribing to news.answers ,
     or sending the following message to <mail-server@rtfm.mit.edu>:

	  send usenet/news.answers/introduction
	  send usenet/news.answers/news-newusers-intro
	  quit

Netiquette
	     "Usenet is a convention, in every sense of the word."

     Although USENET is usually characterized as "an anarchy, with no laws
     and no one in charge" there have "emerged"  several  rules  over  the
     past  years  that  shall facilitate life within newsgroups. Thus, you
     will probably find the following types of articles:

 1. Requests
     Requests are articles of the form "I am looking for  X"  where  X  is
     something public like a book, an article, a piece of software.

     If  multiple different answers can be expected, the person making the
     request should prepare to make a summary of the  answers  he/she  got
     and  announce  to  do  so  with  a  phrase  like "Please e-mail, I'll
     summarize" at the end of the posting.

     The Subject line  of  the  posting  should  then  be  something  like
     "Request: X"

 2. Questions
     As  opposed  to  requests,  questions are concerned with something so
     specific that general interest cannot readily  be  assumed.   If  the
     poster  thinks  that  the  topic  is of some general interest, he/she
     should announce a summary (see above).

     The Subject line of the posting should be something  like  "Question:
     this-and-that"  (Q:  this-and-that)  or  have  the form of a question
     (i.e., end with a question mark)

 3. Answers
     These are reactions to questions or requests.  As  a  rule  of  thumb
     articles  of  type  "answer"  should be rare.  Ideally, in most cases
     either the answer is too specific to  be  of  general  interest  (and
     should  thus  be  e-mailed  to the poster) or a summary was announced
     with the question or request (and answers should thus be e-mailed  to
     the poster).

     The  subject  lines of answers are automatically adjusted by the news
     software.

 4. Summaries
     In all cases of requests or questions the answers for  which  can  be
     assumed  to be of some general interest, the poster of the request or
     question shall summarize the answers he/she received.  Such a summary
     should  be  announced  in  the  original  posting  of the question or
     request with a phrase like "Please answer by e-mail, I'll summarize"

     In such a case answers should NOT be  posted  to  the  newsgroup  but
     instead be mailed to the poster who collects and reviews them.  After
     about 10 to 20 days from the original posting, its poster should make
     the summary of answers and post it to the net.

     Some care should be invested into a summary:

     a) simple  concatenation  of  all  the  answers  might not be enough;
	instead redundancies, irrelevances, verbosities and errors  should
	be filtered out (as good as possible),

     b) the answers shall be separated clearly

     c) the  contributors  of the individual answers shall be identifiable
	unless they requested to remain anonymous  [eds  note:  yes,  that
	happens])

     d) the summary shall start with the "quintessence" of the answers, as
	seen by the original poster

     e) A summary should, when posted, clearly be indicated to be  one  by
	giving it a Subject line starting with "Summary:"

     Note  that  a good summary is pure gold for the rest of the newsgroup
     community, so summary work will be most appreciated  by  all  of  us.
     (Good summaries are more valuable than any moderator!)

 5. Announcements
     Some  articles  never  need  any  public  reaction.  These are called
     announcements  (for  instance  for  a  workshop,  conference  or  the
     availability of some technical report or software system).

     Announcements should be clearly indicated to be such by giving them a
     subject line of the form "Announcement: this-and-that", or  "ust  "A:
     this-and-that".

     Due  to  common  practice,  conference  announcements usually carry a
     "CFP:" in their subject line, i.e. "call for papers" (or:  "call  for
     participation").

 6. Reports
     Sometimes  people  spontaneously  want  to  report  something  to the
     newsgroup. This might be  special  experiences  with  some  software,
     results   of  own  experiments  or  conceptual  work,  or  especially
     interesting information from somewhere else.

     Reports should be clearly indicated to  be  such  by  giving  them  a
     subject line of the form "Report: this-and-that"

 7. Discussions
     An  especially  valuable  possibility  of USENET is of course that of
     discussing a certain topic with hundreds of  potential  participants.
     All  traffic  in  the newsgroup that can not be subsumed under one of
     the above categories should belong to a discussion.

     If somebody explicitly wants to start a discussion, he/she can do  so
     by  giving  the posting a subject line of the form "Start discussion:
     this-and-that" (People who react on this, please  remove  the  "Start
     discussion: " label from the subject line of your replies)

     It  is quite difficult to keep a discussion from drifting into chaos,
     but, unfortunately, as many other newsgroups show there seems  to  be
     no  secure way to avoid this.  On the other hand, comp.ai.genetic has
     not had many problems with this effect, yet, so  let's  just  go  and
     hope...

     Thanks in advance for your patience!

 The Internet
     For information on internet services, see Q15.5.

------------------------------

     Copyright  (c) 1993-1996 by J. Heitkoetter and D. Beasley, all rights
     reserved.

     This FAQ may be posted to any USENET newsgroup, on-line  service,  or
     BBS  as  long  as  it  is  posted  in  its entirety and includes this
     copyright statement.  This FAQ may not be distributed  for  financial
     gain.   This  FAQ  may  not  be included in commercial collections or
     compilations without express permission from the author.

End of ai-faq/genetic/part1
***************************

--

